Dr. Eisenhardt is funded by the German Research Foundation (DFG) # EI 866/1-1 and #EI 866/2-1.

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The authors have nothing to disclose.

Even though different surgical techniques have been described to regain a dynamic smile in patients with long standing facial paralysis, the two-stage repair with initial cross facial nerve grafting and consecutive free gracilis muscle transfer is seen as the &#8220;criterion standard&#8221;.
Although a two-stage procedure, the technique allows for spontaneity of the smile which is seen as a crucial factor to overcome the social handicap associated with facial palsy13.In cases of bi...

안면 신경은 안구 보호, 관절, 구강 자제에 관련된 크게 얼굴의 미적 외관 영향을 미친다. 이 신경의 손상 따라서 상당한 이환율과 사회적 철수와 연관되어있다. 치료에 상당한 발전에도 불구하고, 마비 된 얼굴과 관련된 문제의 다수는 추가 절차의 폭 넓은 스펙트럼의 대상이 될 수 있습니다. 모든 수술 기법에 공통적 인 정확한 해부학 적 기술에 대한 필요성이있다. 안면 신경 해부학 안면 신경은 얼굴 근육의 자발적인 모터 컨트롤과 눈물, 턱밑의 부교감 제어를위한 내장 모터 구성 요소 및 설하 땀샘 아가미 모터 구성 요소로 구성되어 있습니다. 또한, 외이도의 신경 분포 및 혀의 앞쪽 3 분의 2에 맛 두 가지 감각 구성 요소가 있습니다. 안면 신경의 과정은 수​​ b두개 내, intratemporal 및 extratemporal : 전자는 세 부분으로 세분화. 두개 부분으로, 이마 근육과 periauricular 지역에 분포 뉴런의 상단 그룹은 양측 대뇌 피질의 입력을 받는다. 나머지 얼굴 근육에 분포 뉴런 독점적으로 반대쪽 대뇌 피질의 입력을받을 수 있습니다. 결과적으로, 전두근 기능 동측 핵상 병변 유지된다. intratemporal 세그먼트는 상기 세 개의 세그먼트로 분할 될 수있다. 미로 세그먼트에서 큰 petrosal 신경은 부교감 신경 섬유 1 눈물샘을 공급하는 나뭇잎 트렁크. 유양 돌기 부분에 얇은 stapedius 신경이 상대 근육에 실행됩니다. 부교감 가지 턱밑, 설하을에 분포하고 혀의 앞쪽 삼분의이 미각 섬유 (chorda 고실)와 함께 제공되는 반면, 언어 분비를 전방. 안면 신경의 줄기는 뼈 운하를 종료stylomastoid 난원 공을 통해. 그러나 이것은 arborisation은 이하선에 들어가기 전에 시작되지 않습니다, extratemporal 세그먼트의 시작입니다. 신경 먼저 intraparotid 신경총을 형성하고 궁극적으로 시간, 광대뼈, 구강, 하악 자궁 분기 2를 야기 3-4 모터 부문으로 나뉩니다. 안면 마비의 감별 진단 안면 마비의 원인이 분류에 광범위하고 어렵 기 때문에, 영향을받는 부문이 먼저 고려되어야한다. 두개 안면 마비는 열공 경색 또는 두개 내 공동의 종양에 의해 발생할 수 있습니다. 세균과 바이러스 감염, 진주와 벨 마비는 intratemporal 신경 손상에 대한 이유가 될 수 있습니다. 종양 악성 종양과 관련된 수술 치료는 extratemporal 안면 마비에 대한 지배적 인 원인이됩니다. 벨 마비는 가장 일반적인 진단을 나타내고 있지만안면 마비 환자에서, 대부분의 환자는 후유증없이 완전히 회복 및 수술 3 필요하지 않습니다. 안면 마비의 두 번째 가장 흔한 원인은 외상이다. 여기에, 측두골에 골절이 주된 외상기구 (4)이다. 안면 마비의 치료 유형 많은 외과 옵션 안면 마비 치료에 존재하며 이들은 reinnervation, 정적 및 동적 재구성 재건로 분류 될 수있다. 