A.N. acknowledges contributions from the Australian Renewable Energy Agency (ARENA) and the Australian National Fabrication Facility (ANFF). This research project is funded by the Australian Solar Institute (6-F020 and A-023), with contributions from The New South Wales Government and the University of Sydney. Aspects of this research were supported under Australian Research Council&#8217;s Discovery Projects funding scheme (DP110103300). Equipment was purchased with support from the Australian Research Council (LE0668257).

1 DSC 제작 1.1. 작업 전극의 제조 <ol><li> F의 청소 하나의 전체 시트 : 산화 주석이 코팅 된 유리 (2.3 mm × 110mm × 110mm, &lt;8 Ω / □) 세제를 탄 물을 초음파 순차적으로, 아세톤 그리고 마지막으로 에탄올 (10 분마다). </li><li> 산화 티타늄 아래의 단계에 따라 2의 조밀 한 층을 증착 : <ol><li> 핫 플레이트 (전도성면이 위로)에서 450 ° C에 압축 공기와 열 유리를 사용하여 건조 유리합니다. </li><li> 구 비율 : 1의 에탄올로 희석 티타늄 디 이소 비스 (아세틸 아세토 네이트) (이소프로판올 75 중량 %). </li><li> 유리판에 걸쳐 오 살포 ~ 100mm의 거리에서 가열 유리나 희석액을 스프레이. </li><li> 12 라운드 10 초 당 한 라운드 스프레이. </li><li> 핫 플레이트를 전환하기 전에, 추가로 5 분 동안 450 ° C에서 유리 보관하십시오. 핫 플레이트에 유리를두고 천천히 RT로 냉각 할 수 있습니다. </li></ol></li><li> 에 유리를 배치스크린 프린터 테이블 (다시 한 번 도전면을 위로). 화면을 삽입하고 유리에 패턴을 맞 춥니 다. 화면으로 산화 티타늄이 페이스트를 추가하고 하나 또는 두 개의 층을 인쇄 할 수 있습니다. 이 층을 증착하는 경우, 인쇄 사이에 프린터에서 유리 플레이트를 분리 커버하고 후속 층을 인쇄 할 프린터로 돌아 가기 전에 10 분 동안 125 ° C에 다음 ~ 5 분 동안 열을 해결 할 수 있습니다. </li><li> 최종 인쇄되면 실행 전체 소결 프로그램이 구성되어 있습니다. 450에 다음 개최, 10 ° / 분에서 길게 11.7 ° / 분에서 길게 12.5 ° / 분에서 5 분 375 ° C에 다음 5 분, 325 ° C로 다음 10 분, 150 ° C에 전극을 가열 ° C 10.7 ° / 분, 30 분, 10 ° / 분에서 마지막으로 500 ° C를 유지, 15 분을 개최합니다. 이 후 RT로 천천히 냉각. </li><li> 가스켓 후 적용하기위한 인쇄 된 필름 주변에 충분한 공간이 보장하는 개인의 전극에 마스터 판을 잘라. 압축 공기를 사용하여 유리 파편을 제거합니다. </li><li> 20 mM의는 TiCl4에 전극을 담가 </서브&gt; 용액 (수성.), 느슨하게 덮어 예열 된 오븐 (30 분 동안 70 ° C)에서 장소 컨테이너입니다. Subsquently, 30 분 동안 500 ° C에서 한 번 더 철저하게 소결 전극을 씻는다. </li><li> 일단 0.5 mM의 염료 용액에 전극을 담가 아래 100 ° C로 냉각. tertbutanol :이 경우 사용 아세토 니트릴, D149 (1 : 1). </li><li> O 염색을 한 후 / N 전극을 제거하고 ~ 30 초 후 추가로 30 초 동안 앉아 수에 아세토 니트릴에 적극적으로 헹군다. 세정 화장실에서 전극을 철회하고 압축 공기로 건조. </li></ol> 1.2. 카운터 전극 제조 <ol><li> 2.3 mm의 F의 또 다른 시트를 잘라 : 산화 주석이 유리를 18.3 mm로 27.5 mm 조각 ×. </li><li> 물에 상대 전극을 담그고 구석에 작은 구멍을 드릴 (φ = 1mm, 각 모서리에서 2.5 mm) 작은 벤치 드릴에 장착 된 다이아몬드 팁 치과 버를 사용하여 충전 포트로 사용할 수 있습니다. </li><li> 섹션 1.1에 따라 청소 상대 전극0.1 </li><li> 전도성면을 위로하여 타일에 건조 카운터 전극과 장소. 백금산 용액 (H 2 PTCL 6, 에탄올에서 10 mM)을 한 방울을 적용하고 피펫의 끝 확산. 15 분 동안 예열 (400 ° C에서) 핫 플레이트 상에 배치 된 타일입니다. 이 후, 유리, 타일을 제거하고 벤치에 냉각 할 수 있습니다. </li></ol> 1.3. 반사판 <ol><li> 상대 전극 (섹션 1.2.2)과 동일한 기술을 사용하여, 27.5 mm × 18.3 mm에 비전 도성 2mm 유리의 조각을 잘라 긴 가장자리를 따라 인접한 모서리에 두 개의 구멍을 드릴. </li><li> 일단 상기와 동일한 프로토콜을 사용하여 유리 면도, (1.1.1) </li><li> 낮은 잔류 테이프를 사용하여, 삼면이 벤치에 깨끗하고 마른 유리 테이프입니다. 알 2 O 3 페이스트의 방울 (알 2 O 3 + 1 ㎖의 에탄올 콜로이드 0.3 μm의 알 2 O 3 입자를, 2 ml의 2.0 g)에 적용하고 유리막 다운 그린다. </li><li> 필름, 건조 테이프와 실리콘을 제거 할 수 있도록 허용30 분 동안 500 ° C에서 NTER 유리합니다. </li></ol> 1.4. 장치 조립 <ol><li> 핫멜트 접착제 가스켓이 배치를 잘라. 참고 : 첫 번째는, DSC를 들어, 25 μm의 두께이며 17mm × 8mm의 내부 크기와 21mm × 12mm 외부 크기를 가지고있다. 초, 상향 변환 챔버를 들어, 120 μm의 두께를 제공하기 위해 두 배로 60 μm의 가스켓 재료를 사용합니다. 접을 때,이 가스켓은 17mm × 21mm의 내부 크기와 25mm × 21mm 외부 크기를 가지고있다. </li><li> 충전 포트를 보장하는 액세스, 카운터 전극의 모서리에있는 첫번째 개스킷을 놓습니다. 인쇄 영역이 가스켓 내부 전체가되도록,이 이상 작동 전극을 배치하고, 좋은 밀봉을 구하십시오. </li><li> 핫 플레이트 (120 ° C)에이 어셈블리를 이동하고 가스켓을 적시 유리 표면으로 육안으로 관찰 할 수있다 가스켓 연화 및 용융 때까지 압력을 적용합니다. 어셈블리를 제거하고 냉각 할 수 있습니다. </li><li> 장소리플렉터 초 가스켓, 다시 한 번 보장 충전 포트가 적용되지 않습니다. 인쇄 된 영역이 인쇄 된 알루미나 반사기 바로 앞에되도록 상부에 배치 DSC. 압력을인가하면서 개스킷 섹션 1.4.3에서와 같이, 연화 따르는 반면까지 다시 한번 가열 장치. 이 어셈블리는 그림 1에 나타나있다. </li></ol> 1.5. 충치를 충전 <ol><li> 0.1 M LiI로, 0.6 M 1,2 - 디메틸-3-propylimidazolium 요오드화 메 톡시 프로 피오 니트릴 (methoxypropionitrile)에 0.05 M 요오드 전해액을 준비한다. </li><li> 대향 전극이 위쪽으로 향하도록 장착 된 진공 튜브 작은 플라스틱 용기에 장치를 배치했다. </li><li> 구멍을 통해 전해질 용액 위에 유리 조각의 방울을 넣어. 