Name: analyzing the effects of stromal cells on the recruitment of leukocytes from flow
Uploaded: 2015-01-07T15:00:00.000+00:00
Duration: 11 min 30 s
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Analyzing the Effects of Stromal Cells on the Recruitment of Leukocytes from Flow at JoVE.com

Umbilical cords were collected with the assistance of the Birmingham Women's Health Care NHS Trust. HMM was supported by an Arthritis Research UK Career Development Fellowship (19899) and Systems Science for Health, University of Birmingham (5212).

<ol>
	<li>Springer, T. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Traffic+signals+on+endothelium+for+lymphocyte+recirculation+and+leukocyte+emigration.">Traffic signals on endothelium for lymphocyte recirculation and leukocyte emigration.</a> Ann. Rev. Physiol. 57, 827-872 (1995).</li><li>Ley, K., Laudanna, C., Cybulsky, M. I., Nourshargh, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Getting+to+the+site+of+inflammation:+the+leukocyte+adhesion+cascade+updated.">Getting to the site of inflammation: the leukocyte adhesion cascade updated.</a> Nature reviews. Immunology. 7 (9), 678-689 (2007).</li><li>McGettrick, H. M., Butler, L. M., Buckley, C. D., Rainger, G. E., Nash, G. B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Tissue+stroma+as+a+regulator+of+leukocyte+recruitment+in+inflammation.">Tissue stroma as a regulator of leukocyte recruitment in inflammation.</a> Journal of leukocyte biology. 91 (3), 385-400 (2012).</li><li>Serhan, C. N., Savill, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Resolution+of+inflammation:+the+beginning+programs+the+end.">Resolution of inflammation: the beginning programs the end.</a> Nature immunology. 6 (12), 1191-1197 (2005).</li><li>Schmidt, S., Moser, M., Sperandio, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+molecular+basis+of+leukocyte+recruitment+and+its+deficiencies.">The molecular basis of leukocyte recruitment and its deficiencies.</a> Molecular immunology. 55, 49-58 (2013).</li><li>Luu, N. T., Rainger, G. E., Nash, G. B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Differential+Ability+of+Exogenous+Chemotactic+Agents+to+Disrupt+Transendothelial+Migration+of+Flowing+Neutrophils.">Differential Ability of Exogenous Chemotactic Agents to Disrupt Transendothelial Migration of Flowing Neutrophils.</a> The Journal of Immunology. 164 (11), 5961-5969 (2000).</li><li>Smith, C. W., Rothlein, R., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Recognition+of+an+endothelial+determinant+for+CD+18-dependent+human+neutrophil+adherence+and+transendothelial+migration.">Recognition of an endothelial determinant for CD 18-dependent human neutrophil adherence and transendothelial migration.</a> The Journal of clinical investigation. 82 (5), 1745-1756 (1988).</li><li>Luscinskas, F. W., Brock, A. F., Arnaout, M. A., Gimbrone, M. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Endothelial-leukocyte+adhesion+molecule-1-dependent+and+leukocyte+(CD11/CD18)-dependent+mechanisms+contribute+to+polymorphonuclear+leukocyte+adhesion+to+cytokine-activated+human+vascular+endothelium.">Endothelial-leukocyte adhesion molecule-1-dependent and leukocyte (CD11/CD18)-dependent mechanisms contribute to polymorphonuclear leukocyte adhesion to cytokine-activated human vascular endothelium.</a> J. Immunol. 142 (7), (1989).</li><li>Bahra, P., Rainger, G. E., Wautier, J. L., Nguyet-Thin, L., Nash, G. B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Each+step+during+transendothelial+migration+of+flowing+neutrophils+is+regulated+by+the+stimulatory+concentration+of+tumour+necrosis+factor-alpha.">Each step during transendothelial migration of flowing neutrophils is regulated by the stimulatory concentration of tumour necrosis factor-alpha.</a> Cell adhesion and communication. 6 (6), 491-501 (1998).</li><li>Piali, L., Weber, C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+chemokine+receptor+CXCR3+mediates+rapid+and+shear-resistant+adhesion-induction+of+effector+T+lymphocytes+by+the+chemokines+IP10+and+Mig.">The chemokine receptor CXCR3 mediates rapid and shear-resistant adhesion-induction of effector T lymphocytes by the chemokines IP10 and Mig.</a> European journal of immunology. 28 (3), 961-972 (1998).</li><li>McGettrick, H. M., Smith, E., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Fibroblasts+from+different+sites+may+promote+or+inhibit+recruitment+of+flowing+lymphocytes+by+endothelial+cells.">Fibroblasts from different sites may promote or inhibit recruitment of flowing lymphocytes by endothelial cells.</a> European journal of immunology. 39 (1), 113-125 (2009).</li><li>McGettrick, H. M., Hunter, K., Moss, P. a., Buckley, C. D., Rainger, G. E., Nash, G. B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Direct+observations+of+the+kinetics+of+migrating+T+cells+suggest+active+retention+by+endothelial+cells+with+continual+bidirectional+migration.">Direct observations of the kinetics of migrating T cells suggest active retention by endothelial cells with continual bidirectional migration.</a> Journal of leukocyte biology. 85 (1), 98-107 (2009).</li><li>McGettrick, H. M., Buckley, C. D., Filer, A., Rainger, G. E., Nash, G. B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Stromal+cells+differentially+regulate+neutrophil+and+lymphocyte+recruitment+through+the+endothelium.">Stromal cells differentially regulate neutrophil and lymphocyte recruitment through the endothelium.</a> Immunology. 131 (3), 357-370 (2010).</li><li>Tull, S. P., Yates, C. M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Omega-3+Fatty+acids+and+inflammation:+novel+interactions+reveal+a+new+step+in+neutrophil+recruitment.">Omega-3 Fatty acids and inflammation: novel interactions reveal a new step in neutrophil recruitment.</a> PLoS biology. 7 (8), e1000177 (2009).</li><li>Ahmed, S. R., McGettrick, H. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Prostaglandin+D2+regulates+CD4++memory+T+cell+trafficking+across+blood+vascular+endothelium+and+primes+these+cells+for+clearance+across+lymphatic+endothelium.">Prostaglandin D2 regulates CD4+ memory T cell trafficking across blood vascular endothelium and primes these cells for clearance across lymphatic endothelium.</a> Journal of immunology. 187 (3), 1432-1439 (2011).</li><li>Bradfield, P. F., Amft, N., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Rheumatoid+fibroblast-like+synoviocytes+overexpress+the+chemokine+stromal+cell-derived+factor+1+(CXCL12),+which+supports+distinct+patterns+and+rates+of+CD4++and+CD8++T+cell+migration+within+synovial+tissue.">Rheumatoid fibroblast-like synoviocytes overexpress the chemokine stromal cell-derived factor 1 (CXCL12), which supports distinct patterns and rates of CD4+ and CD8+ T cell migration within synovial tissue.</a> Arthritis and rheumatism. 48 (9), 2472-2482 (2003).</li><li>Filer, A., Parsonage, G., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Differential+survival+of+leukocyte+subsets+mediated+by+synovial,+bone+marrow,+and+skin+fibroblasts:+site-specific+versus+activation-dependent+survival+of+T+cells+and+neutrophils.">Differential survival of leukocyte subsets mediated by synovial, bone marrow, and skin fibroblasts: site-specific versus activation-dependent survival of T cells and neutrophils.</a> Arthritis and rheumatism. 54 (7), 2096-2108 (2006).</li><li>Lally, F., Smith, E., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+novel+mechanism+of+neutrophil+recruitment+in+a+coculture+model+of+the+rheumatoid+synovium.">A novel mechanism of neutrophil recruitment in a coculture model of the rheumatoid synovium.</a> Arthritis and rheumatism. 52 (11), 3460-3490 (2005).</li><li>Chakravorty, S. J., McGettrick, H. M., Butler, L. M., Buckley, C. D., Rainger, G. E., Nash, G. B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=An+in+vitro.+model+for+analysing+neutrophil+migration+into+and+away+from+the+sub-endothelial+space:+Roles+of+flow+and+CD31.">An in vitro. model for analysing neutrophil migration into and away from the sub-endothelial space: Roles of flow and CD31.</a> Biorheology. 43 (1), 71-82 (2006).</li><li>Rainger, G. E., Nash, G. B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cellular+Pathology+of+Atherosclerosis+Smooth+Muscle+Cells+Prime+Cocultured+Endothelial+Cells+for+Enhanced+Leukocyte+Adhesion.">Cellular Pathology of Atherosclerosis Smooth Muscle Cells Prime Cocultured Endothelial Cells for Enhanced Leukocyte Adhesion.</a> Circulation Research. 88 (6), 615-622 (2001).</li><li>Kuravi, S. J., McGettrick, H. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Podocytes+regulate+neutrophil+recruitment+by+glomerular+endothelial+cells+via+IL-6-mediated+crosstalk.">Podocytes regulate neutrophil recruitment by glomerular endothelial cells via IL-6-mediated crosstalk.</a> Journal of immunology. 193 (1), 234-243 (2004).</li><li>Parsonage, G., Filer, A. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+stromal+address+code+defined+by+fibroblasts.">A stromal address code defined by fibroblasts.</a> Trends in immunology. 26 (3), 150-156 (2005).</li><li>Luu, N. T., McGettrick, H. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Crosstalk+between+mesenchymal+stem+cells+and+endothelial+cells+leads+to+downregulation+of+cytokine-induced+leukocyte+recruitment.">Crosstalk between mesenchymal stem cells and endothelial cells leads to downregulation of cytokine-induced leukocyte recruitment.</a> Stem cells. 31 (12), 2690-2702 (2013).</li><li>Bevilacqua, M. P., Nelson, R. M., Mannori, G., Cecconi, O. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Endothelial-leukocyte+adhesion+molecules+in+human+disease.">Endothelial-leukocyte adhesion molecules in human disease.</a> Annual review of medicine. 45, 361-378 (1994).</li><li>Stanness, K. A., Beatty, P. G., Ochs, H. D., Harlan, J. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=An+endothelial+cell+surface+factor(s)+induced+in+vitro.">An endothelial cell surface factor(s) induced in vitro.</a> 136 (12), 4548-4553 (1986).</li><li>Burton, V. J., Butler, L. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Delay+of+migrating+leukocytes+by+the+basement+membrane+deposited+by+endothelial+cells+in+long-term+culture.">Delay of migrating leukocytes by the basement membrane deposited by endothelial cells in long-term culture.</a> Experimental cell research. 317 (3), 276-292 (2011).</li><li>Luu, N. T., Rainger, G. E., Buckley, C. D., Nash, G. B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=CD31+Regulates+Direction+and+Rate+of+Neutrophil+Migration+over+and+under+Endothelial+Cells.">CD31 Regulates Direction and Rate of Neutrophil Migration over and under Endothelial Cells.</a> Journal of Vascular Research. 40 (5), 467-479 (2003).</li><li>McGettrick, H. M., Buckley, C. D., Ed Rainger, G., Nash, G. B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Influence+of+stromal+cells+on+lymphocyte+adhesion+and+migration+on+endothelial+cells.">Influence of stromal cells on lymphocyte adhesion and migration on endothelial cells.</a> Methods in molecular biology. 616, 49-68 (2010).</li><li>Butler, L. M., McGettrick, H. M., Nash, G. B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Static+and+dynamic+assays+of+cell+adhesion+relevant+to+the+vasculature.">Static and dynamic assays of cell adhesion relevant to the vasculature.</a> Methods in molecular biology. 467, 211-228 (2009).</li><li>Jeffery, H. C., Buckley, C. D., Moss, P., Rainger, G. E., Nash, G. B., McGettrick, H. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Analysis+of+the+effects+of+stromal+cells+on+the+migration+of+lymphocytes+into+and+through+inflamed+tissue+using+3-D+culture+models.">Analysis of the effects of stromal cells on the migration of lymphocytes into and through inflamed tissue using 3-D culture models.</a> Journal of immunological methods. 400-401, 45-57 (2013).</li></ol>

The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.

