Support for this work was provided by DOE STTR grant DE-SC0003664 on Parallel Tandem Organic Solar Cells with Carbon Nanotube Sheet Interlayers and Welch Foundation grant AT-1617. The authors thank J. Bykova for providing CNT forests and A. R. Howard, K. Meilczarek, and J. Velten for technical assistance and useful discussions.

1. 인듐 주석 산화물 (ITO) 패터닝 및 클리닝 참고 : 사용 15Ω / □의 ITO 유리, 구매 또는 스핀 코팅과 포토 리소그래피에 적합한 크기로 ITO 유리를 잘라. 그것은 가능한 한 큰 유리 조각에 단계 1.1-1.7를 수행 한 다음 작은 장치로 절단하는 것이 가장 효율적입니다. 또한이 1.1-1.7이 ITO면이 위를 지향 할 수있는 ITO 유리를 필요로 단계를 확인합니다. 이 멀티 미터의 저항 설정으로 쉽게 확인할 수 있습니다. <ol><li> 1 분 동안 3000 rpm의 속도로 ITO 유리의 ITO 측 상 S1813 포지티브 포토 레지스트의 스핀 코트 1ml를. 유리의 큰 조각이 저항 더 사용하여 전체 유리가 코팅되어 있는지 확인하고, 스핀 코터를 시작하기 전에 모든 거품을 제거합니다. </li><li> 1 분 동안 115 ° C에서, 핫 플레이트상에서, 피복 된 유리 레지스트 어닐링. </li><li> 샘플과 접촉 정렬 상에 포토 마스크를 넣습니다. </li><li> 아프로의 포토 레지스트 코팅 된 ITO 유리를 노출절한 시간. 노출 시간은 10 초 주위이지만 UV 램프 강도, 포토 레지스트 종류 및 두께에 기초하여,이 시간을 변화. </li><li> MF311 개발자의 자외선에 노출 된 기판을 개발한다. 스핀 프로세서의 자동화 된 프로세스는 가장 적합하고 반복 가능한 결과를 얻을 수 있지만, 다음과 같이 개발 수동으로 수행 할 수 있습니다. <ol><li> 현상 제 1 분 동안 UV 노출 기판 잠수함, 탈 이온수 (DI) 물로 린스하여 질소 총으로 건조 하였다. 현상 신속 강도를 상실하기 때문에, 샘플 사이의 현상 제를 교체하거나, 현상 제를 재사용 할 때 대안 적으로 개발 시간을 증가시킨다. </li></ol></li><li> 진한 염산 (HCL)에 ITO 기판을 에칭. 이는 염산의 농도에 따라 50-10 분 사이에 걸린다. 건조 DI 물에 헹구고, 그리고 멀티 미터로 에칭 된 부분의 저항을 테스트한다. 어떤 전도도가 남아있는 경우, 더 긴 시간 동안 에칭. </li><li> 에칭이 완료되면, 페이지 삭제아세톤으로 hotoresist. 포토 레지스트의 신속한 제거가 패턴 화 된 ITO 에칭을 통해-에서 잔류 염산을 방지합니다. </li><li> 필요한 경우, 장치의 크기에 에칭 된 ITO 유리 기판을 절단. </li><li> 최종적으로 이소 프로필 알콜 DI 물, 아세톤, 톨루엔, 메탄올, 및 - 용매의 순서로 초음파 욕에 ITO 기판을 청소한다. </li></ol> 2. OPV 서브 셀 제조 <ol><li> PC (61) BM 솔루션 : P3HT를 준비합니다. 주 : 가장 일관성있는 결과를 들어, 질소 환경에서 솔루션을 준비합니다. 그것은 주변 조건에서이 절차를 수행 할 수 있습니다. <ol><li> 찾아 두 깨끗 ~ 4 mL 유리 바이알과 캡의 질량을 기록, 다른 구별하기 위해 영구 마커로 표시합니다. </li><li> (P를 질소 또는 아르곤 글로브 박스 내에서, 하나의 바이알에 폴리 (3- 헥 실티 오펜 -2,5- 디일) (P3HT) 약 10 ㎎을 전송 및 페닐 C 61 - 뷰티 르산 메틸 에스터의 약 10 mg의다른 C (61) BM). </li><li> P3HT와 PC (61) BM의 질량을 찾아 다시 약병 체중. </li><li> 솔루션 결정 과정의 나머지 부분에 대한 글러브 박스에 P3HT와 PC (61) BM과 유리 병을 전송합니다. </li><li> 각각의 유리 병에 자기 교반 막대를 추가하고 45 ㎎ / ㎖ 솔루션을 개발하기 위해 각 충분한 클로로 벤젠을 추가 할 수 있습니다. </li><li> 약 2 시간 동안 또는 용질이 완전히 용해 될 때까지 55 ° C에서 자기 교반 핫 플레이트에 솔루션을 놓습니다. </li><li> BM 솔루션을 함께 P3HT와 PC (61)의 동일한 볼륨을 혼합하고, 사용하기 전에 다른 시간의 혼합 용액을 교반을 할 수 있습니다. </li></ol></li><li> PC (71) BM 솔루션 : PTB7을 준비합니다. <ol><li> 반복과 2.1.4 2.1.1 단계 poly({4,8-bis[(2-ethylhexyl)oxy]benzo[1,2-b:4,5-b′]dithiophene-2,6-diyl}{3-fluoro-2-[(2-ethylhexyl)carbonyl]thieno[3,4-b]thiophenediyl}) 대신 P3HT와 PC의 (PTB7) 및 페닐 7,1 - 부티르산 메틸 에스테르 (PC 71 BM)(61) BM. </li><li> 클로로 벤젠의 볼륨 1,8- diiodooctane (DIO)에 의해 3 %의 혼합물을 확인합니다. 이 혼합 DIO-CB이라고합니다. </li><li> 40 ㎎ / ㎖ 솔루션을 가지고있는 PC (71) BM 유리 병에 12 ㎎ / ㎖ 용액을 충분히 DIO-CB를 가지고 PTB7 유리 병에 충분한 DIO-CB를 추가하고 각 유리 병에 자기 교반 막대를 추가하고. </li><li> 이러한 솔루션은 이틀 동안 70 ° C에서 핫 플레이트상에서 교반하자. </li><li> 1.5 PC (71) (1)의 BM에 PTB7의 중량비 솔루션을 섞는다. </li><li> 사용하는 70 ° C에서 다른 시간 동안 혼합 용액을 교반 전에 보자. </li></ol></li><li> 필터 (3,4- 에틸렌 디옥 시티 오펜) : 폴리 (스티렌 설 폰산) (PEDOT : PSS) 0.45 ㎛의 세공 크기의 나일론 필터를 통해. 이 절차는 P VP AI4083을 사용합니다. </li><li> 스핀 코트 활성층. <ol><li> 청소 ITO 기판을 놓고, 5 분 동안 UV 오존 청소기로, 최대 ITO는 쪽. </li><li> 스핀 코트 필터링 된 PEDOT의 120 μL : PSS를 처리 UV 오존에, ITO- 유리 기판 패턴1 분 동안 3,000 rpm에서의. 