공동으로 전해질을 그릴 것이다, 해제하기 전에, DSC 공간에 공기를 추출하는 데 몇 초 동안 진공을 적용합니다. </li><li> 알루미늄 호일에 핫 멜트 가스켓 재료를 적층하여 씰을 준비합니다. 핫 플레이트, gask 이러한 남기기등 재료면을 위로. ~ 5 초간 가스켓 재에 대해 장치를 가압하여 밀봉 한 후, 완전히 대향 전극의 후방을 청소. </li><li> 팔라듐 염료 0.6 밀리미터를 용해하여 TTA-UC 솔루션을 준비 (tetrakis(3,5-di-tert-butylphenyl)-6&#39;-amino-7&#39;-nitro-tetrakisquinoxalino[2,3-b&#39;7,8-b&#39;&#39;12,13-b&#39;&#39;&#39;17,18-b&#39;&#39;&#39;&#39;-porphyrinato) 팔라듐 (II))과 벤젠의 22 mM의 루 브렌. 철저하게 세 액체 질소 얼음 - 펌프 - 해동 사이클을 사용하여이 솔루션의 배기. </li><li> 글로브 박스 내부 모세관 힘을 통해 그릴 수 있도록, 백 캐비티에 TTA-UC 솔루션을 소개합니다. 전체되면, 다시 한번 철저하게 표면을 청소 및 알루미늄 백업 가스켓 재료의 또 다른 조각을 사용하여 밀봉. </li></ol> 2 측정 2.1. 전기 접점 <ol><li> 노출 F에 솔더를 적용 소닉 납땜하고 적절한 솔더를 사용하여 작업 및 카운터 전극의 산화 주석 2. </l난&gt; <li> 일반 솔더를 사용하여 양극에 전선과 음극을 연결합니다. </li><li> UV에게 가장자리를 열 경화형 에폭시를 적용합니다. NOTE : 이는 산소 침투 및 용매 증발에 대해 장치의 보조 밀봉 역할뿐만 아니라, 장치, 특히 와이어 부착의 견고성을 증가하도록 이루어진다. </li><li> 터미널 블록을 통해 개방형 BNC 케이블에 양극과 음극 와이어를 연결합니다. </li></ol> 2.2. IPCE 측정 설정 <ol><li> 도 2에 개략적으로 도시 된 설정을 사용하여, 셀 홀더 상으로 집적 장치를 탑재. </li><li> 조절 가능한 마운트를 통해 미러 (670) nm의 연속파 레이저 광 ( &#39;펌프광&#39;)와 집적 소자 (~ 2mm × 1mm)의 단면을 밝히는. </li><li> ( &#39;프로브 빔&#39;)가 간섭 성 준 단색 광 집적 TTA-UC DSC 밝히는는, 크세논 (Xe) 램프를 사용하여 생성 된 (405)의 nm 롱 패스 필터를 통해 먼저 통과 한 후 choppeR은 29 Hz에서, 단색, (~ 4 %의 빔 스플리터로 여기에 사용) 각진 유리 슬라이드 및 포물선 거울을 운영 휠. 입사는 프로빙 DSC 활성층 만 UC 층을 조명하지 않도록 각도로 펌프 빔과 흥분 UC 층에 의해 TTA-UC 층 배경 삼중 인구를 생성한다. </li><li> 조정 가능한 미러 마운트를 사용할 TTA-UC 층에 펌프와 프로브 빔을 맞 춥니 다. 이 다이나믹 신호 획득 장치, 전류 증폭기 및 실내 제어 소프트웨어를 이용하여 5 nm의 단위로 가시 스펙트럼을 가로 질러 스캐닝되기 때문에 프로브 생성 단락 전류를 측정한다. </li><li> 동시에 파워 미터 및 신호 획득 장치에 공급되는 아날로그 출력과 포토 다이오드와 유리 슬라이드로부터 반사 된 프로브 빔의 전력 변동을 기록한다. 소프트웨어의 프로브 변화에 의해 장치에서 J의 SC를 수정합니다. </li><li> 약간 조정 가능한 거울을 이용하여 펌프 빔 변위<html> 마운트가되도록 그 프로브 빔에 인접하는 소자의 활성층을 안타. 잘못 정렬 된 펌프와 프로브 빔 측정을 반복합니다. </li><li> 잡음 비율 더 나은 신호에 대해 동일한 위치에 정렬 및 오정렬 측정의 6 세트를 기록합니다. </li><li> 670 nm에서 알려진 전송으로 펌프 빔에 다른 중립적 인 밀도 필터를 배치하여 펌프 빔의 강도를 줄이고 강도의 범위 2.2.7에 2.2.4 단계를 반복합니다. </li><li> 활성 펌프 빔 소스없이 통합 장치 J의 SC를 측정한다. </li><li> 샘플의 위치에 배치하여, 포토 다이오드, 포토 다이오드에 의해 생성 된 전류의 관점에서 DSC에 프로브 입사 전력을 측정한다. </li><li> 투과 스펙트럼, T DSC를 얻었다 UV 가시 분광 광도계를 사용하여 제거 UC 챔버와 연구 장치의 송신을 측정한다. 참고 :이 교대로 단계 1.4과 1.5 사이에서 수행 할 수 있습니다. </li></ol>&quot;&gt; 2.3. 펌프 소스 특성 <ol><li> (AS 섹션 2.2.10 참조), 포토 다이오드와 파워 미터를 이용하여, 사용 된 각 필터링 조건 DSC 위치에서 펌프 빔 전력을 측정. </li><li> TTA 층 실험 동안에 어디에 동등한 위치에서 그리드 종이 위에 돌출 펌프 빔의 사진을. 카메라 검출기의 포화를 방지하기 위해 필요한 경우 심하게 된 빔을 감쇠. 펌프 자리의 크기를 결정하기 위해이 영상과 이미지 분석 소프트웨어를 사용합니다. </li></ol> 3 데이터 처리 3.1. 1 나노 증분에 대한 모든 데이터를 보간. 3.2. IPCE 결정 <ol><li> 프로브 광 다이오드 (I)에 의해 생성 된 전류로서 측정 능력과 전하 (Q)로부터 집적 소자에 도달하는 광자 플럭스 (φ)을 계산한다 : </li><li> 데비의 변환 된 전자 효율 셀 입사 광자 (IPCE 0)를 계산펌프 조명 및 프로브 플럭스없이 J SC의 측정에서 CE. </li><li> 펌프와 프로브 정렬 및 업 컨버터를 활성화에서 상대 향상을 얻을 잘못 정렬과 측정 사이의 비율을 가져 가라. </li><li> 태양열 집중 계수 결정 </li><li> σ, 흡수 단면으로 증감의 흡광 계수를 변환합니다. </li><li> 각 파장에서 태양 스펙트럼으로부터 DSC의 투과율 및 증감 제 (σ)를 광자 플럭스 밀도의 제품을 복용 한 후 합산하여 표준 AM1.5G 태양 스펙트럼 (k 값 φ)하에 증감 제의 여기 속도를 구하는 증감 Q-밴드 흡수 제품에 걸쳐, 통상적으로 600 내지 750 나노 미터이다. </li><li> 펌프 소스, 상이한 감광 필터와 펌프의 광자 플럭스 밀도의 힘과 스폿의 크기로부터 계산한다. 그런 다음 자속 밀도의 제품, DSC의 투과율 및 증감에 걸릴670 nm의 펌프가 구동 비율을 얻었다. </li><li> AM1.5G 조건 여진 레이트 펌프 구동 속도의 비로부터 태양열 집중 계수 (ʘ)를 계산한다. </li></ol> 3.3. 피팅 모델 및 공로 결정의 수치 <ol><li> 상대 강화 = 1 + 상수 × [(σ σ 프로브 × 펌프) / (σ 펌프 + σ 프로브)] × (T DSC / IPCE 0) 실험 개선 결과 상, σ 펌프와 σ 프로브의 모델에 맞는 펌프와 프로브 파장에 대한 단면이다; σ 펌프는 각각의 펌프 강도에 고정되어 σ 프로브는 파장에 따라 달라집니다. </li><li> IPCE UC 및 IPCE 공 및 태양 플럭스 densit의 차이에서 상향 변환 효과 (ΔJ SC)에서 얻은 J의 SC의 향상을 예측y를 입력합니다. </li><li> TTA-UC 낮은 여기 강도에서 전원 입력에 차 의존성을 가지고 있기 때문에, 태양 집중 계수의 제곱으로 ΔJ의 SC 정상화 FOM을 계산합니다. </li></ol>

