We thank Dr. Peter T. Sage for his assistance in generating some of the representative images. This work was supported by an NIH R01 grant to C.V.C. (HL104006).

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The authors have nothing to disclose.

전반적으로,이 프로토콜은 I) 파악 하였다 생리적 장갑차로 내피 세포를 조사하기위한 방법을 설명하고, II) &#39;평면 세포 APC 모델&#39;의 새로운 유형으로. 전자와 관련하여, 이는 점차 적응 면역 반응을 형성하는데 16-18 (조혈 장갑차에 비해, IE)를 둘레 비 조혈 (또는 &#39;기질&#39;) 장갑차 중요한, 비 중복 역할을하는 것으로 인식되고있다. 이러한 &#39;세미 프로&#39;장갑차, 혈...

T 림프구는 주요 조직 적합성 복합체 (MHC)에 효율적으로 결합 된 펩티드 항원은 (Ag)을 인식하는 능력을 특징으로 적응 면역계의 분기 아르는 T 세포 수용체 (TCR도 1)를 통해 분자. 나이브 림프구 구조적 마이그레이션 &#39;전문의 Ag 제시 세포&#39;(장갑차; 예 : 수지상 세포)을 주사 메모리 / 효과기 T 세포가 효과적으로 말초 조직 내의 장갑차 및 잠재 표적 세포의 매우 넓은 범위를 조사 할 필요가 있지만, 림프절 내. APC에 동족의 Ag의 최초 인식 다음 분에서 자신의 마이그레이션을 체포하고 전문 친밀한 세포 - 세포 인터페이스라고 &#39;면역 시냅스&#39;를 형성하기 시작 림프구 (IS). 지속 (즉, 30 ~ 60 분) 접점이 증폭 2-7 신호를 유지해야한다. 새로운 연구는 IS 내에, 그것이 연속 형성하고 신속한 R이라고 파악강도와 면역 반응 2-7 결과의 품질을 결정 (즉, MHC / AG-TCR, F - 굴지, 접착 및 신호 분자를 포함) 이산 서브 셀룰러 신호 마이크로 클러스터의 emodeling. 그러나, 이러한 방법의 세부 사항 및 동적 규제기구는 불완전 8,9 이해된다. 이것은 근본적으로 필요한 시공간 촬상 제한 APC 표면의 불규칙한 토폴로지 및 세포 - 세포 상호 작용의 저조한 제어 평면 배향, 이슈와 관련된 기술적 인 과제는 크게 기인하는 80-10 (Figure1A)에 접근한다. <img alt="그림 1" src="/files/ftp_upload/53288/53288fig1.jpg" /> 이미징 면역 시냅스 역학 그림 1. 생리적 평면 셀 APC 모델은. 회로도는 T 세포와 professio 사이의 면역 학적 시냅스의 전통적인 이미지를 보여<html> NAL APC (A)와 T 세포와이 신규 한 내피 평면 APC 모델 (C)에 비해 전통적인 평면 지질 이중층 APC 모델 (B). ,, 극적으로 즉, 공간 (Z 영상 플레인의 해상도 ~ 1 ㎛) 및 시간을 (타협, 전문 장갑차는 생리적 면역 시냅스를 제공하지만 (해상도 ~ 0.2 μm의 최적의 XY 영상 평면에 대한 즉,) 제대로 지향 세포 - 세포 인터페이스를 제공 필요에 의한 반복적으로 영상의 해상도) 모든 Z 영상면을 스캔합니다. 이중층 모델 시공간 최적 이미징 해상도를 제공 평면 위상을 가질뿐만 아니라, 고도의 비 - 생리 학적 및 강성 간략화된다. 이것은 내피 세포 모델 생리적 환경에서 최적의 공간 및 시간 해상도 이미징을 제공하는 APC의 고전 생리적 기판과 지질 이중층의 평면 위상을 결합한다.M / 파일 / ftp_upload / 53288 / 53288fig1large.jpg &quot;대상 =&quot;_ 빈 &quot;&gt;이 그림의 더 큰 버전을 보려면 여기를 클릭하십시오. 