Name: imaging membrane potential with two types of genetically encoded fluorescent voltage sensors
Uploaded: 2016-02-04T14:00:00.000+00:00
Duration: 9 min 57 s
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Imaging Membrane Potential with Two Types of Genetically Encoded Fluorescent Voltage Sensors at JoVE.com

This work was supported by the World Class Institute (WCI) program of the National Research Foundation of Korea funded by Ministry of Education, Science, and Technology of Korea Grant WCI 2009-003 and Korea Institute of Science and Technology Institutional Program Project 2E24210. Sungmoo Lee was supported by Global Ph.D. Fellowship program (NRF-2013H1A2A1033344) of the National Research Foundation (NRF) under the Ministry of Education (MOE, Korea).

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저자는 공개 아무것도 없어.

신경 조직은 여러 가지 방법으로 전압이 약간 억제 과분극가 시냅스 입력이 비교적 큰 전압 변화에 약간의 탈분극 및 활동 전위 결과 발생 원인 이용한다. GEVIs하여 막 전위의 변화를 측정 할 수 동시에 신경 회로의 여러 구성 요소를 분석 유망한 잠재력을 제공한다. 이 보고서에서 우리는 GEVIs를 사용하여 막 전위의 이미지 변화를위한 기본적인 방법을 보여줍니다. 전압 이미...

본 연구의 주요 초점은 유전자 코드 형광 단백질을 이용하여 시험관 내에서 막 전위 변화 결상을 입증하는 것이다. 막 전위의 이미지 변화는 신경 회로의 활동을 연구의 흥미로운 가능성을 제공합니다. 형광 강도의 변화에​​ 따라서 막 전위 변화는 카메라의 각 화소는 비 침입 신경 활성의 측정을 가능하게되면 서로 게이트 전극. 40 년의 경우, 유기 전압에 민감한 염료는 1-4 잠재적 인 멤브레인의 변화를 관찰하는 데 유용되고있다. 그러나, 이들 염료는 세포 특이성이 부족하다. 또한, 일부 세포 유형은 염색하기 어렵다. 유전자 인코딩 된 전압 지표 (GEVIs)는 세포가 구체적으로 연구 형광 전압에 민감한 프로브를 표현하는 데 이러한 한계를 극복. GEVIs의 세 가지 클래스가 있습니다. GEVI의 첫 번째 클래스는 VO를 사용단일 형광 단백질 (FP) 5-9이나 포스터 공명 에너지 전달 (FRET) 쌍 10-12 중 하나와 전압 센싱 포스파타제 도메인에서 전 압을 감지. 센서의 두 번째 클래스는 형광 표시 직접적으로 13-15로 또는 전기 FRET (16, 17)를 통해 미생물 로돕신을 사용합니다. 세 번째 클래스는 두 개의 구성 요소, 막 고정 된 FP 및 막 결합 담금질 염료 18 ~ 20 인 두 번째 구성 요소 인 유전 적 구성 요소를 사용합니다. 두 번째와 세 번째 클래스가 시험 관내 및 슬라이스 실험 (19, 20)에 대한 유용하지만, 센서의 첫 번째 클래스는 현재 생체 내 6를 분석하는 데 유용합니다. 이 보고서에서 우리는 시험 관내에서 GEVIs의 첫 번째 클래스 (그림 1)를 사용하여 막 전위의 영상을 보여줄 것입니다. 전압 센서의 첫 번째 클래스는 생체 내 이미징로 전환 할 수있는 가장 쉬운 방법입니다. GEVIs U 이후약 센서 로돕신 클래스보다 밝게 50 배 FP 융합 전압 감지 영역이다 tilizing 그들이 아크 램프 조명을 이용하기보다는 매우 강력한 레이저를 필요로 묘화 될 수있다. 휘도 불균형의 또 다른 결과 GEVIs의 일류 쉽게 뇌의 자동 형광을 초과 할 수 있다는 것이다. 로돕신 기반 프로브는 할 수 없습니다. 센서의 세 번째 클래스는 첫 번째 클래스만큼 밝은하지만 생체 내에서 관리하기 어려운 화학 소광의 추가가 필요합니다. 그러므로 우리는 하나의 FP (Bongwoori) 8 FRET 쌍으로 구성된 프로브 (나비 2) (12)와 프로브의 인수를 시연 할 예정이다. 나비 2.242과 나비 2.244라는 이름의 녹색 형광 기증자, 클로버로 구성된 11, 빨간 형광 수용체, mRuby2 - VSFP-CR (클로버 - mRuby2 전압에 민감한 형광 단백질)의 나비 버전은 FRET이 보고서에 구축되어 <s&gt; 12입니다. 녹음 이러한 유형의 도입은 연구자에게 제공 할 정보의 유형 GEVIs의 더 나은 이해를 제공한다. <img alt="그림 1" src="/files/ftp_upload/53566/53566fig1.jpg" /> 그림 1.이 보고서 (A)에 군데 유전자 인코딩 된 전압 표시 (GEVIs) 횡단 막 전압 감지 도메인과 형광 단백질을 갖는 GEVI 기반의 모노 FP의 두 가지 유형. (B) 횡단 막 전압 감지 도메인, FRET 공여체와 수용체로 구성 FRET 기반 GEVI. <a href="https://www.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/53566/53566fig1large.jpg" target="_blank">이 그림의 더 큰 버전을 보려면 여기를 클릭하십시오.</a>