<ol>
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There is nothing to disclose.

이 프로토콜은 상향 변환 향상된 DSC 및 세부 정확하게 같은 장치를 측정하는 방법에 광자를 달성하는 수단을 제공한다. 예상 ΔJ의 SC 개선의 간단한 계산 한 태양을 포함하여 다른 빛의 강도에 예상 될 때까지 FOM이 있습니다. 시스템이 포화 임계 값 (33)보다 낮은 경우 여기에 표시된 숫자가 기대에 따라, 광 강도 (도 4의 인셋)으로 불변이다. FOM, 우리는 쉽게 비교할 수 ?...

염료 감응 형 태양 전지 (DSC를)은 저렴한 태양 에너지 수집 1-3 유망 개념으로 선포되었다. 이 열정에도 불구하고, 널리 상용화가 발생할 못하고있다. 여러 가지 이유는 하나의 문제는이 가압 장치 (4)의 달성 가능한 광 적출 효율을 제한 흡수 발병되는 비교적 높은 에너지로,이를 위해 제시되었다. 이 극복 될 수 있지만, 흡수 개시를 낮추는 것은 일반적 불균형 전류 밀도 (5, 6)의 모든 이점을 침식 개방 회로 전압 강하를 수반한다. DSC에의 일반적인 동작은 산화 환원 매개체에 의해 산화 된 염료의 재생이어서 반도체 (전형적 티오 2), 광 여기에 염료에서 전자 전달을 포함한다. 이 두 과정은 고효율 7 계속하려면 상당한 추진력 (가능성을) 필요로 표시 </sup&gt;. 이러한 고유의 상당한 손실이, 이러한 장치에 대한 최적의 흡수 에너지가 발병에 상당히 높은 것이 분명해진다. 유사한 문제는 효과적인 전하 분리에 필요한 큰 화학적 구동력으로 인해 다시 한번, 유기 광전지 (OPV), 존재한다. 따라서, 이들 기술 모두에 기초하여 단일 접합 장치 상부에 태양 광 - 전기 변환 효율의 한계 예측 폭 (유효) 밴드 갭 (4)과 흡수 장치를 포함한다. 상기 발생 된 광을 수확하는 문제를 극복하기 위해서, 방법의 수는 수행되고있다. 이는 &#39;제 3 세대&#39;탠덤 구조 9, 10, 광자 업 컨버전 11-14의 팔 방법을 포함한다. 최근 11 우리는 시스템 통합 (TTA-UC) 업 변환 기반의 삼중 항 - 삼중 소멸와 DSC의 작업 및 카운터 전극으로 구성된 통합 장치를보고구조. 이 TTA-UC 소자 활성층 투과 적색광을 수확하고 화학적 DSC의 능동 층에 의해 흡수 될 수있는 고 에너지 광자 (아래에서 상세히 설명 됨)으로 변환하고 광전류를 생성 할 수 있었다. 이 시스템에 대해 주목해야 할 두 가지 중요한 포인트가 있습니다. 첫째, TTA-UC 다른 광자 상향 변환 시스템 (11)에 비해 많은 잠재 장점이 있습니다; 둘째로는 그 시점에 TTA-UC 문학에서 위로 부족했다 TTA-UC의 통합을위한 실현 가능한 아키텍처 (원리 증명)을 보여줍니다. TTA-UC 15-24의 프로세스 장치 발병 에너지 이하의 에너지를 가진 광에 의해,이 경우의 Pd 포르피린에서 &#39;증감 제 &quot;분자의 자극을 포함한다. 단일 항-흥분 증감은 가장 낮은 에너지 삼중 상태에 대한 신속한 간 횡단을받을. 그들은 그곳에서부터 접지 상태 트리플렛 수용성 &#39;터 &amp; #에 에너지를 전달할 수8217; 예컨대 루 브렌과 같은 종만큼 전송은 자유 에너지 (25)에 의해 허용되는 바와 같이. 루 브렌의 제 삼중 항 상태 (T 1)이 삼중 항 여기 된 rubrenes의 만남 착체가 몰살 수 있음을 의미 첫 흥분 중항 상태 (S 1) 그러나 T (2)의 절반 이하의 에너지의 절반의 에너지보다 크다 상당히 높은 확률로 일 중항 여기 에미 분자 (및 바닥 상태에서 다른)을 수득 하였다. 다른 주, 통계적 예측은 가능성이 가장 높은 루 브렌 26 정력적으로 액세스 할 수 없습니다. 중항 여기 루 브렌 분자는 DSC의 작동 전극에 염료를 자극하기에 충분한 에너지 (형광 당) 광자를 방출 할 수있다. 이 처리는 애니메이션 1에 도시된다. TTA-UC 그것을 COU위한 매력적인 옵션을 만들고, 이러한 넓은 범위의 흡수 및 간섭 특성 (27), UC (28)와 같은 다른 시스템에 비해 많은 장점을 제공한다(OPV뿐만 아니라)와 DSC 링. TTA-UC는 상대적으로 낮은 조명 강도에 및 확산 조명 조건에서 작동하는 입증되었다. DSC 및 OPV 모두 낮은 조명 강도 정권에서 가장 효율적입니다. 솔라 농도는 비싸고 높은 효율, 고비용 장치에만 정당하다. 저 강도 조명 조건 TTA-UC 시스템을 비교적 높은 성능이 작용 종과 접촉하기 위해 확산 할 수있는 수명이 긴 삼중 항 상태로 콘서트 강한 넓은 흡수 밴드와 증감 발색단을 포함하는 프로세스에 기인 . 또한, TTA-UC는 운동 공부 (26)로부터 높은 효율을 극한 밝혀졌다. TTA-UC 낮은 빛의 세기로 작동하지만, (적어도 낮은 광도에서) 입사광의 강도와 방출되는 빛 사이의 차의 관계는 여전히 존재한다. 이 프로세스의 이분자 활동에 기인한다. 계정이 다른 그룹에 의해보고 된 다양한 실험 조건 (특히 빛의 강도)에 대한 메리트 (FOM) 시스템의 그​​림은 미터로 상향 변환에 의해 제공되는 성능 향상을 채용해야한다. 이 FOM이 ΔJ SC가와 ʘ (일반적으로 캐리어의 상향 효과 및없이 효율성, IPCE를 충전하기 위해 사건 광자의 통합에 의해 결정) 단락 전류의 증가입니다 ΔJ의 SC / ʘ로 정의 된 것은 효과적인 태양이다 이 농도가 29 (해당 영역의 광자 플럭스에 기초한, 즉 증감 제의 Q-밴드 흡수이다). 여기서, 통합 DSC-TTA-UC 장치를 제조하고 정확하게 특성화하기위한 프로토콜은 장치 테스트에서 잠재적 인 함정에 특별한주의를 지불보고됩니다. 이것이이 분야에서 추가 작업을위한 기반으로 활용 될 것으로 기대된다.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="1100">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:495px;">Name of Material/ Equipment</td>
			<td style="width:200px;">Company</td>
			<td style="width:160px;">Catalog Number</td>
			<td style="width:245px;">Comments/Description</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="63">
			<td height="63" style="height:63px;width:495px;">(tetrakis(3,5-di-tert-butylphenyl)-6&#8217;-amino-7&#8217;-nitro-tetrakisquinoxalino[2,3-b&#39;7,8-b&#39;&#39;12,13-b&#39;&#39;&#39;17,18-b&#39;&#39;&#39;&#39;-porphyrinato) palladium(II))</td>
			<td style="width:200px;">in house</td>
			<td style="width:160px;">in house</td>
			<td>Chem. Commun., 4851&#8211;4853 (2007)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">1,2-dimethyl-3-propylimidazolium iodide</td>
			<td style="width:200px;">Solaronix</td>
			<td style="width:160px;">33150</td>
			<td>Material warning: Irritant</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:495px;">405 nm longpass filter</td>
			<td style="width:200px;">Semrock</td>
			<td>BLP01-405R-25</td>
			<td>-</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:495px;">670 nm laser</td>
			<td style="width:200px;">Thorlabs</td>
			<td>LDS5 + CPS198</td>
			<td>-</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:495px;">Acetone</td>
			<td style="width:200px;">Chemsupply</td>
			<td style="width:160px;">AA008-20L-P</td>
			<td>Material warning: Flammable</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:495px;">Acetonitrile</td>
			<td style="width:200px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:160px;">271004</td>
			<td>Material warning: Flammable</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:495px;">Alumina</td>
			<td style="width:200px;">Alfa Aesar</td>
			<td style="width:160px;">12733</td>
			<td>-</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:495px;">Alumina</td>
			<td style="width:200px;">Leeco</td>
			<td style="width:160px;">810-782</td>
			<td>-</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:495px;">Back filling chamber</td>
			<td style="width:200px;">Sistema</td>
			<td style="width:160px;">1303</td>
			<td>Kilip it round, modified</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:495px;">Benzene</td>
			<td style="width:200px;">Scharlau</td>
			<td style="width:160px;">BE0033</td>
			<td>Material warning: Toxic</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:495px;">BNC cable</td>
			<td style="width:200px;">Jaycar</td>
			<td style="width:160px;">RG- 59U</td>
			<td>-</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:495px;">Cerasolzer</td>
			<td style="width:200px;">MBR</td>
			<td style="width:160px;">CS186</td>
			<td>-</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:495px;">Chopper wheel</td>
			<td style="width:200px;">Thorlabs</td>
			<td>MC1000A</td>
			<td>-</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:495px;">Control software</td>
			<td style="width:200px;">in house</td>
			<td style="width:160px;">in house</td>
			<td>Written in LabVIEW</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:495px;">Current Amplifier</td>
			<td>Standford Research&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:160px;">SR 570</td>
			<td>-</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:495px;">D149 dye</td>
			<td style="width:200px;">1m</td>
			<td style="width:160px;">OSO149</td>
			<td>-</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:495px;">Dental burr</td>
			<td style="width:200px;">Priority dental supplies</td>
			<td style="width:160px;">835.104.008</td>
			<td>-</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:495px;">Detergent</td>
			<td style="width:200px;">Palmolive</td>
			<td style="width:160px;">Original</td>
			<td>-</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:495px;">Diamond wheel</td>
			<td style="width:200px;">Frameco</td>
			<td style="width:160px;">14220</td>
			<td>-</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:495px;">Drill</td>
			<td style="width:200px;">Dremmel</td>
			<td style="width:160px;">220</td>
			<td>-</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:495px;">Dynamic dignal acquisition device</td>
			<td>National Instruments</td>
			<td style="width:160px;">USB-4431</td>
			<td>Analog to Digital</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:495px;">Ethanol</td>
			<td style="width:200px;">Univar</td>
			<td style="width:160px;">214</td>
			<td>Material warning: Flammable</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="25">
