This&#160;research was supported by NIH 1 U01 HL097973, NHLBI 5 R01 HL116511-02, UCSF-CTSI Grant Number UL1 TR000004, the Robert Wood Johnson Health and Society Scholars Program, and the Lisa and John Pritzker Family Foundation. The authors also wish to acknowledge Michelle Stephens for her assistance with scoring the ANS data as well as Vanessa Tearnan, Marialma Gonzales-Cruz, Yurivia Cervantes, Amy Engler, Stephanie Grover and Karen Jones-Mason for their assistance in collecting the ANS data, and Michael Coccia for his help with the data. We are also thankful to the families for their generous participation in this research and to the volunteers who helped us to test and refine this protocol, including the first author&#8217;s two children. We want to acknowledge our mentors who taught us about measuring ANS and why measuring ANS responsivity is meaningful in young children: W. Thomas Boyce, Gary Bernston, and Dave Lozano.

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The authors declare that they have no competing financial interests.

이 연구는 도메인 (, 감각, 사회, 휴식을 놀라게)의 범위에서 반응을 유도하도록 설계 18개월 된 어린이, 표준화 된 휴식과 도전 과제의 샘플에서 ANS 응답의 범위로 이끄는 것으로 나타났습니다. 이러한 휴식과 도전 조건에서 발견 된 평균 ANS 응답은 유사한 작업 8,11,27,29를 사용하여 어린 자녀와 함께 ANS 응답 속도를 측정 한 다른 사람에 의해보고 된 ANS 값 유사했다. 우리의 샘플에서 발견 ?...