여기에서 우리는 염증이 내피 세포에 의해 호중구 순환의 모집을 공부 두 체외 &quot;혈관&quot;모델을 설명합니다. 이러한 모델의 주요 이점은, 생체 내에서 발생할 수있는 바와 같이, 순서대로 백혈구 접착 캐스케이드의 각 단계를 분석하는 능력이다. 우리는 이전에 TNFα 자극 EC 9, 29을 통해 용량 의존적으로 호중구 부착의 증가와 윤회를 발견했다. 우리는 또한 두 모델은 백혈...

염증은 해상도 1,2를 허용하는 염증 조직에서 꽉에 백혈구 항목의 규제와 출구를 필요로 미생물 감염이나 조직 손상에 대한 보호 반응이다. 내피 세포 (EC) 그 라인 혈관 순환 백혈구 및 조직 상주 기질 세포 사이의 크로스 토크 (cross-talk)이 과정 3을 조정 필수적이다. 그러나 백혈구의 통제되지 않은 모집 및 효과 간격은 만성 염증성 질환 4의 개발을 뒷받침. 건강과 질병에서 백혈구 모집의 우리의 현재 이해는 불완전하며 더 강력한 모델은이 과정을 분석 할 필요가있다. 후 모세관 세정맥 혈관 EC를 통해 혈액에서 백혈구의 채용을 지원하는 메커니즘은 잘 1,2,5을 설명 하였다. 순환 백혈구 전문 수용체 (예를 들면, VCAM-1, E-셀렉틴, P- 셀렉틴)에 의해 캡쳐 된염증이 내피 세포에까지 조절한다. 이러한 과도 상호 작용은 백혈구 표면에 결합 된 케모카인 및 백혈구 6 (11)에 의해 표현 인테그린을 활성화 지질 파생 매개체 (기원 내피 또는 기질 중 하나)과 상호 작용 할 수 있습니다. 이것은 차례로 내피 세포 및 전 조직 12 (15)에 부착 및 드라이브 마이그레이션을 안정화시킨다. 조직 내에서 백혈구가 자신의 운동, 기능과 생존 16, 17에 영향을 미치는 기질 유래 요원을 실시 모집. 성장하는 증거가 강력하게 신호가 다음의 채용 과정 조건 백혈구의 각 단계에서 수신하는 것이 좋습니다. 그러나, 백혈구 모집에 대한 우리의 이해가 불완전 남아 있고 아주 작은 조직 내에서 구성 요소를 형성 백혈구의 이동에 대한 알려져있다. 버밍엄에서 우리는에서 백혈구의 채용을 연구하기 위해 체외 &quot;혈관&quot;모델의 여러 개발9,18,19 흐름. 우리는 지금 백혈구 모집의 혈관 EC 행위로 즉시 규제가 로컬 미세 환경의 변화에​​ 대응하는 것으로 알고 있습니다. 구체적으로는, 조직 상주 간질 세포가 활발히 채용 3에서의 역할에 영향을 미칠 인접한 혈관 EC와 대화에 의해 부분적으로, 염증 반응을 조절할 수있다. 우리는 이전에 각종 간질 세포 조직 - 특이 적 방식으로 부착 및 백혈구의 이동을 지원하기 위해 EC의 기능을 조절하는 것으로 나타났다, 이러한 효과는 만성 질환 13,16,20,21에서 변경 될 수있다. 따라서, 간질 세포를 각각의 염증 반응 (22)의 상황을 특징 짓는 조직 &#39;주소 부호&#39;를 확립한다. 최근에, 우리는 골수 유래 MSC (BMMSC)이 강력하게 모두 호중구의 모집에 감소로 이어지는, 사이토 카인에 대한 EC의 반응을 하향 조절하고 23 림프구 것을 증명하고있다. 메커니즘은 GOV규율하는 모집 해명은 주로 시험 관내에서 분리 한 세포 유형 (예, EC) 또는 단백질을 혼입 분석을 이용했다. 그러나, 이들 연구는 고려하지 않는 조직 로컬 환경의 영향 (즉, 기질 세포의 존재) 백혈구의 모집 및 그 이후의 조직 내로 이동. 여기서 우리는, 간질 세포가, 구체적으로는 중간 엽 줄기 세포를 두하는 플로우 기반 방법 (MSC)를 설명하는 EC 23 공 배양된다. 이러한 모델은 우리가 흐름에서 백혈구 채용을 지원하는 특별한 능력 내피 반응에 기질 세포의 효과를 검사 할 수 있습니다.