이것은 30 nm 두께의 층을 수득한다. </li><li> 180의 C에서 5 분 동안 PSS 코팅 된 ITO 기판 : PEDOT 어닐링. </li><li> 스핀 코트 혼합 P3HT의 70 μL : PC 61 BM 솔루션 PEDOT에 : PSS 코팅 된 ITO가 1 분 동안 약 1,000 rpm으로 기판들. 200 nm 두께의 활성층을 증착하는데 필요에 따라 속도를 변화한다. </li><li> P3HT 어닐링 : PC 61 BM 코팅 기판을 170 ° C에서 5 분 동안. 결과는 최적의 열처리 온도에 따라 다를 수 있습니다. </li><li> 스핀 코트 혼합 PTB7의 70 μL : PC 71 BM 솔루션 PEDOT에 : PSS 코팅 된 ITO가 1 분 동안 약 700 rpm으로 기판들. 100 nm 두께의 활성층을 증착하는데 필요에 따라 속도를 변화한다. </li><li> PTB7를로드 PC 고진공 71 BM 코팅 기판 (&lt;2 × 10 -6 토르) 챔버의 잔류 DIO를 제거 할 수 있습니다. 전형적으로, 챔버의 O / N에서의 샘플을 떠난다. </li></ol></li></ol> 3. 직렬 장치를 제작 &lt;OL&gt; <li> 라미네이트 CNT 전극. <ol><li> 직렬 장치를 만들기 위해 반 PTB7 및 P3HT 기판을 잘라. 전문 ITO 패턴이 단계를 필요로하지 않을 것이다. ITO 패턴은 적어도 두 개의 평행 한 ITO 멀리 다른 하나 mm로 한 에지로부터 연장되는 전극들이 있어야한다. </li><li> 먼저 유리의 가장자리로부터 중합체 및 PEDOT을 얻어 닦아 PTB7과 P3HT 코팅 기판을 준비하고,도 1의 첫 번째 패널에서와 같이 공통 전극으로 사용되는 ITO 스트립을 노출. </li><li> PTB7 및 P3HT 전극 위에 CNT 공통 전극 적층. 장치에 여과지의 CNT 측 배치 부드럽게 가압하고 멀리 여과지를 박리하여 SWCNT 필름을 적용한다. 이는도 1의 제 2 패널에 도시되어있다. </li><li> 메 톡시 - 노나 플루오로 부탄을 적용하여 표면에 CNT 전극을 치밀화 (C 4 F 9 OCH 3) (HFE)와 작은 아모로 CNT를 코팅하여액체의 NT 다음은 오프 건조시키는. </li><li> .도 1의 세 번째 패널에 도시 된 바와 같이 게이트 전극을 가질 것이다 ITO의 위쪽 및 유리 중합체 및 CNT를 닦아 면도날 게이트 누설을 방지하기 위해 유리로부터 모든 중합체를 제거한다. </li><li> PTB7 P3HT 및 코팅 기판의 세정 영역에 CNT 게이트 전극을 적층 체. 면도날과 MWCNT 숲의 가장자리에서 당겨 MWCNT 적층 시트가 일부 모세관 사이에 자유롭게 서 보자. 장치에 CNT를 적층 자립 시트를 통해 장치를 전달합니다. 공통 전극 상에 배치로서 게이트 전극 층의 2-3 배 번호를 가져야한다. </li><li> HFE 가진 게이트 전극을 치밀화. </li></ol></li><li> 이온 성 액체의 작은 방울 (≈10 μL)을 놓고, N은, N -Diethyl- N은 N을 1- 메틸 - (2- 메 톡시 에틸) 하나의 CNT 전극 양쪽의 위에 암모늄 테트라 플루오로 보레이트, DEME BF-4,기판. </li><li> 조심스럽게 각-다른 상단에 공통의 게이트 전극과 이온 성 액체와 기판 위에 이온 성 액체없이 기판을 배치합니다. 이는도 1의 마지막 패널에 도시되어있다. </li><li> 활성 영역 위에 전극 크기보다 작은 구멍 크기를 갖는 포토 마스크를 배치. 장소에 포토 마스크를 개최뿐만 아니라 테스트 기간 동안 함께 장치를 보유하는 작은 클립을 사용합니다. </li></ol> 4. 장치를 측정 <ol><li> 측정 글러브 박스에 장치를 전송합니다. </li><li> 전기의 연결을 확인합니다. <ol><li> 공통 전극과 접지와 같은 공통의 게이트 전극 사이의 게이트 전원을 연결한다. </li><li> 양극 또는 두 양극 중 하나를 선택할 수 있도록하는 스위치에 연결되어 전선에 두 개의 ITO 양극을 연결합니다. </li><li> 소스 측정 유닛의 입력 스위치의 출력을 연결한다. </li><li> 소스 MEAS의 접지를 연결합니다공통 전극에 URE 장치. </li></ol></li><li> V 게이트 오름차순위한 다음 단계를 반복하여 디바이스의 IV 특성을 측정한다. <ol><li> 0.25 V. 단위로 V 게이트에 V 게이트에서 = 2 V를 = 0 V를 시작, 다음 값에 V 게이트를 설정 </li><li> 5 분을 기다리거나 게이트 전류가 안정 될 때까지. 이상적으로, 게이트 전류는 수십 나노 암페어 주위 안정화한다. </li><li> 하위 세포 모두에 스위치를 설정합니다. </li><li> 램프 셔터를 엽니 다. </li><li> 약 100 단위 이상에서 1 볼트 -1 볼트의 소스 측정 유닛에 전압 스윕을 실행합니다. </li><li> -1 볼트에 1 볼트의 전압 스윕을 실행합니다. </li><li> 램프 셔터를 닫습니다. </li><li> 다시 전압 스윕을 실행합니다. </li><li> 전면 부 셀에 스위치를 설정합니다. </li><li> 반복 4.3.8에 4.3.4 단계를 반복합니다. </li><li> 다시 서브 셀에 스위치를 설정합니다. </li><li> 반복 4.3.8에 4.3.4 단계를 반복합니다. </li></ol></li><li> 장치 매개 변수를 계산합니다. &lt;OL&gt; <li> 서브 셀 양단의 전압이 0 일 때 V. 장치에 의해 생성 된 전류를 찾음으로써, 각 V 게이트에서 각 서브 셀의 단락 전류 (J SC)를 찾기 </li><li> 하부 - 셀을 통해 전류가 0 인 경우 A. 장치에 의해 발생하는 전압을 구함으로써 각 V 게이트에서 각 서브 셀의 개방 회로 전압 (V의 OC)를 찾기 </li><li> 각각의 전류 값과 각각의 전압 값을 승산하고, 최대 (가장 네거티브 한) 값을 선택함으로써, 태양 전지로부터 최대 전력 출력을 찾는다. 이것은 하나의 사진에서 생성 된 현재와 같은 음의 전류를 측정하는 것으로 가정합니다. </li><li> 입력 광 전력에 의해 최대 전력을 분할하여 전력 변환 효율 (η)을 찾는다. </li><li> J의 SC와 V의 OC의 곱으로 최대 전력을 나눔으로써 충전 인자 (FF)를 찾는다. </li></ol></li></ol>

