This project was funded by, in part, by start-up funds from Wayne State University to M.H. Malek.

모든 절차는 인간의 주제에 대한 대학의 임상 시험 심사위원회의 승인을했다. 참가자의 다리 1. 준비 <ol><li> 참가자가 깔끔하게 원하는 다리에 대한 자신의 반바지를 롤업 있습니다. 대퇴사 두근 근육 그룹이 노출 참가자가 면도 할 필요가있는 영역 주위에 선을 그어야한다 대퇴 있도록 다음 반바지 테이프. </li><li> 중요 :이 근전도 신호를 방해 할 수 있습니다 더 stubbles이 없음을 보장하므로 참가자는 시험보다는 전날 전에 다리를 면도하게한다. </li><li> 참가자는 다리의 원하는 영역을 면도 완료되면, 근전도 신호를 방해 할 수있는 면도 젤 (또는 크림)의 더 잔해가 없는지 확인하기 위해 소독 용 알코올로 면도 영역을 청소합니다. </li></ol> 전극 배치를위한 다리의 2. 측정 <ol><li> 광근의 근전도 전극을 배치하기 위해 근육을 lateralis에서 FO​​을llowing 측정 <ol><li> 참가자가 연구자에 직면 똑바로 서 있습니다. </li><li> 우수 (ASIS) iliaca 전방 척추와 슬개골의 측면을 찾습니다. ASIS는 엉덩이 뼈이다 배꼽 아래 복부 양쪽 손을 배치하여이를 촉진하다. </li><li> 줄자와, 상기 식별 된 두 위치 사이의 거리를 측정하고 슬개골의 측면에 ASIS에서 라인에 그 값을 2/3. 참고 : http://www.seniam.org/ : EMG 전극의 배치에 관한 자세한 내용은 SENIAM (근육의 비 침습적 평가를위한 표면 근전도) URL에서 확인할 수 있습니다 </li></ol></li></ol> EMG 전극의 3 배치 <ol><li> 광근 lateralis의 위치가 확인 된 후, 접착제를 제거하지 않고 SH 광근 lateralis 위에 EMG 전극 (대부분의 연구자들이 시판 일회용 AG-AG CL 전극 사용) 열린다의 ield. 이어서 펜으로 전극의 겔 부분 근육에 접촉하는 영역을 표시한다. 간 거리가 20mm를 중심 간을 확인하십시오. </li><li> 부드럽게 피부의 표층을 제거하기 위해이 두 영역을 연마하기 위해 사포 (60 조)의 조각을 사용합니다. 이 기간 동안, 참가자에게 불편 자신의 수준을 부탁드립니다. 참가자가 지역 따뜻한가 있으면 연마 중지합니다. </li><li> 알코올 또는 알코올 면봉을 문질러 적신 수건으로 연마 영역을 청소합니다. 다리에 영역이 EMG 전극을 배치하기 전에 건조하도록 허용합니다. </li><li> 마모 된 사이트 (그림 2)의 EMG 전극을 배치합니다. 수술 중 관찰 된 장경 밴드 (IT 밴드)에 전극을 올려 놓지 않도록주의하십시오. 광근 lateralis를 만져하기 위해 대퇴사 두근 대퇴골 근육을 수축하기 위해 참가자를 요청합니다. 는 IT 밴드에없는 보장하기 위해 근육에 전극을 배치합니다. 참고 : IT 밴드의 경우 전극을, 근전도 신호 올릴참가자는 계약을 최대로하도록 요청하는 경우 LD는 약화 될 수있다. </li><li> 이러한 ASIS 따라서 운동 시합 중에 낮은 사지의 움직임을 방해하지 않는 것으로 보니 첨부 사이트의 기준 전극 (제 3 전극)을 놓습니다. </li></ol> 4. EMG 신호 확인 <ol><li> 운동 시험을 시작하기 전에, 전극 간 임피던스를 확인한다. 참고 : 신호가 너무 많은 소음이있는 경우 다음 운동 테스트 동안 수집 된 근전도 데이터가 잘못되기 때문에이 단계는 매우 중요합니다. <ol><li> 참가자가 의자에 앉아 EMG는 참가자의 다리에 부착 된 각각의 전극 리드에 연결해야합니다. </li><li> 이 시점에서, 참가자가 근육에는 장력을 갖지 않는, 그들의 다리 긴장. 그리고 휴식의 약 30 초 후, 참가자가 최대로 5 초 동안 자신의 대퇴사 두근 대퇴골 근육을 수축 한 후 완전히 이완으로 돌아 가야합니다. </li><li> 작업을 수행 할 때보브 (단계 4.1.2), 컴퓨터에서 참가자 EMG 신호를 기록한다. </li><li> 간 임피던스가 &lt;2000 옴 있는지 확인하십시오. 전압계는 실험실에서 사용할 수있는 경우 또한, 다음,베이스 라인 노이즈를 확인하고 5 μV 이하로 유지한다. 또한, 1000 Hz에서 샘플링 주파수를 설정한다. </li></ol></li></ol> 5. 설정 - 업 사이클 에르고 미터 <ol><li> 간 임피던스를 확인한 후, 사이클 에르고 미터에 의자에서 참가자의 이동이있다. </li><li> 참가자가 사이클 에르고 미터 옆에 서서 허벅지가 바닥과 평행이 될 때까지 자신의 무릎을 올릴 수 있습니다. 