일반적으로 2 년이 reinnervation 후 기능이 절차 5 reinnervating으로 만족스러운 회복 할 수있는 부상까지의 시간으로 간주됩니다. 나중에, 얼굴 근육의 탈 신경 위축은 더 재건에 대한 유용성을 배제한다. Reinnervation 1 차 신경 수리, interpositional 신경 이식, 간 안면 신경 이식이나 뇌신경 전달하여 얻을 수 있습니다. 정적 재건 기술은 수정 지시가기능 장애, (각막의 보호, 코의 공기 흐름의 개선, 그리고 침의 예방) 및 휴식 대칭을 개선하기 위해. 일반적인 절차는 아래 눈꺼풀 겉 말림에 대한 눈썹 처짐, 또는 canthoplasty에 대한 browlift된다. 정적 재건은 중요한 동반 질환을 가진 노인 환자 또는 외상이나 암 절제술에 보조 거대한 얼굴 결함 바람직하다. 동적 재건 수술 기법은 지역 근육 전송 및 턱 모터 분기 또는 교차 안면 신경 이식에 coaptation 중 하나를 무료로 microneurovascular 근육 전송으로 세분화 할 수있다. 다른 치료 옵션이 안정적으로 사회적 장애를 개선하기 위해 매우 중요하다 자연 미소를 달성하지 않기 때문에 후자는 안면 마비의 미소의 재건을위한 기준 표준을 나타냅니다. 턱 모터 분기에 Coaptation는 표시가 내선을 가지고 있지만, 양측 마비 환자에 대한 선택의 치료 방법입니다심각한 질환을 가진 환자 나 노인 환자는 일반적으로 단일 스테이지 절차 6에 따라 선호으로 끝났다. 박근 플랩 지역 해부학 박근 근육 내전근의 긴 근육을 대표하는 내측 허벅지 다소 피상적 인 근육이다. 그것은 낮은 치골과 치골의 하부 하악에서 유래. 말단 실행, 근육은 좁은되고뿐만 아니라 허벅지의 내전뿐만 아니라 무릎의 굴곡을 허용하는 경골의 무릎 관절 원위부 삽입합니다. 박근 근육이 지배적와 약간의 혈관 척추 경 7에서 동맥 공급 MATHES 및 Nahai는 후 유형 II 순환 패턴을 가지고있다. 지배적 인 동맥 내측 곡절 동맥에 종료 일반적으로 측면 코스 폐문에 근육을 종료합니다. 드물게, 지배적 인 동맥 깊은 대퇴 동맥에 직접 종료하지 않습니다. 감의 정맥 공급cilis 근육은 일반적으로 지배적 인 동맥을 따라 그 과정 깊은 내전근 longus 근육에, 두 venae의 comitantes을 통해 달성된다. 근육의 신경 분포는 폐문에 1-2cm 우량 근육을 입력 밀폐 신경의 전방 지점을 통해 달성된다. 임상 사용 박근 근육 재건 미세 귀중한 기증자 근육과 기능을 무료로 근육 전송을위한 많은 외과 의사에 대한 선택의 근육이되고있다. 이는 거기에 작은 공여부 이환이며 플랩 근육 소풍 각각 혈관 척추 경 치수에 관해서 최적 비율을 나타낸다는 사실에게 지불된다. 긴 단일 분포하는 운동 신경은 기능 플랩 수확 (8)을 완화. 우리는 여기에 음향의 절제 다음 처음에 왼쪽 주변 안면 마비의 전체​​ 그림으로 제시 49 세 여성의 경우를 보여이년 이전 신경종 (전정 신경초종). 환자는 대부분의 웃는 특히 안면 비대칭에 의해 고통했다. 다른 기존의 동반 질환은 설명하지 않습니다. 임상 시험시에, 환자는 이마 근육 마비 완전한 휴지 그러나 양호한 이마 대칭을 나타내었다. 뚜껑 폐쇄 5mm 벨의 현상의 토 안이와 왼쪽에 충분했다. 각막에 염증을 눈꺼풀 겉 말림의 징후가 발견했다. 나머지 부분에서, 환자는 오른쪽에 11cm 및 휴식 왼쪽에 11.5 cm의 tragus-modiolus 거리와 입의 모서리의 중간 비대칭을 보였다. 미소되면, tragus-modiolus 거리가 오른쪽에 9cm로 축소하고, 12cm 왼쪽에 긴. 광범위한 상담 후, 환자는 도너로서 신경 턱을 이용하여 자유 기능성 박근 전송과 미소 단일 스테이지 동적 재구성달라고. 환자는 다양한 테에 대한 정보를했다뚜껑 폐쇄 재건의 chniques 그러나이 단계에서 수술 적 치료를 거부했다. 치료의 과정은 복잡했다. reinnervation의 징후는 처음 수술 후 삼개월 발견되었다. 넉 달 수술 후, 환자는 이전 수정 안면 성형 절개 라인을 따라 하찮은 상처로 제시했다. 휴식 대칭과 미소 고의적는 팔자 주름의 만족스러운 정의와 우수했다. 환자는 또한 완전히 자연스러운 미소를 보였다. 입의 모서리의 여행의 사전 및 9 개월 수술 범위는 비디오 그래피에 의해 기록되었다.