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The authors have nothing to disclose.

병렬 직렬 태양 전지를 설계 할 때의 결과는 몇 가지 고려를 강조. 서브 셀 중 하나가 저조한 경우 특히, 탠덤 성능에 부정적인 영향. 결과는 두 가지 주요 효과가 있음을 보여준다. 하나의 서브 셀이 단락 된 경우, 예를 들어, 저항 행동을 보여, FF T는 나쁜 하위 셀의 FF보다 높을 수 없습니다. J T의 SC와 V T의 OC는 유사하게 영향을받습니다. V 게이?...

고분자 반도체 인해 온도에 민감한 기판 높은 흡수율, 좋은 전송 특성, 유연성, 호환성에 대한 최고의 유기 태양 전지 (OPV) 물질이다. OPV 장치 전력 변환 효율, η, 그들 점점 가능한 에너지 기술 제작 한 9.1 %만큼 높은 효율 단일 세포로, 지난 몇 년간 상당히 더니. η의 개선에도 불구하고, 소자의 박막 최적 활성층 두께는 광 흡수를 제한하고 안정적​​인 제조를 방해. 또한, 각 고분자의 광 흡수의 스펙트럼 폭은 무기 재료에 비해 제한됩니다. 분광 감도가 다른 페어링 폴리머는 탠덤 아키텍처이 필요한 혁신을하고, 이러한 어려움을 무시합니다. 시리즈 탠덤 장치는 가장 일반적인 탠덤 구조이다. 이러한 설계에서, 전자 수송 materi문헌 선택적 금속 재결합 층 및 정공 수송층은 서브 셀이라는 두 개의 독립적 광활성 층을 연결한다. 직렬 구조의 서브 셀을 연결하는 결합 장치의 개방 회로 전압을 증가시킨다. 일부 그룹은 축퇴 도핑 전송 층 (3) 성공 있었다 - 5 만 이상의 그룹은 층간 6,7 전자와 정공의 재결합을 돕기 위해 금색 또는 은색의 입자를 사용했다. 대조적으로, 병렬 텐덤 두 활성층 합류 높은 전도성 전극, 양극 또는 음극 중 하나를 요구한다. 층간 금속 입자를 함유하는 일련의 탠덤 중간층을 제한,보다 얇기 때문에, 연속적인 금속 전극으로 이루어지는 병렬 탠덤 중간층 용 이는 매우 투명해야한다. 탄소 나노 튜브 (CNT) 시트 금속층보다 더 높은 투명도를 나타낸다. 나노 기술 연구소 그래서, 시마네 대학과 공동으로, INT가모 놀리 식, 병렬 직렬 장치 8 층간 전극으로서 사용하는 개념을 roduced. 이전 노력은 층간 양극 8,9 역할을 탄소 나노 튜브 시트와 모 놀리 식, 병렬, 직렬 OPV 장치를 선보였습니다. 이러한 방법은 나중에 층을 증착 할 때 하나 또는 두 세포 손상 앞 층의 단락을 방지하기 위해 특별한주의가 필요합니다. 이 논문에 기재된 신규 방법은 두 개의 단일 세포의 중합체 활성층 위에 CNT 전극을 배치하여 제작을 용이하게,도 1에 도시 된 바와 같이 다음 함께 두 개의 장치를 적층.이 방법은 공기를 포함한 장치로서 현저 - 안정된 CNT 음극이, 건조한 및 솔루션 처리를 사용하는 주변 조건에서 완전히 제조 할 수있다. 그들이 광활성 영역으로부터 전자를 수집하기 위해 일 함수를 감소의 n- 형 도핑을 필요로 CNT 시트는, 본질적으로 잘 음극 아니다태양 전지 (10). 14 - 전해질 대전 전기 이중층은, 이러한 이온 성 액체로서, CNT의 일 함수가 전극 (11)을 이동하는데 사용될 수있다. 게이트 전압 (V 게이트) 증가 인도 2의 선행 논문 (15)에 설명되고 도시 된 바와 같이, CNT 공통 전극의 일 함수가 전극의 비대칭을 생성, 감소된다. 이 OPV의 수용체로부터 전자를 수집 찬성 OPV의 기증자 구멍 수집을 방지하고, 디바이스는 포토 다이오드 (15)의 동작에 비효율적 포토 레지스터에서 변경, 전원을 켭니다. 또한 에너지는 태양 전지 (15)에 의해 생성 된 전력에 비해 사소한되는 장치 및 게이트 누설 전류로 인해 손실 된 전력을 충전하는 데 사용되는 것을 주목해야한다. CNT 전극의 이온 게이팅 인한 상태의 낮은 밀도로 높은 일 함수에 큰 영향을 미친다탄소 나노 튜브 전극의 부피 비율로 표면 영역입니다. 비슷한 방법이 N-Si를 16 CNT의 계면에서 쇼트 키 장벽을 향상시키기 위해 사용되어왔다.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="788">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:312px;">Name of Material/ Equipment</td>
			<td style="width:191px;">Company</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">Catalog Number</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">Comments/Description</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):poly-(styrenesulfonate)</td>
			<td style="width:191px;">Heraeus</td>
			<td colspan="2">Clevios PVP AI 4083</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:312px;">poly(3- hexylthiophene-2,5-diyl)&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:191px;">Rieke Metals&#160; Inc.</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">P3HT:&#160; P200</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="25">
			<td height="25" style="height:25px;">phenyl-C61 -butyric&#160; acid methyl&#160; ester</td>
			<td style="width:191px;">1- Material</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">PC61BM</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Poly({4,8-bis[(2-ethylhexyl)oxy]benzo[1,2-b:4,5-b&#8242;]dithiophene-2,6-diyl}{3-fluoro-2-[(2-ethylhexyl)carbonyl]thieno[3,4-b]thiophenediyl})&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:191px;">1- Material</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">PTB7</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">phenyl-C61 -butyric acid methyl&#160; ester</td>
			<td style="width:191px;">Solenne</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">PC71BM</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">1,8-Diiodooctane</td>
			<td style="width:191px;">Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td align="right" style="width:119px;">250295</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:312px;">Chlorobenzene</td>
			<td style="width:191px;">Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td align="right" style="width:119px;">284513</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:312px;">Indium Tin Oxide Coated Glass 15 Ohm/SQ</td>
			<td style="width:191px;">Lumtec</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">S1813</td>