그런 다음 참가자는이 위치를 유지하고 참가자의 허벅지와 같은 높이에 맞게 좌석의 높이를 조정했다. </li><li> 그 후, 참가자가 사이클 에르고 미터 좌석에 앉아 그리고 그들은 좌석의 높이를 편안하게하는 경우를 묻는 동안 몇 번 페달이있다. 필요한 경우, 시트의 높이를 조절한다. </li><li> 그쪽을 확인T 참가자의 다리는 각각의 페달 회전하는 동안 무릎에 약간의 굴곡 (~ 5 °)와 근처의 전체 확장입니다. </li><li> 시험을 시작하기 전에, 심박수가 운동 시험에 걸쳐 문서화 될 수 있도록 참가자는 극성 심박수 모니터 착용있다. </li></ol> 6. EMG 피로 임계 값 프로토콜을 수행 <ol><li> 참가자가 자전거를 시작하고 점차 / 분 70 회전에 자신의 리듬을 높일 수 있습니다. 이어서 50 W.로 사이클 에르고 미터에 전력​​ 출력을 증가 </li><li> 약 2 ~ 3 분 동안이 파워 출력에서​​ 참가자주기를 가지고있다. 참고 :이는 저 강도 운동과 워밍업이 될 것입니다. </li><li> 참가자가 더 이상 70 회전 / 분 종지을 유지할 수 있거나 시험 중지 할 것을 요청할 때까지 예열 한 후, 매 2 분 (W) (25)에 의해 출력 전력을 증가하지 않는다. 참고 : 운동 부하 검사시, 근전도 신호 (10)에 대해 기록되는 것을 주목해야한다초 초 10 ~ 20, 30 ~ 40, 50 ~ 60, 70 ~ 80, 90 ~ 100 각 2 분 단계에서 신 (新) 시대, 그리고 110 ~ 120 (21). 대부분 EMG 시스템은 소정 간격으로 자동 녹화를 설정하는 옵션을 가질 것이다. 따라서, 각 단계 6 데이​​터 파일이 있어야합니다. </li><li> 증분 테스트가 체결되면, W. 아래 시원한의 길이가 워밍업 단계에서 값으로 참가자의 심장 박동 반환을 갖는 일치하는지 확인 참가자가 50 멋진을 수행 할 수 있습니다. 극성 심박수 모니터를 사용 참가자의 심장 박동수를 확인하여이 모니터. </li><li> 쿨 다운이 완료되면, EMG가 리드를 제거하고 참가자가 사이클 에르고 미터를 단계 및 의자로 돌아가있다. 조심스럽게 EMG 전극을 제거하고 알코올 또는 알코올 면봉을 문질러 적신 깨끗한 수건으로 영역을 닦습니다. </li></ol> 7. 근전도 신호를 처리 <ol><li> 테스트가 완료된 후에 프로데이터 EMG 피로 한계를 결정하는데 이용 될 수 있도록 운동 시험 동안 수집 된 원시 EMG 데이터 파일을 운. <ol><li> 근전도 신호를 수집하는 데 사용되는 소프트웨어 또는 MATLAB 또는 LabVIEW를 다양한 플랫폼을 사용하여 사용자 정의 작성된 소프트웨어 중 하나와 근전도 신호의 처리를 수행합니다. </li><li> 대역 통과 필터를 사용하여 수집 된 EMG 신호 필터. 500 Hz로 (10)의 설정을 사용합니다. 주의 : 이는 &lt;환경에서 (10 ㎐, 고주파 아티팩트 EMG 도선)의 이동 (&gt; 500 Hz에서)에 저주파 아티팩트가 제거되도록 상기 신호의 주파수를 변경한다. EMG 또는 컴퓨터 시스템의 전원 공급 장치로부터의 간섭이있는 경우, 60 Hz에서의 노치 필터를 사용한다. </li><li> 신호가 필터링되면, 루트 신호의 제곱 평균값을 산출함으로써, 신호의 진폭을 결정 : 정사각형이 데이터 포인트의 각각의 데이터 포인트의 수에 의해 분할 그들을 합산 한 후 그 결과 값의 제곱근을 취. 전술 한 소프트웨어를 사용하여 이러한 계산을 수행. </li></ol></li></ol> 8. 각 참가자에 대한 근전도 피로 임계 값 결정 <ol><li> 각 참가자에 대해 다음 단계를 수행합니다. <ol><li> EMG 신호가 처리 된 후에; 통계 프로그램 (예 : 프리즘 그래프 패드)을 사용하여 시험에 사용되는 전력 출력을 갖는 첫 번째 열 &quot;시간&quot;과 후속 열 라벨. </li><li> 각각의 전력 출력의 경우, 기입 된 각각의 20 초 구간에 해당하는 EMG 진폭 값. </li><li> 회귀 직선의 기울기가 제로로부터 크게 다른 (p &lt;0.05) 인 경우, 각 출력의 경우, 판별 EMG 진폭 (Y 축)의 관계를 가진 선형 회귀 대 시간 (x 축)을 분석. </li><li> 선형 회귀를 수행하면 모든 전원 출력에 대해 분석 한 결과, 비 유의 (p&gt; 0.05) 기울기 높은 전력 출력을 식별한다. </li><li> 이어서 L 식별현저한 (p &lt;0.05) 기울기 owest 파워 출력. </li><li> 이들 두 개의 전원 출력들이 식별되고 나면, 추가 2 분할기; 얻어진 전력 출력은 추정 된 EMG의 피로도 한계치이다. </li></ol></li></ol>

