Supported by grants from CIHR (MOP231122) and NSERC (RGPIN-2014-06503). We would like to thank Genevi&#232;ve Cyr for her help preparing experiments and supervising laboratory work. MAL received a scholarship from The Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (NSERC).

참고 : 모든 절차는 동물의 보호와 몬트리올 대학교의 윤리 검토위원회의 캐나다 협의회의 지침에 따라 수행되었다. 녹화 주입 피펫 1. 총회 <ol><li> 피펫 풀러를 사용하여 약 7cm 긴 유리 모세관 (1mm 외경)을 당깁니다. </li><li> 모세관의 끝을 휴식과 가벼운 현미경 조리개를 확인합니다. 내부 직경이 40 μm의 30 μm의 사이에 있는지 확인합니다. </li><li> 유리 피펫의 비 테이퍼 끝에서 돌출 약 1cm와 유리 모세관에 7cm 길이 실버 와이어를 삽입합니다. </li><li> 유리 모세관에 직교 초과 필라멘트를 구부리고. </li><li> 30 G 피하 주사 바늘의 축에 유연한 플라스틱 접착제의 방울을 적용합니다. </li><li> 그림 1에서 제시 한 설계도에 따라 유리 피펫에 30 G 피하 주사 바늘을 ​​삽입 </stro&gt; NG. </li><li> 유리 피펫 및 피하 주사 바늘 사이의 접합에서 적절한 밀봉을 보장하기 위해 접착제의 두 번째 코팅을 추가합니다. </li><li> 끝이 접착제의 적절한 경화를 보장하기 위해 약 12​​ 시간 동안 위로 향과 건조 피펫을 남겨주세요. 최종 결과는 그림 2에 표시됩니다. </li></ol> 참고 :이 절차는 급성 실험과 피펫 팁의 살균에 수행 할 필요가 없습니다. 2. 동물 준비 <ol><li> 마취 상자에 쥐를 놓습니다. </li><li> 5 내지 10 분 동안 4 % 이소 플루 란을 이용하여 마취를 유도한다. </li><li> 37 ° C의 체온을 유지하기 위해 가열 패드 및 직장 프로브 정위 테이블에 동물을 놓는다. 2 % 이소 플루 란 마취를 유지하기 위해 코 원뿔을 사용한다. 귀 바, 치아 홀더를 사용하여 쥐의 머리를 고정합니다. </li><li> 아트로핀은 동공 팽창에 도움이 떨어진다 1 %를 포함 안과 연고 또는 눈 방울을 적용합니다. 건조 함을 방지하기 위해, 드롭 윤활 적용약 30 분마다이야. </li><li> 머리를 면도 10 % 포비돈 - 요오드로 청소. </li><li> 국소 마취를 들면, 피부를 리프팅하고 바늘의 선단부를 삽입하여 위치 2-3에서 두피 아래에 2 % 리도카인 0.5 ml를 주입. </li><li> 발가락 핀치를 수행하고 운동의 부족을 관찰하여 마취의 적절한 수준을 확인합니다. 또한, 정상 값 (300-400 비트 / 분) 이내인지 확인 심박수를 모니터링. </li><li> 관상 및 시상 봉합을 모두 노출 # 10 메스 블레이드와 중간을 따라 직선으로 두피를 절개. </li><li> 수술 주걱으로 두개골을 덮고있는 조직을 옆으로 밀어 람다와 브레 그마 점을 알 수있다. </li><li> 브레 그마 및 람다 위치가 동일 평면에 있도록 수평을 두개골. </li><li> 참조 포인트를 설정하기 위해, 바로 위의 브레 그마로 설정하도록 장착 된 유리 튜브로 정위 장치를 사용한다. 