The authors would like to acknowledge the University of Colorado Boulder for its support of this work.

주의 :이 프로토콜에서 사용되는 화학 물질의 대부분은 유해 물질이다. 물질 안전 보건 자료 (MSDS)를 참조하고 이러한 물질 작업을 할 때 적절한 개인 보호 장비 (PPE)를 사용합니다. 시약 1. 정제, 제조 및 저장 <ol><li> 제조사의 프로토콜에 따라 용제 정제 시스템을 이용하여 사용되는 모든 용매 정제. 용매 정제 시스템을 사용할 수없는 경우, 건조제 (예를 들면, 분 자체 등 CAH 2) 증류를 사용한다. 일단 실온 글러브 박스에서 질소 분위기하에 저장 용매를 건조시켰다. </li><li> 제조사의 프로토콜에 따라, 진공 증류에 의해 정제하여 모든 단량체. 일단 냉장고에서 질소 대기하에 어두운 병에 저장 단량체 증류. </li><li> 제조사의 프로토콜에 따라, 진공 증류에 의해 정제 개시제. 저장 개시제의 증류하면냉장고에 질소 분위기 하에서 어두운 병. </li><li> 제조사의 프로토콜에 따라 승화 페 릴렌 정제. 승화되면, 실온에서 벤치 탑에 페 릴렌를 저장합니다. </li><li> CDCl3 중의 100g 병에 25.0 mg을 BHT를 추가하여 디 부틸 히드 록시 톨루엔 중수 소화 클로로포름 (BHT) (을 CDCl3)의 250 ppm의 솔루션을 준비합니다. 준비하고 벤치 탑에이 솔루션을 저장합니다. </li></ol> 광촉매로 페 릴렌를 사용하여 메틸 메타 크릴 레이트 2. 광중합 <ol><li> 모든 시약은 실온에 올 수 있습니다. 변색 또는 고체 입자의 형성과 같은 오염의 흔적이 없다 보장하기 위해 사용하기 전에 모든 시약을 검사합니다. </li><li> 질소 분위기의 글러브 박스에서, 20 ㎖ 섬광 유리 병에서 작은 교반 막대를 배치합니다. 2.36 밀리그램 (9.38 μmol, 1.00 eq.)를 페 릴렌의 추가. </li><li> 1.00 ml의 디메틸 포름 아미드 (DMF)를 추가합니다. </li><li> 이 혼합물에, 1.00 ㎖ (9.38 밀리몰 추가1000 eq.)를 메틸 메타 크릴 레이트 (MMA). </li><li> 1,600 rpm으로 설정하고 백색 발광 다이오드 (LED)의 스트립에 의해 조명 볶음 접시에 유리 병을 놓습니다. (예를 들어, 머리 위의 조명, 근처 창) 다른 광원에서 어떤 조명을 제한합니다. </li><li> 16.4 μl를 추가, (93.8 μmol, 10.0 당량.) 반응을 시작하려면 피펫을 통해 α-에틸 브로 모 아세테이트 (EBP)의. 참고 : 자연 태양 광을 사용하여이 반응을 수행하려면, 다음 유리 병을 밀봉, 단계 2.5을 무시하고, 위의 단계를 따라 글러브 박스에서 그것을 가지고, 자연 햇빛에 의해 조명 영역에 병을 놓습니다. </li><li> 상수 조명 아래에서 24 시간 동안 반응을 저어. 격리 및 단계 4.1의 지침에 따라 제품 폴리 (MMA)를 정화 - 4.4. </li></ol> 반응 키네틱 3. 분석 <ol><li> 벤치 탑에서 2 ㎖의 유리 병에을 CDCl3 용액에 BHT의 0.70 ml의 분배 및 격벽 캡으로 밀봉. 이 유리 병 내가 가져<html> 중합이 수행되는 글로브 박스를 NTO. </li><li> 반응 혼합물에 0.20 ml의 제거 주사기를 사용한다. CDCl3 중 BHT의 250 ppm의 용액을 함유하는 2 ml의 바이알에 주사기의 내용물을 주입한다. 