			<td style="width:191px;">UTD Cleanroom</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">MF311</td>
			<td style="width:191px;">UTD Cleanroom</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">HCl</td>
			<td style="width:191px;">UTD Cleanroom</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:312px;">Acetone</td>
			<td style="width:191px;">Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">A18-20</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:312px;">Toluene</td>
			<td style="width:191px;">Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">T323-20</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:312px;">Methanol</td>
			<td style="width:191px;">BDH</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">BDH1135-19L</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:312px;">Isopropanol</td>
			<td style="width:191px;">Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">A416-20</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:312px;">CEE Spincoater</td>
			<td style="width:191px;">Brewer Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td>http://www.utdallas.edu/research/cleanroom/tools/CEESpinCoater.htm</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:312px;">Contact Printer</td>
			<td style="width:191px;">Quintel</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">Q4000-6</td>
			<td>http://www.utdallas.edu/research/cleanroom/QuintelPrinter.htm</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:312px;">CPK Spin Processor</td>
			<td style="width:191px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td>http://www.utdallas.edu/research/cleanroom/tools/CPKsolvent.htm</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:312px;">Spin Coater</td>
			<td style="width:191px;">Laurell</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">WS-400-6NPP/LITE</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:312px;">Glove Box</td>
			<td style="width:191px;">M-Braun</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">Lab Master 130</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:312px;">Solar Simulator</td>
			<td style="width:191px;">Thermo Oriel/Newport</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:312px;">Keithley 2400 SMU</td>
			<td style="width:191px;">Keithley/Techtronix</td>
			<td align="right" style="width:119px;">2400</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:312px;">Keithley 7002 Multiplexer</td>
			<td style="width:191px;">Keithley/Techtronix</td>
			<td align="right" style="width:119px;">7002</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:312px;">Ultrasonic Cleaner</td>
			<td style="width:191px;">Kendal</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">HB-S-49HDT</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:312px;">Micropipette</td>
			<td style="width:191px;">Eppendorf</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">200uL</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

ambient method for the production of an ionically gated carbon nanotube common cathode in tandem organic solar cells

A method of fabricating organic photovoltaic (OPV) tandems that requires no vacuum processing is presented. These devices are comprised of two solution-processed polymeric cells connected in parallel by a transparent carbon nanotubes (CNT) interlayer. This structure includes improvements in fabrication techniques for tandem OPV devices. First the need for ambient-processed cathodes is considered. The CNT anode in the tandem device is tuned via ionic gating to become a common cathode. Ionic gating employs electric double layer charging to lower the work function of the CNT electrode. Secondly, the difficulty of sequentially stacking tandem layers by solution-processing is addressed. The devices are fabricated via solution and dry-lamination in ambient conditions with parallel processing steps. The method of fabricating the individual polymeric cells, the steps needed to laminate them together with a common CNT cathode, and then provide some representative results are described. These results demonstrate ionic gating of the CNT electrode to create a common cathode and addition of current and efficiency as a result of the lamination procedure.

