P23681-B16 :이 연구는 오스트리아 과학 기금 (FWF)에 의해 투자되었다.

식물 재료의 준비 (1) <ol><li> 대상 식물 재료 중 하나 잎 또는 전체 식물 (HOSTA 종. 또는 위 Phaseolus 심상)를 사용합니다. </li></ol> 얼음 핵 활동 (INA) 박테리아를 함유하는 물 솔루션 2. 준비 <ol><li> 문화는 INA 세균, 슈도모나스 시린 개 (Pseudomonas syringae)는 25 ° C 슈도모나스에 한천 (F)에서 배양 접시에 (주 CIT의-7) 제조업체의 방향을 100 % 글리세롤의 10g / ℓ로 준비했다. </li><li> 배양은 4 ℃에서 충분히 성장한 후 장소 필요하지만 얼음 핵 활성의 수준을 높일 이전 이틀 동안 4 ℃에서 유지 될 때까지. </li><li> 일회용 플라스틱과 한천의 표면으로부터 하나의 플레이트로부터 긁어 박테리아 또는 재사용 가능한 금속 주걱을 사용하여 장소시 탈 이온수 10 내지 15 ㎖에 25 ㎖ 일회용 큐벳에서. · 농도는 1 × 107 1 × 109의 범위 내에 있어야 </sup&gt; ml의 -1. 이 솔루션은 흐린 나타납니다. 농도가 단지 근사 될 필요성 혈구 또는 분광 광도계 농도를 확인할 필요는 없다. </li><li> 박테리아를 분배하는 10 초 이상 동안 큐벳을 소용돌이. 주의 : 수득 INA 혼합물의 특정한 농도는 중요하지 않으며 기술 된 프로토콜은 얼음 핵 활동의보다 적절한 레벨을 제공 할 것이다. INA 박테리아와 물의 혼합물은 핵 실험에서 나중에 사용될 것이다. </li></ol> 3. 냉동 실험 설정하기 <ol><li> 보호 아크릴 상자 안에 고해상도 적외선 카메라 (SC-660)를 올려되도록 상자 전면의 개구부를 통해 렌즈 프로젝트 및 박스의 후방 개구를 통하여 랩탑 또는 기록 장치 출구에 카메라를 연결하는 와이어 . 상자의 뚜껑을 고정하고있는 위치에 환경 챔버 또는 냉장고 내부의 상자를 배치 할 모든 것아야 대상 식물 재료를 볼 수 있습니다. <ol><li> 반사 된 적외선 에너지로부터의 간섭을 방지하기 위해 흑색 도화지와 챔버의 벽을 라이닝 식물 물질 주위의 어두운 배경을 제공한다. </li><li> 가시 파장에서의 화상 기록이 요구 될 때 광원으로부터의 가열을 최소화하기 위해 LED 조명 챔버를 장착한다. 식물이 카메라로 표시하는 등의 배터리로 작동 옷장 빛 또는 다른 작은 LED 장치로 조명 만 최소가 필요합니다. <ol><li> 대상 식물 재료의 볼 이미지가 촬영되면, LED 조명을 끄십시오. 포트 또는 챔버 내의 다른 개구부를 통해 카메라에 모든 외부 유선 연결 (컴퓨터 FireWire 연결, 전원 코드 등)를 분배. </li></ol></li><li> 피하거나 챔버 내에서 온도 기울기를 감소시키기 위해 발포 단열재와 포트 또는 개구에 여분의 공간을 채우기. 1 ° C에서 챔버의 초기 온도를 설정합니다. </li></ol></li><li> 식물 재료는 카메라의 시야에 있고, 식물 재료가 원격보기 화면 또는 선택된 소프트웨어 내에 표시되도록 식물 또는 식물 파트를 정렬. </li><li> 식물 전에 동결 제어 실험을 시작으로, 식물 재료의 크기에 따라 1 시간 30 분 동안 0 ° C에서 평형을 허용. 이 실험은 동결 시작되면 식물의 온도가 몇도만큼 공기 온도 뒤쳐하지 않을 것을 보장한다. 식물 재료의 온도는 대기 온도의 0.5 ° C 내에있을 때 평형이 달성된다. <ol><li> 화분에 심은 식물을 사용하는 경우 화분의 흙 위에 스티로폼 단열재의 층을 놓습니다. 식물이 평형 한 후, 챔버의 냉각 개시. 주 : 냄비의 토양 표면에 절연 층이 식물 주변 공기 포트로부터 계속 열 손실의 양을 감소시키고, FRE으로부터 뿌리를 방지ezing이 전형적으로 인해 토양에 잔류 열 존재의 대규모 저수지에 자연 서리 이벤트 기간 동안 발생하지 않을 것입니다. </li></ol></li><li> 3.4.1-3.4.4에서 논의 된 바와 같이, 원하는 카메라 매개 변수 (색상 팔레트, 온도 범위, 관심의 특정 영역 등)을 설정합니다. <ol><li> 라이브 영상을 보는 동안 온도 변화를 표시하는 무지개 색상 표를 선택합니다. </li><li> 단지 소프트웨어의 이미지 아래에있는 온도 막대를 조정하여 5 ° C의 온도 범위를 설정합니다. </li><li> 선택된 팔레트 (무지개)에 의해 정의 된 거짓 컬러 화상에 적외선 데이터를 변환하기위한 리니어 스케일 (알고리즘)를 선택하고, 5 ℃까지 온도 범위를 설정하고, 화상에 기초하여 자동으로 추적. 실험을 수행하는 동안 또는 수동으로 설정 범위를 조정합니다. <ol><li> 소프트웨어가 제공하는 관심의 정의 된 영역 내에서 특정 지점의 온도 또​​는 평균 온도를 사용하여이다. . 기록 된 비디오 시퀀스로부터 혹은 이미지 파일에 포함 된 정보로부터 모든 화소의 온도 데이터를 검색 ResearchIR 3 소프트웨어 내에서 일반적인 화면을 보여준다. </li></ol></li><li> 관심의 특정 지점을 나타내는 식물 조직의 위치에 커서를 놓습니다. 포인트 (1-3 사이즈 화소), 박스, 선, 타원, 또는 원으로 관심 영역을 정의. 점 또는 도형의 여러 조합이 이미지 위에 위치 될 수있다. </li></ol></li><li> 비디오 시퀀스 녹화 <ol><li> 60 Hz에서와 촬영 수동으로 중지 할 기록하기 위해 카메라를 설정합니다. </li><li> 녹화 된 비디오 파일이 배치 될 컴퓨터 또는 외부 드라이브의 위치를​​ 나타냅니다. </li><li> 녹화 시작. 참고 : 큰 비디오 파일이 생성되기 때문에 외장 하드 드라이브에 기록하는 것이 좋습니다. 녹화 된 비디오 파일은 나중에 NE 함유 부분만을 포함하도록 편집 될 수cessary 정보. 이것은 크게 파일 크기를 감소시킬 것이다. </li><li> 0.5 -1.0 ° C에 의해 점진적으로 챔버의 온도를 낮 춥니 다. 식물 온도가 대기 온도와 평형을 때까지 기다린 후 0.5 ~ 1.0 ° C로 다시 온도를 낮 춥니 다. 식물 관찰되는 조직과 형태의 질량에 따라, 평형은 10 분 (15)에 걸릴 수 있습니다. 따라서, 약 4 ° C / 시간의 냉각 속도를 제공. </li><li> 식물 얼과 관측이 완료 될 때까지 이러한 방식으로 계속. 냉동 처리가 완료되면, 기록 종료. 참고 : 그들은 동일한 온도에서 때문에 식물 재료 및 배경이 동색 인 경우에 식물 조직은 공기 온도로 평형화 하였다. 배경 온도 및 식물 조직의 온도가 동일하게되어 있기 때문에, 다시 온도를 낮추고 식물 조직과 간의 온도 차이가있을 때까지 식물 재료를 시각화하기 어려울 수있다IR 온도. </li></ol></li></ol>