다시 그려 중합 완전한 담금질을 위해 플런저 여러 번 누른다. </li><li> 이것은, NMR (핵 자기 공명) 분광학 튜브에 2 ㎖의 바이알의 내용물을 이동. %의 변환을위한 1 H NMR 분광법을 통해이 샘플을 분석 할 수 있습니다. (24) </li><li> 페 릴렌를 사용하여 메틸 메타 크릴 레이트의 중합의 구체적인 예를 들면, 미 반응 단량체 (δ = 3.62) (M)의 메톡 수소에 대응하는 피크 아래의 면적을 비교함으로써 샘플의 1H NMR 스펙트럼의 전환율을 계산하고 다음 식을 사용하여 중합체 (δ = 3.50) (P)의 메톡 수소에 대응하는 피크 아래의 면적 : 1 &quot;SRC =&quot;/ 파일 / ftp_upload / 53571 / 53571eq1.jpg &quot;/&gt; </li><li> 분석 후, 깨끗한 20 mL를 섬광 바이알로 NMR 분광법 튜브의 내용물을 붓는다. 감압하에 용매를 증발시켰다. 테트라 히드로 푸란 중 1.00 ㎖ (THF)에서 샘플을 재용. </li><li> 깨끗한 2 ㎖의 유리 병에 주사기 필터를 통해 샘플을 보낼 수 있습니다. 수 평균 분자량 (Mn), 중량 평균 분자량 (M w) 및 분산도 (DJ)를 결정하기 위해 멀티 앵글 빛 산란과 함께 겔 투과 크로마토 그래피 (GPC)를 통해 샘플을 분석한다. (24) </li></ol> 4. 분리 및 중합체 생성물의 정제 <ol><li> 메탄올의 50 배 과량으로 반응 혼합물의 내용물을 붓고, 적어도 1 시간 동안 교반을 시켜서 중합 반응을 종결. </li><li> 제조사에 따른 진공 여과하여 메탄올, 폴리 (메틸 메타 크릴 레이트)를 격리실험 계획안. 주 : 분리 방법은 제조 된 고분자에 따라 달라질 것이다. 폴리 메틸 메타 크릴 레이트 및 폴리스티렌, 진공 흡인 여과기를 사용하여 메탄올에서 침전 된 폴리머 필터. 폴리 (부틸 아크릴 레이트)의 경우, 점착성 중합체 메탄올 디 캔트. </li><li> 추가 100 mL의 메탄올 중에 폴리머를 헹군다. </li><li> 다시 용해 디클로로 메탄과 반복의 폴리머은 위의 두 번 4.3을 통해 4.1 단계를 반복합니다. </li></ol> 스티렌과의 MMA 매크로 개시제 5. 체인 확장은 폴리 (MMA)를 생산하는 -b - 폴리 (S) <ol><li> 모든 시약은 실온에 올 수 있습니다. 변색 또는 고체 입자의 형성과 같은 오염의 흔적이 없다 보장하기 위해 사용하기 전에 모든 시약을 검사합니다. </li><li> 질소 분위기의 글로브 박스 내에서, 폴리 (MMA) 136 mg의 (2.34 μmol, 1.00 당량.) 배치 매크로 개시제 작은 교반 막대를 갖춘 20 mL를 섬광 바이알로. </li><li> 0.59 mg을 페 릴렌 (2.34 μmol, 1.0 추가0 당량.). </li><li> 1.00 ml의 DMF를 추가합니다. </li><li> 1,600 rpm으로 설정하고 백색 LED 스트립 조명에 의해 저어 접시에 유리 병을 놓습니다. (예를 들어, 머리 위의 조명, 근처 창) 다른 광원에서 어떤 조명을 제한합니다. </li><li> 이 혼합물에, 피펫을 통해 스티렌 (S)의 1.24 ㎖ (11.7 밀리몰, 5000 당량.)를 추가합니다. </li><li> 상수 조명 아래에서 24 시간 동안 반응을 저어. 격리 및 제품 폴리 정화 (MMA) -b-폴리 단계 4.1의 지침에 따라 (S) - 4.4. </li></ol>