<table><tbody><tr><td>Collagenase Type Ia</td><td>Sigma</td><td>C2674</td><td>Dilute in 10 ml PBS to get a final concentration of 10 mg/ml. Store at -20 &amp;deg;C in 1 ml aliquots.</td></tr><tr><td>Dulbecco&#039;s PBS</td><td>Sigma</td><td>D8662</td><td>With calcium and magnesium chloride. Keep sterile and store at RT.</td></tr><tr><td>1X Medium M199</td><td>Gibco</td><td>31150-022</td><td>Warm in 37 &amp;deg;C water bath before use.</td></tr><tr><td>Gentamicin sulphate</td><td>Sigma</td><td>G1397</td><td>Store at 4 &amp;deg;C. Add to M199 500 ml bottle.</td></tr><tr><td>Human epidermal growth factor</td><td>Sigma</td><td>E9644</td><td>Store at -20 &amp;deg;C in 10 &amp;micro;l aliquots.</td></tr><tr><td>Fetal calf serum (FCS)</td><td>Sigma</td><td>F9665</td><td>FCS must be batch tested to ensure the growth and viability of isolated EC. Heat inactivate at 56 &amp;deg;C. Store in 10 ml aliquots at -20 &amp;deg;C.</td></tr><tr><td>Amphotericin B</td><td>Gibco</td><td>15290-026</td><td>Potent and becomes toxic within a week so fresh complete HUVEC medium must be made up every week. Store at -20 &amp;deg;C in 1 ml aliquots.</td></tr><tr><td>Hydrocortisone</td><td>Sigma</td><td>H0135</td><td>Stock is in ethanol. Store at -20 &amp;deg;C in 10 &amp;micro;l aliquots.</td></tr><tr><td>Collagenase Type II</td><td>Sigma</td><td>C6885</td><td>Dilute stock in PBS to a final concentration of 100 mg/ml. Store at -20 &amp;deg;C in 100 &amp;micro;l aliquots.</td></tr><tr><td>Hyaluronidase</td><td>Sigma</td><td>H3631</td><td>Dilute stock in PBS to a final concentration of 20,000 U/ml. Store at -20 &amp;deg;C in 100 &amp;micro;l aliquots.</td></tr><tr><td>100 &amp;micro;m cell strainer for 50 ml centifuge tube</td><td>Scientific Lab Supplies (SLS)</td><td>352360</td><td>Other commercially available cell strainers (e.g. Greiner bio-one) can also be used.</td></tr><tr><td>DMEM low glucose</td><td>Biosera</td><td>LM-D1102/500</td><td>Warm in 37 &amp;deg;C water bath before use.</td></tr><tr><td>Penicillin/Streptomycin mix</td><td>Sigma</td><td>P4333</td><td>Store at -20 &amp;deg;C in 1 ml aliquots.</td></tr><tr><td>25 cc tissue culture flask</td><td>SLS</td><td>353109</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>75 cc tissue culture flask</td><td>SLS</td><td>353136</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells vial</td><td>Lonza</td><td>PT-2501</td><td>Store in liquid nitrogen upon arrival. Cells are at passage 2 upon arrival but are designated passage 0. Exapand to passage 3 and store in liquid nitrogen for later use.</td></tr><tr><td>Mesenchymal stem cell growth medium (MSCGM)</td><td>Lonza</td><td>PT-3001</td><td>Warm in 37 &amp;deg;C water bath before use. For Cell Tracker Green staining use medium without FCS.</td></tr><tr><td>EDTA (0.02%) solution</td><td>Sigma</td><td>E8008</td><td>Store at 4 &amp;deg;C. Warm in 37 &amp;deg;C water bath before use.</td></tr><tr><td>Trypsin solution</td><td>Sigma</td><td>T4424</td><td>Store at -20 &amp;deg;C in 2 ml aliquots. Thaw at RT and use immediately.</td></tr><tr><td>Cryovials</td><td>Greiner bio-one</td><td>2019-02</td><td>Keep on ice before adding before adding cell suspension.</td></tr><tr><td>Mr. Frosty Freezing Container</td><td>Nalgene</td><td>5100-0001</td><td>Store at RT. When adding cryovials with cells store at -80 &amp;deg;C for 24 hr before transfering cells to liquid nitrogen.</td></tr><tr><td>Ibidi u-Slide VI (0.4), T/C treated, sterile</td><td>Ibidi</td><td>IB-80606</td><td>Alternative models include glass capillaries, Cellix Biochips (www.cellixltd.com), BioFlux Plates (www.fluxionbio.com/bioflux/) and GlycoTech parallel plate flow chambers (http://www.glycotech.com/apparatus/parallel.html).</td></tr><tr><td>Cell tracker green dye</td><td>Life technologies</td><td>C2925</td><td>Store in 5 &amp;micro;l aliquots at -20 &amp;deg;C. Dilute in 5 ml prewarmed (at 37 &amp;deg;C) MSCGM.</td></tr><tr><td>Cell counting chambers</td><td>Nexcelom</td><td>SD-100</td><td>Alternatively a haemocytometer can be used.</td></tr><tr><td>Cellometer auto T4 cell counter</td><td>Nexcelom</td><td>Auto T4-203-0238</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Tumor necrosis factor &amp;alpha; (TNF&amp;alpha;)</td><td>R&amp;amp;D Systems</td><td>210-TA-100</td><td>Dilute stock in PBS to a final concentration of 100,000 U/ml. Store at -80 &amp;deg;C in 10 &amp;micro;l aliquots.</td></tr><tr><td>6-well, 0.4 &amp;micro;m PET Transwell filters</td><td>SLS</td><td>353090</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>K2-EDTA in 10ml tubes</td><td>Sarstedt</td><td></td><td>Store at RT.</td></tr><tr><td>Histopaque 1119</td><td>Sigma</td><td>11191</td><td>Store at 4 &amp;deg;C. Warm to RT before use.</td></tr><tr><td>Histopaque 1077</td><td>Sigma</td><td>10771</td><td>Store at 4 &amp;deg;C. Warm to RT before use.</td></tr><tr><td>10 ml round bottomed tube</td><td>Appleton Woods</td><td>SC211 142 AS</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>7.5% BSA Fraction V solution</td><td>Life technologies</td><td>15260-037</td><td>Store at 4 &amp;deg;C.</td></tr><tr><td>20 ml Plastipak syringes</td><td>BD falcon</td><td>300613</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>5 ml Plastipak syringes</td><td>BD falcon</td><td>302187</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>2 ml Plastipak syringes</td><td>BD falcon</td><td>300185</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>3M hypo-allergenic surgical tape 9 m x 2.5 cm</td><td>Micropore</td><td>1530-1</td><td>Use to secure the syringe tap onto the wall of the perspex chamber.</td></tr><tr><td>Silicon rubber tubing, internal diameter/external diameter (ID/OD) of 1/3 mm (thin tubing)</td><td>Fisher Scientific</td><td>FB68854</td><td>Cut silicon tubing to the appropriate size. All tubing leading directly to the electronic microvalve must be thin.</td></tr><tr><td>Silicon rubber tubing ID/OD of 2/4 mm (thick tubing)</td><td>Fisher Scientific</td><td>FB68855</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Portex Blue Line Manometer tubing</td><td>Smiths</td><td>200/495/200</td><td>Tubing leading to the syringe pump.</td></tr><tr><td>3-way stopcock</td><td>BOC Ohmeda AB</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Glass 50 ml syringe for pump</td><td>Popper Micromate</td><td>550962</td><td>Must be primed prior to use by removing any air bubbles.</td></tr><tr><td>Glass coverslip</td><td>Raymond A Lamb</td><td></td><td>26 x 76 mm coverslips made to order. Lot number 2440980.</td></tr><tr><td>Parafilm gasket</td><td>American National Can Company</td><td></td><td>Cut a 26 x 76 mm piece of parafilm using an aluminium template and cut a 20 x 4 mm slot into it using a scalpel 10a. Gasket thickness is approximately 133 &amp;micro;m.</td></tr><tr><td>Two perspex parallel plates</td><td>Wolfson Applied Technology Laboratory</td><td></td><td>Specially designed chamber consisting of parallel plates held together by 8 screws. The lower plate has a viewing slot cut out in the middle and a shallow recess milled to allow space for the coverslip, filter and gasket. The upper perspex plate has an inlet and outlet hole positioned over the flow channel.</td></tr><tr><td>Electronic 3-way microvalve with min. dead space</td><td>Lee Products Ltd.</td><td>LFYA1226032H</td><td>Electronically connected to a 12 volt DC power supply.</td></tr><tr><td>Syringe pump for infusion/withdrawal (PHD2000)</td><td>Harvard Apparatus</td><td>70-2001</td><td>Set the diameter to 29 mm and refill (flow) rate.</td></tr><tr><td>L-shaped connector</td><td>Labhut</td><td>LE876</td><td>To attach to the inlet and outlet ports onto the Ibidi microslide channel.</td></tr><tr><td>Video camera</td><td>Qimaging</td><td>01-QIC-F-M-12-C</td><td>Connected to a computer which enables digitall videos to be recorded.</td></tr><tr><td>Image-Pro Plus 7.0</td><td>Media Cybernetics</td><td>41N70000-61592</td><td>For data analysis. Manually tag cells displaying the different behaviors. Track cells for analysis of rolling and migration velocities.</td></tr><tr><td colspan="4">Refer to product datasheets for details on hazards of using the reagents described here.</td></tr></tbody></table>