<ol>
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E., Martineau, L., Jay, O. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Physical+work+capacity+in+older+adults:+implications+for+the+aging+worker.">Physical work capacity in older adults: implications for the aging worker.</a> American journal of industrial medicine. 51, 610-625 (2008).</li><li>Matsumoto, T., Ito, K., Moritani, T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+relationship+between+anaerobic+threshold+and+electromyographic+fatigue+threshold+in+college+women.">The relationship between anaerobic threshold and electromyographic fatigue threshold in college women.</a> European journal of applied physiology. 63, 1-5 (1991).</li><li>Guffey, D. R., Gervasi, B. J., Maes, A. A., Malek, M. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Estimating+electromygraphic+and+heart+rate+fatigue+threshold+from+a+single+treadmill+test.">Estimating electromygraphic and heart rate fatigue threshold from a single treadmill test.</a> Muscle. 46, 577-581 (2012).</li><li>Camic, C. L., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+influence+of+the+muscle+fiber+pennation+angle+and+innervation+zone+on+the+identification+of+neuromuscular+fatigue+during+cycle+ergometry.">The influence of the muscle fiber pennation angle and innervation zone on the identification of neuromuscular fatigue during cycle ergometry.</a> Journal of electromyography and kinesiology : official journal of the International Society of Electrophysiological Kinesiology. 21, 33-40 (2011).</li></ol>

The authors have nothing to disclose.

우리는 여기에서 사두근 신경 근육 피로를 결정하기위한 방법은, 동적 운동 근육 대퇴 제시한다. 이 방법은 표면 EMG를 사용하는 직접적이고 비 침습적 방법을 제공한다. 또한,이 방법의 다양성 연구원은 러닝 머신 20 운동의 다른 모드에 적응 ​​할 수 있다는 것입니다. 이론적으로, 근전도 피로 임계 값에 또는 아래의 강도에 대한 참가자는 무한정 12, 13 운?...