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The authors have nothing to disclose.

프로토콜이 중합 법의 특정 예를 보여 있지만,이 반응을 수행하는 연구자에게 제공되는 옵션은 상당히 광범위하다. 수정은 ATRP이 수행되는 어떤 특정 photoredox의 최적화를 허용하는 프로토콜에 걸쳐 점의 개수로 할 수있다. 조사를 받고,이 반응에 대한 새로운 단량체, 개시제 및 촉매로, 화학 양론 용매를 할 수있는 반응을 수행하는 데 사용되는 반응 조건의 최적화의 일부로서 수정한다. 또한 개?...

The synthesis of technologically advanced polymers requires precise control over polymer molecular weight, dispersity (&#208;), composition, and architecture.1,2 Controlled radical polymerizations (CRPs)3-8 have revolutionized the synthesis of well-defined polymers, with atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) being the most used CRP, largely due to operational simplicity and synthetic versatility.9-14 The crux of ATRP is the ability to reversibly deactivate the polymerization, controlling the equilibrium between a propagating radical and a dormant species. Enforcing a low concentration of active radicals greatly minimizes bimolecular termination pathways and allows for the synthesis of well-defined polymers. 
Traditional ATRP relies on a transition metal catalyst to mediate this equilibrium.3 These metal catalysts contaminate the polymer product and impede implementation in biomedical or electronic applications while also raising environmental concerns. Although significant strides have been made to reduce the catalyst concentration to ppm levels, these methodologies require more demanding experimental conditions and metal contamination is still not entirely eliminated.15,16
Reversible addition-fragmentation transfer17,18 and nitroxide-mediated polymerizations19,20 are CRPs that do not require metal catalysts, although they have been used less often than ATRP.3 Recently, reversible chain-transfer21 and reversible complexation22,23 variants of ATRP that can use organic catalysts were reported. However, these methodologies require the use of alkyl iodide initiators and are not effective with the alkyl bromides commonly employed in ATRP. A highly desirable CRP would match the performance, feasibility, and robustness of traditional ATRP while being catalyzed by an organic catalyst under mild conditions.
Here, we describe a methodology for the radical polymerization of functionalized vinyl monomers using perylene as a visible-light photocatalyst. Through optimization of parameters such as stoichiometry, concentration, time, and light flux, the molecular weight of the polymers can be controlled.24, 25 Similar methodologies have been recently introduced using phenothiazine derivatives as photocatalysts for metal-free ATRP.26, 27 Because researchers in the field of polymerization catalysis are constantly developing new catalytic systems, the ability to compare catalyst performance across a number of metrics is vital. This ability to make comparisons relies heavily upon procedural consistency and clarity on the part of the researchers performing the experiments. As such, it is our goal that this video will be used to help precisely communicate the methods by which these polymers are synthesized and characterized.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="572">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:205px;">perylene, min 98.0%</td>
			<td style="width:92px;">TCI America</td>
			<td style="width:128px;">TCP0078-025G</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">purify by sublimation</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:205px;">N,N-dimethylformamide</td>
			<td style="width:92px;">VWR</td>
			<td style="width:128px;">EM-DX1726-1</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">Omnisolv</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:205px;">methyl methacrylate, 99%</td>
			<td style="width:92px;">VWR</td>
			<td style="width:128px;">200000-678</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">distilled prior to use, stored in refrigerator</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;">ethyl &#945;-bromophenyl acetate&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:92px;">Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:128px;">554065</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">distilled prior to use stored in refrigerator</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">butylated hydroxytoluene&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:92px;">Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:128px;">W218405</td>
			<td style="width:147px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;">Chloroform-D</td>
			<td style="width:92px;">Cambridge Isotope Labs</td>
			<td style="width:128px;">DLM-7-100</td>
			<td style="width:147px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:205px;">tetrahydrofuran</td>
			<td style="width:92px;">VWR</td>
			<td style="width:128px;">EM-TX0279-1</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">Omnisolv</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:205px;">methanol</td>
			<td style="width:92px;">VWR</td>
			<td style="width:128px;">BDH1135</td>
			<td style="width:147px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:205px;">dichloromethane</td>
			<td style="width:92px;">VWR</td>
			<td style="width:128px;">EM-DX0831-1</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">Omnisolv</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:205px;">styrene, 99%</td>
			<td style="width:92px;">VWR</td>
			<td style="width:128px;">AAAA18481-0F</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">distilled prior to use, stored in refrigerator</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:205px;">glass scintillation vial, 20 mL</td>
			<td style="width:92px;">VWR</td>
			<td style="width:128px;">66022-065</td>
			<td style="width:147px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:205px;">screw top vial, 2 mL</td>
			<td style="width:92px;">Agilent</td>
			<td style="width:128px;">5182-0715</td>
			<td style="width:147px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:205px;">septum cap for screw top vial</td>
			<td style="width:92px;">Agilent</td>
			<td style="width:128px;">5182-0717</td>
			<td style="width:147px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:205px;">heavy wall pressure vessel, 100 mL</td>
			<td style="width:92px;">Synthware</td>
			<td style="width:128px;">P160005&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:147px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:205px;">syringe, 1 mL norm-ject</td>
			<td style="width:92px;">VWR</td>
			<td style="width:128px;">89174-491</td>
			<td style="width:147px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:205px;">NMR tube</td>
			<td style="width:92px;">New Era</td>
			<td style="width:128px;">NE-UL5-7&#39;</td>
			<td style="width:147px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:205px;">nylon syringe filter, 0.45 um</td>
			<td style="width:92px;">VWR</td>
			<td style="width:128px;">28143-240</td>
			<td style="width:147px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:205px;">glovebox</td>
			<td style="width:92px;">Mbraun</td>
			<td style="width:128px;">LABstar</td>
			<td style="width:147px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:205px;">solvent purification system</td>
			<td style="width:92px;">Mbraun</td>
			<td style="width:128px;">MB-SPS-800</td>
			<td style="width:147px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:205px;">stirplate</td>
			<td style="width:92px;">IKA</td>
			<td style="width:128px;">3582401</td>
			<td style="width:147px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="84">
			<td height="84" style="height:84px;width:205px;">light-emitting diodes</td>
			<td style="width:92px;">Creative Lighting Solutions</td>
			<td style="width:128px;">CL-FRS1210-5M-12V-WH</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">2x 12-inch strips of 5500 K white LEDs were used for illumination</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="63">
			<td height="63" style="height:63px;width:205px;">12V DC power supply for LEDs</td>
			<td style="width:92px;">Creative Lighting Solutions</td>
			<td style="width:128px;">CL-PS16001-40W</td>
			<td style="width:147px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:205px;">high performance liquid chromatograph&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:92px;">Agilent</td>
			<td style="width:128px;">G1310B, G1322A, G1329B, G1316A</td>
			<td style="width:147px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:205px;">gel permeation size-exclusion columns</td>
			<td style="width:92px;">Agilent</td>
			<td style="width:128px;">PL1110-6500</td>
			<td style="width:147px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:205px;">multi-angle light scattering detector</td>
			<td style="width:92px;">Wyatt</td>
			<td style="width:128px;">WTREOS</td>
			<td style="width:147px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:205px;">differential refractometer</td>
			<td style="width:92px;">Wyatt</td>
			<td style="width:128px;">WTREX</td>
			<td style="width:147px;"></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

