This work was supported by NIH grants CA133402, CA152313 and Department of Energy Office of Science DE-SC0001271. We thank the University of California Davis Flow Cytometry Shared Resource Laboratory with funding from the NCI P30 CA0933730, and NIH NCRR C06-RR12088, S10 RR12964 and S10 RR 026825 grants and with technical assistance from Ms. Bridget McLaughlin and Mr. Jonathan Van Dyke for their help with the flow cytometry experiments.

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The authors declare that they have no competing financial interests.

다른 세포 내 소기관으로 향하는 단백질 마찬가지로 미토콘드리아 표적 단백질은 정교한 단백질 전좌 접지기 (21, 22)의 도움 소기관에 직접 일차 또는 이차 구조 내의 표적 신호를 갖는다. 이러한 COX8 같은 독점적으로 미토콘드리아 상주 단백질에서 얻은 시퀀스 (MTS)을 대상으로 미토콘드리아는 미토콘드리아 11,23,24에 특정 단백질을 대상으로하는 유전자 서열의 N 말단에 추가 할 ?...

포유 동물에서 세포주기의 진행은 cyclins과 cyclin-dependent kinases (Cdks) 1에 의해 제어 높은 순서 이벤트에 따라 달라집니다. 그 세포질, 핵 및 centrosomal 지역화를 통해 CyclinB1 /는 Cdk1는 핵 봉투 고장 및 중심체 분리 2와 유사 분열에서 다양한 이벤트를 동기화 할 수 있습니다. CyclinB1 /는 Cdk1는 세포 사멸 (3)에 대해 유사 분열 세포를 보호하고 미토콘드리아 분열, 새로 형성된 딸 세포 4 미토콘드리아의 평등 한 분배를위한 중요한 단계를 촉진한다. 포유류 세포 증식에​​서 미토콘드리아 ATP 5 멀티 소단위 복합체로 구성되어 산화 적 인산화 (OXPHOS) 기계 (전자 전달계)를 통해 생성된다; 복잡한 I - 복잡한 V (CI-CV). 니코틴 아미드 아데닌 디 뉴클레오티드 (NADH) : 유비 퀴논 산화 환원 효소 복잡한 I (CI)는 다섯 단지 (5)의 이해 최대 규모 이상이다. 복잡한 C45 서브 유닛의 14 onsists는 촉매 코어를 형성한다. 일단 복합 한 팔이 매트릭스 내부의 막에 매립 -6,7- 다른 아암에 돌출하여 L 자형 구조를 가정 조립. CI 단위체의 돌연변이는 미토콘드리아 장애 8의 다양한 원인이다. OXPHOS에서 기능적으로 효율적 CI는 전체 미토콘드리아 호흡 9, 또한 성공적인 세포주기 진행 10뿐만 아니라 필요합니다. 건강과 질병이 막 결합 효소 복합체의 기능을 기본 메커니즘을 해결했습니다 것은 소설 진단 절차 및 고급 치료 전략의 개발을 가능하게 할 수있다. 최근 연구에서는 CyclinB1 /는 Cdk1 착체 셀 중 셀 증가 에너지 요구를 상쇄하기 위해 GAP (2) G2 / (유사 분열) M 단계에서 미토콘드리아에 전위 시키며 잠재적으로, 미토콘드리아의 에너지 생산을 향상 CI 소단위 인산화 것을 발견 사이클 11. 여기에서 우리는 쇼실험 절차와 달리 핵 / 세포질 키나제의 미토콘드리아 전위을 연구하는데 사용될 수있는 전략들은 미토콘드리아 기질뿐만 아니라 예를 들어 CyclinB1 /는 Cdk1을 사용하여 미토콘드리아 지역화 기능적 결과 wcase. 필요한 미토콘드리아 고유의 과발현이 단지의 최저의 연구를 묻는 메시지가 나타나면 CyclinB1 /는 Cdk1 단지가 미토콘드리아로으로 전위 것을 발견. 