이것은 &quot;제로&quot;에 대한 안테 - 후방 및 의대 될 것입니다IAL-측면 측정을 조정합니다. </li><li> , 정위 필요한 좌표로 마운트 이동하여 관심 영역을 설정 정위 좌표를 기록하고 개두술이 수행 될 위치를 표시하는 대상 영역 주위에 사각형을 그립니다. </li><li> 천천히 뼈 물질을 제거하기 위해 압력없이 천천히 표시된 사각형 따라 멸균 드릴 수술 드릴을 사용합니다. 이 피질에 병변이 열을 발생 원인이되므로, 같은 지역에 너무 오래 드릴하지 않도록주의하십시오. </li><li> 개두술을 구분 뼈가 충분히 얇은 될 때,주의 깊게 피질을 노출 핀셋 두개골 부분을 제거합니다. </li><li> 자주 조직 탈수를 방지하기 위해 인공 뇌척수액에 노출 된 피질을 관개. 주 : injectrode의 끝이 침투 할만큼 튼튼한 같이 경막 제거가 쥐에 필요하지 않습니다. </li></ol> 3. 채우고 주입 시스템의 설치 <ol><li> 작성미네랄 오일과 흡인에 의해 5 ~ 10 μL를 마이크로 실린. </li><li> 0.5 % 시카고 스카이 블루 (CSB) 및 300 μM의 γ - 아미노 부티르산 (GABA) 또는 0.5 % CSB 9 2 % 리도카인 용액의 용액으로 고정 유리 피펫으로 피하 주사 바늘을 ​​입력합니다. 식염수 모든 솔루션을 희석. <ol><li> 풍부한 물질의 경우에, 주사기를 사용하여 정기적으로 채우고 기포의 형성을 피하기 위해 평소 예방 기법을 사용한다. </li><li> 더 비싼 물질의 경우, injectrode 채우기 위해 미네랄 오일을 사용하고 화학 제는 다음 흡인에 의해 도입 될 수있다. 미네랄 오일과 물 사이의 밀도 차이가 비교적 높고,이 물질은 수용액의 주입을위한 좋은 후보이다. 주 : 염료 모두 액체 사이의 거리를 확인하기 위해 추가 될 수있다. </li></ol></li><li> 주입 피펫을 채우려면, 흡인에 의한 용액 1 ML의 주사기를 기입 한 후 천천히 솔루션을 주입주입 피펫으로. </li><li> 깨끗한이 지역을 보라고 더욱 주사기와 천천히 용액을 주입하여 누출을 관찰하여 그림 1에 표시된 지역에서 누출 세심한주의를 기울이십시오. </li><li> 1 ML의 주사기를 제거합니다. 이렇게되면, 진공 주입 피펫의 용액을 제거하지 않도록 플런저에 가벼운 압력을 유지해야합니다. </li><li> 흡인에 의해 미네랄 오일과 마이크로 실린를 채우고 가득 주입 피펫에 단단히 부착, 조심스럽게 거즈와 조립 injectrode에서 초과 솔루션을 닦아. </li><li> 끝이 유리 피펫의 끝에서 형성 작은 ​​방울을 볼 수있을만큼 아주 작은 볼륨을 주입에 의해 차단되지 않았는지 확인합니다. </li><li> 마이크로 시스템의 injectrode를 탑재하고 잘 고정되어 있는지 확인합니다. </li><li> 조심스럽게 목표 좌표 injectrode 팁을 놓고 피질의 표면에 팁을 낮 춥니 다. </li><li> 천천히 injectr을 낮출적절한 해부 좌표를 사용하여 상기 타겟 구조 정위 장치 (이 경우에는 우수한 둔덕)를 사용 ODE. </li><li> 조직의 탈수를 방지하기 위해 따뜻한 한천에 노출 된 피질을 커버. </li></ol> 4. 사출 및 가역 불 활성화 <ol><li> 주입을 시작하는 40 NL / 분 키를 누릅니다 실행에 400 NL (800)에 주입하는 미세 주입 펌프를 설정합니다. 그 스파이크 속도가 주입 동안 감소를 보여줍니다 있습니다. 참고 : 실험 설정에서 신경 활동은 GABA 전달의 종료 후 시간 이내에 복구. 상관 조정 기계 장치는 분사를 실시하기 위해 마이크로 인젝션 주사기에 압력을 적용하는데 사용될 수있다. </li><li> 전기 생리 데이터를 수집 한 후, 지역의 동물 윤리 커뮤니티 승인 한 방법을 사용하여 안락사. </li></ol>