analyzing the effects of stromal cells on the recruitment of leukocytes from flow

기질 세포는 이웃 내피 세포와 크로스 토크 (cross-talk)를 통해 염증 동안 순환 백혈구의 채용을 조절한다. 여기에서 우리는 염증이 혈관 내피 세포에 의해 흐름에서 호중구 순환의 모집을 공부 두 체외 &quot;혈관&quot;모델을 설명합니다. 이러한 모델의 주요 이점은, 생체 내에서 발생할 수있는 바와 같이, 순서대로 백혈구 접착 캐스케이드의 각 단계를 분석하는 능력이다. 우리는 또한 두 모델은 백혈구 모집을 조절하는,이 경우 중간 엽 줄기 세포 (MSC)에서 기질 세포의 역할을 연구하기 위해 적용 할 수있는 방법에 대해 설명합니다. 기본 내피 세포는 Ibidi의 microslides에 24 시간 동안없이 Transwell 필터의 반대편에 직접 접촉하는 인간의 MSC 혼자 또는 함께 배양 하였다. 배양 4 시간 동안 종양 괴사 인자 알파 (TNFα)로 자극과 흐름 기반 부착 분석법에 혼입 하였다. 호중구의 루스는 관류되었다4 분의 내피 세포 이상. 호중구와 내피 세포와의 상호 작용을 흐르는 캡처 위상차 현미경으로 시각화했다. 두 모델에서 사이토 카인 자극은 용량 의존적으로 흐르는 호중구의 내피 모집 증가했다. 모집 호중구의 거동 분석 압연 용량 의존적 감소 및 내피 통해 이주에서 용량 의존적으로 증가 하였다. 공동 문화에서, MSC는 TNFα 자극 내피 세포에 호중구 부착을 억제. 우리 플로우 기반 유착 모델에서 순환 백혈구 보충의 초기 위상을 모방. 백혈구뿐만 아니라, 그들은 그러한 치료 학적 투여 MSC 또는 순환하는 종양 세포와 같은 다른 세포 유형의 채용을 검토 할 수있다. 우리의 다층 공동 문화 모델은 MSC는 염증성 사이토 카인에 대한 반응을 수정하는 내피 세포와 통신 것으로 나타났습니다, alteri호중구의 모집 겨. 이러한 모델을 사용하여 더 많은 연구가 완전히 다른 조직 및 조건 (염증성 질환 또는 암)에서 어떻게 기질 세포를 이해 염증시 백혈구의 채용에 영향을 미치는 데 필요합니다.

처음에, 우리는 마이크로 슬라이드 Ibidi의 모델 (- 9 부 (7))를 사용하여 흐름 호중구 모집 TNFα와 EC를 자극하는 효과를 분석 하였다. TNFα, 어떤 호중구의 내피 부착 단층 작은 경우 (도 2a)의 부재. 이 (25), (26) 바인딩 지원에 필요한 접착 분자 (셀렉틴) 또는 케모카인을 표명하지 아니 EC 휴식 / 치료로 예상했다. 대조적으로, 사이토킨 자극 크게 용량 의존적으로 ...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Analyzing the Effects of Stromal Cells on the Recruitment of Leukocytes from Flow at JoVE.com

Analyzing the Effects of Stromal Cells on the Recruitment of Leukocytes from Flow

흐름에서 백혈구를 모집 염증이 혈관 내피 세포의 기능은 중간 엽 기질 세포에 의해 조절된다. 우리는 흐름 호중구 모집을 평가하고 간엽 기질 세포가 이러한 과정을 조절하는 것을 재생 역할을 조사하는데 사용될 수있다 일차 인간 세포를 통합 두 시험 관내 모델을 설명한다.

흐름에서 백혈구의 모집에 기질 세포의 영향 분석

Stromal cells regulate the recruitment of circulating leukocytes during inflammation through cross-talk with neighboring endothelial cells. Here we ...

analyzing-effects-stromal-cells-on-recruitment-leukocytes-from

Research

JoVE Journal

Immunology and Infection

10.2K 조회수.  University of Birmingham.  흐름에서 백혈구를 모집 염증이 혈관 내피 세포의 기능은 중간 엽 기질 세포에 의해 조절된다. 우리는 흐름 호중구 모집을 평가하고 간엽 기질 세포가 이러한 과정을 조절하는 것을 재생 역할을 조사하는데 사용될 수있다 일차 인간 세포를 통합 두 시험 관내 모델을 설명한다. 