어린이 자율 신경계 개인차 (ANS) 반응성 신체적 정신적 건강 문제 12-16의 개발과 유지에 중요한 역할을한다. 증거의 성장 몸은 휴식과 반응성에서 ANS 조치 개인차가 어린이가 내면화 및 정신 병리학 4,9,17-19 및 신체 건강에 7,20을 외부화의 변화의 예측 있음을 알 수있다. ANS의 기능의이 직접 또는 주 효과뿐만 아니라, 연구의 축적 몸이 아이들의 반응은 아이들의 복지와 건강에 그 영향을 완화하는 부작용 또는 배우자의 충돌 등의 상황에 맞는 위험 인자와 상호 작용할 수 있음을 발견 하였다 (참조 참조 (21) 검토). 아이들의 자율 반응이, 삶의 과정에서 건강에 중요한 역할, 그리고 그 과정에서 동반 관심을한다는 것을이 성장하는 증거에도 불구하고3 세 미만의 어린이 ANS의 기능의 개발을 검사하는 추가 연구가 필요합니다. ANS는 두 가지, 부교감 및 교감 신경계로 구성되어 있습니다. 또한 일상 및 이상 반응 1에 응답하여 무의식적 메커니즘을 통해 내부 기관 (예, 심장 박동, 호흡, 소화, 성적 흥분)의 기능을 조절한다. 부교감 신경계 (PNS)는 수면 또는 교감 신경계 (SNS)를 휴식 할 때 낮은 휴식 심박수와 회복 상태를 유지 &#39;휴식과 회복&#39;시스템 비상 사태 또는 위협에 응답하는 &#39;싸움이나 비행&#39;시스템입니다 하나의 심장 박동 (23)을 가속화하여 상황. 호흡기 동 부정맥 (RSA)는 자동차의 SNS 영향력의 안정적인 인덱스 신뢰할 수있는 심장 기능에 PNS의 영향 인덱스 및 예비 토출 기간 (PEP)입니다DIAC가 작동. RSA와 PEP 모두 성인 (24, 25)의 샘플 실험 약리학 봉쇄를 통해 유효한 조치 것으로 밝혀졌다. 최근이 작품은 발전 8,26,27에 걸쳐 ANS 활동의 유효하고 신뢰할 수있는 방법으로 RSA와 PEP를 구축, 아동 및 청소년 샘플로 확장되었습니다. 밴드 스폿 전극을 사용하여 안정적인 임피던스 심전도 측정 (PEP)은 성인의 샘플 (28) 상당 기간 동안 사용되어왔다. 최근 병렬 측정 및 분석 기술은 또한 어린 아이들의 PEP 조치의 컬렉션 드문 있지만, 신뢰성과 어린이 11,29,30의 샘플에서 유효한 것으로 밝혀졌다. 유아와 미주 톤과 호흡 공동 부정맥 조치를 포함하여 어린이에서 작동 PNS에 문학의 현존 큰 몸이있다. 거기 PE​​P를 사용 SNS 적은 연구하고, 거의 동시에 검사 두자신의 고도로 통합 된 기능의 이해를 구축하기위한 중요한 부교감 및 교감 신경계. 어린 아이들의 PEP의 몇몇 연구 중 대부분은 자신의 프로토콜이 문제 8,31에 대한 응답으로 PEP에 상당한 그룹 수준의 변화를 생성하지 않는 것을 발견. , 연구는 안정성이 초기 단계에 시작 PNS 조치를 휴식에 있다는 것을 증명하고있다 그리고 그들은 기질, 행동, 건강, 13,16,26,32,33과의 관계를 가지고 있지만 그 안정성은 시간이 지남에 따라이 응답 SNS의 ​​제한된 이해하고 개발 관계, 그 발달 궤적 것을 형성 요인. PNS 응답은 사회 참여 (16)에 주로 기인하고 SNS 응답은 (검토를 위해 34 참조 참조) 반영 일뿐만 아니라 보상 감도 &quot;응답 싸움이나 비행&quot;을 제안했다. 어린 아이에서는 laborato 특정 문제를 시뮬레이션하는 도전공예와 그들의 짧은주의 집중 기간에 참여하기. 동시에 PNS와 SNS를 측정하는 데 필요한 일곱 자리 전극과 불편 함이 발생할 수 유아에 대한 측정 문제도 있습니다. 또한, 발달 과학의 분야에서,이 또한 아이들과 함께 작업 아동의 발달 적 요구와 윤리를 존중하면서 충분히 &quot;스트레스 반응&quot;을 유도하는 방법에 대한 몇 가지 기준. 이 문서 18 개월 된 어린이의 부교감 및 교감 신경계 반응을 유도하도록 설계 휴식과 도전적인 조건들로 구성된 표준화 된 프로토콜의 관리 및 채점에 대한 정보를 제공합니다. ANS 반응성는 일반적으로 개별 생물체 (22)에 걸쳐 변화 비교하거나 휴식 상태로 분리 된 외부 자극에 대하여 생리 반응으로 개념화된다. 심신의 초기 삶의 원인의 시험 그는alth 문제가 응답 적응을 연상하거나 스트레스 도전으로 간주 될 수있는 상황에 아이들의 반응성을 이해하는데 특히 관심이 과학자를 주도하고있다. 도전적인 자극을 발생하는 도메인의 넓은 범위에 걸쳐 반응을 유도 할 수있는 잠재력을 가지고 있지만 문학의 우세는 &quot;스트레스 반응성&quot;로이 현상을 말한다. 따라서, 프로토콜은 아래의 나머지 두 가지 형태를 포함한 여러 도메인에서 ANS 반응을 유도하도록 설계되었습니다 기술 된 18 개월짜리 세 발달에 적합한 과제 (부드러운 자장가 듣고 진정, 중립 비디오를 보면서 동안) : 기대 / 놀라게 (잭 - 더 - 박스에서) 감각 (레몬 주스), 및 (아픈 유아의 외침을 듣고) socioemotional. 프로토콜은, 발달-도전 유아에 대한 참여 및 허용하게하기 위해, 12 개월 어린이 (8) 3-5 세 (11)에 대한 기존의 프로토콜에서 적응했다 (18-21 개월). 여기에 우리가 제시 발달 과제 프로토콜 (DCP) 및 ANS 스트레스의 18 개월 된 연구 방문의 데이터, 식사 및 임신 여성과 그들의 자손의 조기 개발 (SEED) 연구. 건강한 임신과 산모 참가자들은 인종과 다​​양한 인종 임신 체중 증가와 태아 스트레스의 연구 2013-14 동안 모집 및 과체중, 저소득이었다 하였다. 그녀의 자손의 연구를위한 부모의 동의는 출생 후 자손이 시대의 18-21개월이 2,014에서 2,015 사이되었음을 여기에보고 된 연구에 대한 데이터 수집의 시작 다시 이전 얻었다.