<ol>
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C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Space+and+time+dependence+of+temperature+and+freezing+in+evergreen+leaves).">Space and time dependence of temperature and freezing in evergreen leaves).</a> Func. Plant Biol. 29 (11), 1259-1272 (2002).</li><li>Sekozawa, Y., Sugaya, S., Gemma, H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Observations+of+ice+nucleation+and+propagation+in+flowers+of+Japanese+Pear+(Pyrus+Pyrifolia).">Observations of ice nucleation and propagation in flowers of Japanese Pear (Pyrus Pyrifolia).</a> Nakai) using infrared video. 73 (1), 1-6 (2004).</li><li>Hacker, J., Neuner, G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Ice+propagation+in+plants+visualized+at+the+tissue+level+by+IDTA+(infrared+differential+thermal+analysis).">Ice propagation in plants visualized at the tissue level by IDTA (infrared differential thermal analysis).</a> Tree Physiol. 27, 1661-1670 (2007).</li><li>Hacker, J., Neuner, G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Ice+propagation+in+dehardened+alpine+plant+species+studied+by+infrared+differential+thermal+analysis+(IDTA).">Ice propagation in dehardened alpine plant species studied by infrared differential thermal analysis (IDTA).</a> Arc. Antarc. Alp. Res. 40 (4), 660-670 (2008).</li><li>Hacker, J., Spindelb&#246;ck, J., Neuner, G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mesophyll+freezing+and+effects+of+freeze+dehydration+visualized+by+simultaneous+measurement+of+IDTA+and+differential+imaging+chlorophyll+fluorescence.">Mesophyll freezing and effects of freeze dehydration visualized by simultaneous measurement of IDTA and differential imaging chlorophyll fluorescence.</a> Plant Cell Environ. 31, 1725-1733 (2008).</li><li>Neuner, G., XU, B., Hacker, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Velocity+and+pattern+of+ice+propagation+and+deep+supercooling+in+woody+stems+of+Castanea+sativa.,+Morus+nigra.+and+Quercus+robur.+measured+by+IDTA.">Velocity and pattern of ice propagation and deep supercooling in woody stems of Castanea sativa., Morus nigra. and Quercus robur. measured by IDTA.</a> Tree Physiol. 30, 1037-1045 (2010).</li><li>Hacker, J., Ladinig, U., Wagner, J., Neuner, G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Inflorescences+of+alpine+cushion+plants+freeze+autonomously+and+may+survive+subzero+temperatures+by+supercooling.">Inflorescences of alpine cushion plants freeze autonomously and may survive subzero temperatures by supercooling.</a> Plant Sci. 180, 149-156 (2011).</li><li>Kuprian, E., Briceno, V., Wagner, J., Neuner, G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Ice+barriers+promote+supercooling+and+prevent+frost+injury+in+reproductive+buds,+flowers+and+fruits+of+alpine+dwarf+shrubs+throughout+the+summer.">Ice barriers promote supercooling and prevent frost injury in reproductive buds, flowers and fruits of alpine dwarf shrubs throughout the summer.</a> Env. Exp. Bot. 106, 4-12 (2014).</li><li>Wisniewski, M., Glenn, D. M., Fuller, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Use+of+a+hydrophobic+particle+film+as+a+barrier+to+extrinsic+ice+nucleation+in+tomato+plants.">Use of a hydrophobic particle film as a barrier to extrinsic ice nucleation in tomato plants.</a> HortScience. 127, 358-364 (2002).</li><li>Aryal, B., &amp;Neuner, G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Leaf+wettability+decreases+along+an+extreme+altitudinal+gradient.">Leaf wettability decreases along an extreme altitudinal gradient.</a> Oecologia. 162, 1-9 (2010).</li><li>Wisniewski, M., Fuller, M. P., Margesin, R., Schinner, F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Ice nucleation and deep supercooling in plants: new insights using infrared thermography. In: Cold adapted organisms. Ecology, physiology, enzymologyandmolecularbiology. , 105-118 (1999).</li><li>Franks, F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Biophysics and biochemistry at low temperatures. , (1985).</li><li>Neuner, G., Kuprian, E., Hincha, D., Zuther, E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Infrared+thermal+analysis+of+plant+freezing+processes.">Infrared thermal analysis of plant freezing processes.</a> Methods in Molecular Biology: Plant Cold Acclimation. , 91-98 (2014).</li></ol>