비디오: Analyzing the Effects of Stromal Cells on the Recruitment of Leukocytes from Flow

Production and Administration of Therapeutic Mesenchymal Stem/Stromal Cell (MSC) Spheroids Primed in 3-D Cultures Under Xeno-free Conditions

Mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (MSCs) hold great promise in bioengineering and regenerative medicine. MSCs can be isolated from multiple adult tissues via their strong adherence to tissue culture plastic and then further expanded in vitro, most commonly using fetal bovine serum (FBS). Since FBS can cause MSCs to become immunogenic, its presence in MSC cultures limits both clinical and experimental applications of the cells. Therefore, studies employing chemically defined xeno-free (XF) media for MSC cultures are extremely valuable. Many beneficial effects of MSCs have been attributed to their ability to regulate inflammation and immunity, mainly through secretion of immunomodulatory factors such as tumor necrosis factor-stimulated gene 6 (TSG6) and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2). However, MSCs require activation to produce these factors and since the effect of MSCs is often transient, great interest has emerged to discover ways of pre-activating the cells prior to their use, thus eliminating the lag time for activation in vivo. Here we present protocols to efficiently activate or prime MSCs in three-dimensional (3D) cultures under chemically defined XF conditions and to administer these pre-activated MSCs in vivo. Specifically, we first describe methods to generate spherical MSC micro-tissues or &#39;spheroids&#39; in hanging drops using XF medium and demonstrate how the spheres and conditioned medium (CM) can be harvested for various applications. Second, we describe gene expression screens and in vitro functional assays to rapidly assess the level of MSC activation in spheroids, emphasizing the anti-inflammatory and anti-cancer potential of the cells. Third, we describe a novel method to inject intact MSC spheroids into the mouse peritoneal cavity for in vivo efficacy testing. Overall, the protocols herein overcome major challenges of obtaining pre-activated MSCs under chemically defined XF conditions and provide a flexible system to administer MSC spheroids for therapies.

Production and Administration of Therapeutic Mesenchymal Stem/Stromal Cell MSC Spheroids Primed in 3-D Cultures Under Xeno-free Conditions

The therapeutic potential of mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (MSCs) is well-documented, however the best method of preparing the cells for patients remains controversial. Herein, we communicate protocols to efficiently generate and administer therapeutic spherical aggregates or 'spheroids' of MSCs primed under xeno-free conditions for experimental and clinical applications.

제노없는 조건에서 3-D 문화의 생산과 치료 중간 엽 줄기의 관리 / 기질 세포 (MSC) 타원체 뇌관

Mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (MSCs) hold great promise in bioengineering and regenerative medicine. MSCs can be isolated from multiple adult tissues via ...

연구

발생학

A Novel Three-dimensional Flow Chamber Device to Study Chemokine-directed Extravasation of Cells Circulating under Physiological Flow Conditions

Extravasation of circulating cells from the bloodstream plays a central role in many physiological and pathophysiological processes, including stem cell homing and tumor metastasis. The three-dimensional flow chamber device (hereafter the 3D device) is a novel in vitro technology that recreates physiological shear stress and allows each step of the cell extravasation cascade to be quantified. The 3D device consists of an upper compartment in which the cells of interest circulate under shear stress, and a lower compartment of static wells that contain the chemoattractants of interest. The two compartments are separated by porous inserts coated with a monolayer of endothelial cells (EC). An optional second insert with microenvironmental cells of interest can be placed immediately beneath the EC layer. A gas exchange unit allows the optimal CO2 tension to be maintained and provides an access point to add or withdraw cells or compounds during the experiment. The test cells circulate in the upper compartment at the desired shear stress (flow rate) controlled by a peristaltic pump. At the end of the experiment, the circulating and migrated cells are collected for further analyses. The 3D device can be used to examine cell rolling on and adhesion to EC under shear stress, transmigration in response to chemokine gradients, resistance to shear stress, cluster formation, and cell survival. In addition, the optional second insert allows the effects of crosstalk between EC and microenvironmental cells to be examined. The translational applications of the 3D device include testing of drug candidates that target cell migration and predicting the in vivo behavior of cells after intravenous injection. Thus, the novel 3D device is a versatile and inexpensive tool to study the molecular mechanisms that mediate cellular extravasation.

The three-dimensional flow chamber device is a novel in vitro technology for the quantitative and step-wise evaluation of the extravasation cascade of cells circulating under conditions of physiological shear stress. The device therefore fills a critical need for basic, preclinical, and clinical studies of cell migration.

생리 흐름 조건에서 순환 세포의 케모카인 - 감독 넘쳐을 연구하는 소설 입체 흐름 챔버 장치

Extravasation of circulating cells from the bloodstream plays a central role in many physiological and pathophysiological processes, including stem cell ...

생체공학

Analysis of Cell Migration within a Three-dimensional Collagen Matrix

The ability to migrate is a hallmark of various cell types and plays a crucial role in several physiological processes, including&#160;embryonic development, wound healing, and immune responses. However, cell migration is also a key mechanism in cancer enabling these cancer cells to detach from the primary tumor to start metastatic spreading. Within the past years various cell migration assays have been developed to analyze the migratory behavior of different cell types. Because the locomotory behavior of cells markedly differs between a two-dimensional (2D) and three-dimensional (3D) environment it can be assumed that the analysis of the migration of cells that are embedded within a 3D environment would yield in more significant cell migration data. The advantage of the described 3D collagen matrix migration assay is that cells are embedded within a physiological 3D network of collagen fibers representing the major component of the extracellular matrix. Due to time-lapse video microscopy real cell migration is measured allowing the determination of several migration parameters as well as their alterations in response to pro-migratory factors or inhibitors. Various cell types could be analyzed using this technique, including lymphocytes/leukocytes, stem cells, and tumor cells. Likewise, also cell clusters or spheroids could be embedded within the collagen matrix concomitant with analysis of the emigration of single cells from the cell cluster/ spheroid into the collagen lattice. We conclude that the 3D collagen matrix migration assay is a versatile method to analyze the migration of cells within a physiological-like 3D environment.