atom transfer radical polymerization of functionalized vinyl monomers using perylene as a visible light photocatalyst

A standardized technique for atom transfer radical polymerization of vinyl monomers using perylene as a visible-light photocatalyst is presented. The procedure is performed under an inert atmosphere using air- and water-exclusion techniques. The outcome of the polymerization is affected by the ratios of monomer, initiator, and catalyst used as well as the reaction concentration, solvent, and nature of the light source. Temporal control over the polymerization can be exercised by turning the visible light source off and on. Low dispersities of the resultant polymers as well as the ability to chain-extend to form block copolymers suggest control over the polymerization, while chain end-group analysis provides evidence supporting an atom-transfer radical polymerization mechanism.

표 1은이 방법을 통해 달성 중합 결과의 범위를 보여줍니다. 이러한 데이터는 페 릴렌은 관능 비닐 모노머 다수의 중합 용 광촉매로서 기능 할 수 있음을 보여준다. 특정 단량체, 용제, 화학 양론, 개시제 및 광원 반응 매개 변수 중 임의의 조정은도 1. 매우 좋은 다소 넓은 범위의 분자량 및 dispersities 변화와 중합체로 연결 사슬 - 결과를 나타낸다 ?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization of Functionalized Vinyl Monomers Using Perylene as a Visible Light Photocatalyst at JoVE.com

Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization of Functionalized Vinyl Monomers Using Perylene as a Visible Light Photocatalyst

가시광 광촉매 페 릴렌 사용 관능 비닐 모노머의 원자 이동 라디칼 중합

A method for the atom transfer radical polymerization of functionalized vinyl monomers using perylene as a visible-light photocatalyst is described.

A standardized technique for atom transfer radical polymerization of vinyl monomers using perylene as a visible-light photocatalyst is presented. The ...

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11.6K 조회수.  University of Colorado Boulder. A method for the atom transfer radical polymerization of functionalized vinyl monomers using perylene as a visible-light photocatalyst is described.