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single-stage dynamic reanimation of the smile in irreversible facial paralysis by free functional muscle transfer

Unilateral facial paralysis is a common disease that is associated with significant functional, aesthetic and psychological issues. Though idiopathic facial paralysis (Bell&#8217;s palsy) is the most common diagnosis, patients can also present with a history of physical trauma, infectious disease, tumor, or iatrogenic facial paralysis. Early repair within one year of injury can be achieved by direct nerve repair, cross-face nerve grafting or regional nerve transfer. It is due to muscle atrophy that in long lasting facial paralysis complex reconstructive methods have to be applied. Instead of one single procedure, different surgical approaches have to be considered to alleviate the various components of the paralysis.
The reconstruction of a spontaneous dynamic smile with a symmetric resting tone is a crucial factor to overcome the functional deficits and the social handicap that are associated with facial paralysis. Although numerous surgical techniques have been described, a two-stage approach with an initial cross-facial nerve grafting followed by a free functional muscle transfer is most frequently applied. In selected patients however, a single-stage reconstruction using the motor nerve to the masseter as donor nerve is superior to a two-stage repair. The gracilis muscle is most commonly used for reconstruction, as it presents with a constant anatomy, a simple dissection and minimal donor site morbidity.
Here we demonstrate the pre-operative work-up, the post-operative management, and precisely describe the surgical procedure of single-stage microsurgical reconstruction of the smile by free functional gracilis muscle transfer in a step by step protocol. We further illustrate common pitfalls and provide useful tips which should enable the reader to truly comprehend the procedure. We further discuss indications and limitations of the technique and demonstrate representative results.

<html> 근육 이식편 대 reinnervation masseteric 신경의 사용은 환자 (5) (표 1)에서 평가 하였다. 그 중, 청신경 절제술은 안면 마비의 주요 원인이었다. 세 후보 단일 단계 과정보다는 &quot;금 표준&quot;두 단계 접근법을 바람직. 두 환자에서 절차는 상호 안면 신경 이식 (CFNG)에 의해 부족 자극 후 복구 프로 시저 역임했다. 단일 단계 수리 후 박근 플랩의 Reinnervation 3 개월 이...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Single-stage Dynamic Reanimation of the Smile in Irreversible Facial Paralysis by Free Functional Muscle Transfer at JoVE.com

Single-stage Dynamic Reanimation of the Smile in Irreversible Facial Paralysis by Free Functional Muscle Transfer

The use of the masseteric nerve as donor nerve represents a single-stage alternative to the criterion standard two-stage procedure of cross-facial nerve grafting and free muscle transfer in facial paralysis. We provide a detailed description to safely perform this technique with a gracilis muscle transfer and discuss indications and limitations.

무료 기능 근육 전송하여 돌이킬 수없는 안면 마비의 미소의 단일 단계 동적 소생

Unilateral facial paralysis is a common disease that is associated with significant functional, aesthetic and psychological issues. Though idiopathic ...

single-stage-dynamic-reanimation-smile-irreversible-facial-paralysis

Research

JoVE Journal

Medicine

105.7K 조회수.  University of Freiburg Medical Centre. The use of the masseteric nerve as donor nerve represents a single-stage alternative to the criterion standard two-stage procedure of cross-facial nerve grafting and free muscle transfer in facial paralysis. We provide a detailed description to safely perform this technique with a gracilis muscle transfer and discuss indications and limitations.