Cell migration is a biological phenomenon that is involved in a plethora of physiological, such as wound healing and immune responses, and pathophysiological processes, like cancer. The 3D-collagen matrix migration assay is a versatile tool to analyze the migratory properties of different cell types within in a 3D physiological-like environment.

세 가지 차원 콜라겐 매트릭스 내에서 세포의 이동 분석

The ability to migrate is a hallmark of various cell types and plays a crucial role in several physiological processes, including&#160;embryonic ...

Isolation of Murine Lymph Node Stromal Cells

Secondary lymphoid organs including lymph nodes are composed of stromal cells that provide a structural environment for homeostasis, activation and differentiation of lymphocytes. Various stromal cell subsets have been identified by the expression of the adhesion molecule CD31 and glycoprotein podoplanin (gp38), T zone reticular cells or fibroblastic reticular cells, lymphatic endothelial cells, blood endothelial cells and FRC-like pericytes within the double negative cell population. For all populations different functions are described including, separation and lining of different compartments, attraction of and interaction with different cell types, filtration of the draining fluidics and contraction of the lymphatic vessels. In the last years, different groups have described an additional role of stromal cells in orchestrating and regulating cytotoxic T cell responses potentially dangerous for the host. 
Lymph nodes are complex structures with many different cell types and therefore require a appropriate procedure for isolation of the desired cell populations. Currently, protocols for the isolation of lymph node stromal cells rely on enzymatic digestion with varying incubation times; however, stromal cells and their surface molecules are sensitive to these enzymes, which results in loss of surface marker expression and cell death. Here a short enzymatic digestion protocol combined with automated mechanical disruption to obtain viable single cells suspension of lymph node stromal cells maintaining their surface molecule expression is proposed.

Isolation of lymph node stromal cells is a multistep procedure including enzymatic digestion and mechanical disaggregation to obtain fibroblastic reticular cells, lymphatic and blood endothelial cells. In the described procedure, a short digestion is combined with automated mechanical disaggregation to minimize surface marker degradation of viable lymph node stromal cells.

쥐과 림프절 기질 세포의 분리

Secondary lymphoid organs including lymph nodes are composed of stromal cells that provide a structural environment for homeostasis, activation and ...

면역학 및 감염병학

Assessment of the Immunomodulatory Properties of Human Mesenchymal Stem Cells (MSCs)

The immunomodulatory properties of multilineage human mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) appear to be highly relevant for clinical use towards a wide-range of immune-related diseases. Mechanisms involved are increasingly being elucidated and in this article, we describe the basic experiment to assess MSC immunomodulation by assaying for suppression of effector leukocyte proliferation. Representing activation, leukocyte proliferation can be assessed by a number of techniques, and we describe in this protocol the use of the fluorescent cellular dye carboxyfluorescein succinimidyl ester (CFSE) to label leukocytes with subsequent flow cytometric analyses. This technique can not only assess proliferation without radioactivity, but also the number of cell divisions that have occurred as well as allowing for identification of the specific population of proliferating cells and intracellular cytokine/factor expression. Moreover, the assay can be tailored to evaluate specific populations of effector leukocytes by magnetic bead surface marker selection of single peripheral blood mononuclear cell populations prior to co-culture with MSCs. The flexibility of this co-culture assay is useful for investigating cellular interactions between MSCs and leukocytes.

Assessment of the Immunomodulatory Properties of Human Mesenchymal Stem Cells MSCs

The immunomodulatory properties of human mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) appear increasingly relevant for clinical application. Using a co-culture system of MSCs and peripheral blood leukocytes pre-stained with the fluorescent dye carboxyfluorescein succinimidyl ester (CFSE), we describe the in vitro assessment of MSC immunomodulation on effector leukocyte proliferation and specific subpopulations.

인간 중간 엽 줄기 세포의 면역 속성 (MSCS)의 평가

The immunomodulatory properties of multilineage human mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) appear to be highly relevant for clinical use towards a wide-range of ...

Modeling Chemotherapy Resistant Leukemia In Vitro

It is well established that the bone marrow microenvironment provides a unique site of sanctuary for hematopoietic diseases that both initiate and progress in this site. The model presented in the current report utilizes human primary bone marrow stromal cells and osteoblasts as two representative cell types from the marrow niche that influence tumor cell phenotype. The in vitro co-culture conditions described for human leukemic cells with these primary niche components support the generation of a chemoresistant subpopulation of tumor cells that can be efficiently recovered from culture for analysis by diverse techniques. A strict feeding schedule to prevent nutrient fluxes followed by gel type 10 cross-linked dextran (G10) particles recovery of the population of tumor cells that have migrated beneath the adherent bone marrow stromal cells (BMSC) or osteoblasts (OB) generating a "phase dim" (PD) population of tumor cells, provides a consistent source of purified therapy resistant leukemic cells. This clinically relevant population of tumor cells can be evaluated by standard methods to investigate apoptotic, metabolic, and cell cycle regulatory pathways as well as providing a more rigorous target in which to test novel therapeutic strategies prior to pre-clinical investigations targeted at minimal residual disease.

Modeling Chemotherapy Resistant Leukemia In Vitro

The current report summarizes a protocol that can be utilized to model the influence of the bone marrow microenvironment niche on leukemic cells with emphasis placed on enrichment of the most chemoresistant subpopulation.

모델링 화학 요법 내성 백혈병<em&gt; 체외</em

It is well established that the bone marrow microenvironment provides a unique site of sanctuary for hematopoietic diseases that both initiate and ...

의학

Laminar Flow-based Assays to Investigate Leukocyte Recruitment on Cultured Vascular Cells and Adherent Platelets

The recruitment of leukocytes upon injury or inflammation to sites of injury or tissue damage has been investigated during recent decades and has resulted in the concept of the leukocyte adhesion cascade. However, the exact molecular mechanisms involved in leukocyte recruitment have not yet been fully identified. Since leukocyte recruitment remains an important subject in the field of infection, inflammation, and (auto-) immune research, we present a straightforward laminar flow-based assay to study underlying mechanisms of the adhesion, de-adhesion, and transmigration of leukocytes under venous and arterial flow regimes. The in vitro assay can be used to study the molecular mechanisms that underlie the interactions between leukocytes and their cellular partners in different models of vascular inflammation. This protocol describes a laminar flow-based assay using a parallel-flow chamber and an inverted phase contrast microscope connected to a camera to study the interactions of leukocytes and endothelial cells or platelets, which can be visualized and recorded then analyzed offline. Endothelial cells, platelets, or leukocytes can be pretreated with inhibitors or antibodies to determine the role of specific molecules during this process. Shear conditions, i.e. arterial or venous shear stress, can be easily adapted by the viscosity and flow rate of the perfused fluids and the height of the channel.