이러한 장치는 빛의 큰 스펙트럼 범위를 흡수하여 중합체, 상당히 상이한 밴드 갭의 특히 중합체를, 상이한 형성된 탠덤 장치는 실용적 관심사이다. 이 디바이스 구조에서, PTB7 서브 셀은 다시 셀이고 P3HT는 전면 하부 - 셀이다. P3HT 서브 셀 PTB7 서브 셀에 의해 흡수 된 긴 파장 광에 대해 대체로 투명한로서 이는 빛의 큰 양을 흡수하기위한 것이다. 탠덤, 전면 또는 각각 다시 셀을 참조 할 때 선명도...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Ambient Method for the Production of an Ionically Gated Carbon Nanotube Common Cathode in Tandem Organic Solar Cells at JoVE.com

Ambient Method for the Production of an Ionically Gated Carbon Nanotube Common Cathode in Tandem Organic Solar Cells

A method of fabricating, in ambient conditions, organic photovoltaic tandem devices in a parallel configuration is presented. These devices feature an air-processed, semi-transparent, carbon nanotube common cathode.

탠덤 유기 태양 전지의 이온 정문 탄소 나노 튜브의 공통 음극의 생산을 위해 주위 방법

A method of fabricating organic photovoltaic (OPV) tandems that requires no vacuum processing is presented. These devices are comprised of two ...

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JoVE Journal

Engineering

9.3K 조회수.  The University of Texas at Dallas. A method of fabricating, in ambient conditions, organic photovoltaic tandem devices in a parallel configuration is presented. These devices feature an air-processed, semi-transparent, carbon nanotube common cathode.

비디오: Ambient Method for the Production of an Ionically Gated Carbon Nanotube Common Cathode in Tandem Organic Solar Cells

Controlling the Size, Shape and Stability of Supramolecular Polymers in Water

For aqueous based supramolecular polymers, the simultaneous control over shape, size and stability is very difficult1. At the same time, the ability to do so is highly important in view of a number of applications in functional soft matter including electronics, biomedical engineering, and sensors. In the past, successful strategies to control the size and shape of supramolecular polymers typically focused on the use of templates2,3, end cappers4 or selective solvent techniques5. 
Here we disclose a strategy based on self-assembling discotic amphiphiles that leads to the control over stack length and shape of ordered, chiral columnar aggregates. By balancing electrostatic repulsive interactions on the hydrophilic rim and attractive non-covalent forces within the hydrophobic core of the polymerizing building block, we manage to create small and discrete spherical objects6,7. Increasing the salt concentration to screen the charges induces a sphere-to-rod transition. Intriguingly, this transition is expressed in an increase of cooperativity in the temperature-dependent self-assembly mechanism, and more stable aggregates are obtained. 
For our study we select a benzene-1,3,5-tricarboxamide (BTA) core connected to a hydrophilic metal chelate via a hydrophobic, fluorinated L-phenylalanine based spacer (Scheme 1). The metal chelate selected is a Gd(III)-DTPA complex that contains two overall remaining charges per complex and necessarily two counter ions. The one-dimensional growth of the aggregate is directed by &pi;-&pi; stacking and intermolecular hydrogen bonding. However, the electrostatic, repulsive forces that arise from the charges on the Gd(III)-DTPA complex start limiting the one-dimensional growth of the BTA-based discotic once a certain size is reached. At millimolar concentrations the formed aggregate has a spherical shape and a diameter of around 5 nm as inferred from 1H-NMR spectroscopy, small angle X-ray scattering, and cryogenic transmission electron microscopy (cryo-TEM). The strength of the electrostatic repulsive interactions between molecules can be reduced by increasing the salt concentration of the buffered solutions. This screening of the charges induces a transition from spherical aggregates into elongated rods with a length &gt; 25 nm. Cryo-TEM allows to visualise the changes in shape and size. In addition, CD spectroscopy permits to derive the mechanistic details of the self-assembly processes before and after the addition of salt. Importantly, the cooperativity -a key feature that dictates the physical properties of the produced supramolecular polymers- increases dramatically upon screening the electrostatic interactions. This increase in cooperativity results in a significant increase in the molecular weight of the formed supramolecular polymers in water.

The goal of this experiment is to determine and control the size, shape and stability of self-assembled discotic amphiphiles in water. For aqueous based supramolecular polymers such level of control is very difficult. We apply a strategy using both repulsive and attractive interactions. The experimental techniques applied to characterize this system are broadly applicable.

물에 Supramolecular 폴리머의 크기, 모양과 안정성을 제어

For aqueous based supramolecular polymers, the simultaneous control over shape, size and stability is very difficult1. At the same time, the ability to do ...