단백질의 미토콘드리아 - 특이 적 발현을 달성하기 위하여, 하나는 관심있는 단백질의 N 말단에 미토콘드리아 타겟팅 서열 (MTS)을 추가 할 수있다. 시퀀스를 대상으로 미토콘드리아는 일반적으로 12있는 미토콘드리아에 미토콘드리아 단백질의 정렬을 할 수 있습니다. 우리는 CyclinB1 또는 적색 형광을 -tagged 인간 시토크롬 C 산화 효소 서브 유닛 8A (COX8)의 전구체에서 파생 된 87베이스 미토콘드리아 대상 시퀀스를 사용하여 녹색 형광 단백질 (GFP)로 그것을 복제 한단백질 (RFP)는는 Cdk1 프레임에 플라스미드를 포함 -tagged. 이 방법은 특히 핵 풀에 영향을주지 않고 이들 단백질의 미토콘드리아 표현을 변경, 우리가 미토콘드리아에 CyclinB1과는 Cdk1를 대상으로 할 수있었습니다. 형광이 단백질에 태그를 추가함으로써, 우리는 실시간으로 자신의 위치 파악을 모니터링 할 수 있었다. 마찬가지로, 우리는 우리가 구체적으로는 Cdk1의 미토콘드리아 표현과 기능을 노크 할 수 RFP 태그가 지배적 인 부정적인는 Cdk1 포함하는 플라스미드로 MTS를 도입했습니다. 는 Cdk1 같은 듀얼 현지화를 키나제의 미토콘드리아 및 핵 기능을 구별하는 것이 필수적이다. 이러한 이중 기능성 키나제의 N 말단에 MTS 공학이 사용될 쉽고 효과적인 다양한 전략을 제공한다. 는 Cdk1은 세포주기 키나제이므로,는 Cdk1은 미토콘드리아에 국소 때 세포주기 진행을 결정하는 기본이다. 이를 위해, 우리는 새로운 운전 방식을 이용했다D는 세포의 DNA 함량을 모니터한다. 전통적인 방법은 티미 딘으로 대체하는 세포주기의 S 단계에서 새로 합성 된 DNA 내로 통합 BrdU (브로 모데 옥시 우리 딘), 티미 딘의 합성 유사체를 포함하여. 이어서 적극적으로 DNA를 복제 세포는 항 BrdU의 항체를 이용하여 검출 될 수있다. 이 방법의 하나의 단점은, 결과 (13, 14) 사이의 불일치가 발생할 수 산 또는 열처리 등 열악한 방법에 의해 BrdU의 항체에 대한 액세스를 제공하는 DNA의 변성이 필요하다는 것이다. 대안 적으로, 우리는 다른 티미 딘 유사체, 듀와 적극적 분할 셀을 모니터링하는 유사한 방법을 이용했다. 중성 세제를 처리 새로 합성 된 DNA에 EDU에 액세스 할 수있는 검출 시약을 가능으로 에듀 검출 거친 DNA 변성을 필요로하지 않습니다. 듀 방법보다 신뢰성 일관된 높은 처리량 분석 15 가능성이 입증되었다. 마지막으로, tO는 Cdk1의 미토콘드리아 기질을 결정, 우리는 고전 이차원 전기 영동의 향상된 버전 2D-DIGE라는 프로테오믹스 도구를 사용했다. 두 차원 전기 영동은 두 번째의 첫 번째 차원과 분자량에서의 등전점에 따라 단백질을 분리한다. 이러한 인산화와 같은 번역 후 변형은 단백질의 등전점과 분자량을 결정하므로, 2D 겔 상이한 샘플 내 단백질의 인산화 상태의 차이를 검출 할 수있다. 단백질의 크기 (면적 강도)는 다수의 샘플들 사이의 양적 비교를 허용하는 단백질의 발현 수준의 변화 스폿. 이 방법을 사용하여, 우리는 돌연변이 미토콘드리아 타겟팅는 Cdk1 발현 세포에 비해 야생형에서 인산화 단백질을 구별 할 수 있었다. 야생형에 보여하지만 미토콘드리아 타겟 돌연변이는 Cdk1 준비에 누락 된 특정 단백질 관광 명소 격리하고,질량 분석을 통해 확인 하였다. 전통적인 2D 젤에서 트리 페닐 메탄 염료 겔 단백질을 가시화하기 위해 사용된다. 2D-DIGE 단백질 전기 영동 이동성에 최소한의 효과 형광 단백질 라벨을 사용합니다. 다른 단백질 시료는 다른 형광 염료를 함께 혼합 한 겔 (16)상의 복수의 샘플 공동 전기 있도록, 동일한 겔에 의해 분리로 표지 될 수있다. 이 겔 기반 프로테오믹스 연구에서 중요한 문제이다 겔을 겔 변형을 최소화한다.