비디오: Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization of Functionalized Vinyl Monomers Using Perylene as a Visible Light Photocatalyst

Exploring the Radical Nature of a Carbon Surface by Electron Paramagnetic Resonance and a Calibrated Gas Flow

While the first Electron Paramagnetic Resonance (EPR) studies regarding the effects of oxidation on the structure and stability of carbon radicals date back to the early 1980s the focus of these early papers primarily characterized the changes to the structures under extremely harsh conditions (pH or temperature)1-3. It is also known that paramagnetic molecular oxygen undergoes a Heisenberg spin exchange interaction with stable radicals that extremely broadens the EPR signal4-6. Recently, we reported interesting results where this interaction of molecular oxygen with a certain part of the existing stable radical structure can be reversibly affected simply by flowing a diamagnetic gas through the carbon samples at STP7. As flows of He, CO2, and N2 had a similar effect these interactions occur at the surface area of the macropore system.
This manuscript highlights the experimental techniques, work-up, and analysis towards affecting the existing stable radical nature in the carbon structures. It is hoped that it will help towards further development and understanding of these interactions in the community at large.

Stable radicals that are present in carbon substrates interact with paramagnetic oxygen through a Heisenberg spin exchange. This interaction can be significantly reduced under STP conditions by flowing a diamagnetic gas over the carbon system. This manuscript describes a simple method to characterize the nature of those radicals.

전자 상자성 공명 및 교정 가스 흐름에 의해 탄소 표면의 급진적 자연 탐험

While the first Electron Paramagnetic Resonance (EPR) studies regarding the effects of oxidation on the structure and stability of carbon radicals date ...

연구

화학

Synthesis and Characterization of Functionalized Metal-organic Frameworks

Metal-organic frameworks have attracted extraordinary amounts of research attention, as they are attractive candidates for numerous industrial and technological applications. Their signature property is their ultrahigh porosity, which however imparts a series of challenges when it comes to both constructing them and working with them. Securing desired MOF chemical and physical functionality by linker/node assembly into a highly porous framework of choice can pose difficulties, as less porous and more thermodynamically stable congeners (e.g., other crystalline polymorphs, catenated analogues) are often preferentially obtained by conventional synthesis methods. Once the desired product is obtained, its characterization often requires specialized techniques that address complications potentially arising from, for example, guest-molecule loss or preferential orientation of microcrystallites. Finally, accessing the large voids inside the MOFs for use in applications that involve gases can be problematic, as frameworks may be subject to collapse during removal of solvent molecules (remnants of solvothermal synthesis). In this paper, we describe synthesis and characterization methods routinely utilized in our lab either to solve or circumvent these issues. The methods include solvent-assisted linker exchange, powder X-ray diffraction in capillaries, and materials activation (cavity evacuation) by supercritical CO2 drying. Finally, we provide a protocol for determining a suitable pressure region for applying the Brunauer-Emmett-Teller analysis to nitrogen isotherms, so as to estimate surface area of MOFs with good accuracy.

Synthesis, activation, and characterization of intentionally designed metal-organic framework materials is challenging, especially when building blocks are incompatible or unwanted polymorphs are thermodynamically favored over desired forms. We describe how applications of solvent-assisted linker exchange, powder X-ray diffraction in capillaries and activation via supercritical CO2 drying, can address some of these challenges.

기능화의 합성 및 특성 금속 - 유기 프레임 워크

Metal-organic frameworks have attracted extraordinary amounts of research attention, as they are attractive candidates for numerous industrial and ...

Real-time Monitoring of Reactions Performed Using Continuous-flow Processing: The Preparation of 3-Acetylcoumarin as an Example

By using inline monitoring, it is possible to optimize reactions performed using continuous-flow processing in a simple and rapid way. It is also possible to ensure consistent product quality over time using this technique. We here show how to interface a commercially available flow unit with a Raman spectrometer. The Raman flow cell is placed after the back-pressure regulator, meaning that it can be operated at atmospheric pressure. In addition, the fact that the product stream passes through a length of tubing before entering the flow cell means that the material is at RT. It is important that the spectra are acquired under isothermal conditions since Raman signal intensity is temperature dependent. Having assembled the apparatus, we then show how to monitor a chemical reaction, the piperidine-catalyzed synthesis of 3-acetylcoumarin from salicylaldehyde and ethyl acetoacetate being used as an example. The reaction can be performed over a range of flow rates and temperatures, the in-situ monitoring tool being used to optimize conditions simply and easily.

Real-time monitoring allows for fast optimization of reactions performed using continuous-flow processing. Here the preparation of 3-acetylcoumarin is used as an example. The apparatus for performing in-situ Raman monitoring is described, as are the steps required to optimize the reaction.

연속 흐름 처리를 사용하여 수행 반응의 실시간 모니터링 : 예를 들어 3 Acetylcoumarin의 제조

By using inline monitoring, it is possible to optimize reactions performed using continuous-flow processing in a simple and rapid way. It is also possible ...