<ol>
	<li>Martin, J. H., Ghez, C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Pharmacological+inactivation+in+the+analysis+of+the+central+control+of+movement.">Pharmacological inactivation in the analysis of the central control of movement.</a> Journal Of Neuroscience Methods. 86 (2), 145-159 (1999).</li><li>Ponce, C. R., Hunter, J. N., Pack, C. C., Lomber, S. G., Born, R. T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Contributions+of+indirect+pathways+to+visual+response+properties+in+macaque+middle+temporal+area+MT.">Contributions of indirect pathways to visual response properties in macaque middle temporal area MT.</a> The Journal Of Neuroscience The Official Journal Of The Society For Neuroscience. 31 (10), 3894-3903 (2011).</li><li>Lomber, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+advantages+and+limitations+of+permanent+or+reversible+deactivation+techniques+in+the+assessment+of+neural+function.">The advantages and limitations of permanent or reversible deactivation techniques in the assessment of neural function.</a> Journal Of Neuroscience Methods. 86 (2), 109-117 (1999).</li><li>Malpeli, J., Schiller, P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+method+of+reversible+inactivation+of+small+regions+of+brain+tissue.">A method of reversible inactivation of small regions of brain tissue.</a> Journal Of Neuroscience Methods. 1 (2), 143-151 (1979).</li><li>Lomber, S. G., Payne, B. R., Horel, J. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+cryoloop:+an+adaptable+reversible+cooling+deactivation+method+for+behavioral+or+electrophysiological+assessment+of+neural+function.">The cryoloop: an adaptable reversible cooling deactivation method for behavioral or electrophysiological assessment of neural function.</a> Journal Of Neuroscience Methods. 86 (2), 179-194 (1999).</li><li>Gonzalez-Perez, O., Guerrero-Cazares, H., Qui&#241;ones-Hinojosa, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Targeting+of+deep+brain+structures+with+microinjections+for+delivery+of+drugs,+viral+vectors,+or+cell+transplants.">Targeting of deep brain structures with microinjections for delivery of drugs, viral vectors, or cell transplants.</a> Journal Of Visualized Experiments. (46), (2010).</li><li>Hup&#233;, J., Chouvet, G., Bullier, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Spatial+and+temporal+parameters+of+cortical+inactivation+by+GABA.">Spatial and temporal parameters of cortical inactivation by GABA.</a> Journal Of Neuroscience Methods. 86 (2), 129-143 (1999).</li><li>Casanova, C., McKinley, P., Molotchnikofff, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Responsiveness+of+Reorganized+Primary+Somatosensory+(SI)+Cortex+after+Local+Inactivation+of+Normal+SI+Cortex+in+Chronic+Spinal+Cats.">Responsiveness of Reorganized Primary Somatosensory (SI) Cortex after Local Inactivation of Normal SI Cortex in Chronic Spinal Cats.</a> Somatosensory &amp; Motor Research. 8 (1), 65-76 (1991).</li><li>Malpeli, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Reversible+inactivation+of+subcortical+sites+by+drug+injection.">Reversible inactivation of subcortical sites by drug injection.</a> Journal Of Neuroscience Methods. 86 (2), 119-128 (1999).</li><li>Minville, K., Casanova, C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Spatial+frequency+processing+in+posteromedial+lateral+suprasylvian+cortex+does+not+depend+on+the+projections+from+the+striate-recipient+zone+of+the+cat&#8217;s+lateral+posterior-pulvinar+complex.">Spatial frequency processing in posteromedial lateral suprasylvian cortex does not depend on the projections from the striate-recipient zone of the cat&#8217;s lateral posterior-pulvinar complex.</a> Neuroscience. 84 (3), 699-711 (1998).</li><li>Diao, Y., Wang, Y., Xiao, Y. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Representation+of+the+binocular+visual+field+in+the+superior+colliculus+of+the+albino+rat.">Representation of the binocular visual field in the superior colliculus of the albino rat.</a> Experimental Brain Research. 52 (1), 67-72 (1983).</li></ol>