			<td height="25" style="height:25px;width:495px;">F:SnO2 glass</td>
			<td style="width:200px;">Hartford</td>
			<td style="width:160px;">TEC8</td>
			<td>2.3mm, &#60; 8 &#937;/&#9633;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:495px;">Glovebox</td>
			<td style="width:200px;">IT systems</td>
			<td style="width:160px;">-</td>
			<td>-</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="25">
			<td height="25" style="height:25px;width:495px;">H2PtCl6</td>
			<td style="width:200px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:160px;">334472</td>
			<td>Material warning: corrosive</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:495px;">Hot melt adhesive gasket</td>
			<td style="width:200px;">Solaronix</td>
			<td style="width:160px;">Meltronic 1170-25</td>
			<td style="width:245px;">Surlyn</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:495px;">Hot melt adhesive gasket</td>
			<td style="width:200px;">Solaronix</td>
			<td style="width:160px;">Meltronix 1170-60</td>
			<td style="width:245px;">Surlyn</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:495px;">Hotplate</td>
			<td style="width:200px;">Harry Gestigkeit</td>
			<td style="width:160px;">PR 5 3T / PZ28-3T</td>
			<td>-</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:495px;">Hotplate</td>
			<td style="width:200px;">IKA</td>
			<td style="width:160px;">RCT basic</td>
			<td>-</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:495px;">Image analysis software</td>
			<td style="width:200px;">National Institutes for Health</td>
			<td style="width:160px;">Image-J</td>
			<td>-</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:495px;">Iodine</td>
			<td style="width:200px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:160px;">326143</td>
			<td>Material warning: corrosive</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:495px;">Laser engraver</td>
			<td style="width:200px;">Universal Laser Systems</td>
			<td style="width:160px;">PLS6WM</td>
			<td>-</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:495px;">Liquid Nitrogen</td>
			<td style="width:200px;">Air Liquide</td>
			<td style="width:160px;"></td>
			<td>-</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:495px;">Lithium Iodide</td>
			<td style="width:200px;">Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:160px;">518018</td>
			<td>Material warning: toxic</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:495px;">Methoxypropionitrile</td>
			<td style="width:200px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:160px;">65290</td>
			<td>Material warning: Flammable</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:495px;">Mirror</td>
			<td style="width:200px;">Thorlabs</td>
			<td style="width:160px;">PF10-03-P01</td>
			<td>-</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:495px;">Mirror mount</td>
			<td style="width:200px;">Thorlabs</td>
			<td style="width:160px;">KM100</td>
			<td>-</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:495px;">Monochromator</td>
			<td style="width:200px;">Spectral Products&#160;</td>
			<td>CM110</td>
			<td>-</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:495px;">Neutral density filters</td>
			<td style="width:200px;">Edmund Industrial Optics</td>
			<td style="width:160px;">64-352</td>
			<td>-</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:495px;">Parabolic mirror</td>
			<td style="width:200px;">Newport</td>
			<td style="width:160px;">50329AL, 50338AL</td>
			<td>-</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:495px;">Photodiode</td>
			<td>Newport</td>
			<td>918D-UV-OD3</td>
			<td>-</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:495px;">Power meter</td>
			<td>Newport</td>
			<td style="width:160px;">1936-C</td>
			<td>-</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:495px;">Rubrene</td>
			<td style="width:200px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:160px;">551112</td>
			<td>-</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:495px;">Semi-automatic screen printer</td>
			<td style="width:200px;">Keywell</td>
			<td style="width:160px;">KY-500FH</td>
			<td>-</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:495px;">Spray pyrolyser</td>
			<td style="width:200px;">Glaskeller</td>
			<td style="width:160px;">-</td>
			<td>-</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:495px;">Tape</td>
			<td style="width:200px;">3M</td>
			<td style="width:160px;">Magic Tape</td>
			<td>-</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:495px;">Terminal block</td>
			<td style="width:200px;">Jaycar</td>
			<td>HM3194</td>
			<td>-</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:495px;">tert-Butanol</td>
			<td style="width:200px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:160px;">360538</td>
			<td>Material warning: Flammable</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:495px;">TiCl4</td>
			<td style="width:200px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:160px;">89545</td>
			<td>Material warning: corrosive</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:495px;">Tile</td>
			<td style="width:200px;">Johnson tiles</td>
			<td style="width:160px;">-</td>
			<td>-</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;width:495px;">Tile cutter</td>
			<td style="width:200px;">DTA</td>
			<td style="width:160px;">DTA-310</td>
			<td>-</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:495px;">TiO2 paste</td>
			<td style="width:200px;">Dyesol</td>
			<td style="width:160px;">NR18-T</td>
			<td>-</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Titanium diisopropoxide bis(acetylacetonate) (75% in isopropanol)</td>
			<td style="width:200px;">Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:160px;">325252</td>
			<td>Material warning: Flammable</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:495px;">Ultrasonic soldering iron</td>
			<td style="width:200px;">MBR</td>
			<td style="width:160px;">USS-9200</td>
			<td>-</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:495px;">UV cure epoxy</td>
			<td style="width:200px;">Dymax</td>
			<td style="width:160px;">425</td>
			<td>Material warning: Irritant</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:495px;">UV cure system</td>
			<td style="width:200px;">Dymax</td>
			<td style="width:160px;">BlueWave 50</td>
			<td>-</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">UV Visible Spectrophotometer</td>
			<td style="width:200px;">Varian Cary</td>
			<td style="width:160px;">1E</td>
			<td>-</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:495px;">Vacuum cuvette</td>
			<td style="width:200px;">Custom made</td>
			<td style="width:160px;">Custom made</td>
			<td>-</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:495px;">Vacuum pump</td>
			<td style="width:200px;">N/A</td>
			<td style="width:160px;">Rotary backed diffusion pump</td>
			<td>-</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:495px;">Wipes</td>
			<td style="width:200px;">Kimtech</td>
			<td style="width:160px;">34120KC</td>
			<td>Kimwipes</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:495px;">Xe lamp</td>
			<td>Energetiq&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:160px;">LDLSTM EQ-1500</td>
			<td style="width:245px;">White light source</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