표면 근전도 (EMG)는 등각 1-3시 모터 단위 모집, 등속 4-6, 또는 연속 7-10 근육의 작용을 연구하는 비 침습적 인 방법입니다. EMG 신호의 진폭이 모터의 작동 유닛의 수, 모터 유닛의 연소율 또는 모두 (11)으로 구성되어 근육의 활성화를 나타낸다. EMG 피로 한계의 개념은 개인 EMG 진폭 8의 증가없이 불명확하게 운동 할 수있는 가장 높은 부하를 나타내는 데 사용된다. 그것은 간단히 토론에 근전도 피로 임계 값의 기원 중요하다. deVries 등. (12)에 의해 원래의 연구는 EMG 진폭이 각 작업의 한판 승부를위한 시간에 대해 그려되었다 (보통 3-4) 불연속 일 복싱, 여러 구성 프로토콜을 포함했다. 전력 출력은 시간 대 RELA EMG 진폭으로부터 기울기 계수에 대해 그려시켰다<html> 되는 관계하고이어서 영 사면 (y 절편) (12)에 외삽. 저자 (12)는 원래 해당 프로토콜을 피로 임계 값 (PWCFT)의 실제 작업 용량을라고. 또 다른 연구에서, deVries 외. (13)는 불연속 일 복싱을 사용하지만, 시간 관계 대 EMG 진폭 상당한 경사 결과 제 1 전원의 출력을 찾기 위해 선형 회귀 분석을 이용했다. 저자 (13)는 또한 문학에 약간의 혼란을 만들어, 그 프로토콜 PWCFT라고합니다. 후속 기사에서, deVries 등. (14)는 자신의 이전 프로토콜 13을 수정 연속 증가 프로토콜을 개발했다. EMG 진폭은 각각의 출력 시간에 대해 도시하고 PWCFT은 시간이 지남에 EMG 진폭의 변화없이 시간 이상 14 EMG 진폭 증가 하였다 낮은 출력 결과 높은 전력 출력의 평균으로 정의되었다 . ENT는 &quot;&gt; 그것은 PWC는 원래 1950 년대 후반 (15, 16)에 도입 된 용어는 문학의 과다 (과거, 현재, 그리고 다른 나라에서) 특정 워크로드 (17)의 유산소 능력 검사와 동의어임을 주목해야한다. 또한, 이 용어는 조립 공장 18 개인으로서 8 시간의 작업 일 동안 반복적 인 작업을 수행 노동자의 일상 생산성에 초점을 인체 공학적 산업 문헌에 사용된다. 그들은 시간 관계 대 EMG 진폭의 기울기 계수 대 전력 출력은 플로팅 제로 기울기 지점 외삽 deVries 12 프로토콜을 수정 후 용어 EMG 피로 임계치는 초기 마츠모토 동료 (19)에 의해 사용되었다. 최근 거피 외. 브리스 코 (20)와 외. 8 deVries 외. (14)의 방법 및 마츠모토 등의 용어를 사용L. (19)는 운영 체제 근전도 피로 임계 값을 정의 할 수 있습니다. 나아가, 우리는 용어 EMG 피로 임계 값을 사용할 것을 권장한다. 따라서, 시간 관계 대 EMG 진폭은 각각의 전력 출력에 대한 플롯 팅하고 선형 회귀 분석을 (도 1)를 사용하여 분석 하였다. EMG 피로 임계 비 유의 (p&gt; 0.05) 기울기와 상당한과 최저 전력 출력과 높은 전력 출력 견적 (p를 &lt;0.05) 경사가 식별 된 후, 평균 14을 산출한다. 이 프로토콜은, 간단하고 편리하며 15-20 분 이내에 완료된다. 또한, 증가 속도는 습관적 신체 활동 개인의 레벨에 기초하여 변조 될 수 있으므로, 임상 설정에서의 응용 가능성을 갖는다.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>839 E Monark cycle ergometer&#160;</td>
			<td>Monark Exercise AB</td>
			<td>839 E</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Heart rate monitor</td>
			<td>Polar</td>
			<td>Polar H1</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Laptop</td>
			<td>Dell Inspiron</td>
			<td>varies</td>
			<td>any laptop computer with USB slots should work.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>EMG amplifiers</td>
			<td>BioPac Systems, Inc.</td>
			<td>100B</td>
			<td>100C are the latest version</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Disposable EMG electrodes</td>
			<td>BioPac Systems, Inc.</td>
			<td>EL-500</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sandpaper</td>
			<td>Home Depot</td>
			<td>9 in. x 11 in. 60 Grit course no-slip grip Advanced Sandpaper (3-Pack)</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

determining the electromyographic fatigue threshold following a single visit exercise test

이론적으로, 근전도 (EMG)의 피로도 한계치가 개별 EMG 진폭의 증가와 관련된 더 많은 운동 단위를 채용 할 필요없이 불명확하게 유지할 수있는 운동 강도이다. 다른 프로토콜은 근전도 피로 임계 값을 추정하는 데 사용되었지만 그들은 임상 설정에 대한 비현실적있는 여러 방문을 필요로한다. 여기서 우리는 하나의 방문이 필요 사이클 ergometry에 대한 근전도 피로 임계 값을 추정하는 프로토콜을 제시한다. 이 프로토콜은 그러므로, 임상 의사가 처방 운동에 사용할 수있는 도구로 번역 될 수있는 가능성을 갖고, 간단하고 편리하며 15-20 분 이내에 완료된다.

도 1에 도시 된 바와 같이, 하나의 참가자에 대해, 완료된 각각의 전력 출력은 광근 근육을 lateralis위한 EMG 진폭을 나타내는 6 개의 데이터 포인트를 갖는다. 상당한과 최저 전력 출력 (p &lt;0.05) 경사면이 참가자 EMG 위해, 따라서 225 W.를 반면 따라서,이 예에서, 비 - 유의 (p&gt; 0.05)의 기울기와 최대 전력 출력이 200 와트 EMG의 피로도 한계치 후 통계 추론을 수행 할 수있는 각?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Determining The Electromyographic Fatigue Threshold Following a Single Visit Exercise Test at JoVE.com

Determining The Electromyographic Fatigue Threshold Following a Single Visit Exercise Test

This protocol describes the electromyographic fatigue threshold which demarcates between nonfatiguing and fatiguing exercise workloads. This information could be used to develop a more individualized training program.