연구

공학

Fabrication, Densification, and Replica Molding of 3D Carbon Nanotube Microstructures

The introduction of new materials and processes to microfabrication has, in large part, enabled many important advances in microsystems, lab-on-a-chip devices, and their applications. In particular, capabilities for cost-effective fabrication of polymer microstructures were transformed by the advent of soft lithography and other micromolding techniques 1, 2, and this led a revolution in applications of microfabrication to biomedical engineering and biology. Nevertheless, it remains challenging to fabricate microstructures with well-defined nanoscale surface textures, and to fabricate arbitrary 3D shapes at the micro-scale. Robustness of master molds and maintenance of shape integrity is especially important to achieve high fidelity replication of complex structures and preserving their nanoscale surface texture. The combination of hierarchical textures, and heterogeneous shapes, is a profound challenge to existing microfabrication methods that largely rely upon top-down etching using fixed mask templates. On the other hand, the bottom-up synthesis of nanostructures such as nanotubes and nanowires can offer new capabilities to microfabrication, in particular by taking advantage of the collective self-organization of nanostructures, and local control of their growth behavior with respect to microfabricated patterns. 
Our goal is to introduce vertically aligned carbon nanotubes (CNTs), which we refer to as CNT "forests", as a new microfabrication material. We present details of a suite of related methods recently developed by our group: fabrication of CNT forest microstructures by thermal CVD from lithographically patterned catalyst thin films; self-directed elastocapillary densification of CNT microstructures; and replica molding of polymer microstructures using CNT composite master molds. In particular, our work shows that self-directed capillary densification ("capillary forming"), which is performed by condensation of a solvent onto the substrate with CNT microstructures, significantly increases the packing density of CNTs. This process enables directed transformation of vertical CNT microstructures into straight, inclined, and twisted shapes, which have robust mechanical properties exceeding those of typical microfabrication polymers. This in turn enables formation of nanocomposite CNT master molds by capillary-driven infiltration of polymers. The replica structures exhibit the anisotropic nanoscale texture of the aligned CNTs, and can have walls with sub-micron thickness and aspect ratios exceeding 50:1. Integration of CNT microstructures in fabrication offers further opportunity to exploit the electrical and thermal properties of CNTs, and diverse capabilities for chemical and biochemical functionalization 3.

We present methods for fabrication of patterned microstructures of vertically aligned carbon nanotubes (CNTs), and their use as master molds for production of polymer microstructures with organized nanoscale surface texture. The CNT forests are densified by condensation of solvent onto the substrate, which significantly increases their packing density and enables self-directed formation of 3D shapes.

3D 카본 나노튜브 Microstructures의 제조, Densification 및 복제 성형

The introduction of new materials and processes to microfabrication has, in large part, enabled many important advances in microsystems, lab-on-a-chip ...

Dry Oxidation and Vacuum Annealing Treatments for Tuning the Wetting Properties of Carbon Nanotube Arrays

In this article, we describe a simple method to reversibly tune the wetting properties of vertically aligned carbon nanotube (CNT) arrays. Here, CNT arrays are defined as densely packed multi-walled carbon nanotubes oriented perpendicular to the growth substrate as a result of a growth process by the standard thermal chemical vapor deposition (CVD) technique.1,2 These CNT arrays are then exposed to vacuum annealing treatment to make them more hydrophobic or to dry oxidation treatment to render them more hydrophilic. The hydrophobic CNT arrays can be turned hydrophilic by exposing them to dry oxidation treatment, while the hydrophilic CNT arrays can be turned hydrophobic by exposing them to vacuum annealing treatment. Using a combination of both treatments, CNT arrays can be repeatedly switched between hydrophilic and hydrophobic.2 Therefore, such combination show a very high potential in many industrial and consumer applications, including drug delivery system and high power density supercapacitors.3-5
The key to vary the wettability of CNT arrays is to control the surface concentration of oxygen adsorbates. Basically oxygen adsorbates can be introduced by exposing the CNT arrays to any oxidation treatment. Here we use dry oxidation treatments, such as oxygen plasma and UV/ozone, to functionalize the surface of CNT with oxygenated functional groups. These oxygenated functional groups allow hydrogen bond between the surface of CNT and water molecules to form, rendering the CNT hydrophilic. To turn them hydrophobic, adsorbed oxygen must be removed from the surface of CNT. Here we employ vacuum annealing treatment to induce oxygen desorption process. CNT arrays with extremely low surface concentration of oxygen adsorbates exhibit a superhydrophobic behavior.

This article describes a simple method to fabricate vertically aligned carbon nanotube arrays by CVD and to subsequently tune their wetting properties by exposing them to vacuum annealing or dry oxidation treatment.

탄소 나노 튜브 배열의 으러 속성을 조정을위한 트리트먼트 소둔 건식 산화, 진공

In this article, we describe a simple method to reversibly  tune the wetting properties of vertically aligned carbon nanotube (CNT) arrays.  Here, CNT ...

Synthesis and Functionalization of Nitrogen-doped Carbon Nanotube Cups with Gold Nanoparticles as Cork Stoppers

Nitrogen-doped carbon nanotubes consist of many cup-shaped graphitic compartments termed as nitrogen-doped carbon nanotube cups (NCNCs). These as-synthesized graphitic nanocups from chemical vapor deposition (CVD) method were stacked in a head-to-tail fashion held only through noncovalent interactions. Individual NCNCs can be isolated out of their stacking structure through a series of chemical and physical separation processes. First, as-synthesized NCNCs were oxidized in a mixture of strong acids to introduce oxygen-containing defects on the graphitic walls. The oxidized NCNCs were then processed using high-intensity probe-tip sonication which effectively separated the stacked NCNCs into individual graphitic nanocups. Owing to their abundant oxygen and nitrogen surface functionalities, the resulted individual NCNCs are highly hydrophilic and can be effectively functionalized with gold nanoparticles (GNPs), which preferentially fit in the opening of the cups as cork stoppers. These graphitic nanocups corked with GNPs may find promising applications as nanoscale containers and drug carriers.