integrating a triplet-triplet annihilation up-conversion system to enhance dye-sensitized solar cell response to sub-bandgap light

적색 및 적외선 광에 염료 감응 태양 전지 (DSC에)의 불량 반응은 높은 광전류 따라서 더 높은 효율의 실현에 큰 장애물이다. 광자 업 변환 삼중 - 삼중 항 소멸의 방법으로 (TTA-UC)은 해로운 방식 photoanodic 성능을 방해하지 않으면 서, 광전류를 생성하기 위하여 이들 달리 낭비 낮은 에너지의 광자를 사용하는 매력적인 방법이다. 또한 이에, TTA-UC는 DSC 기술과 결합하기에 특히 적합한 다른 렌더링보고 광자 상향 변환 기술로부터 구별되는 특징의 수를 갖는다. 팔라듐 포르피린 증감 제와 루 브렌이 이미 터를 포함하는 작업 증명 고성능 TTA-UC 시스템에있어서, 집적 장치의 고성능 DSC (유기 색소를 이용하여 D149)와 결합된다. 장치는 높은 Fi를 초래 TTA UC-서브 유닛의 흡수 범위에서 서브 - 밴드 갭 조명에 향상된 응답을 도시최신 DSC 성능을 지원 상향 변환을위한 공로 gure.

도 3A - 효과는 이하에서보다 상세히 논의 D로 표시 인핸스 응답은, 다른 측정 조건 하에서 측정 하였다. 것의 전류 밀도 개선에서 그것은도 4a 및도 4b의 결과가 피크 전류 향상과의 활성층을 통해 송신에 의해 감쇠 증감 제의 흡수 스펙트럼과 잘 일치 IPCE 향상과, 상향 변환에 기인 것을 분명히해야 DSC. 펌프 빔을 편향 레이저에 의해 도입 ...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Integrating a Triplet-triplet Annihilation Up-conversion System to Enhance Dye-sensitized Solar Cell Response to Sub-bandgap Light at JoVE.com

Integrating a Triplet-triplet Annihilation Up-conversion System to Enhance Dye-sensitized Solar Cell Response to Sub-bandgap Light

염료 감응 태양 전지 및 삼중 항 - 삼중 항 소멸 상향 변환 부를 통합 집적 장치는, 태양 광 스펙트럼의 더 넓은 부분에서 향상된 광 수확을 수득 제조 하였다. 겸손 조사 수준에서 낮은 에너지 광자에 크게 향상된 응답은 염료 감응 태양 전지의 장점의 기록 숫자를 산출 입증되었다.

삼중 항 - 삼중 종말 최대 변환 시스템을 통합하면 하위 밴드 갭 빛에 염료 감응 형 태양 전지의 응답을 향상시키기 위해

The poor response of dye-sensitized solar cells (DSCs) to red and infrared light is a significant impediment to the realization of higher photocurrents ...

integrating-triplet-triplet-annihilation-up-conversion-system-to

Research

JoVE Journal

Engineering

12.5K 조회수.  The University of Wollongong.  염료 감응 태양 전지 및 삼중 항 - 삼중 항 소멸 상향 변환 부를 통합 집적 장치는, 태양 광 스펙트럼의 더 넓은 부분에서 향상된 광 수확을 수득 제조 하였다. 겸손 조사 수준에서 낮은 에너지 광자에 크게 향상된 응답은 염료 감응 태양 전지의 장점의 기록 숫자를 산출 입증되었다. 