<table><tbody><tr><td>&lt;sup&gt;32&lt;/sup&gt;P ATP&amp;nbsp;</td><td>PerkinElmer</td><td>BLU002001MC&amp;nbsp;</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Anti-mouse secondary antibody</td><td>Invitrogen&amp;nbsp;</td><td>A-11003</td><td>Alexa-546 conjugated</td></tr><tr><td>Anti-rabbit secondary antibody</td><td>Invitrogen&amp;nbsp;</td><td>A11029</td><td>Alexa-488 conjugated</td></tr><tr><td>ATP</td><td>Research Organics</td><td>1166A</td><td>For in vitro kinase assay</td></tr><tr><td>Cdk1 antibody</td><td>Cell Signaling Technology</td><td>9112</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Cdk1 kinase buffer</td><td>New England Biolabs</td><td>P6020S</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Click-iT EdU Alexa Fluor 488 Imaging Kit</td><td>Life Technologies</td><td>C10337</td><td>For cell cycle analysis with EdU labeling</td></tr><tr><td>COX IV antibody</td><td>Cell Signaling Technology</td><td>4844S</td><td>For mitochondrial immunostaining</td></tr><tr><td>Cyclin B1 antibody</td><td>Santa Cruz Biotech</td><td>sc-752</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>CyclinB1/Cdk1 enzyme complex</td><td>New England Biolabs</td><td>P6020S</td><td>Avoid freeze/thaw</td></tr><tr><td>CyDye DIGE Fluor Labeling Kit</td><td>GE Healthcare Life Sciences</td><td>25-8009-83</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>DIGE Gel and DIGE Buffer Kit</td><td>GE Healthcare Life Sciences</td><td>28-9480-26 AA</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Dimethylformamide&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Sigma Aldrich</td><td>319937</td><td>DMF</td></tr><tr><td>Dithiothreitol</td><td>Bio-Rad</td><td>161-0611</td><td>DTT</td></tr><tr><td>dNTP</td><td>EMD Millipore</td><td>71004</td><td>For site-directed mutagenesis</td></tr><tr><td>Dpn I enzyme</td><td>Stratagene</td><td>200519-53</td><td>For site-directed mutagenesis</td></tr><tr><td>Dry Strip cover fluid</td><td>GE Healthcare Life Sciences</td><td>17-1335-01</td><td>Used as mineral oil</td></tr><tr><td>EDTA</td><td>J.T. Baker</td><td>4040-03</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>EGTA</td><td>Acros Organics</td><td>409910250</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Eppendorf Vacufuge Concentrator</td><td>Fisher Scientific</td><td>07-748-13</td><td>Used as vacuum centrifuge concentrator</td></tr><tr><td>Fluoromount G</td><td>Southern Biotech</td><td>0100-01</td><td>Anti-fade mounting solution</td></tr><tr><td>Fortessa Flow Cytometer</td><td>BD Biosciences</td><td>649908</td><td>For cell cycle analysis with EdU labeling</td></tr><tr><td>Histone H1</td><td>Calbiochem</td><td>382150</td><td>For in vitro kinase assay</td></tr><tr><td>QIAquick Gel Extraction Kit</td><td>Qiagen</td><td>28704</td><td>For purifying DNA fragments from agarose gels</td></tr><tr><td>Immobiline DryStrip Gels</td><td>GE Healthcare Life Sciences</td><td>18-1016-61</td><td>IEF (isoelectric focusing) strips</td></tr><tr><td>Immobilized Glutathione</td><td>Thermo Scientific</td><td>15160</td><td>Glutathione-agarose beads</td></tr><tr><td>Iodoacetamide</td><td>Sigma Aldrich</td><td>I1149</td><td>IAA</td></tr><tr><td>IPGphor 3 Isoelectric Focusing Unit</td><td>GE Healthcare Life Sciences</td><td>11-0033-64</td><td>IPGphor strip holders</td></tr><tr><td>Isopropyl-b-D-thio-galactopyranoside&amp;nbsp;</td><td>RPI Corp</td><td>156000-5.0</td><td>IPTG</td></tr><tr><td>Leupeptin</td><td>Sigma Aldrich</td><td>L9783</td><td>For cell lysis