저자는 더 경쟁 재정적 이해 관계 나 이해 관계의 충돌이 없습니다.

물 우물 0 ° C 이하의 온도와 물이 상당히 가변적 일 수 동결되는 온도로 과냉각하는 기능을 갖는다. 순수 과냉각 36 내열 온도는 약 -40 ° C이며 균질 핵 생성 지점으로 정의된다. 따뜻한 온도에서 물이 동결보다 -40 ° C는 다음 얼음 형성과 성장을위한 촉매 역할을하는 형성하는 작은 얼음 배아를 사용하는 것이 핵형 성제 이종의 존재에 의해 초래됩니다. (37) 자연 속에서 분자의 다?...

식물이 활발하게 성장하는 때 발생하는 온도를 동결하는 것은 식물이 거의 또는 전혀 동결 내성이 경우 특히, 치명적이 될 수 있습니다. 이러한 서리 이벤트는 종종 농업 생산에 파괴적인 영향을 가지고 있으며, 특히 고산, 서브 북극과 북극 생태계 1-6, 식물의 자연 집단에서 사회 구조 형성에 중요한 역할을 할 수있다. 심한 봄 서리의 에피소드는 최근 7-9 년 미국과 남미에서 과일 생산에 큰 영향이 있고 전형적인 평균 저온 다음 따뜻한 날씨의 초기 발병에 의해 악화되고있다. 초기의 따뜻한 날씨는 더 서리 허용 1,3,10-12 매우 작은이 모두 새로운 싹, 잎, 꽃의 성장을 활성화, 휴식 싹을 유도한다. 이러한 불규칙적 인 기상 패턴 지속적인 기후 변화의 직접적인 반사 것으로보고되었으며 FORES위한 공통 날씨 패턴이 될 것으로 예상된다eeable 미래 (13). 증가 된 서리 내성을 제공 할 수있다, 경제적 효과 및 환경 친화적 인 경영 기법이나 농약을 제공하기위한 노력이 이유 호스트의 제한적인 성공이 있었다 그러나이 부분적 내성을 동결 식물 회피 메커니즘을 동결 복잡한 성질에 기인 할 수있다. (14) 식물에서 서리 생존과 관련된 적응 메커니즘은 전통적으로 내성을 동결 방지 동결, 두 가지 범주로 구분하고있다. 전 분류는 식물의 존재와 그 조직에서 얼음의 탈수 효과와 연관된 응력을 견딜 수 있도록하는 유전자의 특정 세트에 의해 조절 생화학 적 메커니즘과 연관된다. 후자는 통상적으로, 그러나 오직, 플랜트 (14)의 구조를 결정 식물의 측면 및 얼음 형성과 연관된 상태. 광고로 동결 방지의 보급에도 불구하고aptive 메커니즘 연구는 거의 기본 메커니즘 및 동결 방지의 규정을 이해하는데 최근에 전념하고있다. 독자는이 주제에 대한 더 자세한 사항은 최근의 리뷰 (15)로 지칭된다. 저온에서 얼음의 형성이 간단한 방법처럼 보일 수도 있지만, 많은 요인은 공장 내에서 확산 식물 조직에있는 얼음 핵이 방법에서 온도를 결정하는 것에 기여한다. 같은 핵형 성제 외적인 얼음의 존재하에, 이종 대 균질 핵 생성 이벤트, 열 이력 (부동액) 단백질, 특정 당 및 다른 osmolytes의 존재, 및 식물의 구조적 측면 호스트로 파라미터 수있는 것은 중요한 플레이 식물 동결 과정에서 역할. 종합적으로, 이러한 매개 변수는 얼음이 시작하고 성장하는 방법 어디 공장이 정지되는 온도에 영향을 미친다. 또한 생성 된 얼음 결정의 형태에 영향을 미칠 수있다.다양한 방법 LTSEM (핵 자기 공명 분광법 (NMR) (16), 자기 공명 영상 (MRI) (17), 크라이 현미경 18-19, 저온 주사 전자 현미경을 포함 실험실 조건 하에서 식물 동결 과정을 연구하기 위해 사용되어왔다 ). 실험실 및 필드 설정에서 전체 식물의 20 냉동 그러나, 주로 열전대로 모니터링하고있다. 동결을 연구하는 열전대의 사용은 물이 액체로부터 고체로 상 변화를 겪는다 열 해방 (융해열)에 기초한다. 동결 후, 발열 이벤트로서 기록된다. 21-23 열전대 식물 동결 공부 선택 전형적인 방법이더라도, 이들의 사용은 이벤트 동안 동결 얻어진 정보의 양을 제한하는 많은 한계가있다. 예를 들어, 열전대와 그것이 어떻게 전파 얼음, 식물에서 개시되는 위치를 결정하는 것은 거의 불가능에 어렵고,그것은 더 속도로 전파하는 경우, 일부 조직은 얼음의 무료 유지합니다. 고해상도 적외선 체열 (HRIT) 24-27의 발전은, 그러나, 상당히 차동 촬상 모드에서 사용될 때, 특히 식물 전체에 동결 과정에 대한 정보를 획득 할 수있는 능력을 증가했다. 28-33을 본 보고서에서는 냉동 과정의 다양한 양태 및 어디에 어떤 온도에서 얼음 식물에서 개시되는 다양한 매개 변수에 영향을 연구하기 위해이 기술의 사용을 설명한다. 프로토콜은 높은, 영하의 온도에서 초본 식물에 동결 개시 외부 핵제 역할을 얼음 핵 활동 (INA) 박테리아의 능력, 슈도모나스 시린 개 (Pseudomonas syringae) (CIT의-7)를 보여 것이다 표시됩니다. 고해상도 적외선 카메라 이 보고서에 설명 된 프로토콜과 예는 적외선 높은 해상도를 사용비디오 복사계. 복사계 (도 1)는 적외선과 가시 광선 이미지 및 온도 데이터의 조합을 제공한다. 카메라의 스펙트럼 응답은 7.5-13.5 μm의 범위 인 640 × 480 화소 해상도를 제공한다. 가시 스펙트럼에 의해 생성 된 이미지 카메라 내장 복잡한 열적 이미지의 해석을 용이하게 실시간에서 IR-이미지로 융합 될 수있다. 카메라 렌즈의 범위는 확대 현미경 관찰을 할 수 있습니다. 카메라는 독립 실행 형 모드로 사용, 또는 인터페이스와 propietary 소프트웨어를 사용하여 노트북을 제어 할 수 있습니다. 소프트웨어가 기록 된 비디오 데이터에 포함 된 열 다양한를 얻기 위해 사용될 수있다. 이는 적외선 복사계의 다양한 시판 것을 주목하는 것이 중요하다. 따라서, 연구자 제품 엔지니어링 지식을 그들의 의도 된 적용을 논의하고 있음을보고 특정 연구자가 임의의 능력을 시험하는 것이 중요C 복사계 필요한 정보를 제공한다. 설명 된 프로토콜에 사용 촬상 복사계는 아크릴 상자 나 스티로폼 N 온난화 및 냉각 프로토콜 동안 축합 노출을 방지하기 위해,로 절연 (도 2)에 배치된다. 이 보호는 모든 카메라 또는 응용 프로그램에 필요하지 않습니다.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Infrared Camera</td>