비디오: Integrating a Triplet-triplet Annihilation Up-conversion System to Enhance Dye-sensitized Solar Cell Response to Sub-bandgap Light

Polycrystalline Silicon Thin-film Solar cells with Plasmonic-enhanced Light-trapping

One of major approaches to cheaper solar cells is reducing the amount of semiconductor material used for their fabrication and making cells thinner. To compensate for lower light absorption such physically thin devices have to incorporate light-trapping which increases their optical thickness. Light scattering by textured surfaces is a common technique but it cannot be universally applied to all solar cell technologies. Some cells, for example those made of evaporated silicon, are planar as produced and they require an alternative light-trapping means suitable for planar devices. Metal nanoparticles formed on planar silicon cell surface and capable of light scattering due to surface plasmon resonance is an effective approach.
The paper presents a fabrication procedure of evaporated polycrystalline silicon solar cells with plasmonic light-trapping and demonstrates how the cell quantum efficiency improves due to presence of metal nanoparticles.
To fabricate the cells a film consisting of alternative boron and phosphorous doped silicon layers is deposited on glass substrate by electron beam evaporation. An Initially amorphous film is crystallised and electronic defects are mitigated by annealing and hydrogen passivation. Metal grid contacts are applied to the layers of opposite polarity to extract electricity generated by the cell. Typically, such a ~2 &mu;m thick cell has a short-circuit current density (Jsc) of 14-16 mA/cm2, which can be increased up to 17-18 mA/cm2 (~25% higher) after application of a simple diffuse back reflector made of a white paint.
To implement plasmonic light-trapping a silver nanoparticle array is formed on the metallised cell silicon surface. A precursor silver film is deposited on the cell by thermal evaporation and annealed at 23&deg;C to form silver nanoparticles. Nanoparticle size and coverage, which affect plasmonic light-scattering, can be tuned for enhanced cell performance by varying the precursor film thickness and its annealing conditions. An optimised nanoparticle array alone results in cell Jsc enhancement of about 28%, similar to the effect of the diffuse reflector. The photocurrent can be further increased by coating the nanoparticles by a low refractive index dielectric, like MgF2, and applying the diffused reflector. The complete plasmonic cell structure comprises the polycrystalline silicon film, a silver nanoparticle array, a layer of MgF2, and a diffuse reflector. The Jsc for such cell is 21-23 mA/cm2, up to 45% higher than Jsc of the original cell without light-trapping or ~25% higher than Jsc for the cell with the diffuse reflector only.
Introduction
Light-trapping in silicon solar cells is commonly achieved via light scattering at textured interfaces. Scattered light travels through a cell at oblique angles for a longer distance and when such angles exceed the critical angle at the cell interfaces the light is permanently trapped in the cell by total internal reflection (Animation 1: Light-trapping). Although this scheme works well for most solar cells, there are developing technologies where ultra-thin Si layers are produced planar (e.g. layer-transfer technologies and epitaxial c-Si layers) 1 and or when such layers are not compatible with textures substrates (e.g. evaporated silicon) 2. For such originally planar Si layer alternative light trapping approaches, such as diffuse white paint reflector 3, silicon plasma texturing 4 or high refractive index nanoparticle reflector 5 have been suggested.
Metal nanoparticles can effectively scatter incident light into a higher refractive index material, like silicon, due to the surface plasmon resonance effect 6. They also can be easily formed on the planar silicon cell surface thus offering a light-trapping approach alternative to texturing. For a nanoparticle located at the air-silicon interface the scattered light fraction coupled into silicon exceeds 95% and a large faction of that light is scattered at angles above critical providing nearly ideal light-trapping condition (Animation 2: Plasmons on NP). The resonance can be tuned to the wavelength region, which is most important for a particular cell material and design, by varying the nanoparticle average size, surface coverage and local dielectric environment 6,7. Theoretical design principles of plasmonic nanoparticle solar cells have been suggested 8. In practice, Ag nanoparticle array is an ideal light-trapping partner for poly-Si thin-film solar cells because most of these design principle are naturally met. The simplest way of forming nanoparticles by thermal annealing of a thin precursor Ag film results in a random array with a relatively wide size and shape distribution, which is particularly suitable for light-trapping because such an array has a wide resonance peak, covering the wavelength range of 700-900 nm, important for poly-Si solar cell performance. The nanoparticle array can only be located on the rear poly-Si cell surface thus avoiding destructive interference between incident and scattered light which occurs for front-located nanoparticles 9. Moreover, poly-Si thin-film cells do not requires a passivating layer and the flat base-shaped nanoparticles (that naturally result from thermal annealing of a metal film) can be directly placed on silicon further increases plasmonic scattering efficiency due to surface plasmon-polariton resonance 10.
The cell with the plasmonic nanoparticle array as described above can have a photocurrent about 28% higher than the original cell. However, the array still transmits a significant amount of light which escapes through the rear of the cell and does not contribute into the current. This loss can be mitigated by adding a rear reflector to allow catching transmitted light and re-directing it back to the cell. Providing sufficient distance between the reflector and the nanoparticles (a few hundred nanometers) the reflected light will then experience one more plasmonic scattering event while passing through the nanoparticle array on re-entering the cell and the reflector itself can be made diffuse - both effects further facilitating light scattering and hence light-trapping. Importantly, the Ag nanoparticles have to be encapsulated with an inert and low refractive index dielectric, like MgF2 or SiO2, from the rear reflector to avoid mechanical and chemical damage 7. Low refractive index for this cladding layer is required to maintain a high coupling fraction into silicon and larger scattering angles, which are ensured by the high optical contrast between the media on both sides of the nanoparticle, silicon and dielectric 6. The photocurrent of the plasmonic cell with the diffuse rear reflector can be up to 45% higher than the current of the original cell or up to 25% higher than the current of an equivalent cell with the diffuse reflector only.

Polycrystalline silicon thin-film solar cells on glass are fabricated by deposition of boron and phosphorous doped silicon layers followed by crystallisation, defect passivation and metallisation. Plasmonic light-trapping is introduced by forming Ag nanoparticles on the silicon cell surface capped with a diffused reflector resulting in ~45% photocurrent enhancement.

Plasmonic 강화된 라이트 - 트래핑과 다결정 실리콘 박막 태양 전지

One of major approaches to cheaper solar cells is reducing the amount of semiconductor material used for their fabrication and making cells thinner. To ...

연구

공학

Using Neutron Spin Echo Resolved Grazing Incidence Scattering to Investigate Organic Solar Cell Materials

The spin echo resolved grazing incidence scattering (SERGIS) technique has been used to probe the length-scales associated with irregularly shaped crystallites. Neutrons are passed through two well defined regions of magnetic field; one before and one after the sample. The two magnetic field regions have opposite polarity and are tuned such that neutrons travelling through both regions, without being perturbed, will undergo the same number of precessions in opposing directions. In this case the neutron precession in the second arm is said to &#34;echo&#34; the first, and the original polarization of the beam is preserved. If the neutron interacts with a sample and scatters elastically the path through the second arm is not the same as the first and the original polarization is not recovered. Depolarization of the neutron beam is a highly sensitive probe at very small angles (&#60;50&#160;&#956;rad) but still allows a high intensity, divergent beam to be used. The decrease in polarization of the beam reflected from the sample as compared to that from the reference sample can be directly related to structure within the sample.
In comparison to scattering observed in neutron reflection measurements the SERGIS signals are often weak and are unlikely to be observed if the in-plane structures within the sample under investigation are dilute, disordered, small in size and polydisperse or the neutron scattering contrast is low. Therefore, good results will most likely be obtained using the SERGIS technique if the sample being measured consist of thin films on a flat substrate and contain scattering features that contains a high density of moderately sized features (30 nm to 5 &#181;m) which scatter neutrons strongly or the features are arranged on a lattice. An advantage of the SERGIS technique is that it can probe structures in the plane of the sample.