이전의 연구는 부분적으로 최적의 XY 촬상에 평행 한 평면으로 T 세포의 활성화 표면 고정을 통해, 즉, 최적의 시공간 해상도 (제공 현상 평면 기판 모델 (즉, 지질 이중층과 항체 - 코팅 된면)에 의해 이러한 장애물을 회피했다 평면) 11 ~ 15 (그림 1B). 이러한 모델은 동적 액틴 / TCR 신호 마이크로 클러스터 7,11-14의 발견을 포함하여 T 세포에 항원 신호를 제어하는 분자 / 세포 내 역학에 중요한 통찰력을 촉진하고있다. 그러나, 이러한 모델은 본질적으로 과도하게 단순화되고,뿐만 아니라 강성 (도 1b) (3 차원 기하학적 특징의 개발 / 연구를 배제). 따라서, PHY에 그러한 결과를 연관시키는 방법 불확실siologic 세포 - 세포 면역 감시. 여전히 파악 하였다 있지만, 혈관과 림프 내피 세포가 큰로서 등장하고있다 (즉, ~ 1,000 배의 모든 전문 장갑차보다 숫자에 큰) &#39;세미 프로&#39;장갑차 16-18의 주변 함. (예를 들어, CD40, LFA3, ICOSL, 4-1BB, OX40L, TL1A, PD-L1,하지만 CD80 및 CD86)이 세포는 MHC-I-, MHC-II-공동 자극 분자의 군중을 표현하고 전략적입니다 그들은 전문적인 감시 기능 16-18를 제공 혈액 조직 인터페이스에 위치. 이전의 연구에서는 내피 세포가 효율적으로 효과기 / 메모리 있지만 나이브 아니라 T 세포 19-25 다시 자극 할 수 있음을 입증 하였다. 따라서, 내피 세포는 T 세포 활성화, 분화, 메모리 및 공차 16,17,26 로컬 영향력 말초 조직 내의 적응성 면역 반응의 이펙터 단계에 고유 APC의 역할을하는 것으로 보인다. 크리시험 관내에서 배양 학적 때, 내피 세포는 사실상 평면 세포 표면을 형성하고 (형광 단백질 기자 예) 형질 용이하다. 이러한 기능은 세포 - 세포 상호 작용 19,27 동안 위상 역학의 높은 시공간 해상도 이미징에 이상적입니다. 따라서 내피 세포는 응답 (그림 1C) (19, 20)를 항원 인식을 운전하고 조절하는 분자 / 세포 내 리모델링 메커니즘 연구를위한 뚜렷하게 적합 생리적 &#39;평면 세포 APC&#39;모델이 될 수 있습니다. 이전 접착 및 transendothelial 마이그레이션 27시 백혈구 - 내피 상호 작용의 세부 사항을 공부 (세포막과 세포질의 형광 단백질 업체들과 내피 세포의 형질 전환 포함) 보완 이미징 기술을 설립, 백혈구가 적극적으로 동적으로 내피 세포의 표면을 검사 것으로 나타났다 삽입서브 마이크론 규모의 D 후퇴는 굴지 풍부한 원통형 돌기 (~ 직경과 깊이 200 ~ 나노 미터)는 invadosome 형 돌기 (즉, &#39;ILPs&#39;) 27, 28라고합니다. 이 촬상 방법은 상기보고 (19, 20)와 같은 T 세포 - 내피 면역 시냅스 높은 시공간 해상도의 영상화를위한 첫번째 방법을 개발하기 위해 내피 APC 기능을 활용 여기서는 더 설명하는 프로토콜들의 생성에 따라 확대되었다. 이 신규 한 평면 셀룰러 APC 모델로부터 유도 중앙 결과는 T 세포의 Ag ILPs 초기 탐지를 촉진 및 후속 시그널링을 모두 유지하는 기능을한다는 것이다. 실제로, (안정화 및 칼슘 플럭스 초기에 대응하여 발생한되었다), TCR 및 활성 신호 등 PKC-Q, ZAP-70, 포스 및 HS1의 암시 분자 쇼 농축 여러 ILPs의 배열. 따라서 ILPs는 TCR 시그널링에 마이크로 입체 생리적 등가를 나타내는 것평면 이중층 모델에서 본 클러스터. 이 방법은, 따라서 민감하게 밝혀 / 보고서 분자 및 건축 (및 생체 역학 묵시적) 역학 그렇지 않으면 감지되지. 본원에 기재된 방법은 적응성 면역 반응의 기본 메커니즘을 심문하는 능력을 향상시키기 위해 전문 APC 인공 APC 기판 모델 사이의 갭을 ​​가교에 유용 할 것이다. 여기서 포커스는 CD4 +받은 Th1 형 이펙터 / 메모리 셀의 활성화에 있지만 후술하는 바와 같이,이 기본 방법은 용이하게, T 세포 유형 및 Ag로 광범위한 연구를 수정할 수있다.