buffer</td></tr><tr><td>Lipofectamine 2000</td><td>Life Technologies</td><td>11668027</td><td>Transfection reagent</td></tr><tr><td>Lysine</td><td>Sigma Aldrich</td><td>L5501</td><td>For CyDye labeling</td></tr><tr><td>Lysozyme</td><td>EMD Chemicals</td><td>5960</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Mitoctracker Red/Green</td><td>Invitrogen&amp;nbsp;</td><td>M7512/M7514</td><td>Mitochondrial fluorescent dyes</td></tr><tr><td>MOPS</td><td>EMD Chemicals</td><td>6310</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>pEGFP-N1</td><td>Clonetech</td><td>6085-1</td><td>GFP-expressing vector</td></tr><tr><td>Pfu</td><td>Stratagene</td><td>600-255-52</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>pGEX-5X-1&amp;nbsp;</td><td>GE Healthcare Life Sciences</td><td>28-9545-53</td><td>GST-expressing vector</td></tr><tr><td>Phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride</td><td>Shelton Scientific</td><td>IB01090</td><td>PMSF</td></tr><tr><td>Phosphate buffered saline</td><td>Life Technologies</td><td>14040</td><td>PBS</td></tr><tr><td>Spectra/Por 4 dialysis tubing</td><td>Spectrum Labs</td><td>132700</td><td>as porous membrane tubing for dialysis</td></tr><tr><td>Pro-Q Diamond Phosphoprotein Gel Stain</td><td>Life Technologies</td><td>P-33300</td><td>For staining phosphoproteins on 2D gels</td></tr><tr><td>Proteinase inhibitor cocktail</td><td>Calbiochem</td><td>539134</td><td>For cell lysis buffer</td></tr><tr><td>QuikChange site-directed mutagenesis kit</td><td>Stratagene</td><td>200519-5</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>QIAprep Spin Miniprep Kit</td><td>Qiagen</td><td>27104</td><td>MiniPrep Plasmid Isolation Kit</td></tr><tr><td>RO-3306</td><td>Alexis Biochemicals</td><td>270-463-M001</td><td>Cdk1 inhibitor</td></tr><tr><td>Rotenone</td><td>MP Biomedicals</td><td>150154</td><td>Complex I inhibitor</td></tr><tr><td>Sodium carbonate</td><td>Fisher Scientific</td><td>S93359</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Sodium chloride</td><td>EMD Chemicals</td><td>SX0420-5</td><td>For cell lysis buffer</td></tr><tr><td>Sodium orthovanadate</td><td>MP Biomedicals</td><td>159664</td><td>For cell lysis buffer</td></tr><tr><td>Sodium pyrophosphate decahydrate</td><td>Alfa Aesar</td><td>33385</td><td>For cell lysis buffer</td></tr><tr><td>Sodium &amp;beta;-glycerophosphate</td><td>Alfa Aesar</td><td>L03425</td><td>For cell lysis buffer</td></tr><tr><td>SpectraMax M2e&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Molecular Devices</td><td>M2E</td><td>Microplate reader</td></tr><tr><td>Sucrose</td><td>Fisher Scientific</td><td>57-50-1</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Tissue Grinder pestle</td><td>Kimble Chase</td><td>885301-0007</td><td>For mitochondria isolation</td></tr><tr><td>Tissue Grinder tube</td><td>Kimble Chase</td><td>885303-0007</td><td>For mitochondria isolation</td></tr><tr><td>Trichloroacetic acid solution</td><td>Sigma Aldrich</td><td>T0699</td><td>TCA</td></tr><tr><td>Tris</td><td>MP Biomedicals</td><td>103133</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Triton-x-100</td><td>Teknova</td><td>T1105</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Trypsin</td><td>Calbiochem</td><td>650211</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Typhoon Imager</td><td>GE Healthcare Life Sciences</td><td>28-9558-09</td><td>Laser gel scanner fro 2D-DIGE</td></tr><tr><td>Ubiquinone</td><td>Sigma Aldrich</td><td>C7956</td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