Progress has been made in utilizing spin echo resolved grazing incidence scattering (SERGIS) as a neutron scattering technique to probe the length-scales in irregular samples. Crystallites of [6,6]-phenyl-C61-butyric acid methyl ester have been probed using the SERGIS technique and the results confirmed by optical and atomic force microscopy.

중성자 스핀 에코 사용 하 여 방목 발생률 을 해결 하는 유기 태양 전지 물질을 조사 하기 위해

The spin echo resolved grazing incidence scattering (SERGIS) technique has been used to probe the length-scales associated with irregularly shaped ...

Integration of Light Trapping Silver Nanostructures in Hydrogenated Microcrystalline Silicon Solar Cells by Transfer Printing

One of the potential applications of metal nanostructures is light trapping in solar cells, where unique optical properties of nanosized metals, commonly known as plasmonic effects, play an important role. Research in this field has, however, been impeded owing to the difficulty of fabricating devices containing the desired functional metal nanostructures. In order to provide a viable strategy to this issue, we herein show a transfer printing-based approach that allows the quick and low-cost integration of designed metal nanostructures with a variety of device architectures, including solar cells. Nanopillar poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) stamps were fabricated from a commercially available nanohole plastic film as a master mold. On this nanopatterned PDMS stamps, Ag films were deposited, which were then transfer-printed onto block copolymer (binding layer)-coated hydrogenated microcrystalline Si (&#181;c-Si:H) surface to afford ordered Ag nanodisk structures. It was confirmed that the resulting Ag nanodisk-incorporated &#181;c-Si:H solar cells show higher performances compared to a cell without the transfer-printed Ag nanodisks, thanks to plasmonic light trapping effect derived from the Ag nanodisks. Because of the simplicity and versatility, further device application would also be feasible thorough this approach.

A viable transfer printing-based methodology to introduce plasmonic metal nanostructures in solar cells is described. Using nanopillar poly(dimethylsiloxane) stamps, an Ag-based ordered nanodisk array was integrated with standard hydrogenated microcrystalline Si solar cells, which led to improved device performances due to plasmonic light trapping.

전송 인쇄하여 수소 첨가 미세 결정 실리콘 태양 전지에 빛 트래핑 실버 나노 구조의 통합

One of the potential applications of metal nanostructures is light trapping in solar cells, where unique optical properties of nanosized metals, commonly ...

Using Synchrotron Radiation Microtomography to Investigate Multi-scale Three-dimensional Microelectronic Packages

Synchrotron radiation micro-tomography (SR&#181;T) is a non-destructive three-dimensional (3D) imaging technique that offers high flux for fast data acquisition times with high spatial resolution. In the electronics industry there is serious interest in performing failure analysis on 3D microelectronic packages, many which contain multiple levels of high-density interconnections. Often in tomography there is a trade-off between image resolution and the volume of a sample that can be imaged. This inverse relationship limits the usefulness of conventional computed tomography (CT) systems since a microelectronic package is often large in cross sectional area 100-3,600 mm2, but has important features on the micron scale. The micro-tomography beamline at the Advanced Light Source (ALS), in Berkeley, CA USA, has a setup which is adaptable and can be tailored to a sample&#39;s properties, i.e., density, thickness, etc., with a maximum allowable cross-section of 36 x 36 mm. This setup also has the option of being either monochromatic in the energy range ~7-43 keV or operating with maximum flux in white light mode using a polychromatic beam. Presented here are details of the experimental steps taken to image an entire 16 x 16 mm system within a package, in order to obtain 3D images of the system with a spatial resolution of 8.7 &#181;m all within a scan time of less than 3 min. Also shown are results from packages scanned in different orientations and a sectioned package for higher resolution imaging. In contrast a conventional CT system would take hours to record data with potentially poorer resolution. Indeed, the ratio of field-of-view to throughput time is much higher when using the synchrotron radiation tomography setup. The description below of the experimental setup can be implemented and adapted for use with many other multi-materials.

For this study synchrotron radiation micro-tomography, a non-destructive three-dimensional imaging technique, is employed to investigate an entire microelectronic package with a cross-sectional area of 16 x 16 mm. Due to the synchrotron&#39;s high flux and brightness the sample was imaged in just 3 min&#160;with an 8.7 &#181;m spatial resolution.

멀티 스케일 3 차원 마이크로 전자 패키지를 조사하는 방사광 Microtomography 사용

Synchrotron radiation micro-tomography (SR&#181;T) is a non-destructive three-dimensional (3D) imaging technique that offers high flux for fast data ...

Printing Fabrication of Bulk Heterojunction Solar Cells and In Situ Morphology Characterization

Polymer-based materials hold promise as low-cost, flexible efficient photovoltaic devices. Most laboratory efforts to achieve high performance devices have used devices prepared by spin coating, a process that is not amenable to large-scale fabrication. This mismatch in device fabrication makes it difficult to translate quantitative results obtained in the laboratory to the commercial level, making optimization difficult. Using a mini-slot die coater, this mismatch can be resolved by translating the commercial process to the laboratory and characterizing the structure formation in the active layer of the device in real time and in situ as films are coated onto a substrate. The evolution of the morphology was characterized under different conditions, allowing us to propose a mechanism by which the structures form and grow. This mini-slot die coater offers a simple, convenient, material efficient route by which the morphology in the active layer can be optimized under industrially relevant conditions. The goal of this protocol is to show experimental details of how a solar cell device is fabricated using a mini-slot die coater and technical details of running in situ structure characterization using the mini-slot die coater.

Printing Fabrication of Bulk Heterojunction Solar Cells and In Situ Morphology Characterization

Here, we present a protocol to fabricate organic thin film solar cells using a mini-slot die coater and related in-line structure characterizations using synchrotron scattering techniques.

벌크 이종 접합 태양 전지의 인쇄 제작 및<em&gt; 현장에서</em&gt; 형태학 특성

Polymer-based materials hold promise as low-cost, flexible efficient photovoltaic devices. Most laboratory efforts to achieve high performance devices ...

Digital Printing of Titanium Dioxide for Dye Sensitized Solar Cells

Silicon solar cell manufacturing is an expensive and high energy consuming process. In contrast, dye sensitized solar cell production is less environmentally damaging with lower processing temperatures presenting a viable and low cost alternative to conventional production. This paper further enhances these environmental credentials by evaluating the digital printing and therefore additive production route for these cells. This is achieved here by investigating the formation and performance of a metal oxide photoelectrode using nanoparticle sized titanium dioxide. An ink-jettable material was formulated, characterized and printed with a piezoelectric inkjet head to produce a 2.6 &#181;m thick layer. The resultant printed layer was fabricated into a functioning cell with an active area of 0.25 cm2 and a power conversion efficiency of 3.5%. The binder-free formulation resulted in a reduced processing temperature of 250 &#176;C, compatible with flexible polyamide substrates which are stable up to temperatures of 350 &#730;C. The authors are continuing to develop this process route by investigating inkjet printing of other layers within dye sensitized solar cells.