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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:392px;">Falcon 50mL Conical Centrifuge Tubes</td>
			<td style="width:149px;">Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>14-959-49A&#160;</td>
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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:392px;">Falcon Tissue Culture Treated Flasks T25</td>
			<td style="width:149px;">Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>10-126-9</td>
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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:392px;">&#160;Falcon Tissue Culture Treated Flasks T75</td>
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			<td style="width:152px;">12-545-85&#160;</td>
			<td>12 mm diameter</td>
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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:392px;">&#160;Falcon Tissue Culture Plates 24-well</td>
			<td style="width:149px;">Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>08-772-1</td>
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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:392px;">Delta-T plates</td>
			<td style="width:149px;">Bioptechs</td>
			<td>04200415B</td>
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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Wheaton Disposable Pasteur Pipets</td>
			<td style="width:149px;">Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:152px;">13-678-8D</td>
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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">1.5 ml Eppendorf tube&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:149px;">Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>05-402-25</td>
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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:392px;">&#160;ICAM1 mouse anti-human</td>
			<td style="width:149px;">BD Biosciences</td>
			<td>555509</td>
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		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">HS1 mouse anti-human</td>
			<td>BD Biosciences</td>
			<td>610541</td>
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		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Anti-Human CD11a (LFA-1alpha) Purified</td>
			<td>ebioscience</td>
			<td>BMS102</td>
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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Anti-Human CD3 Alexa Fluor&#174; 488</td>
			<td>ebioscience</td>
			<td>53-0037-41</td>
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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Anti-MHC Class II antibody&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:149px;">Abcam</td>
			<td>ab55152</td>
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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Anti-Talin 1 antibody</td>
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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:392px;">Anti-PKC theta antibody&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:149px;">Abcam</td>
			<td>ab109481</td>
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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">phosphotyrosine (4G10 Platinum)</td>
			<td style="width:149px;">Millipore</td>
			<td>50-171-463</td>
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		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:392px;">Nucleofector II</td>
			<td style="width:149px;">Amaxa Biosystems</td>
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			<td>Required electroporator for step 4</td>
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			<td height="41" style="height:41px;width:392px;">Zeiss Axiovert</td>
			<td style="width:149px;">Carl Zeiss MicroImaging</td>
			<td style="width:152px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="41">
			<td height="41" style="height:41px;width:392px;">Zeiss LSM510&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:149px;">Carl Zeiss MicroImaging</td>
			<td style="width:152px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="41">
			<td height="41" style="height:41px;width:392px;">Zeiss Axiovison Software</td>
			<td style="width:149px;">Carl Zeiss MicroImaging</td>
			<td style="width:152px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:392px;">NU-425 (Series 60) Biological Safety Cabinet</td>
			<td style="width:149px;">NuAIRE</td>
			<td style="width:152px;">Nu-425-600</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="41">
			<td height="41" style="height:41px;width:392px;">&#160;Forma STRCYCLE 37 &#176;C, 5% CO2 Cell culture Incubator</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>202370</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:392px;">Centrifuge 5810</td>
			<td style="width:149px;">Eppendorf</td>
			<td style="width:152px;">EW-02570-02</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:392px;">Hemocytometer</td>
			<td style="width:149px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:152px;">&#160;Z359629</td>
			<td>Bright-Line Hemocytometer</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:392px;">Isotemp Waterbath model 202</td>
			<td style="width:149px;">Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:152px;">15-462-2</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