<table><tbody><tr><td>Inverted Microscope</td><td>Olympus</td><td>IX71</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>60X objective lens (numerical aperture = 1.35)</td><td>Olympus</td><td>UPLSAPO 60XO</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Excitation filter</td><td>Semrock</td><td>&amp;nbsp;FF02-472/30</td><td>For voltage imaging of super ecliptic pHluorin in Bongwoori</td></tr><tr><td>Dichroic mirror</td><td>Semrock</td><td>FF495-Di03-25x36</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Emission filter</td><td>Semrock</td><td>FF01-497/LP</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>75W Xenon arc lamp</td><td>CAIRN</td><td>OptoSource Illuminator</td><td>LEDs and lasers are also effective light sources</td></tr><tr><td>Slow speed CCD camera</td><td>Hitachi</td><td>KP-D20BU</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Dual port camera adaptor</td><td>Olympus</td><td>U-DPCAD</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>High speed CCD camera</td><td>RedShirtImaging, LLC</td><td>NeuroCCD-SM</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Image splitter</td><td>CAIRN</td><td>Optosplit 2</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Excitation filter</td><td>Semrock</td><td>FF01-475/23-25</td><td>For voltage imaging of FRET pair based GEVI consisting of Clover and mRuby2)</td></tr><tr><td>Dichroic mirror</td><td>Semrock</td><td>FF495-Di03-25x36</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Emission filter</td><td>Chroma</td><td>ET520/40</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Dichroic mirror</td><td>Semrock</td><td>FF560-FDi01-25X36</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Emission filter</td><td>Chroma</td><td>ET645/75</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Vibration isolation system</td><td>Kinetic systems</td><td>250BM-IC, 5702E-3036-31</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Patching chamber</td><td>Warner instruments</td><td>RC-26G, 64-0235</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>#0 Micro Coverglass (22 x 40 mm)</td><td>Electron Microscopy Sciences</td><td>72198-20</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Temperature controller</td><td>Warner instruments</td><td>TC-344B</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>#0 (0.08 ~ 0.13 mm) - 10 mm diameter glass coverslip</td><td>Ted Pella</td><td>260366</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Lipofection agent</td><td>Life Technologies</td><td>11668-027</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Calcium phosphate reagent</td><td>Clontech - Takara</td><td>631312</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Patch clamp amplifier</td><td>HEKA</td><td>EPC 10 USB amplifier</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Multi-channel data acquisition software</td><td>HEKA</td><td>Patchmaster</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Image acquisition and analysis software</td><td>RedShirtImaging</td><td>Neuroplex</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Spreadsheet application software</td><td>Microsoft</td><td>Microsoft Excel 2010</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Data analysis software</td><td>OriginLab</td><td>OriginPro 8.6.0</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Demagnifier</td><td>Qioptiq LINOS</td><td>Optem standard camera coupler 0.38x SC38 J clamp</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Confocal microscope</td><td>Nikon</td><td>Nikon A1R confocal microscope</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Anti-fade reagent</td><td>Life Technologies</td><td>P36930</td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

imaging membrane potential with two types of genetically encoded fluorescent voltage sensors