We have nothing to disclose.

현재 제안 된 프로토콜은 가역적 불활 방법에서 발생하는 문제점을 해결하기 위해 설계되었다. 특히,이 프로젝트는 특히 깊은 뇌 구조에서, 신경 활동을 조절 물질의 화학 microinjections에 사용되는 방법을 구체화하기위한. 이러한 유형의 설정 신흥 기술 과제는 모두 프로브는 주사 부위에서 정확한 기록을 유도하기 위해 생체 내에서 같은 제한된 공간에서 colocalized하기 위해서는 필요하다. ?...

피질 영역과 서브 피질 핵의 불 활성화는 다양한 뇌 구조 2-4 사이의 기능적 관계의 연구에서 중요하다. 최근 문학 뇌 구조 2,5의 역할을 연구하는 기능 상실 화학 물질 또는 극저온 기술을 채용하고있다. 주변 조직에 -6,7- 담보 손상을 최소화하면서 약리학 microinjections에 관련하여, 약물의 작은 볼륨 조절 된 속도로 뇌 영역으로 투여 될 수있다. 이 기술은 신경 세포 활성도에 대한 다른 약물 표적의 효과를 연구하기 위해 특정한 효능 제, 역 효능 제 또는 길항제를 전달하는데 사용될 수있다. 이러한 효과는 또한 다른 연구자 피질과 피질 하 구조 사이의 관계를 연구 할 수 있도록 먼 위치에서 신경 반응의 변화를 측정함으로써 조사 될 수있다. 여기서는 보 수있는 장치의 조립, injectrode을 보여전기 생리 신호를 기록 및 목표 위치에서의 약물 전달을 소량 번째. 우리 래트에서 우수한 둔덕, GABA, 신경 세포 활성도의 일반적인 억제제를 주입하여이 시스템의 능력을 입증한다. 이 지역은 우리가 injectrode 현지화를 확인하기 위해 시각적으로 유발 멀티 유닛 활동을 사용할 수 시각적 자극에 민감하다. 불 활성화의 가역성은 GABA 분사 종료 후 정상적인 신경 활성의 회복에 의해 평가 하였다. 주사 부위에서 멀티 유닛 활동을 모니터링 할 수있는 능력은 바람직한 약물 동태 학적 반응을 달성하는데 필요한 사출 속도와 볼륨의 미세 조정을 허용한다. 최소 유효 부피가 주입되기 때문에, 따라서,이 기술의 장점은, microperfusion으로 인한 조직 손상을 제한하는 전위이다. 제안 된 프로토콜은 일회용 하드웨어 necessar를 생성하기위한 비용 효율적인 방법을 제공한다약물 전달과 지역의 연결 활동 기록이 요구되는 수행 실험 Y.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="981">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;width:280px;">Name of the reagent</td>
			<td style="width:209px;">Company</td>
			<td style="width:184px;">Catalogue number</td>
			<td style="width:308px;">Comments (optional)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;width:280px;">Injection pump (UltraMicroPump III)</td>
			<td style="width:209px;">WPI</td>
			<td style="width:184px;">#UMP3</td>
			<td style="width:308px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;width:280px;">Injection console (Micro4 Controller)</td>
			<td style="width:209px;">WPI</td>
			<td style="width:184px;">#SYS-MICRO4</td>
			<td style="width:308px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="41">
			<td height="41" style="height:41px;width:280px;">Hamilton syringe</td>
			<td style="width:209px;">Hamliton</td>
			<td style="width:184px;">(80301) 701LT 10 &#181;L SYR</td>
			<td style="width:308px;">Syringes between 5 and 10 &#956;L used</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="41">
			<td height="41" style="height:41px;width:280px;">Gel cyanoacrylate adhesive</td>
			<td style="width:209px;">Krazy Glue</td>
			<td style="width:184px;">KG86648R</td>
			<td style="width:308px;">The gel form is easier to apply on the shaft of the 30G hypodermic needle</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="41">
			<td height="41" style="height:41px;width:280px;">Glass pipettes</td>
			<td style="width:209px;">WPI</td>
			<td style="width:184px;">#TW100F-4</td>
			<td style="width:308px;">Thin wall, 1mm OD, 0.75mm ID with filament pipettes used</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;width:280px;">720 Needle Pipette Puller</td>
			<td style="width:209px;">Kopf</td>
			<td style="width:184px;">720</td>
			<td style="width:308px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;width:280px;">Silver wire</td>
			<td style="width:209px;">A-M Systems, Inc.</td>
			<td style="width:184px;">782500</td>
			<td style="width:308px;">Bare 0.010&#8221;</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

simultaneous electrophysiological recording and micro-injections of inhibitory agents in the rodent brain

여기서 우리는 상업적으로 접근하고 저렴한 부품을 이용하여 단일 사용 &quot;injectrode&quot;의 건설 방법을 설명한다. 프로빙 시스템은 영향받은 뉴런 집단에서 전기 생리 신호를 기록하는 동안 약물의 주입을 허용하는 개발되었다. 이 방법은 상용 솔루션을 간단하고 경제적 인 대안을 제공합니다. 유리 피펫은 피하 주사 바늘과 실버 필라멘트와 결합하여 수정되었습니다. injectrode은 약물 전달을위한 상업 마이크로 실린 펌프에 연결되어 있습니다. 이것은 약물 전달의 사이트에서 유래 다세대 세포 외 신호를 통해 실시간 약력학 피드백을 제공하는 기술을 초래한다. 개념의 증거로서, 우리는 병용 injectrode을 통해 약물의 배달, 쥐에서 빛의 섬광에 의해 유발 우수한 둔덕에서 신경 세포의 활동을 기록했다. injectrode 기록 용량 INJ의 기능적 특성을 허용약물 전달의 현지화를 정확하게 제어 선호 ection 사이트. injectrode에로드 된 화학 물질의 선택은 해부학 실험 마커를 추적 포함, 광대로이 방법의 응용 프로그램은 또한, 지금까지 여기에 입증되는 것 이상으로 확장합니다.

injectrode의 구조는 와이어의 절곡 부와 유리 피펫 (D)로 공급되고, 개구로부터 밖으로 돌출되어있다도 1은 와이어 (C)에 도시되어있다. 30 G 바늘 (B)는 부착 접착제와 유리 피펫의 개통에 밀봉된다. 피펫은 주입 물질로 충전 된 후, 유리 마이크로 주사기 (A)가 바늘에 부착된다. 이것은 마이크로 주사기 바늘 (E) 및 여기서 은선은 유리 피펫 (F)로부터 돌출와 연결 양호한 시일이 존재하는 것...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Simultaneous Electrophysiological Recording and Micro-injections of Inhibitory Agents in the Rodent Brain at JoVE.com

Simultaneous Electrophysiological Recording and Micro-injections of Inhibitory Agents in the Rodent Brain

Here, we craft a glass pipette with dual functions: inhibition of deep brain structures by microinjections of drugs and real-time monitoring of their effects through simultaneous electrophysiological recordings.