We discussed the synthesis of individual graphitic nanocups using a series of techniques including chemical vapor deposition, acid oxidation and probe-tip sonication. By citrate reduction of HAuCl4, the graphitic nanocups were effectively corked with gold nanoparticles due to the chemically reactive edges of the cups.

코르크 마개로 금 나노 입자와 질소 도핑 된 탄소 나노 튜브 컵의 합성과 기능화

Nitrogen-doped carbon  nanotubes consist of many cup-shaped graphitic compartments termed as  nitrogen-doped carbon nanotube cups (NCNCs).  These ...

Using Neutron Spin Echo Resolved Grazing Incidence Scattering to Investigate Organic Solar Cell Materials

The spin echo resolved grazing incidence scattering (SERGIS) technique has been used to probe the length-scales associated with irregularly shaped crystallites. Neutrons are passed through two well defined regions of magnetic field; one before and one after the sample. The two magnetic field regions have opposite polarity and are tuned such that neutrons travelling through both regions, without being perturbed, will undergo the same number of precessions in opposing directions. In this case the neutron precession in the second arm is said to &#34;echo&#34; the first, and the original polarization of the beam is preserved. If the neutron interacts with a sample and scatters elastically the path through the second arm is not the same as the first and the original polarization is not recovered. Depolarization of the neutron beam is a highly sensitive probe at very small angles (&#60;50&#160;&#956;rad) but still allows a high intensity, divergent beam to be used. The decrease in polarization of the beam reflected from the sample as compared to that from the reference sample can be directly related to structure within the sample.
In comparison to scattering observed in neutron reflection measurements the SERGIS signals are often weak and are unlikely to be observed if the in-plane structures within the sample under investigation are dilute, disordered, small in size and polydisperse or the neutron scattering contrast is low. Therefore, good results will most likely be obtained using the SERGIS technique if the sample being measured consist of thin films on a flat substrate and contain scattering features that contains a high density of moderately sized features (30 nm to 5 &#181;m) which scatter neutrons strongly or the features are arranged on a lattice. An advantage of the SERGIS technique is that it can probe structures in the plane of the sample.

Progress has been made in utilizing spin echo resolved grazing incidence scattering (SERGIS) as a neutron scattering technique to probe the length-scales in irregular samples. Crystallites of [6,6]-phenyl-C61-butyric acid methyl ester have been probed using the SERGIS technique and the results confirmed by optical and atomic force microscopy.

중성자 스핀 에코 사용 하 여 방목 발생률 을 해결 하는 유기 태양 전지 물질을 조사 하기 위해

The spin echo resolved grazing incidence scattering (SERGIS) technique has been used to probe the length-scales associated with irregularly shaped ...

Fabrication of Low Temperature Carbon Nanotube Vertical Interconnects Compatible with Semiconductor Technology

We demonstrate a method for the low temperature growth (350 &#176;C) of vertically-aligned carbon nanotubes (CNT) bundles on electrically conductive thin-films. Due to the low growth temperature, the process allows integration with modern low-&#954; dielectrics and some flexible substrates. The process is compatible with standard semiconductor fabrication, and a method for the fabrication of electrical 4-point probe test structures for vertical interconnect test structures is presented. Using scanning electron microscopy the morphology of the CNT bundles is investigated, which demonstrates vertical alignment of the CNT and can be used to tune the CNT growth time. With Raman spectroscopy the crystallinity of the CNT is investigated. It was found that the CNT have many defects, due to the low growth temperature. The electrical current-voltage measurements of the test vertical interconnects displays a linear response, indicating good ohmic contact was achieved between the CNT bundle and the top and bottom metal electrodes. The obtained resistivities of the CNT bundle are among the average values in the literature, while a record-low CNT growth temperature was used.

A method for the growth of low temperature vertically-aligned carbon nanotubes, and the subsequent fabrication of vertical interconnect electrical test structures using semiconductor fabrication is presented.

반도체 기술과 호환 저온 탄소 나노 튜브 수직 상호 연결의 제작

We demonstrate a method for the low temperature growth (350 &#176;C) of vertically-aligned carbon nanotubes (CNT) bundles on electrically conductive ...

Quantification of Hydrogen Concentrations in Surface and Interface Layers and Bulk Materials through Depth Profiling with Nuclear Reaction Analysis

Nuclear reaction analysis (NRA) via the resonant 1H(15N,&#945;&#947;)12C reaction is a highly effective method of depth profiling that quantitatively and non-destructively reveals the hydrogen density distribution at surfaces, at interfaces, and in the volume of solid materials with high depth resolution. The technique applies a 15N ion beam of 6.385 MeV provided by an electrostatic accelerator and specifically detects the 1H isotope in depths up to about 2 &#956;m from the target surface. Surface H coverages are measured with a sensitivity in the order of ~1013 cm-2 (~1% of a typical atomic monolayer density) and H volume concentrations with a detection limit of ~1018 cm-3 (~100 at. ppm). The near-surface depth resolution is 2-5 nm for surface-normal 15N ion incidence onto the target and can be enhanced to values below 1 nm for very flat targets by adopting a surface-grazing incidence geometry. The method is versatile and readily applied to any high vacuum compatible homogeneous material with a smooth surface (no pores). Electrically conductive targets usually tolerate the ion beam irradiation with negligible degradation. Hydrogen quantitation and correct depth analysis require knowledge of the elementary composition (besides hydrogen) and mass density of the target material. Especially in combination with ultra-high vacuum methods for in-situ target preparation and characterization, 1H(15N,&#945;&#947;)12C NRA is ideally suited for hydrogen analysis at atomically controlled surfaces and nanostructured interfaces. We exemplarily demonstrate here the application of 15N NRA at the MALT Tandem accelerator facility of the University of Tokyo to (1) quantitatively measure the surface coverage and the bulk concentration of hydrogen in the near-surface region of a H2 exposed Pd(110) single crystal, and (2) to determine the depth location and layer density of hydrogen near the interfaces of thin SiO2 films on Si(100).