단일 방문 연습 시험을 다음과 근전도 피로 임계 값 결정

Theoretically, the electromyographic (EMG) fatigue threshold is the exercise intensity an individual can maintain indefinitely without the need to recruit ...

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12.4K 조회수.  Wayne State University. This protocol describes the electromyographic fatigue threshold which demarcates between nonfatiguing and fatiguing exercise workloads. This information could be used to develop a more individualized training program.

비디오: Determining The Electromyographic Fatigue Threshold Following a Single Visit Exercise Test

Making Sense of Listening: The IMAP Test Battery

The ability to hear is only the first step towards making sense of the range of information contained in an auditory signal. Of equal importance are the abilities to extract and use the information encoded in the auditory signal. We refer to these as listening skills (or auditory processing AP). Deficits in these skills are associated with delayed language and literacy development, though the nature of the relevant deficits and their causal connection with these delays is hotly debated.
When a child is referred to a health professional with normal hearing and unexplained difficulties in listening, or associated delays in language or literacy development, they should ideally be assessed with a combination of psychoacoustic (AP) tests, suitable for children and for use in a clinic, together with cognitive tests to measure attention, working memory, IQ, and language skills. Such a detailed examination needs to be relatively short and within the technical capability of any suitably qualified professional. Current tests for the presence of AP deficits tend to be poorly constructed and inadequately validated within the normal population. They have little or no reference to the presenting symptoms of the child, and typically include a linguistic component. Poor performance may thus reflect problems with language rather than with AP. To assist in the assessment of children with listening difficulties, pediatric audiologists need a single, standardized child-appropriate test battery based on the use of language-free stimuli.
We present the IMAP test battery which was developed at the MRC Institute of Hearing Research to supplement tests currently used to investigate cases of suspected AP deficits. IMAP assesses a range of relevant auditory and cognitive skills and takes about one hour to complete. It has been standardized in 1500 normally-hearing children from across the UK, aged 6-11 years. Since its development, it has been successfully used in a number of large scale studies both in the UK and the USA. IMAP provides measures for separating out sensory from cognitive contributions to hearing. It further limits confounds due to procedural effects by presenting tests in a child-friendly game-format. Stimulus-generation, management of test protocols and control of test presentation is mediated by the IHR-STAR software platform. This provides a standardized methodology for a range of applications and ensures replicable procedures across testers. IHR-STAR provides a flexible, user-programmable environment that currently has additional applications for hearing screening, mapping cochlear implant electrodes, and academic research or teaching.

A test battery (IMAP) for performing an in-depth assessment of auditory and cognitive abilities contributing to listening skills is described. It is quick to administer, child-friendly and free from linguistic confounds. Stimulus generation and protocol management are controlled via a software platform (IHR-STAR) to ensure replicable procedures.

IMAP 테스트 배터리 : 듣기의 감각을 만들기

The ability to hear is only the first step towards making sense of the range of information contained in an auditory signal. Of equal importance are the ...

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The Trier Social Stress Test Protocol for Inducing Psychological Stress

This article demonstrates a psychological stress protocol for use in a laboratory setting. Protocols that allow researchers to study the biological pathways of the stress response in health and disease are fundamental to the progress of research in stress and anxiety.1 Although numerous protocols exist for inducing stress response in the laboratory, many neglect to provide a naturalistic context or to incorporate aspects of social and psychological stress. Of psychological stress protocols, meta-analysis suggests that the Trier Social Stress Test (TSST) is the most useful and appropriate standardized protocol for studies of stress hormone reactivity.2 In the original description of the TSST, researchers sought to design and evaluate a procedure capable of inducing a reliable stress response in the majority of healthy volunteers.3 These researchers found elevations in heart rate, blood pressure and several endocrine stress markers in response to the TSST (a psychological stressor) compared to a saline injection (a physical stressor).3 Although the TSST has been modified to meet the needs of various research groups, it generally consists of a waiting period upon arrival, anticipatory speech preparation, speech performance, and verbal arithmetic performance periods, followed by one or more recovery periods. The TSST requires participants to prepare and deliver a speech, and verbally respond to a challenging arithmetic problem in the presence of a socially evaluative audience.3 Social evaluation and uncontrollability have been identified as key components of stress induction by the TSST.4 In use for over a decade, the goal of the TSST is to systematically induce a stress response in order to measure differences in reactivity, anxiety and activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) or sympathetic-adrenal-medullary (SAM) axis during the task.1 Researchers generally assess changes in self-reported anxiety, physiological measures (e.g. heart rate), and/or neuroendocrine indices (e.g. the stress hormone cortisol) in response to the TSST. Many investigators have adopted salivary sampling for stress markers such as cortisol and alpha-amylase (a marker of autonomic nervous system activation) as an alternative to blood sampling to reduce the confounding stress of blood-collection techniques. In addition to changes experienced by an individual completing the TSST, researchers can compare changes between different treatment groups (e.g. clinical versus healthy control samples) or the effectiveness of stress-reducing interventions.1

This article describes a protocol for inducing psychological stress in participants, which enables researchers to measure psychological, physiological and neuroendocrine responses to stress within single participants or between groups.