Leukocytes avidly interact with vascular cells and platelets after vessel wall injury or during inflammation. Here, we describe a straightforward laminar flow-based assay to characterize the molecular mechanisms that underlie the interactions between leukocytes and their cellular partners.

교양된 혈관 세포에 부착 혈소판 백혈구 신규 모집 조사 하 층 플로우 기반 분석

The recruitment of leukocytes upon injury or inflammation to sites of injury or tissue damage has been investigated during recent decades and has resulted ...

Simultaneous Study of the Recruitment of Monocyte Subpopulations Under Flow In Vitro

The recruitment of monocytes from the blood to targeted peripheral tissues is critical to the inflammatory process during tissue injury, tumor development and autoimmune diseases. This is facilitated through a process of capture from free flow onto the luminal surface of activated endothelial cells, followed by their adhesion and transendothelial migration (transmigration) into the underlying affected tissue. However, the mechanisms that support the preferential and context-dependent recruitment of monocyte subpopulations are still not fully understood. Therefore, we have developed a method that allows the recruitment of different monocyte subpopulations to be simultaneously visualized and measured under flow. This method, based on time-lapse confocal imaging, allows for the unambiguous distinction between adherent and transmigrated monocytes. Here, we describe how this method can be used to simultaneously study the recruitment cascade of pro-angiogenic and non-angiogenic monocytes in vitro. Furthermore, this method can be extended to study the different steps of recruitment of up to three monocyte populations.

Here, we present an integrated protocol that measures monocyte subpopulation trafficking under flow in vitro by use of specific surface markers and confocal fluorescence microscopy. This protocol can be used to explore sequential recruitment steps as well as to profile other leukocyte subtypes using other specific surface markers.

생체 외에서 흐름 아래 Monocyte 모집단의 채용의 동시 연구

The recruitment of monocytes from the blood to targeted peripheral tissues is critical to the inflammatory process during tissue injury, tumor development ...

Mesenchymal Stem Cell Regulation of Macrophage Phagocytosis; Quantitation and Imaging

Mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) have traditionally been studied for their regenerative properties, but more recently, their immunoregulatory characteristics have been at the forefront. They interact with and regulate immune cell activity. The focus of this study is the MSC regulation of macrophage phagocytic activity. Macrophage (M&#934;) phagocytosis is an important part of the innate immune system response to infection, and the mechanisms through which MSC modulate this response are under active investigation. Presented here is a method to study M&#934; phagocytosis of non-opsonized zymosan particles conjugated to a pH-sensitive fluorescent molecule while in co-culture with MSC. As phagocytic activity increases and the labeled zymosan particles are enclosed within the acidic environment of the phagolysosome, the fluorescence intensity of the pH-sensitive molecule increases. With the appropriate excitation and emission wavelengths, phagocytic activity is measured using a fluorescent spectrophotometer and kinetic data is presented as changes in relative fluorescent units over a 70 min period. To support this quantitative data, the change in the phagocytic activity is visualized using dynamic imaging. Results using this method demonstrate that when in co-culture, MSC enhance M&#934; phagocytosis of non-opsonized zymosan of both naive and IFN-&#947; treated M&#934;. These data add to the current knowledge of MSC regulation of the innate immune system. This method can be applied in future investigations to fully delineate the underlying cellular and molecular mechanisms.

Presented here is a protocol to quantify and produce dynamic images of mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) mediated regulation of macrophage (M&#934;) phagocytosis of non-opsonized yeast (zymosan) particles that are conjugated to a pH-sensitive fluorescent molecule.

대식세포식세포의 중간엽 줄기세포 조절; 수량 및 이미징

Mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) have traditionally been studied for their regenerative properties, but more recently, their immunoregulatory characteristics ...

Development of an Insert Co-culture System of Two Cellular Types in the Absence of Cell-Cell Contact

The role of secreted soluble factors in the modification of cellular responses is a recurrent theme in the study of all tissues and systems. In an attempt to make straightforward the very complex relationships between the several cellular subtypes that compose multicellular organisms, in vitro techniques have been developed to help researchers acquire a detailed understanding of single cell populations. One of these techniques uses inserts with a permeable membrane allowing secreted soluble factors to diffuse. Thus, a population of cells grown in inserts can be co-cultured in a well or dish containing a different cell type for evaluating cellular changes following paracrine signaling in the absence of cell-cell contact. Such insert co-culture systems offer various advantages over other co-culture techniques, namely bidirectional signaling, conserved cell polarity and population-specific detection of cellular changes. In addition to being utilized in the field of inflammation, cancer, angiogenesis and differentiation, these co-culture systems are of prime importance in the study of the intricate relationships that exist between the different cellular subtypes present in the central nervous system, particularly in the context of neuroinflammation. This article offers general methodological guidelines in order to set up an experiment in order to evaluating cellular changes mediated by secreted soluble factors using an insert co-culture system. Moreover, a specific protocol to measure the neuroinflammatory effects of cytokines secreted by lipopolysaccharide-activated N9 microglia on neuronal PC12 cells will be detailed, offering a concrete understanding of insert co-culture methodology.

In multicellular organisms, secreted soluble factors elicit responses from different cell types as a result of paracrine signaling. Insert co-culture systems offer a simple way to assess the changes mediated by secreted soluble factors in the absence of cell-cell contact.

세포 - 세포 연락이없는 두 세포 유형의 삽입 공동 배양 시스템 개발

The role of secreted soluble factors in the modification of cellular responses is a recurrent theme in the study of all tissues and systems. In an attempt ...