experimental approaches to study mitochondrial localization and function of a nuclear cell cycle kinase, cdk1

Although mitochondria possess their own transcriptional machinery, merely 1% of mitochondrial proteins are synthesized inside the organelle. The nuclear-encoded proteins are transported into mitochondria guided by their mitochondria targeting sequences (MTS); however, a majority of mitochondrial localized proteins lack an identifiable MTS. Nevertheless, the fact that MTS can instruct proteins to go into the mitochondria provides a valuable tool for studying mitochondrial functions of normally nuclear and/or cytoplasmic proteins. We have recently identified the cell cycle kinase CyclinB1/Cdk1 complex in the mitochondria. To specifically study the mitochondrial functions of this complex, mitochondrial overexpression and knock-down of this complex without interfering with its nuclear or cytoplasmic functions were essential. By tagging CyclinB1/Cdk1 with MTS, we were able to achieve mitochondrial overexpression of this complex to study its mitochondrial targets as well as functions. Via tagging dominant-negative Cdk1 with MTS, inhibition of Cdk1 activity was accomplished particularly in the mitochondria. Potential mitochondrial targets of CyclinB1/Cdk1 complex were identified using a gel-based proteomics approach. Unlike traditional 2D gel analysis, we employed 2-dimensional difference gel electrophoresis (2D-DIGE) technology followed by phosphoprotein staining to fluorescently label differentially phosphorylated proteins in mitochondrial Cdk1 expressing cells. Identification of phosphoprotein spots that were altered in wild type versus dominant negative Cdk1 bearing mitochondria revealed the identity of mitochondrial targets of Cdk1. Finally, to determine the effect of CyclinB1/Cdk1 mitochondrial localization in cell cycle progression, a cell proliferation assay using a synthetic thymidine analogue EdU (5-ethynyl-2&#8242;-deoxyuridine) was used to monitor the cells as they go through the cell cycle and replicate their DNA. Altogether, we demonstrated a variety of approaches available to study mitochondrial localization and activity of a cell cycle kinase. These are advanced, yet easy to follow methods that will be beneficial to many cell biology researchers.

CyclinB1과는 Cdk1의 하위 미토콘드리아 현지화 탄산나트륨 추출 단백질이 미토콘드리아의 내부 또는 외부 표면, 즉, 외막에 위치하는지 여부를 결정하는데 사용된다. 단백질이 미토콘드리아 안에 지역화 도시되면 서브 미토콘드리아 지역화 상기 판정 프로테아제 소화 결합 mitoplasting 통해 이루어질 수있다. CyclinB1 ?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Experimental Approaches to Study Mitochondrial Localization and Function of a Nuclear Cell Cycle Kinase, Cdk1 at JoVE.com

Experimental Approaches to Study Mitochondrial Localization and Function of a Nuclear Cell Cycle Kinase, Cdk1

Here, we outline how to study mitochondrial localization of a (cell cycle) kinase, and how to determine its sub-mitochondrial location as well as potential mitochondrial substrates/targets. Forced expression of proteins into the mitochondria provides a useful tool for studying the functional consequences of mitochondrial localization of a protein of interest.

실험 접근법은 미토콘드리아 현지화 및 핵 세포주기 키나제,는 Cdk1의 기능을 연구하는

Although mitochondria possess their own transcriptional machinery, merely 1% of mitochondrial proteins are synthesized inside the organelle. The ...

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11.8K 조회수.  University of California, Davis. Here, we outline how to study mitochondrial localization of a (cell cycle) kinase, and how to determine its sub-mitochondrial location as well as potential mitochondrial substrates/targets. Forced expression of proteins into the mitochondria provides a useful tool for studying the functional consequences of mitochondrial localization of a protein of interest. 

비디오: Experimental Approaches to Study Mitochondrial Localization and Function of a Nuclear Cell Cycle Kinase, Cdk1

Analyses of Mitochondrial Calcium Influx in Isolated Mitochondria and Cultured Cells

Ca2+ handling by mitochondria is a critical function regulating both physiological and pathophysiological processes in a broad spectrum of cells. The ability to accurately measure the influx and efflux of Ca2+ from mitochondria is important for determining the role of mitochondrial Ca2+ handling in these processes. In this report, we present two methods for the measurement of mitochondrial Ca2+ handling in both isolated mitochondria and cultured cells. We first detail a plate reader-based platform for measuring mitochondrial Ca2+ uptake using the Ca2+ sensitive dye calcium green-5N. The plate reader-based format circumvents the need for specialized equipment, and the calcium green-5N dye is ideally suited for measuring Ca2+ from isolated tissue mitochondria. For our application, we describe the measurement of mitochondrial Ca2+ uptake in mitochondria isolated from mouse heart tissue; however, this procedure can be applied to measure mitochondrial Ca2+ uptake in mitochondria isolated from other tissues such as liver, skeletal muscle, and brain. Secondly, we describe a confocal microscopy-based assay for measurement of mitochondrial Ca2+ in permeabilized cells using the Ca2+ sensitive dye Rhod-2/AM and imaging using 2-dimensional laser-scanning microscopy. This permeabilization protocol eliminates cytosolic dye contamination, allowing for specific recording of changes in mitochondrial Ca2+. Moreover, laser-scanning microscopy allows for high frame rates to capture rapid changes in mitochondrial Ca2+ in response to various drugs or reagents applied in the external solution. This protocol can be applied to measure mitochondrial Ca2+ uptake in many cell types including primary cells such as cardiac myocytes and neurons, and immortalized cell lines.