동시 전기 생리 녹화 및 설치류의 뇌에서 억제 에이전트의 마이크로 주사

Here we describe a method for the construction of a single-use &#8220;injectrode&#8221; using commercially accessible and affordable parts. A probing ...

simultaneous-electrophysiological-recording-micro-injections

Research

JoVE Journal

Neuroscience

8.0K 조회수.  Université de Montréal. Here, we craft a glass pipette with dual functions: inhibition of deep brain structures by microinjections of drugs and real-time monitoring of their effects through simultaneous electrophysiological recordings.

비디오: Simultaneous Electrophysiological Recording and Micro-injections of Inhibitory Agents in the Rodent Brain

Simultaneous fMRI and Electrophysiology in the Rodent Brain

To examine the neural basis of the blood oxygenation level dependent (BOLD) magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) signal, we have developed a rodent model in which functional MRI data and in vivo intracortical recording can be performed simultaneously. The combination of MRI and electrical recording is technically challenging because the electrodes used for recording distort the MRI images and the MRI acquisition induces noise in the electrical recording. To minimize the mutual interference of the two modalities, glass microelectrodes were used rather than metal and a noise removal algorithm was implemented for the electrophysiology data. In our studies, two microelectrodes were separately implanted in bilateral primary somatosensory cortices (SI) of the rat and fixed in place. One coronal slice covering the electrode tips was selected for functional MRI. Electrode shafts and fixation positions were not included in the image slice to avoid imaging artifacts. The removed scalp was replaced with toothpaste to reduce susceptibility mismatch and prevent Gibbs ringing artifacts in the images. The artifact structure induced in the electrical recordings by the rapidly-switching magnetic fields during image acquisition was characterized by averaging all cycles of scans for each run. The noise structure during imaging was then subtracted from original recordings. The denoised time courses were then used for further analysis in combination with the fMRI data. As an example, the simultaneous acquisition was used to determine the relationship between spontaneous fMRI BOLD signals and band-limited intracortical electrical activity. Simultaneous fMRI and electrophysiological recording in the rodent will provide a platform for many exciting applications in neuroscience in addition to elucidating the relationship between the fMRI BOLD signal and neuronal activity.

We have developed a method for simultaneous functional magnetic resonance imaging and electrophysiological recording in the rodent brain, providing a platform for the investigation of the relationship between neural activity and the blood oxygenation level dependent (BOLD) MRI signal.

쥐 두뇌에 동시 fMRI와 전기 생리학

To examine the neural basis of the blood oxygenation level dependent (BOLD) magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) signal, we have developed a rodent model in ...

연구

신경과학

Design and Construction of a Cost Effective Headstage for Simultaneous Neural Stimulation and Recording in the Water Maze

Headstage preamplifiers and source followers are commonly used to study neural activity in behavioral neurophysiology experiments. Available commercial products are often expensive, not easily customized, and not submersible. Here we describe a method to design and build a customized, integrated circuit headstage for simultaneous 4-channel neural recording and 2-channel simulation in awake, behaving animals. The headstage is designed using a free, commercially available CAD-type design package, and can be modified easily to accommodate different scales (e.g. to add channels). A customized printed circuit board is built using surface mount resistors, capacitors and operational amplifiers to construct the unity gain source follower circuit. The headstage is made water-proof with a combination of epoxy, parafilm and a synthetic rubber putty. We have successfully used this device to record local field potentials and stimulate different brain regions simultaneously via independent channels in rats swimming in a water maze. The total cost is &lt; $30/unit and can be manufactured readily.

We present a low-cost method to design and construct a light headstage pre-amplifier system with simultaneous neural recording and stimulation capability. This device can be waterproofed for use in swimming animals.

동시 신경 자극과 워터 미로에서 녹음을위한 설계 및 비용 효율적인 Headstage 구축

Headstage preamplifiers and source followers are commonly used to study neural activity in behavioral neurophysiology experiments. Available commercial ...