<table><tbody><tr><td>ANS equipment</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Laptop and power cord&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Dell</td><td>60-0107-3.0</td><td>Mindware BioLab software requires a PC with 2 USB ports</td></tr><tr><td>ANS data collection software</td><td>Mindware</td><td>contact company</td><td>BioLab acquisition program</td></tr><tr><td>ANS data acquisition unit and cords</td><td>Mindware</td><td>50-3711-08</td><td>BioNex 8-slot Chassis</td></tr><tr><td>Snap leads</td><td>Mindware</td><td>93-0498-00</td><td>2 white, 2 red, 2 brown, 1 black</td></tr><tr><td>Spot electrodes</td><td>Kendall</td><td>31112496</td><td>130 model; 7 for each assessment + extras-to be sealed in a ziplock bag at all times)</td></tr><tr><td>ANS scoring/editing software</td><td>Mindware</td><td>contact company</td><td>HRV Analysis, version 3.1.0F and IMP Analysis, version 3.1.0I</td></tr><tr><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Protocol equipment</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>tablet computer</td><td>Apple</td><td></td><td>iPad; for playing audio and video clips</td></tr><tr><td>portable speaker</td><td>Polariod</td><td>PBT510</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Jack in the Box</td><td>Schylling</td><td>SMJB</td><td>Sock Monkey theme</td></tr><tr><td>Lemon juice</td><td>ReaLemon</td><td>98077</td><td>0.14 oz shelf-stable packets</td></tr><tr><td>Pasture pipettes</td><td>Grainger</td><td>6FAV9</td><td>1 ml size, disposable</td></tr><tr><td>Portion cups</td><td>Dart Solo Con</td><td>250PC</td><td>2.5 oz, disposable, plastic</td></tr><tr><td>audio files of baby cry</td><td>Alkon lab</td><td></td><td>30 sec clip recorded in a neonatal intensive care unit</td></tr><tr><td>audio file of baseline lullaby</td><td>Rockabye Baby Music</td><td></td><td>60 sec of &quot;Across the Universe&quot; on &quot;Rockabye Baby Lullaby Renditions of the Beatles&quot; CD</td></tr><tr><td>audio file of final lullaby</td><td>Rockabye Baby Music</td><td></td><td>60 sec of &quot;Here Comes the Sun&quot; on &quot;Rockabye Baby Lullaby Renditions of the Beatles&quot; CD</td></tr><tr><td>video file of neutral video</td><td></td><td></td><td>2 min of Baby Einstein video</td></tr><tr><td>Retractable measuring tape</td><td>Rollfix</td><td>TM04</td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Miscellaneous materials</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Surge protector</td><td></td><td></td><td>to plug in all electronics</td></tr><tr><td>2-prong adapter for surge protector</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Video camera</td><td>Sony</td><td></td><td>Handycam HDR-CX440</td></tr><tr><td>Video Encoder, power and input cords</td><td>Mindware</td><td>50-8614-01</td><td>optional; to sync video and ANS data files</td></tr><tr><td>Baby wipes and gauze</td><td></td><td></td><td>for cleaning and drying oily skin</td></tr><tr><td>Toys</td><td></td><td></td><td>to distract children during assessment</td></tr><tr><td>Visual aids</td><td></td><td></td><td>pictures of child with electrodes on, description of protocol to show participants</td></tr><tr><td>Script of protocol for research assistants</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Charging cords for tablet and speaker</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Doll and stickers</td><td></td><td></td><td>for demonstration if necessary</td></tr></tbody></table>

measuring cardiac autonomic nervous system (ans) activity in toddlers - resting and developmental challenges