심리적 스트레스를 유발을위한 모금 사회 스트레스 테스트 프로토콜

This article demonstrates a psychological stress protocol for use in a laboratory setting.  Protocols that allow researchers to study the biological ...

Computerized Dynamic Posturography for Postural Control Assessment in Patients with Intermittent Claudication

Computerized dynamic posturography with the EquiTest is an objective technique for measuring postural strategies under challenging static and dynamic conditions. As part of a diagnostic assessment, the early detection of postural deficits is important so that appropriate and targeted interventions can be prescribed. The Sensory Organization Test (SOT) on the EquiTest determines an individual&#39;s use of the sensory systems (somatosensory, visual, and vestibular) that are responsible for postural control. Somatosensory and visual input are altered by the calibrated sway-referenced support surface and visual surround, which move in the anterior-posterior direction in response to the individual&#39;s postural sway. This creates a conflicting sensory experience. The Motor Control Test (MCT) challenges postural control by creating unexpected postural disturbances in the form of backwards and forwards translations. The translations are graded in magnitude and the time to recover from the perturbation is computed.
Intermittent claudication, the most common symptom of peripheral arterial disease, is characterized by a cramping pain in the lower limbs and caused by muscle ischemia secondary to reduced blood flow to working muscles during physical exertion. Claudicants often display poor balance, making them susceptible to falls and activity avoidance. The Ankle Brachial Pressure Index (ABPI) is a noninvasive method for indicating the presence of peripheral arterial disease and intermittent claudication, a common symptom in the lower extremities. ABPI is measured as the highest systolic pressure from either the dorsalis pedis or posterior tibial artery divided by the highest brachial artery systolic pressure from either arm. This paper will focus on the use of computerized dynamic posturography in the assessment of balance in claudicants.

Individuals with intermittent claudication exhibit poor balance compared to healthy controls. Computerized dynamic posturography is an objective method for measuring an individual's postural responses to balance disturbances. This provides an objective reflection of the person&#x2019;s ability to respond to situations under which sensory stimuli are altered and unexpected perturbations occur.

Computerized dynamic posturography with the EquiTest is an objective technique for measuring postural strategies under challenging static and dynamic ...

Ultrasound Assessment of Endothelial Function: A Technical Guideline of the Flow-mediated Dilation Test

Cardiovascular disease is the primary cause of mortality and a major cause of disability worldwide. The dysfunction of the vascular endothelium is a pathological condition characterized mainly by a disruption in the balance between vasodilator and vasoconstrictor substances and is proposed to play an important role in the development of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. Therefore, a precise evaluation of endothelial function in humans represents an important tool that could help better understand the etiology of multiple cardio-centric pathologies.
Over the past twenty-five years, many methodological approaches have been developed to provide an assessment of endothelial function in humans. Introduced in 1989, the FMD test incorporates a forearm occlusion and subsequent reactive hyperemia that promotes nitric oxide production and vasodilation of the brachial artery. The FMD test is now the most widely utilized, non-invasive, ultrasonic assessment of endothelial function in humans and has been associated with future cardiovascular events.
Although the FMD test could have clinical utility, it is a physiological assessment that has inherited several confounding factors that need to be considered. This article describes a standardized protocol for determining FMD including the recommended methodology to help minimize the physiological and technical issues and improve the precision and reproducibility of the assessment.

The flow mediated dilation (FMD) test is the most commonly utilized, non-invasive, ultrasound assessment of endothelial function in humans. Although the FMD test has been related with the prediction of future cardiovascular disease and events, it is a physiological assessment with many inherent confounding factors that need to be considered.

내피 기능의 초음파 평가 : 흐름 중재 팽창 시험의 기술 가이드 라인

Cardiovascular disease is the primary cause of mortality and a major cause of disability worldwide. The dysfunction of the vascular endothelium is a ...