We illustrate the application of 1H(15N,&#945;&#947;)12C resonant nuclear reaction analysis (NRA) to quantitatively evaluate the density of hydrogen atoms on the surface, in the volume, and at an interfacial layer of solid materials. The near-surface hydrogen depth profiling of a Pd(110) single crystal and of SiO2/Si(100) stacks is described.

핵 반응 분석과 깊이 프로파일 링을 통해 표면 및 인터페이스 레이어 및 대량 재료의 수소 농도의 정량화

Nuclear reaction analysis (NRA) via the resonant 1H(15N,&#945;&#947;)12C reaction is a highly effective method of depth profiling that quantitatively and ...

Digital Printing of Titanium Dioxide for Dye Sensitized Solar Cells

Silicon solar cell manufacturing is an expensive and high energy consuming process. In contrast, dye sensitized solar cell production is less environmentally damaging with lower processing temperatures presenting a viable and low cost alternative to conventional production. This paper further enhances these environmental credentials by evaluating the digital printing and therefore additive production route for these cells. This is achieved here by investigating the formation and performance of a metal oxide photoelectrode using nanoparticle sized titanium dioxide. An ink-jettable material was formulated, characterized and printed with a piezoelectric inkjet head to produce a 2.6 &#181;m thick layer. The resultant printed layer was fabricated into a functioning cell with an active area of 0.25 cm2 and a power conversion efficiency of 3.5%. The binder-free formulation resulted in a reduced processing temperature of 250 &#176;C, compatible with flexible polyamide substrates which are stable up to temperatures of 350 &#730;C. The authors are continuing to develop this process route by investigating inkjet printing of other layers within dye sensitized solar cells.

This paper investigates the suitability of inkjet printing for the manufacturing of dye-sensitized solar cells. A binder-free TiO2 nanoparticle ink was formulated and printed onto a FTO glass substrate. The printed layer was fabricated into a cell with an active area of 0.25 cm2 and an efficiency of 3.5%.

염료 감응 형 태양 전지에 대한 이산화 티타늄의 디지털 인쇄

Silicon solar cell manufacturing is an expensive and high energy consuming process. In contrast, dye sensitized solar cell production is less ...

Morphology Control for Fully Printable Organic&#8211;Inorganic Bulk-heterojunction Solar Cells Based on a Ti-alkoxide and Semiconducting Polymer

The photoactive layer of a typical organic thin-film bulk-heterojunction (BHJ) solar cell commonly uses fullerene derivatives as the electron-accepting material. However, fullerene derivatives are air-sensitive; therefore, air-stable material is needed as an alternative. In the present study, we propose and describe the properties of Ti-alkoxide as an alternative electron-accepting material to fullerene derivatives to create highly air-stable BHJ solar cells. It is well-known that controlling the morphology in the photoactive layer, which is constructed with fullerene derivatives as the electron acceptor, is important for obtaining a high overall efficiency through the solvent method. The conventional solvent method is useful for high-solubility materials, such as fullerene derivatives. However, for Ti-alkoxides, the conventional solvent method is insufficient, because they only dissolve in specific solvents. Here, we demonstrate a new approach to morphology control that uses the molecular bulkiness of Ti-alkoxides without the conventional solvent method. That is, this method is one approach to obtain highly efficient, air-stable, organic-inorganic bulk-heterojunction solar cells.

Morphology Control for Fully Printable Organic&amp;#8211;Inorganic Bulk-heterojunction Solar Cells Based on a Ti-alkoxide and Semiconducting Polymer

A method for fully printable, fullerene-free, highly air-stable, bulk-heterojunction solar cells based on Ti alkoxides as the electron acceptor and the electron-donating polymer fabrication is described here. Moreover, a method for controlling the morphology of the photoactive layer through the molecular bulkiness of the Ti-alkoxide units is reported.

에 Ti-알콕사이드와 반도체 성 고분자를 기반으로 어느 정도의 인쇄 가능한 유기 - 무기 대량 이종 접합 태양 전지에 대한 형태 제어

The photoactive layer of a typical organic thin-film bulk-heterojunction (BHJ) solar cell commonly uses fullerene derivatives as the electron-accepting ...

Precision Milling of Carbon Nanotube Forests Using Low Pressure Scanning Electron Microscopy

A nanoscale fabrication technique appropriate for milling carbon nanotube (CNT) forests is described. The technique utilizes an environmental scanning electron microscope (ESEM) operating with a low pressure water vapor ambient. In this technique, a portion of the electron beam interacts with the water vapor in the vicinity of the CNT sample, dissociating the water molecules into hydroxyl radicals and other species by radiolysis. The remainder of the electron beam interacts with the CNT forest sample, making it susceptible to oxidation from the chemical products of radiolysis. This technique may be used to trim a selected region of an individual CNT, or it may be used to remove hundreds of cubic microns of material by adjusting ESEM parameters. The machining resolution is similar to the imaging resolution of the ESEM itself. The technique produces only small quantities of carbon residue along the boundaries of the cutting zone, with minimal effect on the native structural morphology of the CNT forest.

Low pressure scanning electron microscopy in a water vapor ambient is used to machine nanoscale to microscale features in carbon nanotube forests.

저압 주사 전자 현미경을 사용하여 탄소 나노 튜브 숲의 정밀 밀링

A nanoscale fabrication technique appropriate for milling carbon nanotube (CNT) forests is described. The technique utilizes an environmental scanning ...