Genetically encoded voltage indicators (GEVIs) have improved to the point where they are beginning to be useful for in vivo recordings. While the ultimate goal is to image neuronal activity in vivo, one must be able to image activity of a single cell to ensure successful in vivo preparations. This procedure will describe how to image membrane potential in a single cell to provide a foundation to eventually image in vivo. Here we describe methods for imaging GEVIs consisting of a voltage-sensing domain fused to either a single fluorescent protein (FP) or two fluorescent proteins capable of F&#246;rster resonance energy transfer (FRET) in vitro. Using an image splitter enables the projection of images created by two different wavelengths onto the same charge-coupled device (CCD) camera simultaneously. The image splitter positions a second filter cube in the light path. This second filter cube consists of a dichroic and two emission filters to separate the donor and acceptor fluorescent wavelengths depending on the FPs of the GEVI. This setup enables the simultaneous recording of both the acceptor and donor fluorescent partners while the membrane potential is manipulated via whole cell patch clamp configuration. When using a GEVI consisting of a single FP, the second filter cube can be removed allowing the mirrors in the image splitter to project a single image onto the CCD camera.

일시적으로 형질 감염된 세포는 크게 형광 강도의 변화 및 ​​세포막 발현의 정도를 나타낼 수있다. 심지어 같은 coverslip에 일부 세포는 내부 형광의 다양한 수준을 제공합니다. 이는 세포에 의해 흡수 형질 제의 양 가장 쉽다. 때때로 너무 많이 발현이 세포 사멸 (27)의 결과로 펼쳐진 단백질 응답을 체험 할 수있는 세포 발생 (밝은, 높은 내부 형광, 세포를 반올림...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Imaging Membrane Potential with Two Types of Genetically Encoded Fluorescent Voltage Sensors at JoVE.com

Imaging Membrane Potential with Two Types of Genetically Encoded Fluorescent Voltage Sensors

유전자 인코딩 된 형광 전압 센서의 두 가지 유형의 잠재적 이미징 막

A method for imaging changes in membrane potential using genetically encoded voltage indicators is described.

Genetically encoded voltage indicators (GEVIs) have improved to the point where they are beginning to be useful for in vivo recordings. While the ultimate ...

imaging-membrane-potential-with-two-types-genetically-encoded

Research

JoVE Journal

Neuroscience

10.7K 조회수.  Seoul National University. A method for imaging changes in membrane potential using genetically encoded voltage indicators is described. 

비디오: Imaging Membrane Potential with Two Types of Genetically Encoded Fluorescent Voltage Sensors

Biosensing Motor Neuron Membrane Potential in Live Zebrafish Embryos

The protocols described here are designed to allow researchers to study cell communication without altering the integrity of the environment in which the cells are located. Specifically, they have been developed to analyze the electrical activity of excitable cells, such as spinal neurons. In such a scenario, it is crucial to preserve the integrity of the spinal cell, but it is also important to preserve the anatomy and physiological shape of the systems involved. Indeed, the comprehension of the manner in which the nervous system-and other complex systems-works must be based on a systemic approach. For this reason, the live zebrafish embryo was chosen as a model system, and the spinal neuron membrane voltage changes were evaluated without interfering with the physiological conditions of the embryos. 
Here, an approach combining the employment of zebrafish embryos with a FRET-based biosensor is described. Zebrafish embryos are characterized by a very simplified nervous system and are particularly suited for imaging applications thanks to their transparency, allowing for the employment of fluorescence-based voltage indicators at the plasma membrane during zebrafish development. The synergy between these two components makes it possible to analyze the electrical activity of the cells in intact living organisms, without perturbing the physiological state. Finally, this non-invasive approach can co-exist with other analyses (e.g., spontaneous movement recordings, as shown here).

Protocols described here allow for the study of the electrical properties of excitable cells in the most non-invasive physiological conditions by employing zebrafish embryos in an in vivo system together with a fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET)-based genetically encoded voltage indicator (GEVI) selectively expressed in the cell type of interest.

The protocols described here are designed to allow researchers to study cell communication without altering the integrity of the environment in which the ...

연구

발생학

Voltage-sensitive Dye Recording from Axons, Dendrites and Dendritic Spines of Individual Neurons in Brain Slices