비디오: Single-stage Dynamic Reanimation of the Smile in Irreversible Facial Paralysis by Free Functional Muscle Transfer

Quantitative Visualization and Detection of Skin Cancer Using Dynamic Thermal Imaging

In 2010 approximately 68,720 melanomas will be diagnosed in the US alone, with around 8,650 resulting in death 1. To date, the only effective treatment for melanoma remains surgical excision, therefore, the key to extended survival is early detection 2,3. Considering the large numbers of patients diagnosed every year and the limitations in accessing specialized care quickly, the development of objective in vivo diagnostic instruments to aid the diagnosis is essential. New techniques to detect skin cancer, especially non-invasive diagnostic tools, are being explored in numerous laboratories. Along with the surgical methods, techniques such as digital photography, dermoscopy, multispectral imaging systems (MelaFind), laser-based systems (confocal scanning laser microscopy, laser doppler perfusion imaging, optical coherence tomography), ultrasound, magnetic resonance imaging, are being tested. Each technique offers unique advantages and disadvantages, many of which pose a compromise between effectiveness and accuracy versus ease of use and cost considerations. Details about these techniques and comparisons are available in the literature 4.
Infrared (IR) imaging was shown to be a useful method to diagnose the signs of certain diseases by measuring the local skin temperature. There is a large body of evidence showing that disease or deviation from normal functioning are accompanied by changes of the temperature of the body, which again affect the temperature of the skin 5,6. Accurate data about the temperature of the human body and skin can provide a wealth of information on the processes responsible for heat generation and thermoregulation, in particular the deviation from normal conditions, often caused by disease. However, IR imaging has not been widely recognized in medicine due to the premature use of the technology 7,8 several decades ago, when temperature measurement accuracy and the spatial resolution were inadequate and sophisticated image processing tools were unavailable. This situation changed dramatically in the late 1990s-2000s. Advances in IR instrumentation, implementation of digital image processing algorithms and dynamic IR imaging, which enables scientists to analyze not only the spatial, but also the temporal thermal behavior of the skin 9, allowed breakthroughs in the field.
In our research, we explore the feasibility of IR imaging, combined with theoretical and experimental studies, as a cost effective, non-invasive, in vivo optical measurement technique for tumor detection, with emphasis on the screening and early detection of melanoma 10-13. In this study, we show data obtained in a patient study in which patients that possess a pigmented lesion with a clinical indication for biopsy are selected for imaging. We compared the difference in thermal responses between healthy and malignant tissue and compared our data with biopsy results. We concluded that the increased metabolic activity of the melanoma lesion can be detected by dynamic infrared imaging.

We demonstrated that malignant pigmented lesions with increased metabolic activity generate quantifiable amounts of heat and the measurement of the transient thermal response of the skin to a cooling excitation allows quantitative identification of melanoma and other skin cancers (vs. non-proliferative nevi) at an early stage of the disease.

양적 시각화 및 동적 써멀 이미징을 사용하여 피부암의 감지

In 2010 approximately 68,720 melanomas will be diagnosed in the US alone, with around 8,650 resulting in death 1. To date, the only effective treatment ...

연구

의학

The Use of Primary Human Fibroblasts for Monitoring Mitochondrial Phenotypes in the Field of Parkinson's Disease