Forebrain Electrophysiological Recording in Larval Zebrafish

Epilepsy affects nearly 3 million people in the United States and up to 50 million people worldwide. Defined as the occurrence of spontaneous unprovoked seizures, epilepsy can be acquired as a result of an insult to the brain or a genetic mutation. Efforts to model seizures in animals have primarily utilized acquired insults (convulsant drugs, stimulation or brain injury) and genetic manipulations (antisense knockdown, homologous recombination or transgenesis) in rodents. Zebrafish are a vertebrate model system1-3 that could provide a valuable alternative to rodent-based epilepsy research. Zebrafish are used extensively in the study of vertebrate genetics or development, exhibit a high degree of genetic similarity to mammals and express homologs for ~85% of known human single-gene epilepsy mutations. Because of their small size (4-6 mm in length), zebrafish larvae can be maintained in fluid volumes as low as 100 &mu;l during early development and arrayed in multi-well plates. Reagents can be added directly to the solution in which embryos develop, simplifying drug administration and enabling rapid in vivo screening of test compounds4. Synthetic oligonucleotides (morpholinos), mutagenesis, zinc finger nuclease and transgenic approaches can be used to rapidly generate gene knockdown or mutation in zebrafish5-7. These properties afford zebrafish studies an unprecedented statistical power analysis advantage over rodents in the study of neurological disorders such as epilepsy. Because the "gold standard" for epilepsy research is to monitor and analyze the abnormal electrical discharges that originate in a central brain structure (i.e., seizures), a method to efficiently record brain activity in larval zebrafish is described here. This method is an adaptation of conventional extracellular recording techniques and allows for stable long-term monitoring of brain activity in intact zebrafish larvae. Sample recordings are shown for acute seizures induced by bath application of convulsant drugs and spontaneous seizures recorded in a genetically modified fish.

A simple method to record extracellular field potentials in the larval zebrafish forebrain is described. The method provides a robust in vivo read-out of seizure-like activity. This technique can be used with genetically modified zebrafish larvae carrying epilepsy-related genes or seizures evoked by administration of convulsant drugs.

애벌레의 Zebrafish의 Forebrain Electrophysiological 기록

Epilepsy affects nearly 3 million people in the United States and up to 50 million people worldwide. Defined as the occurrence of spontaneous unprovoked ...

Simultaneous Pre- and Post-synaptic Electrophysiological Recording from Xenopus Nerve-muscle Co-cultures

Much information about the coupling of presynaptic ionic currents with the release of neurotransmitter has been obtained from invertebrate preparations, most notably the squid giant synapse1. However, except for the preparation described here, few vertebrate preparations exist in which it is possible to make simultaneous measurements of neurotransmitter release and presynaptic ionic currents. Embryonic Xenopus motoneurons and muscle cells can be grown together in simple culture medium at room temperature; they will form functional synapses within twelve to twenty-four hours, and can be used to study nerve and muscle cell development and synaptic interactions for several days (until overgrowth occurs). Some advantages of these co-cultures over other vertebrate preparations include the simplicity of preparation, the ability to maintain the cultures and work at room temperature, and the ready accessibility of the synapses formed2-4. The preparation has been used widely to study the biophysical properties of presynaptic ion channels and the regulation of transmitter release5-8. In addition, the preparation has lent itself to other uses including the study of neurite outgrowth and synaptogenesis9-12, molecular mechanisms of neurotransmitter release13-15, the role of diffusible messengers in neuromodulation16,17, and in vitro synaptic plasticity18-19.

Simultaneous Pre- and Post-synaptic Electrophysiological Recording from Xenopus Nerve-muscle Co-cultures

This video demonstrates the procedures used to grow primary cultures of embryonic Xenopus nerve and muscle cells and the usefulness of this preparation for making simultaneous pre- and post-synaptic patch clamp recordings.

동시 사전 및 사후 신경 Electrophysiological 녹화에서<em&gt; Xenopus</em&gt; 신경 근육 공동 문화

Much information about the coupling of  presynaptic ionic currents with the release of neurotransmitter has been obtained  from invertebrate preparations, ...

Simultaneous Electrophysiological Recording and Calcium Imaging of Suprachiasmatic Nucleus Neurons

Simultaneous electrophysiological and fluorescent imaging recording methods were used to study the role of changes of membrane potential or current in regulating the intracellular calcium concentration. Changing environmental conditions, such as the light-dark cycle, can modify neuronal and neural network activity and the expression of a family of circadian clock genes within the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN), the location of the master circadian clock in the mammalian brain. Excitatory synaptic transmission leads to an increase in the postsynaptic Ca2+ concentration that is believed to activate the signaling pathways that shifts the rhythmic expression of circadian clock genes. Hypothalamic slices containing the SCN were patch clamped using microelectrodes filled with an internal solution containing the calcium indicator bis-fura-2. After a seal was formed between the microelectrode and the SCN neuronal membrane, the membrane was ruptured using gentle suction and the calcium probe diffused into the neuron filling both the soma and dendrites. Quantitative ratiometric measurements of the intracellular calcium concentration were recorded simultaneously with membrane potential or current. Using these methods it is possible to study the role of changes of the intracellular calcium concentration produced by synaptic activity and action potential firing of individual neurons. In this presentation we demonstrate the methods to simultaneously record electrophysiological activity along with intracellular calcium from individual SCN neurons maintained in brain slices.