			<td>FLIR</td>
			<td>SC-660</td>
			<td>Many models available depending on application</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Infrared Analytical Software</td>
			<td>FLIR</td>
			<td>ResearchIR 4.10.2.5</td>
			<td align="right">$3,500</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td rowspan="2">Pseudomonas syringae (strain Cit-7)</td>
			<td rowspan="2"></td>
			<td rowspan="2"></td>
			<td rowspan="2"><a href="mailto:icelab@berkeley.edu">Kindly provided by Dr. Steven Lindow, University of California&#160; Berkeley icelab@berkeley.edu</a></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Pseudomonas Agar F</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>DF0448-17-1</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

the use of high-resolution infrared thermography (hrit) for the study of ice nucleation and ice propagation in plants

Freezing events that occur when plants are actively growing can be a lethal event, particularly if the plant has no freezing tolerance. Such frost events often have devastating effects on agricultural production and can also play an important role in shaping community structure in natural populations of plants, especially in alpine, sub-arctic, and arctic ecosystems. Therefore, a better understanding of the freezing process in plants can play an important role in the development of methods of frost protection and understanding mechanisms of freeze avoidance. Here, we describe a protocol to visualize the freezing process in plants using high-resolution infrared thermography (HRIT). The use of this technology allows one to determine the primary sites of ice formation in plants, how ice propagates, and the presence of ice barriers. Furthermore, it allows one to examine the role of extrinsic and intrinsic nucleators in determining the temperature at which plants freeze and evaluate the ability of various compounds to either affect the freezing process or increase freezing tolerance. The use of HRIT allows one to visualize the many adaptations that have evolved in plants, which directly or indirectly impact the freezing process and ultimately enables plants to survive frost events.