Parkinson's disease (PD) is the second most common movement disorder and affects 1% of people over the age of 60 1. Because ageing is the most important risk factor, cases of PD will increase during the next decades 2. Next to pathological protein folding and impaired protein degradation pathways, alterations of mitochondrial function and morphology were pointed out as further hallmark of neurodegeneration in PD 3-11.
After years of research in murine and human cancer cells as in vitro models to dissect molecular pathways of Parkinsonism, the use of human fibroblasts from patients and appropriate controls as ex vivo models has become a valuable research tool, if potential caveats are considered. Other than immortalized, rather artificial cell models, primary fibroblasts from patients carrying disease-associated mutations apparently reflect important pathological features of the human disease.
Here we delineate the procedure of taking skin biopsies, culturing human fibroblasts and using detailed protocols for essential microscopic techniques to define mitochondrial phenotypes. These were used to investigate different features associated with PD that are relevant to mitochondrial function and dynamics. Ex vivo, mitochondria can be analyzed in terms of their function, morphology, colocalization with lysosomes (the organelles degrading dysfunctional mitochondria) and degradation via the lysosomal pathway. These phenotypes are highly relevant for the identification of early signs of PD and may precede clinical motor symptoms in human disease-gene carriers. Hence, the assays presented here can be utilized as valuable tools to identify pathological features of neurodegeneration and help to define new therapeutic strategies in PD.

The Use of Primary Human Fibroblasts for Monitoring Mitochondrial Phenotypes in the Field of Parkinson&#039;s Disease

Fibroblasts from patients carrying mutations in Parkinson's disease-causing genes represent an easily accessible ex vivo model to study disease-associated phenotypes. Live cell imaging gives the opportunity to study morphological and functional parameters in living cells. Here we describe the preparation of human fibroblasts and subsequent monitoring of mitochondrial phenotypes.

파킨슨 병 분야에서 Mitochondrial Phenotypes을 모니터링하기위한 기본 인간 섬유 아세포의 사용

Parkinson's disease (PD) is the second most  common movement disorder and affects 1% of people over the age of 60 1. Because ageing is  the most important ...

Patient Derived Cell Culture and Isolation of CD133+ Putative Cancer Stem Cells from Melanoma

Despite improved treatments options for melanoma available today, patients with advanced malignant melanoma still have a poor prognosis for progression-free and overall survival. Therefore, translational research needs to provide further molecular evidence to improve targeted therapies for malignant melanomas. In the past, oncogenic mechanisms related to melanoma were extensively studied in established cell lines. On the way to more personalized treatment regimens based on individual genetic profiles, we propose to use patient-derived cell lines instead of generic cell lines. Together with high quality clinical data, especially on patient follow-up, these cells will be instrumental to better understand the molecular mechanisms behind melanoma progression.
Here, we report the establishment of primary melanoma cultures from dissected fresh tumor tissue. This procedure includes mincing and dissociation of the tissue into single cells, removal of contaminations with erythrocytes and fibroblasts as well as primary culture and reliable verification of the cells' melanoma origin.
Recent reports revealed that melanomas, like the majority of tumors, harbor a small subpopulation of cancer stem cells (CSCs), which seem to exclusively fuel tumor initiation and progression towards the metastatic state. One of the key markers for CSC identification and isolation in melanoma is CD133. To isolate CD133+ CSCs from primary melanoma cultures, we have modified and optimized the Magnetic-Activated Cell Sorting (MACS) procedure from Miltenyi resulting in high sorting purity and viability of CD133+ CSCs and CD133- bulk, which can be cultivated and functionally analyzed thereafter.

Patient Derived Cell Culture and Isolation of CD133+ Putative Cancer Stem Cells from Melanoma

This article describes the preparation of freshly obtained melanoma tissue into primary cell cultures, and how to remove contaminations of erythrocytes and fibroblasts from the tumor cells. Finally, we describe how CD133+ putative melanoma stem cells are sorted from the CD133- bulk using Magnetic Activated Cell Sorting (MACS).

환자 유래 세포 배양 및 CD133의 절연<sup&gt; +</sup흑종에서&gt; Putative 암 줄기 세포

Despite improved treatments options for melanoma available today, patients with advanced malignant melanoma still have a poor prognosis for ...

High-throughput Flow Cytometry Cell-based Assay to Detect Antibodies to N-Methyl-D-aspartate Receptor or Dopamine-2 Receptor in Human Serum

Over the recent years, antibodies against surface and conformational proteins involved in neurotransmission have been detected in autoimmune CNS diseases in children and adults. These antibodies have been used to guide diagnosis and treatment. Cell-based assays have improved the detection of antibodies in patient serum. They are based on the surface expression of brain antigens on eukaryotic cells, which are then incubated with diluted patient sera followed by fluorochrome-conjugated secondary antibodies. After washing, secondary antibody binding is then analyzed by flow cytometry. Our group has developed a high-throughput flow cytometry live cell-based assay to reliably detect antibodies against specific neurotransmitter receptors. This flow cytometry method is straight forward, quantitative, efficient, and the use of a high-throughput sampler system allows for large patient cohorts to be easily assayed in a short space of time. Additionally, this cell-based assay can be easily adapted to detect antibodies to many different antigenic targets, both from the central nervous system and periphery. Discovering additional novel antibody biomarkers will enable prompt and accurate diagnosis and improve treatment of immune-mediated disorders.