an endothelial planar cell model for imaging immunological synapse dynamics

적응성 면역 T 세포와 항원 제시 세포 ( &#39;장갑차&#39;) 사이의 동적 인 상호 작용에 의해 조절 &#39;면역 시냅스&#39;라 칭한다. 이러한 친밀한 세포 - 세포 인터페이스 내에서 MHC / AG-TCR, F - 굴지, 접착의 개별 하위 세포 클러스터 및 신호 분자가 형성 빠르게 개조. 이러한 역학은 중요한 효율성과 개발 면역 반응의 품질 모두의 결정 때문에 병리학 적 면역 대 보호의 것으로 생각된다. 생리적 장갑차와 면역 시냅스의 현재 이해는 얻을 수있는 영상 해상도의 무능력에 의해 제한된다. 인공 기판 모델 (예를 들면, 평면 지질 이중층)이 우수한 해상도를 제공하며 매우 유용한 도구되었을지라도, 이들은 본래 비 생리적 및 과도하게 단순화된다. 혈관과 림프 내피 세포는 &#39;반 직업의 중요한 말초 조직 (또는 기질) 구획으로 등장알 장갑차 &#39;. (전문 장갑차의 분자 기계의 대부분을 표현할)이 거의 평탄한 장갑차 세포 표면을 형성하는 독특한 특징을 갖고 (형광성 단백질 리포터로, 예) 형질 용이하다. 여기서 기본 접근법을 설명한다 신규하고 개선 된 이미징 및 항원 기본적인 시그널링 프로세스 심문 생리적 &#39;평면 셀룰러 APC 모델&#39;내피 세포 등을 구현한다.

내피 세포를 사용하고 생리적 복잡성 및 전문 장갑차의 변형성을 가진 평면 지질 이중층 모델의 해상도의 이점을 조합 한 새로운 촬상 방식은 (도 1)을 개발 하였다. (2)이 관찰] 이주 칼슘 플럭스 및 위상 역학의 예를 제공 도표 접근. 내피에 처짐의 부재 하에서, SAG 특정 CD4 +받은 Th1 림프구 빠르게 편광 확산 칼슘 플럭 싱없이 ...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about An Endothelial Planar Cell Model for Imaging Immunological Synapse Dynamics at JoVE.com

An Endothelial Planar Cell Model for Imaging Immunological Synapse Dynamics

Adaptive immunity is controlled by dynamic 'immunological synapses' formed between T cells and antigen presenting cells. This protocol describes methods for investigating endothelial cells both as understudied physiologic APCs and as a novel type of 'planar cellular APC model'.

이미징 면역 시냅스 역학에 대한 내피 평면 셀 모델

Adaptive immunity is regulated by dynamic interactions between T cells and antigen presenting cells (&#39;APCs&#39;) referred to as &#39;immunological ...

an-endothelial-planar-cell-model-for-imaging-immunological-synapse

Research

JoVE Journal

Immunology and Infection

8.8K 조회수.  Harvard Medical School - BIDMC. Adaptive immunity is controlled by dynamic 'immunological synapses' formed between T cells and antigen presenting cells. This protocol describes methods for investigating endothelial cells both as understudied physiologic APCs and as a novel type of 'planar cellular APC model'.

비디오: An Endothelial Planar Cell Model for Imaging Immunological Synapse Dynamics

Imaging of HIV-1 Envelope-induced Virological Synapse and Signaling on Synthetic Lipid Bilayers

Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection occurs most efficiently via cell to cell transmission2,10,11. This cell to cell transfer between CD4+ T cells involves the formation of a virological synapse (VS), which is an F-actin-dependent cell-cell junction formed upon the engagement of HIV-1 envelope gp120 on the infected cell with CD4 and the chemokine receptor (CKR) CCR5 or CXCR4 on the target cell 8. In addition to gp120 and its receptors, other membrane proteins, particularly the adhesion molecule LFA-1 and its ligands, the ICAM family, play a major role in VS formation and virus transmission as they are present on the surface of virus-infected donor cells and target cells, as well as on the envelope of HIV-1 virions1,4,5,6,7,13. VS formation is also accompanied by intracellular signaling events that are transduced as a result of gp120-engagement of its receptors. Indeed, we have recently showed that CD4+ T cell interaction with gp120 induces recruitment and phosphorylation of signaling molecules associated with the TCR signalosome including Lck, CD3&zeta;, ZAP70, LAT, SLP-76, Itk, and PLC&gamma;15.
In this article, we present a method to visualize supramolecular arrangement and membrane-proximal signaling events taking place during VS formation. We take advantage of the glass-supported planar bi-layer system as a reductionist model to represent the surface of HIV-infected cells bearing the viral envelope gp120 and the cellular adhesion molecule ICAM-1. The protocol describes general procedures for monitoring HIV-1 gp120-induced VS assembly and signal activation events that include i) bi-layer preparation and assembly in a flow cell, ii) injection of cells and immunofluorescence staining to detect intracellular signaling molecules on cells interacting with HIV-1 gp120 and ICAM-1 on bi-layers, iii) image acquisition by TIRF microscopy, and iv) data analysis. This system generates high-resolution images of VS interface beyond that achieved with the conventional cell-cell system as it allows detection of distinct clusters of individual molecular components of VS along with specific signaling molecules recruited to these sub-domains.