얼음 + 박테리아의 얼음 핵 활동, 슈도모나스 시린 개 (Pseudomonas syringae) (주 CIT의-7) 10 μL의 물 방울과 피를 포함하는 물 10 μL syringae (CIT의-7) hosta 리프의 배축 표면에 배치했다 (HOSTA 종.) (그림 4). 도시 된 바와 같이, INA 박테리아 함유 물 방울과 제 동결 잎 표면에 물이 얼지 드롭 유지하면서 동결 잎을 유도 할 책임이었다. <p class="jove_c...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about The Use of High-resolution Infrared Thermography HRIT for the Study of Ice Nucleation and Ice Propagation in Plants at JoVE.com

The Use of High-resolution Infrared Thermography HRIT for the Study of Ice Nucleation and Ice Propagation in Plants

Here we present a protocol that allows one to visualize sites of ice formation and avenues of ice propagation in plants utilizing high resolution infrared thermography (HRIT).

식물의 얼음 핵 얼음 전파의 연구에 대한 고해상도 적외선 체열 (HRIT)의 사용

Freezing events that occur when plants are actively growing can be a lethal event, particularly if the plant has no freezing tolerance. Such frost events ...

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The Use of High-resolution Infrared Thermography (HRIT) for the Study of Ice Nucleation and Ice Propagation in Plants

9.5K 조회수.  Agricultural Research Service (USDA-ARS), Kearneysville, WV. Here we present a protocol that allows one to visualize sites of ice formation and avenues of ice propagation in plants utilizing high resolution infrared thermography (HRIT).

비디오: The Use of High-resolution Infrared Thermography HRIT for the Study of Ice Nucleation and Ice Propagation in Plants

Expression of Recombinant Cellulase Cel5A from Trichoderma reesei in Tobacco Plants

Cellulose degrading enzymes, cellulases, are targets of both research and industrial interests. The preponderance of these enzymes in difficult-to-culture organisms, such as hyphae-building fungi and anaerobic bacteria, has hastened the use of recombinant technologies in this field. Plant expression methods are a desirable system for large-scale production of enzymes and other industrially useful proteins. Herein, methods for the transient expression of a fungal endoglucanase, Trichoderma reesei Cel5A, in Nicotiana tabacum are demonstrated. Successful protein expression is shown, monitored by fluorescence using an mCherry-enzyme fusion protein. Additionally, a set of basic tests are used to examine the activity of transiently expressed T. reesei Cel5A, including SDS-PAGE, Western blotting, zymography, as well as&#160;fluorescence and dye-based substrate degradation assays. The system described here can be used to produce an active cellulase in a short time period, so as to assess the potential for further production in plants through constitutive or inducible expression systems.

Expression of Recombinant Cellulase Cel5A from Trichoderma reesei in Tobacco Plants

Tobacco plants were used to produce a fungal cellulase, TrCel5A, via a transient expression system. The expression could be monitored using a fluorescent fusion protein, and the protein activity was characterized post-expression.

재조합 셀룰라아제 Cel5A의 표현에서<em&gt; 트리코더마 reesei</em&gt; 담배 식물에서

Cellulose degrading enzymes, cellulases, are targets of both research and industrial interests. The preponderance of these enzymes in difficult-to-culture ...

연구

환경과학

Enhancement of the Initial Growth Rate of Agricultural Plants by Using Static Magnetic Fields

Electronic devices and high-voltage wires induce magnetic fields. A magnetic field of 1,300-2,500 Gauss (0.2 Tesla) was applied to Petri dishes containing seeds of Garden Balsam (Impatiens balsamina), Mizuna (Brassica rapa var. japonica), Komatsuna (Brassica rapa var. perviridis), and Mescluns (Lepidium sativum). We applied magnets under the culture dish. During the 4 days of application, we observed that the stem and root length increased. The group subjected to magnetic field treatment (n = 10) showed a 1.4 times faster rate of growth compared with the control group (n = 11) in a total of 8 days (p &#60;0.0005). This rate is 20% higher than that reported in previous studies. The tubulin complex lines did not have connecting points, but connecting points occur upon the application of magnets. This shows complete difference from the control, which means abnormal arrangements. However, the exact cause remains unclear. These results of growth enhancement of applying magnets suggest that it is possible to enhance the growth rate, increase productivity, or control the speed of germination of plants by applying static magnetic fields. Also, magnetic fields can cause physiological changes in plant cells and can induce growth. Therefore, stimulation with a magnetic field can have possible effects that are similar to those of chemical fertilizers, which means that the use of fertilizers can be avoided.

The goal of this protocol is to demonstrate the acceleration of the initial growth rate of plants by applying static magnetic fields with no external energy.