Using Polystyrene-block-poly(acrylic acid)-coated Metal Nanoparticles as Monomers for Their Homo- and Co-polymerization

We present a template-free method for &#8220;polymerizing&#8221; nanoparticles into long chains without side branches. A variety of nanoparticles are encapsulated in polystyrene-block-poly(acrylic acid) (PSPAA) shells and then used as monomers for their self-assembly. Spherical PSPAA micelles upon acid treatment are known to assemble into cylindrical micelles. Exploiting this tendency, the core-shell nanoparticles are induced to aggregate, coalesce, and then transform into long chains. When more than one type of nanoparticles are used, random and block &#8220;copolymers&#8221; of nanoparticles can be obtained. Detailed procedures are reported for the PSPAA encapsulation of nanoparticles, homo- and co-polymerization of the core-shell nanoparticles, separation and purification of the resulting nanoparticle chains. Transformations of single-line chains into double- and triple-line chains are also presented. The synergy between the polymer shell and the embedded nanoparticles leads to an unusual chain-growth polymerization mode, giving long nanoparticle chains that are distinct from the products of the traditional step-growth aggregation process.

Using Polystyrene-block-polyacrylic acid-coated Metal Nanoparticles as Monomers for Their Homo- and Co-polymerization

We report protocols for &#8220;polymerizing&#8221; various types of polymer-encapsulated metal nanoparticles into long chains of &#8220;homo-&#8220; and &#8220;co-polymers&#8221;.

폴리스타이렌을 사용하여<em&gt; 블록</em&gt; 폴리 (아크릴산) 및 이들의 단독 중합체는 공중합 용 단량체로 피복 된 금속 나노 입자

We present a template-free method for &#8220;polymerizing&#8221; nanoparticles into long chains without side branches. A variety of nanoparticles are ...

Ethylene Polymerizations Using Parallel Pressure Reactors and a Kinetic Analysis of Chain Transfer Polymerization

We demonstrate a method for high-throughput catalyst screening using a parallel pressure reactor starting from the initial synthesis of a nickel &#945;-diimine ethylene polymerization catalyst. Initial polymerizations with the catalyst lead to optimized reaction conditions, including catalyst concentration, ethylene pressure and reaction time. Using gas-uptake data for these reactions, a procedure to calculate the initial rate of propagation (kp) is presented. Using the optimized conditions, the ability of the nickel &#945;-diimine polymerization catalyst to undergo chain transfer with diethylzinc (ZnEt2) during ethylene polymerization was investigated. A procedure to assess the ability of the catalyst to undergo chain transfer (from molecular weight and 13C NMR data), calculate the degree of chain transfer, and calculate chain transfer rates (ke) is presented.

A protocol for the high-throughput analysis of polymerization catalyst, chain transfer polymerizations, polyethylene characterization, and reaction kinetic analysis is presented.

병렬 반응기 압력 및 연쇄 이동 중합 키네틱 분석을 사용하여 에틸렌 중합

We demonstrate a method for high-throughput catalyst screening using a parallel pressure reactor starting from the initial synthesis of a nickel ...

Development of a Backbone Cyclic Peptide Library as Potential Antiparasitic Therapeutics Using Microwave Irradiation

Protein-protein interactions (PPIs) are intimately involved in almost all biological processes and are linked to many human diseases. Therefore, there is a major effort to target PPIs in basic research and in the pharmaceutical industry. Protein-protein interfaces are usually large, flat, and often lack pockets, complicating the discovery of small molecules that target such sites. Alternative targeting approaches using antibodies have limitations due to poor oral bioavailability, low cell-permeability, and production inefficiency.
Using peptides to target PPI interfaces has several advantages. Peptides have higher conformational flexibility, increased selectivity, and are generally inexpensive. However, peptides have their own limitations including poor stability and inefficiency crossing cell membranes. To overcome such limitations, peptide cyclization can be performed. Cyclization has been demonstrated to improve peptide selectivity, metabolic stability, and bioavailability. However, predicting the bioactive conformation of a cyclic peptide is not trivial. To overcome this challenge, one attractive approach it to screen a focused library to screen in which all backbone cyclic peptides have the same primary sequence, but differ in parameters that influence their conformation, such as ring size and position.
We describe a detailed protocol for synthesizing a library of backbone cyclic peptides targeting specific parasite PPIs. Using a rational design approach, we developed peptides derived from the scaffold protein Leishmania receptor for activated C-kinase (LACK). We hypothesized that sequences in LACK that are conserved in parasites, but not in the mammalian host homolog, may represent interaction sites for proteins that are critical for the parasites&#39; viability. The cyclic peptides were synthesized using microwave irradiation to reduce reaction times and increase efficiency. Developing a library of backbone cyclic peptides with different ring sizes facilitates a systematic screen for the most biological active conformation. This method provides a general, fast, and facile way to synthesize cyclic peptides.