자율 신경계 (ANS)는 두 가지, 교감 및 부교감 신경계 구성 및 내부 기관 (예, 심장 박동, 호흡, 소화)의 기능을 제어하고, 매일 및 이상 반응 (1)에 응답한다. 어린이 ANS 대책 행동 장애, 감정 조절, 및 건강 2-7에 관련된 것으로 밝혀졌다. 따라서, 유아 동안 ANS 개발에 영향을 미치는 요인을 이해하는 것이 중요합니다. ANS의 두 가지 자극에 어린 아이의 심장 혈관 반응에 영향을 미치는 생리적 변화 8-11의 유효하고 신뢰할 수있는 조치를 사용하여, 외부 모니터링 장비를 통해 비 침습적으로 측정되었다. 그러나 두 시스템의 통합 기능의 이해를 제한하는 부교감 및 교감 신경계의 동시 측정, 아주 어린 아이들의 몇몇 연구가있다. 또한, majori어린이의 연구는 유아 &#39;휴식 ANS 조치 또는 반응성보고 기존의 타이는 일반적으로 어머니 - 자녀 상호 작용 패러다임을 사용하고, 이하 다른 도전 조건에 ANS 반응성에 대한 알려져있다. 우리 18 개월 된 소아 심장 자율 제어의 비 침습적과 신속한 평가를위한 연구 설계와 표준화 된 프로토콜을 제시한다. 우리는 가정이나 실험실 방문하는 동안 휴식과 도전 조건에서 ANS의 부교감 신경과 교감 신경 가지를 지속적으로 모니터링하는 방법을 설명하고 검증 장비 및 채점 소프트웨어를 사용하여 140 다양한 인종 유아의 샘플에서 설명하는 결과를 제공합니다. 결과는 심장 박동의 변화 및 ​​부교감 신경과 교감 신경 활동의 지표로 나타낸 바와 같이이 프로토콜은 휴식과 발달 어려운 조건 모두에 생리적 반응의 범위를 생산할 수있는 것으로 나타났습니다. 개인은 휴식 수준, 응 답에 변화를 보여도전에 말이지,이 프로토콜은 유아를위한 ANS 개인차의 시험에 유용있는 추가 증거를 제공 도전 반응성.

SEED 연구는 162 어머니 - 자식 댓구 (; 30 % 라티 나, 16 % 흰색, 17 % 기타 또는 다민족 37 % 아프리카 계 미국인)를 등록. 18 월 방문을 위해, 우리는 140 명 (등록 된 샘플의 87 %)와 대면 평가를 완료; 6 참가자들은 멀리 이동하고, 나머지 참가자는 도달 할 수없는 또는이 방문 사용할 수 있었다. 방문 ANS 데이터 수집 구성 요소에 대한 거부 비율이 방문 할 수 어머니에 대한 1백40분의 3 (2 %)이었다. 세 방문 대?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Measuring Cardiac Autonomic Nervous System ANS Activity in Toddlers - Resting and Developmental Challenges at JoVE.com

Measuring Cardiac Autonomic Nervous System ANS Activity in Toddlers - Resting and Developmental Challenges

우리 18 개월 된 아이들과 함께 휴식과 도전 조건에서 자율 신경계의 지속적인 모니터링을위한 방법을 설명합니다. 결과는이 프로토콜은 자율 신경계의 두 가지 의미있는 생리적 반응을 생산 및 응답의 패턴에 상당한 개별 다양성을 유도 할 수 있습니다 것으로 나타났습니다.

유아에서 심장 자율 신경계 (ANS) 활동을 측정 - 휴식 및 발달 과제

The autonomic nervous system (ANS) consists of two branches, the parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous systems, and controls the function of internal ...

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Measuring Cardiac Autonomic Nervous System (ANS) Activity in Toddlers - Resting and Developmental Challenges

Biopsychology

The Autonomic Nervous System

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15.4K 조회수.  University of California, San Francisco.  우리 18 개월 된 아이들과 함께 휴식과 도전 조건에서 자율 신경계의 지속적인 모니터링을위한 방법을 설명합니다. 결과는이 프로토콜은 자율 신경계의 두 가지 의미있는 생리적 반응을 생산 및 응답의 패턴에 상당한 개별 다양성을 유도 할 수 있습니다 것으로 나타났습니다. 