정적 자기장을 사용하여 농업 식물의 초기 성장 속도의 향상

Electronic devices and high-voltage wires induce magnetic fields. A magnetic field of 1,300-2,500 Gauss (0.2 Tesla) was applied to Petri dishes containing ...

Use of a Battery of Chemical and Ecotoxicological Methods for the Assessment of the Efficacy of Wastewater Treatment Processes to Remove Estrogenic Potency

Endocrine Disrupting Compounds pose a substantial risk to the aquatic environment. Ethinylestradiol (EE2) and estrone (E1) have recently been included in a watch list of environmental pollutants under the European Water Framework Directive. Municipal wastewater treatment plants are major contributors to the estrogenic potency of surface waters. Much of the estrogenic potency of wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) effluents can be attributed to the discharge of steroid estrogens including estradiol (E2), EE2 and E1 due to incomplete removal of these substances at the treatment plant. An evaluation of the efficacy of wastewater treatment processes requires the quantitative determination of individual substances most often undertaken using chemical analysis methods. Most frequently used methods include Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GCMS/MS) or Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (LCMS/MS) using multiple reaction monitoring (MRM). Although very useful for regulatory purposes, targeted chemical analysis can only provide data on the compounds (and specific metabolites) monitored. Ecotoxicology methods additionally ensure that any by-products produced or unknown estrogenic compounds present are also assessed via measurement of their biological activity. A number of in vitro bioassays including the Yeast Estrogen Screen (YES) are available to measure the estrogenic activity of wastewater samples. Chemical analysis in conjunction with in vivo and in vitro bioassays provides a useful toolbox for assessment of the efficacy and suitability of wastewater treatment processes with respect to estrogenic endocrine disrupting compounds. This paper utilizes a battery of chemical and ecotoxicology tests to assess conventional, advanced and emerging wastewater treatment processes in laboratory and field studies.

Endocrine Disrupting Compounds (EDC) pose a substantial risk to the aquatic environment. Municipal wastewater treatment plants are major contributors to the estrogenic potency of surface waters. The methodology provided in this paper allows for an assessment of the efficacy and suitability of wastewater treatment processes with respect to EDC removal.

폐수 처리 프로세스의 효능의 평가를위한 화학 및 생체 독성 방법의 배터리를 사용하면 에스트로겐 효능을 제거하는 방법

Endocrine Disrupting Compounds pose a substantial risk to the aquatic environment. Ethinylestradiol (EE2) and estrone (E1) have recently been included in ...

Empirical, Metagenomic, and Computational Techniques Illuminate the Mechanisms by which Fungicides Compromise Bee Health

Growers often use fungicide sprays during bloom to protect crops against disease, which exposes bees to fungicide residues. Although considered &#34;bee-safe,&#34; there is mounting evidence that fungicide residues in pollen are associated with bee declines (for both honey and bumble bee species). While the mechanisms remain relatively unknown, researchers have speculated that bee-microbe symbioses are involved. Microbes play a pivotal role in the preservation and/or processing of pollen, which serves as nutrition for larval bees. By altering the microbial community, it is likely that fungicides disrupt these microbe-mediated services, and thereby compromise bee health. This manuscript describes the protocols used to investigate the indirect mechanism(s) by which fungicides may be causing colony decline. Cage experiments exposing bees to fungicide-treated flowers have already provided the first evidence that fungicides cause profound colony losses in a native bumble bee (Bombus impatiens). Using field-relevant doses of fungicides, a series of experiments have been developed to provide a finer description of microbial community dynamics of fungicide-exposed pollen. Shifts in the structural composition of fungal and bacterial assemblages within the pollen microbiome are investigated by next-generation sequencing and metagenomic analysis. Experiments developed herein have been designed to provide a mechanistic understanding of how fungicides affect the microbiome of pollen-provisions. Ultimately, these findings should shed light on the indirect pathway through which fungicides may be causing colony declines.

Microbial consortia within bumble bee hives enrich and preserve pollen for bee larvae. Using next generation sequencing, along with laboratory and field-based experiments, this manuscript describes protocols used to test the hypothesis that fungicide residues alter the pollen microbiome, and colony demographics, ultimately leading to colony loss.

실험, Metagenomic, 및 계산 기법 밝히는 어떤 균 타협 꿀벌 건강 메커니즘

Growers often use fungicide sprays during bloom to protect crops against disease, which exposes bees to fungicide residues. Although considered ...

Automated, High-resolution Mobile Collection System for the Nitrogen Isotopic Analysis of NOx