A simple and general method for the synthesis of cyclic peptides using microwave irradiation is outlined. This procedure enables the synthesis of backbone cyclic peptides with a collection of different conformations while retaining the side chains and the pharmacophoric moieties., and therefore, allows to screen for the bioactive conformation.

마이크로 웨이브 조사를 사용하여 잠재적 인 기생충 치료제로 백본 순환 펩타이드 라이브러리 개발

Protein-protein interactions (PPIs) are intimately involved in almost all biological processes and are linked to many human diseases. Therefore, there is ...

Facile Synthesis of Worm-like Micelles by Visible Light Mediated Dispersion Polymerization Using Photoredox Catalyst

Presented herein is a protocol for the facile synthesis of worm-like micelles by visible light mediated dispersion polymerization. This approach begins with the synthesis of a hydrophilic poly(oligo(ethylene glycol) methyl ether methacrylate) (POEGMA) homopolymer using reversible addition-fragmentation chain-transfer (RAFT) polymerization. Under mild visible light irradiation (&#955; = 460 nm, 0.7 mW/cm2), this macro-chain transfer agent (macro-CTA) in the presence of a ruthenium based photoredox catalyst, Ru(bpy)3Cl2 can be chain extended with a second monomer to form a well-defined block copolymer in a process known as Photoinduced Electron Transfer RAFT (PET-RAFT). When PET-RAFT is used to chain extend POEGMA with benzyl methacrylate (BzMA) in ethanol (EtOH), polymeric nanoparticles with different morphologies are formed in situ according to a polymerization-induced self-assembly (PISA) mechanism. Self-assembly into nanoparticles presenting POEGMA chains at the corona and poly(benzyl methacrylate) (PBzMA) chains in the core occurs in situ due to the growing insolubility of the PBzMA block in ethanol. Interestingly, the formation of highly pure worm-like micelles can be readily monitored by observing the onset of a highly viscous gel in situ due to nanoparticle entanglements occurring during the polymerization. This process thereby allows for a more reproducible synthesis of worm-like micelles simply by monitoring the solution viscosity during the course of the polymerization. In addition, the light stimulus can be intermittently applied in an ON/OFF manner demonstrating temporal control over the nanoparticle morphology.

This article describes a process for producing polymeric self-assembled nanoparticles using visible light mediated dispersion polymerization. Using low energy visible light to control the polymerization allows for the reproducible formation of self-assembled worm-like micelles at high solids content.

Photoredox 촉매를 사용하여 가시 광선 중재 분산 중합에 의해 웜 형상 미셀 손쉬운 합성

Presented herein is a protocol for the facile synthesis of worm-like micelles by visible light mediated dispersion polymerization. This approach begins ...

A Simple and Efficient Protocol for the Catalytic Insertion Polymerization of Functional Norbornenes

Norbornene can be polymerized by a variety of mechanisms, including insertion polymerization whereby the double bond is polymerized and the bicyclic nature of the monomer is conserved. The resulting polymer, polynorbornene, has a very high glass transition temperature, Tg, and interesting optical and electrical properties. However, the polymerization of functional norbornenes by this mechanism is complicated by the fact that the endo substituted norbornene monomer has, in general, a very low reactivity. Furthermore, the separation of the endo substituted monomer from the exo monomer is a tedious task. Here, we present a simple protocol for the polymerization of substituted norbornenes (endo:exo ca. 80:20) bearing either a carboxylic acid or a pendant double bond. The process does not require that both isomers be separated, and proceeds with low catalyst loadings (0.01 to 0.02 mol%). The polymer bearing pendant double bonds can be further transformed in high yield, to afford a polymer bearing pendant epoxy groups. These simple procedures can be applied to prepare polynorbornenes with a variety of functional groups, such as esters, alcohols, imides, double bonds, carboxylic acids, bromo-alkyls, aldehydes and anhydrides.

We describe the catalytic insertion polymerization of 5-norbornene-2-carboxylic acid and 5-vinyl-2-norbornene to form functional polymers with a very high glass transition temperature.

기능 노보 넨의 촉매 삽입 중합을위한 간단하고 효율적인 프로토콜

Norbornene can be polymerized by a variety of mechanisms, including insertion polymerization whereby the double bond is polymerized and the bicyclic ...