Understanding the biophysical properties and functional organization of single neurons and how they process information is fundamental for understanding how the brain works. The primary function of any nerve cell is to process electrical signals, usually from multiple sources. Electrical properties of neuronal processes are extraordinarily complex, dynamic, and, in the general case, impossible to predict in the absence of detailed measurements. To obtain such a measurement one would, ideally, like to be able to monitor, at multiple sites, subthreshold events as they travel from the sites of origin on neuronal processes and summate at particular locations to influence action potential initiation. This goal has not been achieved in any neuron due to technical limitations of measurements that employ electrodes. To overcome this drawback, it is highly desirable to complement the patch-electrode approach with imaging techniques that permit extensive parallel recordings from all parts of a neuron. Here, we describe such a technique - optical recording of membrane potential transients with organic voltage-sensitive dyes (Vm-imaging) - characterized by sub-millisecond and sub-micrometer resolution. Our method is based on pioneering work on voltage-sensitive molecular probes 2. Many aspects of the initial technology have been continuously improved over several decades 3, 5, 11. Additionally, previous work documented two essential characteristics of Vm-imaging. Firstly, fluorescence signals are linearly proportional to membrane potential over the entire physiological range (-100 mV to +100 mV; 10, 14, 16). Secondly, loading neurons with the voltage-sensitive dye used here (JPW 3028) does not have detectable pharmacological effects. The recorded broadening of the spike during dye loading is completely reversible 4, 7. Additionally, experimental evidence shows that it is possible to obtain a significant number (up to hundreds) of recordings prior to any detectable phototoxic effects 4, 6, 12, 13. At present, we take advantage of the superb brightness and stability of a laser light source at near-optimal wavelength to maximize the sensitivity of the Vm-imaging technique. The current sensitivity permits multiple site optical recordings of Vm transients from all parts of a neuron, including axons and axon collaterals, terminal dendritic branches, and individual dendritic spines. The acquired information on signal interactions can be analyzed quantitatively as well as directly visualized in the form of a movie.

An imaging technique for monitoring of membrane potential changes with sub-micrometer spatial and sub-millisecond temporal resolution is described. The technique, based on laser excitation of voltage-sensitive dyes, allows measurements of signals in axons and axon collaterals, terminal dendritic branches, and individual dendritic spines.

Axons, 수석 및 뇌 슬라이스의 개별 뉴런의 수지상 쪽의 전압에 민감한 염료 기록

Understanding the biophysical properties and functional organization of single neurons and how they process information is fundamental for understanding ...

신경과학

Measuring the Induced Membrane Voltage with Di-8-ANEPPS

Placement of a cell into an external electric field causes a local charge redistribution inside and outside of the cell in the vicinity of the cell membrane, resulting in a voltage across the membrane. This voltage, termed the induced membrane voltage (also induced transmembrane voltage, or induced transmembrane potential difference) and denoted by &Delta;&Phi;, exists only as long as the external field is present. If the resting voltage is present on the membrane, the induced voltage superimposes (adds) onto it. By using one of the potentiometric fluorescent dyes, such as di-8-ANEPPS, it is possible to observe the variations of &Delta;&Phi; on the cell membrane and to measure its value noninvasively. di-8-ANEPPS becomes strongly fluorescent when bound to the lipid bilayer of the cell membrane, with the change of the fluorescence intensity proportional to the change of &Delta;&Phi;. This video shows the protocol for measuring &Delta;&Phi; using di-8-ANEPPS and also demonstrates the influence of cell shape on the amplitude and spatial distribution of &Delta;&Phi;.

External electric field induces a voltage on the membrane of a cell, termed the induced membrane voltage (&Delta;&Phi;). By using the potentiometric dye di-8-ANEPPS, it is possible to measure the &Delta;&Phi; noninvasively. This video shows the protocol for measuring &Delta;&Phi; using di-8-ANEPPS.

디 - 8 - ANEPPS으로 유도된 막 전압 측정

Placement of a cell into an external electric field causes a local charge redistribution inside and outside of the cell in the vicinity of the cell ...

생물학

Optical Imaging of Isolated Murine Ventricular Myocytes

The ability to isolate adult cardiac myocytes has permitted researchers to study a variety of cardiac pathologies at the single cell level. While advances in calcium sensitive dyes have permitted the robust optical recording of single cell calcium dynamics, recording of robust transmembrane optical voltage signals has remained difficult. Arguably, this is because of the low single to noise ratio, phototoxicity, and photobleaching of traditional potentiometric dyes. Therefore, single cell voltage measurements have long been confined to the patch clamp technique which while the gold standard, is technically demanding and low throughput. However, with the development of novel potentiometric dyes, large, fast optical responses to changes in voltage can be obtained with little to no phototoxicity and photobleaching. This protocol describes in detail how to isolate adult murine myocytes which can be used for cellular shortening, calcium, and optical voltage measurements. Specifically, the protocol describes how to use a ratiometric calcium dye, a single-excitation calcium dye, and a single excitation voltage dye. This approach can be used to assess the cardiotoxicity and arrhythmogenicity of various chemical agents. While phototoxicity is still an issue at the single cell level, methodology is discussed on how to reduce it.