Experimental Protocol of a Three-minute, All-out Arm Crank Exercise Test in Spinal-cord Injured and Able-bodied Individuals

Reliable exercise protocols are required to test changes in exercise performance in elite athletes. Performance improvements in these athletes may be small; therefore, sensitive tools are fundamental to exercise physiology. There are currently many exercise tests that allow for the examination of exercise capacity in able-bodied athletes, with protocols mainly for lower-body or whole-body exercise. There is a trend to test athletes in a sport-specific setting that closely resembles the actions that the participants are used to performing. Only a few protocols test short-term, high-intensity exercise capacity in participants with an impairment of the lower body. Most of these protocols are very sport-specific and are not applicable to a wide range of athletes. One well-known test protocol is the 30 s Wingate test, which is well-established in cycling and in arm crank exercise testing. This test analyzes high-intensity exercise performance over a 30 s time duration. In order to monitor exercise performance over a longer duration, a different method was modified for application to the upper body. The 3 min, all-out arm crank ergometer test allows athletes to be tested in a manner specific to 1,500 m wheelchair racing (in terms of exercise duration), as well as to upper body exercises such as rowing or hand-cycling. In order to increase the reliability with identical test conditions, it is crucial to precisely replicate settings such as the resistance (i.e., torque factor) and the position of the participants (i.e., the height of the crank, the distance between the crank and the participant, and the fixation of the participant). Another important issue concerns the beginning of the exercise test. Fixed revolutions per minute are required to standardize the test conditions for the start of the exercise test. This exercise protocol shows the importance of accurate operations to reproduce identical test conditions and settings.

We present a protocol to test the aerobic and anaerobic power of the upper body muscles over a duration of 3 min in able-bodied as well as in paraplegic and tetraplegic individuals. The protocol presents specific modifications in its application for upper-body exercise in individuals with or without disability.

척수 손상 및 에이블 바디의 3 분간 전면 팔 크랭크 운동 테스트의 실험 프로토콜

Reliable exercise protocols are required to test changes in exercise performance in elite athletes. Performance improvements in these athletes may be ...

A Technique for Subcutaneous Abdominal Adipose Tissue Biopsy via a Non-diathermy Method

Adipose tissue biopsies offer tissue samples that, upon analysis, may provide insightful overviews of mechanisms relating to metabolism and disease. To obtain subcutaneous adipose tissue biopsies in the abdominal area, researchers and physicians use either a surgical or a needle-based technique. However, surgical subcutaneous fat biopsies can offer tissue samples that may provide a more comprehensive overview of the complexities of biological indices in white adipose tissue. Usually, a surgical adipose tissue biopsy includes a diathermy treatment for cauterizing blood vessels to prevent excessive bleeding. Nevertheless, side effects, such as flash fires and skin lesions in the tissue, have been reported after diathermy. Therefore, we aimed to standardize a surgical abdominal adipose tissue biopsy performed under local anesthesia using a non-diathermy method. We conducted 115 subcutaneous adipose tissue biopsies in healthy men using a non-diathermy abdominal surgical biopsy method. Our results showed three cases of excessive post-operation bleeding out of 115 operations (2.61%).In conclusion, our standardized subcutaneous abdominal adipose tissue surgical biopsy using a non-diathermy method can be safely applied to healthy men at the bedside, with minimal side effects.

We standardized an abdominal adipose tissue biopsy using a non-diathermy method performed under local anesthesia. Three cases of excessive post-operation bleeding out of 115 operations (2.61%) occurred.We conclude that an abdominal adipose tissue surgical biopsy using a non-diathermy method can be safely applied to healthy men.

비 투 열 방법을 통해 복 부 피하 지방 조직 생 검에 대 한 기술

Adipose tissue biopsies offer tissue samples that, upon analysis, may provide insightful overviews of mechanisms relating to metabolism and disease. To ...

Taste Exam: A Brief and Validated Test

The emerging importance of taste in medicine and biomedical research, and new knowledge about its genetic underpinnings, has motivated us to supplement classic taste-testing methods in two ways. First, we explain how to do a brief assessment of the mouth, including the tongue, to ensure that taste papillae are present and to note evidence of relevant disease. Second, we draw on genetics to validate taste test data by comparing reports of perceived bitterness intensity and inborn receptor genotypes. Discordance between objective measures of genotype and subjective reports of taste experience can identify data collection errors, distracted subjects or those who have not understood or followed instructions. Our expectation is that fast and valid taste tests may persuade researchers and clinicians to assess taste regularly, making taste testing as common as testing for hearing and vision. Finally, because many tissues of the body express taste receptors, taste responses may provide a proxy for tissue sensitivity elsewhere in the body and, thereby, serve as a rapid, point-of-care test to guide diagnosis and a research tool to evaluate taste receptor protein function.

This protocol measures human taste responses and includes a brief anatomical assessment, a short taste test, and a validation method using the subject&#39;s reported sensation and taste receptor genotype.

맛 시험: 짧고 검증 테스트

The emerging importance of taste in medicine and biomedical research, and new knowledge about its genetic underpinnings, has motivated us to supplement ...