This article describes a method to visualize formation of an HIV-1 envelope-induced virological synapse on glass supported planar bilayers by total internal reflection fluorescence (TIRF) microscopy. The method can also be combined with immunofluorescence staining to detect activation and redistribution of signaling molecules that occur during HIV-1 envelope-induced virological synapse formation.

의 이미징 HIV-1 봉투 유발 Virological 시냅스와 합성 지질 Bilayers에 신호

Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection occurs most efficiently via cell to cell transmission2,10,11. This cell to cell transfer between ...

연구

면역학 및 감염병학

Visualization of the Immunological Synapse by Dual Color Time-gated Stimulated Emission Depletion (STED) Nanoscopy

Natural killer cells form tightly regulated, finely tuned immunological synapses (IS) in order to lyse virally infected or tumorigenic cells. Dynamic actin reorganization is critical to the function of NK cells and the formation of the IS. Imaging of F-actin at the synapse has traditionally utilized confocal microscopy, however the diffraction limit of light restricts resolution of fluorescence microscopy, including confocal, to approximately 200 nm. Recent advances in imaging technology have enabled the development of subdiffraction limited super-resolution imaging. In order to visualize F-actin architecture at the IS we recapitulate the NK cell cytotoxic synapse by adhering NK cells to activating receptor on glass. We then image proteins of interest using two-color stimulated emission depletion microscopy (STED). This results in &#60;80 nm resolution at the synapse. Herein we describe the steps of sample preparation and the acquisition of images using dual color STED nanoscopy to visualize F-actin at the NK IS. We also illustrate optimization of sample acquisition using Leica SP8 software and time-gated STED. Finally, we utilize Huygens software for post-processing deconvolution of images.

Visualization of the Immunological Synapse by Dual Color Time-gated Stimulated Emission Depletion STED Nanoscopy

Here we illustrate the protocol for imaging by two-color STED nanoscopy the cytotoxic immune synapse of NK cells recapitulated on glass. Using this method we obtain sub-100 nm resolution of synapse proteins and the cytoskeleton.

이중 색깔 시간 게이트 자극 방출 고갈 (STED) Nanoscopy에 의한 면역 시냅스의 시각화

Natural killer cells form tightly regulated, finely tuned immunological synapses (IS) in order to lyse virally infected or tumorigenic cells. Dynamic ...

Real-time Imaging of Endothelial Cell-cell Junctions During Neutrophil Transmigration Under Physiological Flow

During inflammation, leukocytes leave the circulation and cross the endothelium to fight invading pathogens in underlying tissues. This process is known as leukocyte transendothelial migration. Two routes for leukocytes to cross the endothelial monolayer have been described: the paracellular route, i.e., through the cell-cell junctions and the transcellular route, i.e., through the endothelial cell body. However, it has been technically difficult to discriminate between the para- and transcellular route. We developed a simple in vitro assay to study the distribution of endogenous VE-cadherin and PECAM-1 during neutrophil transendothelial migration under physiological flow conditions. Prior to neutrophil perfusion, endothelial cells were briefly treated with fluorescently-labeled antibodies against VE-cadherin and PECAM-1. These antibodies did not interfere with the function of both proteins, as was determined by electrical cell-substrate impedance sensing and FRAP measurements. Using this assay, we were able to follow the distribution of endogenous VE-cadherin and PECAM-1 during transendothelial migration under flow conditions and discriminate between the para- and transcellular migration routes of the leukocytes across the endothelium.

Leukocytes cross the endothelial monolayer using the paracellular or the transcellular route. We developed a simple assay to follow the distribution of endogenous junctional VE-cadherin and PECAM-1 during leukocyte transendothelial migration under physiological flow to discriminate between the two transmigration routes.

호중구 윤회에서 생리 흐름 중 내피 세포 - 세포 접합의 실시간 영상

During inflammation, leukocytes leave the circulation and cross the endothelium to fight invading pathogens in underlying tissues. This process is known ...