We present the methodology for the isolation of murine myocytes and how to obtain voltage or calcium traces simultaneously with sarcomere shortening traces using fluorescence photometry with simultaneous digital cell geometry measurements.

고립 된 뮤린 심실 근세포의 광학 이미징

The ability to isolate adult cardiac myocytes has permitted researchers to study a variety of cardiac pathologies at the single cell level. While advances ...

생체공학

Single-Cell Optical Action Potential Measurement in Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell-Derived Cardiomyocytes

Conventional intracellular microelectrode techniques to quantify cardiomyocyte electrophysiology are extremely complex, labor intensive, and typically carried out in low throughput. Rapid and ongoing expansion of induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) technology presents a new standard in cardiovascular research and alternate methods are now necessary to increase throughput of electrophysiological data at a single cell level. VF2.1Cl is a recently derived voltage sensitive dye which provides a rapid single channel, high magnitude response to fluctuations in membrane potential. It possesses kinetics superior to those of other existing voltage indicators and makes available functional data equivalent to that of traditional microelectrode techniques. Here, we demonstrate simplified, non-invasive action potential characterization in externally paced human iPSC derived cardiomyocytes using a modular and highly affordable photometry system.

Here we describe optical acquisition and characterization of action potentials from induced pluripotent stem cell derived cardiomyocytes using a high-speed modular photometry system.

인간 유도 만능 줄기 세포 유래 심근 세포에서 단세포 광학 작용 잠재적 측정

Conventional intracellular microelectrode techniques to quantify cardiomyocyte electrophysiology are extremely complex, labor intensive, and typically ...

Ex Vivo Imaging of Cell-specific Calcium Signaling at the Tripartite Synapse of the Mouse Diaphragm

The electrical activity of cells in tissues can be monitored by electrophysiological techniques, but these are usually limited to the analysis of individual cells. Since an increase of intracellular calcium (Ca2+) in the cytosol often occurs because of the electrical activity, or in response to a myriad of other stimuli, this process can be monitored by the imaging of cells loaded with fluorescent calcium-sensitive dyes.&#160; However, it is difficult to image this response in an individual cell type within whole tissue because these dyes are taken up by all cell types within the tissue. In contrast, genetically encoded calcium indicators (GECIs) can be expressed by an individual cell type and fluoresce in response to an increase of intracellular Ca2+, thus permitting the imaging of Ca2+ signaling in entire populations of individual cell types. Here, we apply the use of the GECIs GCaMP3/6 to the mouse neuromuscular junction, a tripartite synapse between motor neurons, skeletal muscle, and terminal/perisynaptic Schwann cells. We demonstrate the utility of this technique in classic ex vivo tissue preparations. Using an optical splitter, we perform dual-wavelength imaging of dynamic Ca2+ signals and a static label of the neuromuscular junction (NMJ) in an approach that could be easily adapted to monitor two cell-specific GECI or genetically encoded voltage indicators (GEVI) simultaneously. Finally, we discuss the routines used to capture spatial maps of fluorescence intensity. Together, these optical, transgenic, and analytic techniques can be employed to study the biological activity of distinct cell subpopulations at the NMJ in a wide variety of contexts.

Ex Vivo Imaging of Cell-specific Calcium Signaling at the Tripartite Synapse of the Mouse Diaphragm

Here we present a protocol to image calcium signaling in populations of individual cell types at the murine neuromuscular junction.

전 비보 마우스 다이어 프 램의 같은 시 냅 스에서 신호 세포 특정 칼슘의 이미징

The electrical activity of cells in tissues can be monitored by electrophysiological techniques, but these are usually limited to the analysis of ...

<meta charset="utf8"></head><body>유전자 조작 스파이킹 HEK 세포에 대한 전기천공법 효과 평가

Monitoring Electroporation-Induced Changes in Action Potential Generation in Genetically Engineered Tet-On Spiking HEK cells

Excitable cells such as&#160;neuronal and muscle cells can be primary targets in rapidly emerging electroporation-based treatments. However, they can be affected by electric pulses even in therapies where they are not the primary targets, and this can cause adverse side effects. Therefore, to optimize the electroporation-based treatments of excitable and non-excitable tissues, there is a need to study the effects of electric pulses on excitable cells, their ion channels, and excitability in vitro. For this purpose, a protocol was developed for optical monitoring of changes in action potential generation due to electroporation on a simple excitable cell model of genetically engineered tet-on spiking HEK cells. With the use of a fluorescent potentiometric dye, the changes in transmembrane voltage were monitored under a fluorescence microscope, and relevant parameters of cell responses were extracted automatically with a MATLAB application. This way, the excitable cell responses to different electric pulses and the interplay between excitation and electroporation could&#160;be efficiently evaluated.