비디오: Measuring Cardiac Autonomic Nervous System ANS Activity in Toddlers - Resting and Developmental Challenges

Quantitative Assessment of Cortical Auditory-tactile Processing in Children with Disabilities

Objective and easy measurement of sensory processing is extremely difficult in nonverbal or vulnerable pediatric patients. We developed a new methodology to quantitatively assess children&#39;s cortical processing of light touch, speech sounds and the multisensory processing of the 2 stimuli, without requiring active subject participation or causing children discomfort. To accomplish this we developed a dual channel, time and strength calibrated air puff stimulator that allows both tactile stimulation and sham control. We combined this with the use of event-related potential methodology to allow for high temporal resolution of signals from the primary and secondary somatosensory cortices as well as higher order processing. This methodology also allowed us to measure a multisensory response to auditory-tactile stimulation.

Objective and easy measurement of sensory processing is extremely difficult in nonverbal or vulnerable pediatric patients. We developed a new methodology to quantitatively assess infants and children&#39;s cortical processing of light touch, speech sounds, and the multisensory processing of the 2 stimuli, without requiring active subject participation or causing discomfort in vulnerable patients.

장애 아동의 대뇌 피질의 청각 - 촉각 처리의 정량 평가

Objective and easy measurement of sensory processing is extremely difficult in nonverbal or vulnerable pediatric patients. We developed a new methodology ...

연구

행동분석학

Quantitative Autonomic Testing

Disorders associated with dysfunction of autonomic nervous system are quite common yet frequently unrecognized. Quantitative autonomic testing can be invaluable tool for evaluation of these disorders, both in clinic and research. There are number of autonomic tests, however, only few were validated clinically or are quantitative. Here, fully quantitative and clinically validated protocol for testing of autonomic functions is presented. As a bare minimum the clinical autonomic laboratory should have a tilt table, ECG monitor, continuous noninvasive blood pressure monitor, respiratory monitor and a mean for evaluation of sudomotor domain. The software for recording and evaluation of autonomic tests is critical for correct evaluation of data. The presented protocol evaluates 3 major autonomic domains: cardiovagal, adrenergic and sudomotor. The tests include deep breathing, Valsalva maneuver, head-up tilt, and quantitative sudomotor axon test (QSART). The severity and distribution of dysautonomia is quantitated using Composite Autonomic Severity Scores (CASS). Detailed protocol is provided highlighting essential aspects of testing with emphasis on proper data acquisition, obtaining the relevant parameters and unbiased evaluation of autonomic signals. The normative data and CASS algorithm for interpretation of results are provided as well.

Standardized, comprehensive and fully quantitative testing of autonomic functions is described. The autonomic tests consist of evaluation of all three major autonomic domains including cardiovagal, adrenergic and sudomotor. The severity and distribution of dysautonomia is quantitated using Composite Autonomic Severity Scores.

양적 자율 테스트

Disorders associated with dysfunction of autonomic nervous system are quite common yet frequently unrecognized. Quantitative autonomic testing can be ...

의학

Infant Auditory Processing and Event-related Brain Oscillations

Rapid auditory processing and acoustic change detection abilities play a critical role in allowing human infants to efficiently process the fine spectral and temporal changes that are characteristic of human language. These abilities lay the foundation for effective language acquisition; allowing infants to hone in on the sounds of their native language. Invasive procedures in animals and scalp-recorded potentials from human adults suggest that simultaneous, rhythmic activity (oscillations) between and within brain regions are fundamental to sensory development; determining the resolution with which incoming stimuli are parsed. At this time, little is known about oscillatory dynamics in human infant development. However, animal neurophysiology and adult EEG data provide the basis for a strong hypothesis that rapid auditory processing in infants is mediated by oscillatory synchrony in discrete frequency bands. In order to investigate this, 128-channel, high-density EEG responses of 4-month old infants to frequency change in tone pairs, presented in two rate conditions (Rapid: 70 msec ISI and Control: 300 msec ISI) were examined. To determine the frequency band and magnitude of activity, auditory evoked response averages were first co-registered with age-appropriate brain templates. Next, the principal components of the response were identified and localized using a two-dipole model of brain activity. Single-trial analysis of oscillatory power showed a robust index of frequency change processing in bursts of Theta band (3 - 8 Hz) activity in both right and left auditory cortices, with left activation more prominent in the Rapid condition. These methods have produced data that are not only some of the first reported evoked oscillations analyses in infants, but are also, importantly, the product of a well-established method of recording and analyzing clean, meticulously collected, infant EEG and ERPs. In this article, we describe our method for infant EEG net application, recording, dynamic brain response analysis, and representative results.