An Ex vivo Model of an Oligodendrocyte-directed T-Cell Attack in Acute Brain Slices

Death of oligodendrocytes accompanied by destruction of neurons and axons are typical histopathological findings in cortical and subcortical grey matter lesions in inflammatory demyelinating disorders like multiple sclerosis (MS). In these disorders, mainly CD8+ T-cells of putative specificity for myelin- and oligodendrocyte-related antigens are found, so that neuronal apoptosis in grey matter lesions may be a collateral effect of these cells. Different types of animal models are established to study the underlying mechanisms of the mentioned pathophysiological processes. However, although they mimic some aspects of MS, it is impossible to dissect the exact mechanism and time course of &#8216;&#8216;collateral&#8217;&#8217; neuronal cell death. To address this course, here we show a protocol to study the mechanisms and time response of neuronal damage following an oligodendrocyte-directed CD8+ T cell attack. To target only the myelin sheath and the oligodendrocytes, in vitro activated oligodendrocyte-specific CD8+ T-cells are transferred into acutely isolated brain slices. After a defined incubation period, myelin and neuronal damage can be analysed in different regions of interest. Potential applications and limitations of this model will be discussed.

An Ex vivo Model of an Oligodendrocyte-directed T-Cell Attack in Acute Brain Slices

To address mechanisms of demyelination and neuronal apoptosis in cortical lesions of inflammatory demyelinating disorders, different animal models are used. We here describe an ex vivo approach by using oligodendrocyte-specific CD8+ T-cells on brain slices, resulting in oligodendroglial and neuronal death. Potential applications and limitations of the model are discussed.

<em&gt; 생체 내</em&gt; 급성 뇌 조각의 희소 돌기 아교 세포 지시 T 세포 공격의 모델

Death of oligodendrocytes accompanied by destruction of neurons and axons are typical histopathological findings in cortical and subcortical grey matter ...

Super-resolution Imaging of the Natural Killer Cell Immunological Synapse on a Glass-supported Planar Lipid Bilayer

The glass-supported planar lipid bilayer system has been utilized in a variety of disciplines. One of the most useful applications of this technique has been in the study of immunological synapse formation, due to the ability of the glass-supported planar lipid bilayers to mimic the surface of a target cell while forming a horizontal interface. The recent advances in super-resolution imaging have further allowed scientists to better view the fine details of synapse structure. In this study, one of these advanced techniques, stimulated emission depletion (STED), is utilized to study the structure of natural killer (NK) cell synapses on the supported lipid bilayer. Provided herein is an easy-to-follow protocol detailing: how to prepare raw synthetic phospholipids for use in synthesizing glass-supported bilayers; how to determine how densely protein of a given concentration occupies the bilayer's attachment sites; how to construct a supported lipid bilayer containing antibodies against NK cell activating receptor CD16; and finally, how to image human NK cells on this bilayer using STED super-resolution microscopy, with a focus on distribution of perforin positive lytic granules and filamentous actin at NK synapses. Thus, combining the glass-supported planar lipid bilayer system with STED technique, we demonstrate the feasibility and application of this combined technique, as well as intracellular structures at NK immunological synapse with super-resolution.

We describe here a combination of the glass-supported lipid bilayer technique of forming immunological synapses with the super-resolution imaging technique of stimulated emission depletion (STED) microscopy. The goal of this protocol is to provide users with the instructions necessary to successfully carry out these two techniques.

유리 - 지원 평면 지질 이중층에 자연 살해 세포 면역 시냅스의 슈퍼 해상도 이미징

The glass-supported planar lipid bilayer system has been utilized in a variety of disciplines. One of the most useful applications of this technique has ...

An In Vitro Model of the Blood-brain Barrier Using Impedance Spectroscopy: A Focus on T Cell-endothelial Cell Interaction

Breakdown of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) is a critical step in the development of autoimmune diseases such as multiple sclerosis (MS) and its animal model experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). This process is characterized by the transmigration of activated T cells across brain endothelial cells (ECs), the main constituents of the BBB. However, the consequences on brain EC function upon interaction with such T cells are largely unknown. Here we describe an assay that allows for the evaluation of primary mouse brain microvascular EC (MBMEC) function and barrier integrity during the interaction with T cells over time. The assay makes use of impedance cell spectroscopy, a powerful tool for studying EC monolayer integrity and permeability, by measuring changes in transendothelial electrical resistance (TEER) and cell layer capacitance (Ccl). In direct contact with ECs, stimulated but not na&#239;ve T cells are capable of inducing EC monolayer dysfunction, as visualized by a decrease in TEER and an increase in Ccl. The assay records changes in EC monolayer integrity in a continuous and automated fashion. It is sensitive enough to distinguish between different strengths of stimuli and levels of T cell activation and it enables the investigation of the consequences of a targeted modulation of T cell-EC interaction using a wide range of substances such as antibodies, pharmacological reagents and cytokines. The technique can also be used as a quality control for EC integrity in in vitro T-cell transmigration assays. These applications make it a versatile tool for studying BBB properties under physiological and pathophysiological conditions.