Here, we present two protocols for the measurement of mitochondrial Ca2+ influx in isolated mitochondria and cultured cells. For isolated mitochondria, we detail a plate reader-based Ca2+ import assay using the Ca2+ sensitive dye calcium green-5N. For cultured cells, we describe a confocal microscopy method using the Ca2+ dye Rhod-2/AM.

고립 된 미토 콘 드리 아 및 경작된 한 세포에 있는 미토 콘 드 리아 칼슘 유입의 분석

Ca2+ handling by mitochondria is a critical function regulating both physiological and pathophysiological processes in a broad spectrum of cells. The ...

연구

생화학

Identification of Cyclin-dependent Kinase 1 Specific Phosphorylation Sites by an In Vitro Kinase Assay

Cyclin-dependent kinase 1 (Cdk1) is a master controller for the cell cycle in all eukaryotes and phosphorylates an estimated 8 - 13% of the proteome; however, the number of identified targets for Cdk1, particularly in human cells is still low. The identification of Cdk1-specific phosphorylation sites is important, as they provide mechanistic insights into how Cdk1 controls the cell cycle. Cell cycle regulation is critical for faithful chromosome segregation, and defects in this complicated process lead to chromosomal aberrations and cancer.
Here, we describe an in vitro kinase assay that is used to identify Cdk1-specific phosphorylation sites. In this assay, a purified protein is phosphorylated in vitro by commercially available human Cdk1/cyclin B. Successful phosphorylation is confirmed by SDS-PAGE, and phosphorylation sites are subsequently identified by mass spectrometry. We also describe purification protocols that yield highly pure and homogeneous protein preparations suitable for the kinase assay, and a binding assay for the functional verification of the identified phosphorylation sites, which probes the interaction between a classical nuclear localization signal (cNLS) and its nuclear transport receptor karyopherin &#945;. To aid with experimental design, we review approaches for the prediction of Cdk1-specific phosphorylation sites from protein sequences. Together these protocols present a very powerful approach that yields Cdk1-specific phosphorylation sites and enables mechanistic studies into how Cdk1 controls the cell cycle. Since this method relies on purified proteins, it can be applied to any model organism and yields reliable results, especially when combined with cell functional studies.

Identification of Cyclin-dependent Kinase 1 Specific Phosphorylation Sites by an In Vitro Kinase Assay

Cyclin-dependent kinase 1 (Cdk1) is activated in the G2 phase of the cell cycle and regulates many cellular pathways. Here, we present a protocol for an in vitro kinase assay with Cdk1, which allows the identification of Cdk1-specific phosphorylation sites for establishing cellular targets of this important kinase.

 종속 키 1의 시험관에서 키에 의해 인 산화 특정 사이트 분석 결과

Cyclin-dependent kinase 1 (Cdk1) is a master controller for the cell cycle in all eukaryotes and phosphorylates an estimated 8 - 13% of the proteome; ...

Labelling and Visualization of Mitochondrial Genome Expression Products in Baker's Yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Mitochondria are essential organelles of eukaryotic cells capable of aerobic respiration. They contain circular genome and gene expression apparatus. A mitochondrial genome of baker&#8217;s yeast encodes eight proteins: three subunits of the cytochrome c oxidase (Cox1p, Cox2p, and Cox3p), three subunits of the ATP synthase (Atp6p, Atp8p, and Atp9p), a subunit of the ubiquinol-cytochrome c oxidoreductase enzyme, cytochrome b (Cytb), and mitochondrial ribosomal protein Var1p. The purpose of the method described here is to specifically label these proteins with 35S methionine, separate them by electrophoresis and visualize the signals as discrete bands on the screen. The procedure involves several steps. First, yeast cells are cultured in a galactose-containing medium until they reach the late logarithmic growth stage. Next, cycloheximide treatment blocks cytoplasmic translation and allows 35S methionine incorporation only in mitochondrial translation products. Then, all proteins are extracted from yeast cells and separated by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Finally, the gel is dried and incubated with the storage phosphor screen. The screen is scanned on a phosphorimager revealing the bands. The method can be applied to compare the biosynthesis rate of a single polypeptide in the mitochondria of a mutant yeast strain versus the wild type, which is useful for studying mitochondrial gene expression defects. This protocol gives valuable information about the translation rate of all yeast mitochondrial mRNAs. However, it requires several controls and additional experiments to make proper conclusions.