Over the recent years, live cell-based assays have been used successfully to detect antibodies against surface and conformational antigens. Here, we describe a method using high-throughput flow cytometry enabling the analysis of large cohorts of patients. Detection of novel antibodies will improve diagnosis and treatment of immune-mediated disorders.

인간 혈청에있는 N-메틸-D-아스파 라진 산염 수용체 또는 도파민 2 수용체에 대한 항체를 검출하는 높은 처리량 유동 세포 계측법 세포 기반 분석

Over the recent years, antibodies against surface and conformational proteins involved in neurotransmission have been detected in autoimmune CNS diseases ...

Assessment of Right Ventricular Structure and Function in Mouse Model of Pulmonary Artery Constriction by Transthoracic Echocardiography

Emerging clinical data support the notion that RV dysfunction is critical to the pathogenesis of cardiovascular disease and heart failure1-3. Moreover, the RV is significantly affected in pulmonary diseases such as pulmonary artery hypertension (PAH). In addition, the RV is remarkably sensitive to cardiac pathologies, including left ventricular (LV) dysfunction, valvular disease or RV infarction4. To understand the role of RV in the pathogenesis of cardiac diseases, a reliable and noninvasive method to access the RV structurally and functionally is essential.
A noninvasive trans-thoracic echocardiography (TTE) based methodology was established and validated for monitoring dynamic changes in RV structure and function in adult mice. To impose RV stress, we employed a surgical model of pulmonary artery constriction (PAC) and measured the RV response over a 7-day period using a high-frequency ultrasound microimaging system. Sham operated mice were used as controls. Images were acquired in lightly anesthetized mice at baseline (before surgery), day 0 (immediately post-surgery), day 3, and day 7 (post-surgery). Data was analyzed offline using software.
Several acoustic windows (B, M, and Color Doppler modes), which can be consistently obtained in mice, allowed for reliable and reproducible measurement of RV structure (including RV wall thickness, end-diastolic&#160;and end-systolic dimensions), and function (fractional area change, fractional shortening, PA peak velocity, and peak pressure gradient) in normal mice and following PAC.
Using this method, the pressure-gradient resulting from PAC was accurately measured in real-time using Color Doppler mode and was comparable to direct pressure measurements performed with a Millar high-fidelity microtip catheter. Taken together, these data demonstrate that RV measurements obtained from various complimentary views using echocardiography are reliable, reproducible and can provide insights regarding RV structure and function. This method will enable a better understanding of the role of RV cardiac dysfunction.

Right ventricle (RV) dysfunction is critical to the pathogenesis of cardiovascular disease, yet limited methodologies are available for its evaluation. Recent advances in ultrasound imaging provide a noninvasive and accurate option for longitudinal RV study. Herein, we detail a step-by-step echocardiographic method using a murine model of RV pressure overload.

경 흉부 심 초음파에 의한 폐동맥 수축의 마우스 모델에서 마우스 오른쪽 심실 구조 및 기능의 평가

Emerging clinical data support the notion that RV dysfunction is critical to the pathogenesis of cardiovascular disease and heart failure1-3. Moreover, ...