Preparation of Hollow Polystyrene Particles and Microcapsules by Radical Polymerization of Janus Droplets Consisting of Hydrocarbon and Fluorocarbon Oils

In this article, we have demonstrated a method for producing hollow particles and microcapsules using oil droplets consisting of hydrocarbon oil (styrene) and fluorocarbon oil (perfluoro-n-octane, PFO) in aqueous surfactant (sodium dodecylsulfate, SDS) solutions. Since fluorocarbon oils are immiscible with hydrocarbon oils, the two oils are separated. Emulsions are prepared by stirring styrene/PFO/aqueous SDS solution mixtures at 80 &#176;C. The type of emulsions and the morphology of droplets in the emulsions are observed by light microscope and scanning confocal fluorescence microscope. It is found that oil droplets with Janus-type morphologies consisting of mutually immiscible styrene and PFO are formed in aqueous SDS solutions. Polystyrene particles are fabricated by radical polymerization of the ternary mixtures of styrene/PFO/aqueous SDS solution at 80 &#176;C. The morphologies of the polystyrene are confirmed by scanning electron microscopy and scanning transmission electron microscopy observations. These observations show the preparation of hollow polystyrene particles with a single hole on the surface. To our knowledge, this method is a novel strategy using the immiscibility of hydrocarbon and fluorocarbon oils. The hollow particles can also be applied to the preparation of microcapsules.

A protocol for the fabrication of hollow polymer particles and microcapsules by radical polymerization using emulsions consisting of styrene, perfluoro-n-octane, and aqueous SDS (sodium dodecylsulfate) solution is presented.

빈 폴리스 티 렌 입자와 탄화수소와 탄 화 불 소 오일을 구성 된 야누스 방울의 과격 한 중 합에 의해 Microcapsules의 준비

In this article, we have demonstrated a method for producing hollow particles and microcapsules using oil droplets consisting of hydrocarbon oil (styrene) ...

Constructing Thioether/Vinyl Sulfide-tethered Helical Peptides Via Photo-induced Thiol-ene/yne Hydrothiolation

Here, we describe a detailed protocol for the preparation of thioether-tethered peptides using on-resin intramolecular/intermolecular thiol-ene hydrothiolation. In addition, this protocol describes the preparation of vinyl-sulfide-tethered peptides using in-solution intramolecular thiol-yne hydrothiolation between amino acids that possess alkene/alkyne side chains and cysteine residues at i, i+4 positions. Linear peptides were synthesized using a standard Fmoc-based solid-phase peptide synthesis (SPPS). Thiol-ene hydrothiolation is carried out using either an intramolecular thio-ene reaction or an intermolecular thio-ene reaction, depending on the peptide length. In this research, an intramolecular thio-ene reaction is carried out in the case of shorter peptides using on-resin deprotection of the trityl groups of cysteine residues following the complete synthesis of the linear peptide. The resin is then set to UV irradiation using photoinitiator 4-methoxyacetophenone (MAP) and 2-hydroxy-1-[4-(2-hydroxyethoxy)-phenyl]-2-methyl-1-propanone (MMP). The intermolecular thiol-ene reaction is carried out by dissolving Fmoc-Cys-OH in an N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF) solvent. This is then reacted with the peptide using the alkene-bearing residue on resin. After that, the macrolactamization is carried out using benzotriazole-1-yl-oxytripyrrolidinophosphonium hexafluorophosphate (PyBop), 1-hydroxybenzotriazole (HoBt), and 4-Methylmorpholine (NMM) as activation reagents on the resin. Following the macrolactamization, the peptide synthesis is continued using standard SPPS. In the case of the thio-yne hydrothiolation, the linear peptide is cleaved from the resin, dried, and subsequently dissolved in degassed DMF. This is then irradiated using UV light with photoinitiator 2,2-dimethoxy-2-phenylacetophenone (DMPA). Following the reaction, DMF is evaporated and the crude residue is precipitated and purified using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). These methods could function to simplify the generation of thioether-tethered cyclic peptides due to the use of the thio-ene/yne click chemistry that possesses superior functional group tolerance and good yield. The introduction of thioether bonds into peptides takes advantage of the nucleophilic nature of cysteine residues and is redox-inert relative to disulfide bonds.

We present a protocol for the construction of thioether/vinyl sulfide-tethered helical peptides using photo-induced thiol-ene/thiol-yne hydrothiolation.

가시광 광촉매 페 릴렌 사용 관능 비닐 모노머의 원자 이동 라디칼 중합

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