Nitrogen oxides (NOx = NO + NO2) are a family of atmospheric trace gases that have great impact on the environment. NOx concentrations directly influence the oxidizing capacity of the atmosphere through interactions with ozone and hydroxyl radicals. The main sink of NOx is the formation and deposition of nitric acid, a component of acid rain and a bioavailable nutrient. NOx is emitted from a mixture of natural and anthropogenic sources, which vary in space and time. The collocation of multiple sources and the short lifetime of NOx make it challenging to quantitatively constrain the influence of different emission sources and their impacts on the environment. Nitrogen isotopes of NOx have been suggested to vary amongst different sources, representing a potentially powerful tool to understand the sources and transport of NOx. However, previous methods of collecting atmospheric NOx integrate over long (week to month) time spans and are not validated for the efficient collection of NOx in relevant, diverse field conditions. We report on a new, highly efficient field-based system that collects atmospheric NOx for isotope analysis at a time resolution between 30 min and 2 hr. This method collects gaseous NOx in solution as nitrate with 100% efficiency under a variety of conditions. Protocols are presented for collecting air in urban settings under both stationary and mobile conditions. We detail the advantages and limitations of the method and demonstrate its application in the field. Data from several deployments are shown to 1) evaluate field-based collection efficiency by comparisons with in situ NOx concentration measurements, 2) test the stability of stored solutions before processing, 3) quantify in situ reproducibility in a variety of urban settings, and 4) demonstrate the range of N isotopes of NOx detected in ambient urban air and on heavily traveled roadways.

Automated, High-resolution Mobile Collection System for the Nitrogen Isotopic Analysis of NOx

Previous work suggests that the nitrogen isotopic composition of atmospheric nitrogen oxides might distinguish the influence of different sources in the environment. We report on an automated, mobile, field-based method for the high collection efficiency of atmospheric NOx for N isotopic analysis at an hourly time resolution.

고해상도 모바일 콜렉션 시스템은 NO의 질소 동위 원소 분석, 자동화<sub&gt; X</sub

Nitrogen oxides (NOx = NO + NO2) are a family of atmospheric trace gases that have great impact on the environment. NOx concentrations directly influence ...

The Calibration and Use of Capacitance Sensors to Monitor Stem Water Content in Trees

Water transport and storage through the soil-plant-atmosphere continuum is critical to the terrestrial water cycle, and has become a major research focus area. Biomass capacitance plays an integral role in the avoidance of hydraulic impairment to transpiration. However, high temporal resolution measurements of dynamic changes in the hydraulic capacitance of large trees are rare. Here, we present procedures for the calibration and use of capacitance sensors, typically used to monitor soil water content, to measure the volumetric water content in trees in the field. Frequency domain reflectometry-style observations are sensitive to the density of the media being studied. Therefore, it is necessary to perform species-specific calibrations to convert from the sensor-reported values of dielectric permittivity to volumetric water content. Calibration is performed on a harvested branch or stem cut into segments that are dried or re-hydrated to produce a full range of water contents used to generate a best-fit regression with sensor observations. Sensors are inserted into calibration segments or installed in trees after pre-drilling holes to a tolerance fit using a fabricated template to ensure proper drill alignment. Special care is taken to ensure that sensor tines make good contact with the surrounding media, while allowing them to be inserted without excessive force. Volumetric water content dynamics observed via the presented methodology align with sap flow measurements recorded using thermal dissipation techniques and environmental forcing data. Biomass water content data can be used to observe the onset of water stress, drought response and recovery, and has the potential to be applied to the calibration and evaluation of new plant-level hydrodynamics models, as well as to the partitioning of remotely sensed moisture products into above- and belowground components.

The hydraulic capacitance of biomass is a key component of the vegetation water budget, which serves as a buffer against short and long-term drought stresses. Here, we present a protocol for the calibration and use of soil moisture capacitance sensors to monitor water content in the stems of large trees.

나무에서 줄기 물 콘텐츠를 모니터링 하는 교정 및 정전 용량 센서의 사용

Water transport and storage through the soil-plant-atmosphere continuum is critical to the terrestrial water cycle, and has become a major research focus ...

Stress Distribution During Cold Compression of Rocks and Mineral Aggregates Using Synchrotron-based X-Ray Diffraction

We report detailed procedures for performing compression experiments on rocks and mineral aggregates within a multi-anvil deformation apparatus (D-DIA) coupled with synchrotron X-radiation. A cube-shaped sample assembly is prepared and compressed, at room temperature, by a set of four X-ray transparent sintered diamond anvils and two tungsten carbide anvils, in the lateral and the vertical planes, respectively. All six anvils are housed within a 250-ton hydraulic press and driven inward simultaneously by two wedged guide blocks. A horizontal energy dispersive X-ray beam is projected through and diffracted by the sample assembly. The beam is commonly in the mode of either white or monochromatic X-ray. In the case of white X-ray, the diffracted X-rays are detected by a solid-state detector array that collects the resulting energy dispersive diffraction pattern. In the case of monochromatic X-ray, the diffracted pattern is recorded using a two-dimensional (2-D) detector, such as an imaging plate or a charge-coupled device (CCD) detector. The 2-D diffraction patterns are analyzed to derive lattice spacings. The elastic strains of the sample are derived from the atomic lattice spacing within grains. The stress is then calculated using the predetermined elastic modulus and the elastic strain. Furthermore, the stress distribution in two-dimensions allow for understanding how stress is distributed in different orientations. In addition, a scintillator in the X-ray path yields a visible light image of the sample environment, which allows for the precise measurement of sample length changes during the experiment, yielding a direct measurement of volume strain on the sample. This type of experiment can quantify the stress distribution within geomaterials, which can ultimately shed light on the mechanism responsible for compaction. Such knowledge has the potential to significantly improve our understanding of key processes in rock mechanics, geotechnical engineering, mineral physics, and material science applications where compactive processes are important.