Procedures are described to perform simultaneous recordings of membrane potential or current and changes of intracellular calcium concentration. Suprachiasmatic nucleus neurons are filled with the calcium indicator bis-fura-2 using a patch clamp electrode in the whole cell patch clamp configuration.

Simultaneous electrophysiological and fluorescent imaging recording methods were used to study the role of changes of membrane potential or current in ...

Electrophysiological Recording in the Brain of Intact Adult Zebrafish

Previously, electrophysiological studies in adult zebrafish have been limited to slice preparations or to eye cup preparations and electrorentinogram recordings. This paper describes how an adult zebrafish can be immobilized, intubated, and used for in vivo electrophysiological experiments, allowing recording of neural activity. Immobilization of the adult requires a mechanism to deliver dissolved oxygen to the gills in lieu of buccal and opercular movement. With our technique, animals are immobilized and perfused with habitat water to fulfill this requirement. A craniotomy is performed under tricaine methanesulfonate (MS-222; tricaine) anesthesia to provide access to the brain. The primary electrode is then positioned within the craniotomy window to record extracellular brain activity. Through the use of a multitube perfusion system, a variety of pharmacological compounds can be administered to the adult fish and any alterations in the neural activity can be observed. The methodology not only allows for observations to be made regarding changes in neurological activity, but it also allows for comparisons to be made between larval and adult zebrafish. This gives researchers the ability to identify the alterations in neurological activity due to the introduction of various compounds at different life stages.

This paper describes how an adult zebrafish can be immobilized, intubated, and used for in vivo electrophysiological experiments to allow recordings and manipulation of neural activity in an intact animal.

온전한 성인 Zebrafish의의 뇌에 전기 생리학 기록

Previously, electrophysiological studies in adult zebrafish have been limited to slice preparations or to eye cup preparations and electrorentinogram ...

Recording Synaptic Plasticity in Acute Hippocampal Slices Maintained in a Small-volume Recycling-, Perfusion-, and Submersion-type Chamber System

Even though experiments on brain slices have been in use since 1951, problems remain that reduce the probability of achieving a stable and successful analysis of synaptic transmission modulation when performing field potential or intracellular recordings. This manuscript describes methodological aspects that might be helpful in improving experimental conditions for the maintenance of acute brain slices and for recording field excitatory postsynaptic potentials in a commercially available submersion chamber with an outflow-carbogenation unit. The outflow-carbogenation helps to stabilize the oxygen level in experiments that rely on the recycling of a small buffer reservoir to enhance the cost-efficiency of drug experiments. In addition, the manuscript presents representative experiments that examine the effects of different carbogenation modes and stimulation paradigms on the activity-dependent synaptic plasticity of synaptic transmission.

This protocol describes the stabilization of the oxygen level in a small volume of recycled buffer and methodological aspects of recording activity-dependent synaptic plasticity in submerged acute hippocampal slices.

급성 Hippocampal 조각에 작은 볼륨 재활용-, 관류-침수 형 챔버 시스템 유지에 시 냅 스가 소성을 기록

Even though experiments on brain slices have been in use since 1951, problems remain that reduce the probability of achieving a stable and successful ...

Recording Brain Electromagnetic Activity During the Administration of the Gaseous Anesthetic Agents Xenon and Nitrous Oxide in Healthy Volunteers

Anesthesia arguably provides one of the only systematic ways to study the neural correlates of global consciousness/unconsciousness. However to date most neuroimaging or neurophysiological investigations in humans have been confined to the study of &#947;-Amino-Butyric-Acid-(GABA)-receptor-agonist-based anesthetics, while the effects of dissociative N-Methyl-D-Aspartate-(NMDA)-receptor-antagonist-based anesthetics ketamine, nitrous oxide (N2O) and xenon (Xe) are largely unknown. This paper describes the methods underlying the simultaneous recording of magnetoencephalography (MEG) and electroencephalography (EEG) from healthy males during inhalation of the gaseous anesthetic agents N2O and Xe. Combining MEG and EEG data enables the assessment of electromagnetic brain activity during anesthesia at high temporal, and moderate spatial, resolution. Here we describe a detailed protocol, refined over multiple recording sessions, that includes subject recruitment, anesthesia equipment setup in the MEG scanner room, data collection and basic data analysis. In this protocol each participant is exposed to varying levels of Xe and N2O in a repeated measures cross-over design. Following relevant baseline recordings participants are exposed to step-wise increasing inspired concentrations of Xe and N2O of 8, 16, 24 and 42%, and 16, 32 and 47% respectively, during which their level of responsiveness is tracked with an auditory continuous performance task (aCPT). Results are presented for a number of recordings to highlight the sensor-level properties of the raw data, the spectral topography, the minimization of head movements, and the unequivocal level dependent effects on the auditory evoked responses. This paradigm describes a general approach to the recording of electromagnetic signals associated with the action of different kinds of gaseous anesthetics, which can be readily adapted to be used with volatile and intravenous anesthetic agents. It is expected that the method outlined can contribute to the understanding of the macro-scale mechanisms of anesthesia by enabling methodological extensions involving source space imaging and functional network analysis.