Ultrasound Based Assessment of Coronary Artery Flow and Coronary Flow Reserve Using the Pressure Overload Model in Mice

Transthoracic Doppler echocardiography (TTDE) is a clinically useful, noninvasive tool for studying coronary artery flow velocity and coronary flow reserve (CFR) in humans. Reduced CFR is accompanied by marked intramyocardial and pericoronary fibrosis and is used as an indication of the severity of dysfunction. This study explores, step-by-step, the real-time changes measured in the coronary flow velocity, CFR and systolic to diastolic peak velocity (S/D) ratio in the setting of an aortic banding model in mice. By using a Doppler transthoracic imaging technique that yields reproducible and reliable data, the method assesses changes in flow in the septal coronary artery (SCA), for a period of over two weeks in mice, that previously either underwent aortic banding or thoracotomy. 
During imaging, hyperemia in all mice was induced by isoflurane, an anesthetic that increased coronary flow velocity when compared with resting flow. All images were acquired by a single imager. Two ratios, (1) CFR, the ratio between hyperemic and baseline flow velocities, and (2) systolic (S) to diastolic (D) flow were determined, using a proprietary software and by two independent observers. Importantly, the observed changes in coronary flow preceded LV dysfunction as evidenced by normal LV mass and fractional shortening (FS). 
The method was benchmarked against the current gold standard of coronary assessment, histopathology. The latter technique showed clear pathologic changes in the coronary artery in the form of peri-coronary fibrosis that correlated to the flow changes as assessed by echocardiography. 
The study underscores the value of using a non-invasive technique to monitor coronary circulation in mouse hearts. The method minimizes redundant use of research animals and demonstrates that advanced ultrasound-based indices, such as CFR and S/D ratios, can serve as viable diagnostic tools in a variety of investigational protocols including drug studies and the study of genetically modified strains.

Coronary flow reserve (CFR) is useful for assessment of myocardial oxygen demand and evaluation of cardiovascular risk. This study establishes a step-by-step transthoracic Doppler echocardiographic (TTDE) method for longitudinal monitoring of the changes in CFR, as measured from coronary artery in mice, under the experimental pressure overload of aortic banding.

마우스의 압력 과부하 모델을 사용하여 관상 동맥 흐름 및 관상 동맥 흐름 준비 제도 이사회의 초음파를 바탕으로 평가

Transthoracic Doppler echocardiography (TTDE) is a clinically useful, noninvasive tool for studying coronary artery flow velocity and coronary flow ...

Functional Human Liver Preservation and Recovery by Means of Subnormothermic Machine Perfusion

There is currently a severe shortage of liver grafts available for transplantation. Novel organ preservation techniques are needed to expand the pool of donor livers. Machine perfusion of donor liver grafts is an alternative to traditional cold storage of livers and holds much promise as a modality to expand the donor organ pool. We have recently described the potential benefit of subnormothermic machine perfusion of human livers. Machine perfused livers showed improving function and restoration of tissue ATP levels. Additionally, machine perfusion of liver grafts at subnormothermic temperatures allows for objective assessment of the functionality and suitability of a liver for transplantation. In these ways a great many livers that were previously discarded due to their suboptimal quality can be rescued via the restorative effects of machine perfusion and utilized for transplantation. Here we describe this technique of subnormothermic machine perfusion in detail. Human liver grafts allocated for research are perfused via the hepatic artery and portal vein with an acellular oxygenated perfusate at 21 &#176;C.

We describe a method of ex vivo machine perfusion of human liver grafts at subnormothermic temperature (21 &#176;C).

Subnormothermic 기계 관류의 수단으로 기능 인간의 간 보존 및 복구

There is currently a severe shortage of liver grafts available for transplantation.  Novel organ preservation techniques are needed to expand the pool of ...

Longitudinal In Vivo Imaging of the Cerebrovasculature: Relevance to CNS Diseases

Remodeling of the brain vasculature is a common trait of brain pathologies. In vivo imaging techniques are fundamental to detect cerebrovascular plasticity or damage occurring overtime and in relation to neuronal activity or blood flow. In vivo two-photon microscopy allows the study of the structural and functional plasticity of large cellular units in the living brain. In particular, the thinned-skull window preparation allows the visualization of cortical regions of interest (ROI) without inducing significant brain inflammation. Repetitive imaging sessions of cortical ROI are feasible, providing the characterization of disease hallmarks over time during the progression of numerous CNS diseases. This technique accessing the pial structures within 250 &#956;m of the brain relies on the detection of fluorescent probes encoded by genetic cellular markers and/or vital dyes. The latter (e.g., fluorescent dextrans) are used to map the luminal compartment of cerebrovascular structures. Germane to the protocol described herein is the use of an in vivo marker of amyloid deposits, Methoxy-O4, to assess Alzheimer&#39;s disease (AD) progression. We also describe the post-acquisition image processing used to track vascular changes and amyloid depositions. While focusing presently on a model of AD, the described protocol is relevant to other CNS disorders where pathological cerebrovascular changes occur.