Labelling and Visualization of Mitochondrial Genome Expression Products in Baker's Yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Baker&#8217;s yeast mitochondrial genome encodes eight polypeptides. The goal of the current protocol is to label all of them and subsequently visualize them as separate bands.

베이커효모사카로미세스 세레비시아에 미토콘드리아 게놈 발현 제품의 라벨링 및 시각화

Mitochondria are essential organelles of eukaryotic cells capable of aerobic respiration. They contain circular genome and gene expression apparatus. A ...

mtDNA의 합성 및 분포에 대한 고처리량 정량화

High-Throughput Image-Based Quantification of Mitochondrial DNA Synthesis and Distribution

The vast majority of cellular processes require a continuous supply of energy, the most common carrier of which is the ATP molecule. Eukaryotic cells produce most of their ATP in the mitochondria by oxidative phosphorylation. Mitochondria are unique organelles because they have their own genome that is replicated and passed on to the next generation of cells. In contrast to the nuclear genome, there are multiple copies of the mitochondrial genome in the cell. The detailed study of the mechanisms responsible for the replication, repair, and maintenance of the mitochondrial genome is essential for understanding the proper functioning of mitochondria and whole cells under both normal and disease conditions. Here, a method that allows the high-throughput quantification of the synthesis and distribution of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) in human cells cultured in vitro is presented. This approach is based on the immunofluorescence detection of actively synthesized DNA molecules labeled by 5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine (BrdU) incorporation and the concurrent detection of all the mtDNA molecules with anti-DNA antibodies. Additionally, the mitochondria are visualized with specific dyes or antibodies. The culturing of cells in a multi-well format and the utilization of an automated fluorescence microscope make it easier to study the dynamics of mtDNA and the morphology of mitochondria under a variety of experimental conditions in a relatively short time.

저자 스포트라이트: 미토콘드리아 DNA 합성 및 분포의 고처리량 이미지 기반 정량화  

A procedure for studying the dynamics of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) metabolism in cells using a multi-well plate format and automated immunofluorescence imaging to detect and quantify mtDNA synthesis and distribution is described. This can be further used to investigate the effects of various inhibitors, cellular stresses, and gene silencing on mtDNA metabolism.

미토콘드리아 DNA 합성 및 분포의 고처리량 이미지 기반 정량화

The vast majority of cellular processes require a continuous supply of energy, the most common carrier of which is the ATP molecule. Eukaryotic cells ...

Methods to Assess Subcellular Compartments of Muscle in C. elegans

Muscle is a dynamic tissue that responds to changes in nutrition, exercise, and disease state. The loss of muscle mass and function with disease and age are significant public health burdens. We currently understand little about the genetic regulation of muscle health with disease or age. The nematode C. elegans is an established model for understanding the genomic regulation of biological processes of interest. This worm&#8217;s body wall muscles display a large degree of homology with the muscles of higher metazoan species. Since C. elegans is a transparent organism, the localization of GFP to mitochondria and sarcomeres allows visualization of these structures in vivo. Similarly, feeding animals cationic dyes, which accumulate based on the existence of a mitochondrial membrane potential, allows the assessment of mitochondrial function in vivo. These methods, as well as assessment of muscle protein homeostasis, are combined with assessment of whole animal muscle function, in the form of movement assays, to allow correlation of sub-cellular defects with functional measures of muscle performance. Thus, C. elegans provides a powerful platform with which to assess the impact of mutations, gene knockdown, and/or chemical compounds upon muscle structure and function. Lastly, as GFP, cationic dyes, and movement assays are assessed non-invasively, prospective studies of muscle structure and function can be conducted across the whole life course and this at present cannot be easily investigated in vivo in any other organism.

Methods to Assess Subcellular Compartments of Muscle in C. elegans

Skeletal muscle is essential for locomotion and is the bodies&#8217; main protein store. Muscle health measurements within C. elegans are described. Prospective changes to muscle structure and function are assessed using localized GFP and cationic dyes.

방법은 근육의 세포 내 구획을 평가하기 위해<em&gt; C. 엘레</em

Muscle is a dynamic tissue that responds to changes in nutrition, exercise, and disease state. The loss of muscle mass and function with disease and age ...