<meta charset="utf8"></head><body>유전자 조작 Tet-On 스파이킹 HEK 세포에서 전기천공법으로 유도된 작용 전위 생성 변화 모니터링

For studying responses of excitable cells in vitro, the protocol describes optical monitoring of changes in action potential generation due to electroporation on a simple excitable cell model of genetically engineered tet-on spiking HEK cells as well as changes in transmembrane voltage with automated extraction of relevant parameters.

유전자 조작 Tet-On 스파이킹 HEK 세포에서 전기천공법으로 유도된 작용 전위 생성 변화 모니터링

Excitable cells such as&#160;neuronal and muscle cells can be primary targets in rapidly emerging electroporation-based treatments. However, they can be ...

Real-Time Fluorescent Measurement of Synaptic Functions in Models of Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis

Before neuronal degeneration, the cause of motor and cognitive deficits in patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and/or frontotemporal lobe dementia (FTLD) is dysfunction of communication between neurons and motor neurons and muscle. The underlying process of synaptic transmission involves membrane depolarization-dependent synaptic vesicle fusion and the release of neurotransmitters into the synapse. This process occurs through localized calcium influx into the presynaptic terminals where synaptic vesicles reside. Here, the protocol describes fluorescence-based live-imaging methodologies that reliably report depolarization-mediated synaptic vesicle exocytosis and presynaptic terminal calcium influx dynamics in cultured neurons.
Using a styryl dye that is incorporated into synaptic vesicle membranes, the synaptic vesicle release is elucidated. On the other hand, to study calcium entry, Gcamp6m is used, a genetically encoded fluorescent reporter. We employ high potassium chloride-mediated depolarization to mimic neuronal activity. To quantify synaptic vesicle exocytosis unambiguously, we measure the loss of normalized styryl dye fluorescence as a function of time. Under similar stimulation conditions, in the case of calcium influx, Gcamp6m fluorescence increases. Normalization and quantification of this fluorescence change are performed in a similar manner to the styryl dye protocol. These methods can be multiplexed with transfection-based overexpression of fluorescently tagged mutant proteins. These protocols have been extensively used to study synaptic dysfunction in models of FUS-ALS and C9ORF72-ALS, utilizing primary rodent cortical and motor neurons. These protocols easily allow for rapid screening of compounds that may improve neuronal communication. As such, these methods are valuable not only for the study of ALS but for all areas of neurodegenerative and developmental neuroscience research.

Two related methods are described to visualize subcellular events required for synaptic transmission. These protocols enable the real-time monitoring of the dynamics of presynaptic calcium influx and synaptic vesicle membrane fusion using live-cell imaging of in vitro cultured neurons.

근위축성 측삭 경화증 모델에서 시냅스 기능의 실시간 형광 측정

Before neuronal degeneration, the cause of motor and cognitive deficits in patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and/or frontotemporal lobe ...

유전자 인코딩 된 형광 전압 센서의 두 가지 유형의 잠재적 이미징 막

요약

더 많은 비디오 탐색

이 비디오의 챕터

Biosensing Motor Neuron Membrane Potential in Live Zebrafish Embryos

Axons, 수석 및 뇌 슬라이스의 개별 뉴런의 수지상 쪽의 전압에 민감한 염료 기록

디 - 8 - ANEPPS으로 유도된 막 전압 측정

고립 된 뮤린 심실 근세포의 광학 이미징

인간 유도 만능 줄기 세포 유래 심근 세포에서 단세포 광학 작용 잠재적 측정

전 비보 마우스 다이어 프 램의 같은 시 냅 스에서 신호 세포 특정 칼슘의 이미징

유전자 조작 Tet-On 스파이킹 HEK 세포에서 전기천공법으로 유도된 작용 전위 생성 변화 모니터링

유전자 조작 Tet-On 스파이킹 HEK 세포에서 전기천공법으로 유도된 작용 전위 생성 변화 모니터링

유전자 조작 Tet-On 스파이킹 HEK 세포에서 전기천공법으로 유도된 작용 전위 생성 변화 모니터링

근위축성 측삭 경화증 모델에서 시냅스 기능의 실시간 형광 측정