An In Vitro Model of the Blood-brain Barrier Using Impedance Spectroscopy: A Focus on T Cell-endothelial Cell Interaction

Here, we describe an in vitro murine model of the blood-brain barrier that makes use of impedance cell spectroscopy, with a focus on the consequences on endothelial cell integrity and permeability upon interaction with activated T cells.

<em&gt; 체외</em&gt; 임피던스 분광학을 사용하여 혈액 - 뇌 장벽 모델 : T 세포 - 내피 세포 상호 작용에 초점

Breakdown of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) is a critical step in the development of autoimmune diseases such as multiple sclerosis (MS) and its animal ...

Studying Organelle Dynamics in B Cells During Immune Synapse Formation

Recognition of surface-tethered antigens&#160;by the B cell receptor (BCR)&#160;triggers the formation of an immune synapse (IS), where both signaling&#160;and antigen uptake are coordinated. IS formation involves dynamic actin remodeling accompanied by the polarized recruitment to the synaptic membrane of the centrosome and associated intracellular organelles such as lysosomes and the Golgi apparatus. Initial stages of actin remodeling allow B cells to increase their cell surface and maximize the quantity of antigen-BCR complexes gathered at the synapse. Under certain conditions, when B cells recognize antigens associated to rigid surfaces, this process is coupled to the local recruitment and secretion of lysosomes, which can facilitate antigen extraction. Uptaken antigens&#160;are internalized into specialized endo-lysosome compartments for processing into peptides, which are loaded onto major histocompatibility complex II (MHC-II) molecules for further presentation to T helper cells. Therefore, studying organelle dynamics associated with the formation of an IS is crucial to understanding how B cells are activated. In the present article we will discuss both imaging and a biochemical technique used to study changes in intracellular organelle positioning and cytoskeleton rearrangements that are associated with the formation of an IS in B cells.

Herein we describe two approaches to characterize cell polarization events in B lymphocytes during the formation of an IS. The first, involves quantification of organelle recruitment and cytoskeleton rearrangements at the synaptic membrane. The second is a biochemical approach, to characterize changes in composition of the centrosome, which undergoes polarization to the immune synapse.

면역 시 냅 스 형성 하는 동안 B 세포에서 세포 역학 공부

Recognition of surface-tethered antigens&#160;by the B cell receptor (BCR)&#160;triggers the formation of an immune synapse (IS), where both ...

Implantation and Monitoring by PET/CT of an Orthotopic Model of Human Pleural Mesothelioma in Athymic Mice

Malignant pleural mesothelioma (MPM) is a rare and aggressive tumor arising in the mesothelium that covers the lungs, the heart, and the thoracic cavity. MPM development is mainly associated with asbestos. Treatments provide only modest survival since the median survival average is 9&#8211;18 months from the time of diagnosis. Therefore, more effective treatments must be identified. Most data describing new therapeutic targets were obtained from in vitro experiments and need to be validated in reliable in vivo preclinical models. This article describes one such reliable MPM orthotopic model obtained after injection of a human MPM cell line H2052/484 into the pleural cavity of immunodeficient athymic mice. Transplantation in the orthotopic site allows studying the progression of tumor in the natural in vivo environment. Positron emission tomography/computed tomography (PET/CT) molecular imaging using the clinical [18F]-2-fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose ([18F]FDG) radiotracer is the diagnosis method of choice for examining patients with MPM. Accordingly, [18F]FDG-PET/CT was used to longitudinally monitor the disease progression of the H2052/484 orthotopic model. This technique has a high 3R potential (Reduce the number of animals, Refine to lessen pain and discomfort, and Replace animal experimentation with alternatives) since the tumor development can be monitored non-invasively and the number of animals required could be significantly reduced.
This model displays a high development rate, a rapid tumor growth, is cost-efficient and allows for rapid clinical translation. By using this orthotopic xenograft MPM model, researchers can assess biological responses of a reliable MPM model following therapeutic interventions.