'Boden Food Plate': Novel Interactive Web-based Method for the Assessment of Dietary Intake

Different methods can be used in research to assess dietary intake, many of which are still paper-based. Written estimated food diaries are often utilized in clinical trials, despite being a burden for both study participants and researchers. This method requires participant literacy, it is time consuming, labor intensive, and can easily lead to under-reporting. With advancements in technology, there is a growing interest in electronic diaries that automate the dietary assessment process. These are focused on improving accuracy, reducing both time and cost and providing users with a visual and more enjoyable experience. The methodology presented here aimed to validate the &#39;Boden Food Plate&#39;, a novel web-based platform for self-recording of food and drink items, compared to a traditional estimated food diary. The application was also rated on a satisfaction scale by study participants using a paper-based questionnaire. Sixty-seven participants completed the dietary measures on both the three-day electronic and paper food diaries. For the analysis, only dietary data completed at both study time points (baseline and week six) was utilized. Despite small mean differences between dietary data collection methods, Bland Altman analysis showed fairly wide 95% limits of agreement between the electronic platform and the written estimated food diary and there were few cases which did not fall within the 95% confidence intervals. Overall, participants found the electronic food diary to be more fun than the paper method and as easy to use as hard copy diaries. The new platform has potential as a self-recording tool for the collection of dietary data, particularly when utilized in clinical trial settings. However, further validation studies are needed to improve the validity of this novel electronic dietary data collection tool.

&#039;Boden Food Plate&#039;: Novel Interactive Web-based Method for the Assessment of Dietary Intake

The &#39;Boden Food Plate&#39; is an electronic food diary designed to be an interactive and fun method to collect dietary intake using visual depictions. The purpose of this study was to validate the web-based application against a traditional three-day estimated food diary method.

'Boden 음식 접시': 식이 섭취 량의 평가 대 한 소설 대화형 웹 기반 방법

Different methods can be used in research to assess dietary intake, many of which are still paper-based. Written estimated food diaries are often utilized ...

Conducting Maximal and Submaximal Endurance Exercise Testing to Measure Physiological and Biological Responses to Acute Exercise in Humans

Regular physical activity has a positive effect on human health, but the mechanisms controlling these effects remain unclear. The physiologic and biologic responses to acute exercise are predominantly influenced by the duration and intensity of the exercise regimen. As exercise is increasingly thought of as a therapeutic treatment and/or diagnostic tool, it is important that standardizable methodologies be utilized to understand the variability and to increase the reproducibility of exercise outputs and measurements of responses to such regimens. To that end, we describe two different cycling exercise regimens that yield different physiologic outputs. In a maximal exercise test, exercise intensity is continually increased with a greater workload resulting in an increasing cardiopulmonary and metabolic response (heart rate, stroke volume, ventilation, oxygen consumption and carbon dioxide production). In contrast, during endurance exercise tests, the demand is increased from that at rest, but is raised to a fixed submaximal exercise intensity resulting in a cardiopulmonary and metabolic response that typically plateaus. Along with the protocols, we provide suggestions on measuring physiologic outputs that include, but are not limited to, heart rate, slow and forced vital capacity, gas exchange metrics, and blood pressure to enable the comparison of exercise outputs between studies. Biospecimens can then be sampled to assess cellular, protein, and/or gene expression responses. Overall, this approach can be easily adapted into both short- and long-term effects of two distinct exercise regimens.

To assess the influence of exercise intensity on physiologic and biologic responses, two different exercise testing protocols were utilized. Methods outlining exercise testing on a cycle ergometer as an incremental maximal oxygen consumption test and endurance, steady state submaximal endurance test are described.

최대한 하 고 Submaximal 지구력 운동 인간에서 급성 운동 생리 및 생물학 응답을 측정 하기 위해 테스트를 실시

Regular physical activity has a positive effect on human health, but the mechanisms controlling these effects remain unclear. The physiologic and biologic ...

Setup and Execution Of the Blindfolded Code Training Exercise

Miscommunication is the most common cause of preventable patient harm in medicine. Currently, there is limited knowledge of innovative techniques to improve resident physician communication and leadership strategies in high-acuity situations. The blindfolded code training exercise removes visual stimuli from the team leader, forcing the team leader to effectively utilize closed-loop communication. The simple act of blindfolding the team leader creates a learning environment where the leader must utilize a conceptual framework and critical thinking strategies to organize the team and manage the resuscitation. An advantage to this teaching technique is that it does not require any special simulation equipment, making it a low-cost approach. The blindfolded code training exercise can be applied to the management of any critically ill patient where the primary objective is to focus on developing communication skills in acute resuscitations. The purpose of the description of the blindfolded code training exercise is to provide guidance on how to perform this innovative teaching technique to force effective closed-loop communication.

The blindfolded code training exercise, which blindfolds the team leader in a code resuscitation simulation, is an advanced teaching technique to improve closed-loop communication, organizational skills, and critical thinking.&#160;

Miscommunication is the most common cause of preventable patient harm in medicine. Currently, there is limited knowledge of innovative techniques to ...