This paper investigates the suitability of inkjet printing for the manufacturing of dye-sensitized solar cells. A binder-free TiO2 nanoparticle ink was formulated and printed onto a FTO glass substrate. The printed layer was fabricated into a cell with an active area of 0.25 cm2 and an efficiency of 3.5%.

염료 감응 형 태양 전지에 대한 이산화 티타늄의 디지털 인쇄

Silicon solar cell manufacturing is an expensive and high energy consuming process. In contrast, dye sensitized solar cell production is less ...

A System to Create Stable Nanoparticle Aerosols from Nanopowders

Nanoparticle aerosols released from nanopowders in workplaces are associated with human exposure and health risks. We developed a novel system, requiring minimal amounts of test materials (min. 200 mg), for studying powder aerosolization behavior and aerosol properties. The aerosolization procedure follows the concept of the fluidized-bed process, but occurs in the modified volume of a V-shaped aerosol generator. The airborne particle number concentration is adjustable by controlling the air flow rate. The system supplied stable aerosol generation rates and particle size distributions over long periods (0.5-2 hr and possibly longer), which are important, for example, to study aerosol behavior, but also for toxicological studies. Strict adherence to the operating procedures during the aerosolization experiments ensures the generation of reproducible test results. The critical steps in the standard protocol are the preparation of the material and setup, and the aerosolization operations themselves. The system can be used for experiments requiring stable aerosol concentrations and may also be an alternative method for testing dustiness. The controlled aerosolization made possible with this setup occurs using energy inputs (may be characterized by aerosolization air velocity) that are within the ranges commonly found in occupational environments where nanomaterial powders are handled. This setup and its operating protocol are thus helpful for human exposure and risk assessment.

We designed and developed an effective nanopowder aerosolization setup and operating protocol. The system generated nanoparticle aerosols with stable number concentrations and size distributions for long durations, requiring only small quantities of test material (min. 200 mg).

시스템은 나노 분말에서 안정적인 나노 입자 에어로졸을 만드는 방법

Nanoparticle aerosols released from nanopowders in workplaces are associated with human exposure and health risks. We developed a novel system, requiring ...

Electrospinning of Photocatalytic Electrodes for Dye-sensitized Solar Cells

This work demonstrates a protocol to fabricate a fiber-based photoanode for dye-sensitized solar cells, consisting of a light-scattering layer made of electrospun titanium dioxide nanofibers (TiO2-NFs) on top of a blocking layer made of commercially available titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO2-NPs). This is achieved by first electrospinning a solution of titanium (IV) butoxide, polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP), and glacial acetic acid in ethanol to obtain composite PVP/TiO2 nanofibers. These are then calcined at 500 &#176;C to remove the PVP and to obtain pure anatase-phase titania nanofibers. This material is characterized using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and powder X-ray diffraction (XRD). The photoanode is prepared by first creating a blocking layer through the deposition of a TiO2-NPs/terpineol slurry on a fluorine-doped tin oxide (FTO) glass slide using doctor blading techniques. A subsequent thermal treatment is performed at 500 &#176;C. Then, the light-scattering layer is formed by depositing a TiO2-NFs/terpineol slurry on the same slide, using the same technique, and calcinating again at 500 &#176;C. The performance of the photoanode is tested by fabricating a dye-sensitized solar cell and measuring its efficiency through J-V curves under a range of incident light densities, from 0.25-1 Sun.

The overall goal of this project was to use electrospinning to fabricate a photoanode with improved performance for dye-sensitized solar cells.

염료 감응 태양 전지용 광촉매 전극의 전기 방사

This work demonstrates a protocol to fabricate a fiber-based photoanode for dye-sensitized solar cells, consisting of a light-scattering layer made of ...

Scanning Light Scattering Profiler (SLPS) Based Methodology to Quantitatively Evaluate Forward and Backward Light Scattering from Intraocular Lenses

The scanning light scattering profiler (SLSP) methodology has been developed for the full-angle quantitative evaluation of forward and backward light scattering from intraocular lenses (IOLs) using goniophotometer principles. This protocol describes the SLSP platform and how it employs a 360&#176; rotational photodetector sensor that is scanned around an IOL sample while recording the intensity and location of scattered light as it passes through the IOL medium. The SLSP platform can be used to predict, non-clinically, the propensity for current and novel IOL designs and materials to induce light scatter. Non-clinical evaluation of light scattering properties of IOLs can significantly reduce the number of patient complaints related to unwanted glare, glistening, optical defects, poor image quality, and other phenomena associated with the unintended light scattering. Future studies should be conducted to correlate SLSP data with clinical results to help identify which measured light scatter is most problematic for patients that have undergone cataract surgery subsequent to IOL implantation.

Scanning Light Scattering Profiler SLPS Based Methodology to Quantitatively Evaluate Forward and Backward Light Scattering from Intraocular Lenses

This protocol describes the scanning light scattering profiler (SLSP) that enables the full-angle quantitative evaluation of forward and backward scattering of light from intraocular lenses (IOLs) using goniophotometer principles.

SLPS (Scanning Profiling Profiler) 기반 방법론으로 안구 내 렌즈의 전방 및 후방 산란을 정량적으로 평가

The scanning light scattering profiler (SLSP) methodology has been developed for the full-angle quantitative evaluation of forward and backward light ...

Indoor Experimental Assessment of the Efficiency and Irradiance Spot of the Achromatic Doublet on Glass (ADG) Fresnel Lens for Concentrating Photovoltaics

We present a method to characterize achromatic Fresnel lenses for photovoltaic applications. The achromatic doublet on glass (ADG) Fresnel lens is composed of two materials, a plastic and an elastomer, whose dispersion characteristics (refractive index variation with wavelength) are different. We first designed the lens geometry and then used ray-tracing simulation, based on the Monte Carlo method, to analyze its performance from the point of view of both optical efficiency and the maximum attainable concentration. Afterwards, ADG Fresnel lens prototypes were manufactured using a simple and reliable method. It consists of a prior injection of plastic parts and a consecutive lamination, together with the elastomer and a glass substrate to fabricate the parquet of ADG Fresnel lenses. The accuracy of the manufactured lens profile is examined using an optical microscope while its optical performance is evaluated using a solar simulator for concentrator photovoltaic systems. The simulator is composed of a xenon flash lamp whose emitted light is reflected by a parabolic mirror. The collimated light has a spectral distribution and an angular aperture similar to the real Sun. We were able to assess the optical performance of the ADG Fresnel lenses by taking photographs of the irradiance spot cast by the lens using a charge-coupled device (CCD) camera and measuring the photocurrent generated by several types of multi junction (MJ) solar cells, which have been previously characterized at a solar simulator for concentrator solar cells. These measurements have demonstrated the achromatic behavior of ADG Fresnel lenses and, as a consequence, the suitability of the modelling and manufacturing methods.

Indoor Experimental Assessment of the Efficiency and Irradiance Spot of the Achromatic Doublet on Glass ADG Fresnel Lens for Concentrating Photovoltaics

The achromatic doublet on glass (ADG) Fresnel lens makes use of two materials with differing dispersion to reduce chromatic aberration and increase attainable concentration. In this paper, a protocol for the complete characterization of the ADG Fresnel lens is presented.