생물학

Isolation and Functional Analysis of Mitochondria from Cultured Cells and Mouse Tissue

Comparison between two or more distinct groups, such as healthy vs. disease, is necessary to determine cellular status. Mitochondria are at the nexus of cell heath due to their role in both cell metabolism and energy production as well as control of apoptosis. Therefore, direct evaluation of isolated mitochondria and mitochondrial perturbation offers the ability to determine if organelle-specific (dys)function is occurring. The methods described in this protocol include isolation of intact, functional mitochondria from HEK cultured cells and mouse liver and spinal cord, but can be easily adapted for use with other cultured cells or animal tissues. Mitochondrial function assessed by TMRE and the use of common mitochondrial uncouplers and inhibitors in conjunction with a fluorescent plate reader allow this protocol not only to be versatile and accessible to most research laboratories, but also offers high throughput.

Comparison of mitochondrial membrane potential between samples yields valuable information about cellular status. Detailed steps for isolating mitochondria and assessing response to inhibitors and uncouplers using fluorescence are described. The method and utility of this protocol are illustrated by use of a cell culture and animal model of cellular stress.

분리 및 배양 세포 및 마우스 조직에서 미토콘드리아의 기능적 분석

Comparison between two or more distinct groups, such as healthy vs. disease, is necessary to determine cellular status. Mitochondria are at the nexus of ...

신경과학에서 미토콘드리아 네트워크를 분석하기 위한 MATLAB 최적화

Optimized Automated Analysis of Live Neuronal Mitochondria Homeostasis Modulation by Isoform-Specific Retinoic Acid Receptors

The complex mitochondrial network makes it very challenging to segment, follow, and analyze live cells. MATLAB tools allow the analysis of mitochondria in timelapse files, considerably simplifying and speeding up the process of image processing. Nonetheless, existing tools produce a large output volume, requiring individual manual attention, and basic experimental setups have an output of thousands of files, each requiring extensive and time-consuming handling. 
To address these issues, a routine optimization was developed, in both MATLAB code and live-script forms, allowing for swift file analysis and significantly reducing document reading and data processing. With a speed of 100 files/min, the optimization allows an overall rapid analysis. The optimization achieves the results output by averaging frame-specific data for individual mitochondria throughout time frames, analyzing data in a defined manner, consistent with those output from existing tools. Live confocal imaging was performed using the dye tetramethylrhodamine methyl ester, and the routine optimization was validated by treating neuronal cells with retinoic acid receptor (RAR) agonists, whose effects on neuronal mitochondria are established in the literature. The results were consistent with the literature and allowed further characterization of mitochondrial network behavior in response to isoform-specific RAR modulation. 
This new methodology allowed rapid and validated characterization of whole-neuron mitochondria network, but it also allows for differentiation between axon and cell body mitochondria, an essential feature to apply in the neuroscience field. Moreover, this protocol can be applied to experiments using fast-acting treatments, allowing the imaging of the same cells before and after treatments, transcending the field of neuroscience.

저자 스포트라이트: 신경 세포 미토콘드리아의 레티노산 수용체를 조사하기 위한 최적화된 자동화 방법

The mitochondrial network is extremely complex, making it very challenging to analyze. A novel MATLAB tool analyzes live confocal imaged mitochondria in timelapse images but results in a large output volume requiring individual manual attention. To address this issue, a routine optimization was developed, allowing for speedy file analysis.

동형 특이적 레티노산 수용체에 의한 살아있는 신경 미토콘드리아 항상성 조절의 최적화된 자동 분석

The complex mitochondrial network makes it very challenging to segment, follow, and analyze live cells. MATLAB tools allow the analysis of mitochondria in ...

실험 접근법은 미토콘드리아 현지화 및 핵 세포주기 키나제,는 Cdk1의 기능을 연구하는

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이 비디오의 챕터

고립 된 미토 콘 드리 아 및 경작된 한 세포에 있는 미토 콘 드 리아 칼슘 유입의 분석

 종속 키 1의 시험관에서 키에 의해 인 산화 특정 사이트 분석 결과

베이커효모사카로미세스 세레비시아에 미토콘드리아 게놈 발현 제품의 라벨링 및 시각화

미토콘드리아 DNA 합성 및 분포의 고처리량 이미지 기반 정량화

미토콘드리아 DNA 합성 및 분포의 고처리량 이미지 기반 정량화

미토콘드리아 DNA 합성 및 분포의 고처리량 이미지 기반 정량화

방법은 근육의 세포 내 구획을 평가하기 위해

분리 및 배양 세포 및 마우스 조직에서 미토콘드리아의 기능적 분석

동형 특이적 레티노산 수용체에 의한 살아있는 신경 미토콘드리아 항상성 조절의 최적화된 자동 분석

동형 특이적 레티노산 수용체에 의한 살아있는 신경 미토콘드리아 항상성 조절의 최적화된 자동 분석