This article describes the generation of an orthotopic mouse model of human pleural mesothelioma by implantation of H2052/484 mesothelioma cells into the pleural cavity of immunocompromised athymic mice. The longitudinal monitoring of the development of intrapleural tumors was assessed by non-invasive multimodal [18F]-2-fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose positron emission tomography and computed tomography imaging.

심질 마우스에 있는 인간 흉막 중피종의 정형외 모형의 PET/CT에 의한 이식 및 모니터링

Malignant pleural mesothelioma (MPM) is a rare and aggressive tumor arising in the mesothelium that covers the lungs, the heart, and the thoracic cavity. ...

Imaging the Human Immunological Synapse

The purpose of the method is to generate an immunological synapse (IS), an example of cell-to-cell conjugation formed by an antigen-presenting cell (APC) and an effector helper T lymphocyte (Th) cell, and to record the images corresponding to the first stages of the IS formation and the subsequent trafficking events (occurring both in the APC and in the Th cell). These events will eventually lead to polarized secretion at the IS. In this protocol, Jurkat cells challenged with Staphylococcus enterotoxin E (SEE)-pulsed Raji cells as a cell synapse model was used, because of the closeness of this experimental system to the biological reality (Th cell-APC synaptic conjugates). The approach presented here involves cell-to-cell conjugation, time-lapse acquisition, wide-field fluorescence microscopy (WFFM) followed by image processing (post-acquisition deconvolution). This improves the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of the images, enhances the temporal resolution, allows the synchronized acquisition of several fluorochromes in emerging synaptic conjugates and decreases fluorescence bleaching. In addition, the protocol is well matched with the end point cell fixation protocols (paraformaldehyde, acetone or methanol), which would allow further immunofluorescence staining and analyses. This protocol is also compatible with laser scanning confocal microscopy (LSCM) and other state-of-the-art microscopy techniques. As a main caveat, only those T cell-APC boundaries (called IS interfaces) that were at the right 90&#176; angle to the focus plane along the Z-axis could be properly imaged and analyzed. Other experimental models exist that simplify imaging in the Z dimension and the following image analyses, but these approaches do not emulate the complex, irregular surface of an APC, and may promote non-physiological interactions in the IS. Thus, the experimental approach used here is suitable to reproduce and to confront some biological complexities occurring at the IS.

This protocol images both the immunological synapse formation and the subsequent polarized secretory traffic towards the immunological synapse. Cellular conjugates were formed between a superantigen-pulsed Raji cell (acting as an antigen-presenting cell) and a Jurkat clone (acting as an effector helper T lymphocyte).

인간 면역학적 시냅스 이미징

The purpose of the method is to generate an immunological synapse (IS), an example of cell-to-cell conjugation formed by an antigen-presenting cell (APC) ...

An Immunological Model for Heterotopic Heart and Cardiac Muscle Cell Transplantation in Rats

Heterotopic heart transplantation in rats has been a commonly used model for diverse immunological studies for more than 50 years. Several modifications have been reported since the first description in 1964. After 30 years of performing heterotopic heart transplantation in rats, we have developed a simplified surgical approach, which can be easily taught and performed without further surgical training or background.
After dissection of the ascending aorta and the pulmonary artery and ligation of superior and inferior caval and pulmonary veins, the donor heart is harvested and subsequently perfused with ice-cold saline solution supplemented with heparin. After clamping and incising the recipient abdominal vessels, the donor ascending aorta and pulmonary artery are anastomosed to the recipient abdominal aorta and inferior vena cava, respectively, using continuous running sutures.
Depending on different donor-recipient combinations, this model allows analyses of either acute or chronic rejection of allografts. The immunological significance of this model is further enhanced by a novel approach of in-ear injection of vital cardiac muscle cells and subsequent analysis of draining cervical lymphatic tissue.

We describe a model of heterotopic abdominal heart transplantation in rats, implying modifications of current strategies, which lead to a simplified surgical approach. Additionally, we describe a novel rejection model by in-ear injection of vital cardiac muscle cells, allowing further transplant immunological analyses in rats.

쥐에 있는 이종 심혼 및 심장 근육 세포 이식을 위한 면역학 모형

Heterotopic heart transplantation in rats has been a commonly used model for diverse immunological studies for more than 50 years. Several modifications ...