We report detailed procedures for compression experiments on rocks and mineral aggregates within a multi-anvil deformation apparatus coupled with synchrotron X-radiation. Such experiments allow quantification of the stress distribution within samples, that ultimately sheds light on compaction processes in geomaterials.

We report detailed procedures for performing compression experiments on rocks and mineral aggregates within a multi-anvil deformation apparatus (D-DIA) ...

Protocol for Producing Three-Dimensional Infrared Video of Freezing in Plants

Freezing in plants can be monitored using infrared (IR) thermography, because when water freezes, it gives off heat. However, problems with color contrast make 2-dimensions (2D) infrared images somewhat difficult to interpret. Viewing an IR image or the video of plants freezing in 3 dimensions (3D) would allow a more accurate identification of sites for ice nucleation as well as the progression of freezing. In this paper, we demonstrate a relatively simple means to produce a 3D infrared video of a strawberry plant freezing. Strawberry is an economically important crop that is subjected to unexpected spring freeze events in many areas of the world. An accurate understanding of the freezing in strawberry will provide both breeders and growers with more economical ways to prevent any damage to plants during freezing conditions.
The technique involves a positioning of two IR cameras at slightly different angles to film the strawberry freezing. The two video streams will be precisely synchronized using a screen capture software that records both cameras simultaneously. The recordings will then be imported into the imaging software and processed using an anaglyph technique. Using red-blue glasses, the 3D video will make it easier to determine the precise site of ice nucleation on leaf surfaces.

Here, we present a protocol to image a strawberry plant freezing in 3 dimensions. Two infrared cameras positioned at slightly different angles are used to produce a red-blue anaglyph video to observe the freezing of the plant in 3 dimensions.

식물에 동결의 3 차원 적외선 비디오를 제작 하기 위한 프로토콜

Freezing in plants can be monitored using infrared (IR) thermography, because when water freezes, it gives off heat. However, problems with color contrast ...

Long-term Video Tracking of Cohoused Aquatic Animals: A Case Study of the Daily Locomotor Activity of the Norway Lobster (Nephrops norvegicus)

We present a protocol related to a video-tracking technique based on the background subtraction and image thresholding that makes it possible to individually track cohoused animals. We tested the tracking routine with four cohoused Norway lobsters (Nephrops norvegicus) under light-darkness conditions for 5 days. The lobsters had been individually tagged. The experimental setup and the tracking techniques used are entirely based on the open source software. The comparison of the tracking output with a manual detection indicates that the lobsters were correctly detected 69% of the times. Among the correctly detected lobsters, their individual tags were correctly identified 89.5% of the times. Considering the frame rate used in the protocol and the movement rate of lobsters, the performance of the video tracking has a good quality, and the representative results support the validity of the protocol in producing valuable data for research needs (individual space occupancy or locomotor activity patterns). The protocol presented here can be easily customized and is, hence, transferable to other species where the individual tracking of specimens in a group can be valuable for answering research questions.

Long-term Video Tracking of Cohoused Aquatic Animals: A Case Study of the Daily Locomotor Activity of the Norway Lobster Nephrops norvegicus

Here we present a protocol to individually track animals over a long period of time. It uses computer vision methods to identify a set of manually constructed tags by using a group of lobsters as case study, simultaneously providing information on how to house, manipulate, and mark the lobsters.

Cohoused 수 중 동물의 장기 비디오 추적: 노르웨이 가재 (Nephrops norvegicus)의 매일 운동 활동의 사례 연구

We present a protocol related to a video-tracking technique based on the background subtraction and image thresholding that makes it possible to ...

Single-throughput Complementary High-resolution Analytical Techniques for Characterizing Complex Natural Organic Matter Mixtures

Natural organic matter (NOM) is composed of a highly complex mixture of thousands of organic compounds which, historically, proved difficult to characterize. However, to understand the thermodynamic and kinetic controls on greenhouse gas (carbon dioxide [CO2] and methane [CH4]) production resulting from the decomposition of NOM, a molecular-level characterization coupled with microbial proteome analyses is necessary. Further, climate and environmental changes are expected to perturb natural ecosystems, potentially upsetting complex interactions that influence both the supply of organic matter substrates and the microorganisms performing the transformations. A detailed molecular characterization of the organic matter, microbial proteomics, and the pathways and transformations by which organic matter is decomposed will be necessary to predict the direction and magnitude of the effects of environmental changes. This article describes a methodological throughput for comprehensive metabolite characterization in a single sample by direct injection Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (FTICR-MS), gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC-MS), nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, liquid chromatography mass spectrometry (LC-MS), and proteomics analysis. This approach results in a fully-paired dataset which improves statistical confidence for inferring pathways of organic matter decomposition, the resulting CO2 and CH4 production rates, and their responses to environmental perturbation. Herein we present results of applying this method to NOM samples collected from peatlands; however, the protocol is applicable to any NOM sample (e.g., peat, forested soils, marine sediments, etc.).

This protocol describes a single throughput for complementary analytical and omics techniques culminating in a fully-paired characterization of natural organic matter and microbial proteomics in different ecosystems. This approach permits robust comparisons for identifying metabolic pathways and transformations important for describing greenhouse gas production and predicting responses to environmental change.