Longitudinal In Vivo Imaging of the Cerebrovasculature: Relevance to CNS Diseases

This manuscript describes a procedure to track the remodeling of the cerebrovasculature during amyloid plaque accumulation in vivo using longitudinal two-photon microscopy. A thinned-skull preparation enables the visualization of fluorescent dyes to assess the progression of cerebrovascular damage in a mouse model of Alzheimer&#39;s disease.

종<em&gt; 생체</em&gt;은 Cerebrovasculature의 이미징 : CNS 질환에 관련성

Remodeling of the brain vasculature is a common trait of brain pathologies. In vivo imaging techniques are fundamental to detect cerebrovascular ...

A Model of Free Tissue Transfer: The Rat Epigastric Free Flap

Free tissue transfer has been increasingly used in clinical practice since the 1970s, allowing reconstruction of complex and otherwise untreatable defects resulting from tumor extirpation, trauma, infections, malformations or burns. Free flaps are particularly useful for reconstructing highly complex anatomical regions, like those of the head and neck, the hand, the foot and the perineum. Moreover, basic and translational research in the area of free tissue transfer is of great clinical potential. Notwithstanding, surgical trainees and researchers are frequently deterred from using microsurgical models of tissue transfer, due to lack of information regarding the technical aspects involved in the operative procedures. The aim of this paper is to present the steps required to transfer a fasciocutaneous epigastric free flap to the neck in the rat.
This flap is based on the superficial epigastric artery and vein, which originates from and drain into the femoral artery and vein, respectively. On average the caliber of the superficial epigastric vein is 0.6 to 0.8 mm, contrasting with the 0.3 to 0.5 mm of the superficial epigastric artery. Histologically, the flap is a composite block of tissues, containing skin (epidermis and dermis), a layer of fat tissue (panniculus adiposus), a layer of striated muscle (panniculus carnosus), and a layer of loose areolar tissue.
Succinctly, the epigastric flap is raised on its pedicle vessels that are then anastomosed to the external jugular vein and to the carotid artery on the ventral surface of the rat's neck. According to our experience, this model guarantees the complete survival of approximately 70 to 80% of epigastric flaps transferred to the neck region. The flap can be evaluated whenever needed by visual inspection. Hence, the authors believe this is a good experimental model for microsurgical research and training.

This paper describes the steps required to raise a fasciocutaneous epigastric free flap and transfer it to the neck in the rat.

무료 조직 전송의 모델 : 쥐 상복부 무료 플랩

Free tissue transfer has been increasingly used in clinical practice since the 1970s, allowing reconstruction of complex and otherwise untreatable defects ...

In Vivo Evaluation of the Mechanical and Viscoelastic Properties of the Rat Tongue

The tongue is a highly innervated and vascularized muscle hydrostat on the floor of the mouth of most vertebrates. Its primary functions include supporting mastication and deglutition, as well as taste-sensing and phonetics. Accordingly, the strength and volume of the tongue can impact the ability of vertebrates to accomplish basic activities such as feeding, communicating, and breathing. Human patients with sleep apnea have enlarged tongues, characterized by reduced muscle tone and increased intramuscular fat that can be visualized and quantified by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). The abilities to measure force generation and viscoelastic properties of the tongue constitute important tools for obtaining functional information to correlate with imaging data. Here, we present techniques for measuring tongue force production in anesthetized Zucker rats via electrical stimulation of the hypoglossal nerves and for determining the viscoelastic properties of the tongue by applying passive Lissajous force/deformation curves.

In Vivo Evaluation of the Mechanical and Viscoelastic Properties of the Rat Tongue

We describe a surgical procedure in an anesthetized rat model for determining the muscle tone and viscoelastic properties of the tongue. The procedure involves specific stimulation of the hypoglossal nerves and application of passive Lissajous force/deformation curves to the muscle.