Simultaneous magnetoencephalography and electroencephalography provides a useful tool to search for common and distinct macro-scale mechanisms of reductions in consciousness induced by different anesthetics. This paper illustrates the empirical methods underlying the recording of such data from healthy humans during N-Methyl-D-Aspartate-(NMDA)-receptor-antagonist-based anesthesia during inhalation of nitrous oxide and xenon.

크 세 논 가스 마 취 에이전트 및 건강 한 지원자에서 질소 산화물의 관리 동안 녹음 두뇌 전자기 활동

Anesthesia arguably provides one of the only systematic ways to study the neural correlates of global consciousness/unconsciousness. However to date most ...

Recording and Modulation of Epileptiform Activity in Rodent Brain Slices Coupled to Microelectrode Arrays

Temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) is the most common partial complex epileptic syndrome and the least responsive to medications. Deep brain stimulation (DBS) is a promising approach when pharmacological treatment fails or neurosurgery is not recommended. Acute brain slices coupled to microelectrode arrays (MEAs) represent a valuable tool to study neuronal network interactions and their modulation by electrical stimulation. As compared to conventional extracellular recording techniques, they provide the added advantages of a greater number of observation points and a known inter-electrode distance, which allow studying the propagation path and speed of electrophysiological signals. However, tissue oxygenation may be greatly impaired during MEA recording, requiring a high perfusion rate, which comes at the cost of decreased signal-to-noise ratio and higher oscillations in the experimental temperature. Electrical stimulation further stresses the brain tissue, making it difficult to pursue prolonged recording/stimulation epochs. Moreover, electrical modulation of brain slice activity needs to target specific structures/pathways within the brain slice, requiring that electrode mapping be easily and quickly performed live during the experiment. Here, we illustrate how to perform the recording and electrical modulation of 4-aminopyridine (4AP)-induced epileptiform activity in rodent brain slices using planar MEAs. We show that the brain tissue obtained from mice outperforms rat brain tissue and is thus better suited for MEA experiments. This protocol guarantees the generation and maintenance of a stable epileptiform pattern that faithfully reproduces the electrophysiological features observed with conventional field potential recording, persists for several hours, and outlasts sustained electrical stimulation for prolonged epochs. Tissue viability throughout the experiment is achieved thanks to the use of a small-volume custom recording chamber allowing for laminar flow and quick solution exchange even at low (1 mL/min) perfusion rates. Quick MEA mapping for real-time monitoring and selection of stimulating electrodes is performed by a custom graphic user interface (GUI).

We illustrate how to perform recording and electrical modulation of 4-aminopyridine-induced epileptiform activity in rodent brain slices using microelectrode arrays. A custom recording chamber maintains tissue viability throughout prolonged experimental sessions. Live electrode mapping and selection of stimulating pairs are performed by a custom graphical user interface.

녹음 및 Microelectrode 배열에 결합 하는 설치류 뇌 조각에 Epileptiform 활동의 변조

Temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) is the most common partial complex epileptic syndrome and the least responsive to medications. Deep brain stimulation (DBS) ...

Simultaneous Cryosectioning of Multiple Rodent Brains

Histology and immunohistochemistry are routine methods of analysis to visualize microscopic anatomy and localize proteins within biological tissue. In neuroscience, as well as a plethora of other scientific fields, these techniques are used. Immunohistochemistry can be done on slide mounted tissue or free-floating sections. Preparing slide-mounted samples is a time intensive process. The following protocol for a technique, called the Megabrain, reduced the time taken to cryosection and mount brain tissue by up to 90% by combining multiple brains into a single frozen block. Furthermore, this technique reduced variability seen between staining rounds, in a large histochemical study. The current technique has been optimized for using rodent brain tissue in downstream immunohistochemical analyses; however, it can be applied to different scientific fields that use cryosectioning.

Here, we present a protocol to freeze and section brain tissue from multiple animals as a timesaving alternative to processing single brains. This reduces staining variability during immunohistochemistry and reduces time cryosectioning and imaging.

여러 설치류 두뇌의 동시 Cryosectioning

Histology and immunohistochemistry are routine methods of analysis to visualize microscopic anatomy and localize proteins within biological tissue. In ...