High-density electroencephalography (dEEG) is being used increasingly to study brain development and plasticity in the early years of life. Here we present an application of sophisticated analysis techniques that builds on traditional EEG recording to understand the oscillatory dynamics of rapid auditory processing in the infant brain.

유아 청각 처리 및 이벤트 관련 뇌 진동

Rapid auditory processing and acoustic change detection abilities play a critical role in allowing human infants to efficiently process the fine spectral ...

Eye Tracking Young Children with Autism

The rise of accessible commercial eye-tracking systems has fueled a rapid increase in their use in psychological and psychiatric research. By providing a direct, detailed and objective measure of gaze behavior, eye-tracking has become a valuable tool for examining abnormal perceptual strategies in clinical populations and has been used to identify disorder-specific characteristics1, promote early identification2, and inform treatment3. In particular, investigators of autism spectrum disorders (ASD) have benefited from integrating eye-tracking into their research paradigms4-7. Eye-tracking has largely been used in these studies to reveal mechanisms underlying impaired task performance8 and abnormal brain functioning9, particularly during the processing of social information1,10-11. While older children and adults with ASD comprise the preponderance of research in this area, eye-tracking may be especially useful for studying young children with the disorder as it offers a non-invasive tool for assessing and quantifying early-emerging developmental abnormalities2,12-13. Implementing eye-tracking with young children with ASD, however, is associated with a number of unique challenges, including issues with compliant behavior resulting from specific task demands and disorder-related psychosocial considerations. In this protocol, we detail methodological considerations for optimizing research design, data acquisition and psychometric analysis while eye-tracking young children with ASD. The provided recommendations are also designed to be more broadly applicable for eye-tracking children with other developmental disabilities. By offering guidelines for best practices in these areas based upon lessons derived from our own work, we hope to help other investigators make sound research design and analysis choices while avoiding common pitfalls that can compromise data acquisition while eye-tracking young children with ASD or other developmental difficulties.

Eye tracking has long been used to study gaze patterns in typically-developing individuals, but recent technological advancements have made its use with clinical populations, including autism, more feasible. While eye-tracking young children with autism can offer insight into early symptom manifestations, it involves methodological challenges. Suggestions for best practices are provided.

자폐증과 어린 아이를 추적 눈

The rise of accessible commercial eye-tracking systems has fueled a rapid increase in their use in psychological and psychiatric research. By providing a ...

Psychophysiological Assessment of the Effectiveness of Emotion Regulation Strategies in Childhood

Effective regulation of emotion is one of the most important skills that develops in childhood. Research interest in this area is expanding, but empirical work has been limited by predominantly correlational investigations of children's skills. Relatedly, a key conceptual challenge for emotion scientists is to distinguish between emotion responding and emotion regulatory processes. This paper presents a novel method to address these conceptual and methodological issues in child samples. An experimental paradigm that assesses the effectiveness with which children regulate emotion is described. Children are randomly assigned to use specific emotion regulation strategies, negative emotions are elicited with film clips, and changes in subsequent psychophysiology index the extent to which emotion regulation is effective. Children are instructed to simply watch the emotion-eliciting film (control), distract themselves from negative emotions (cognitive distraction), or reframe the situation in a way that downplays the importance of the emotional event (cognitive reappraisal). Cardiac physiology, continuously acquired before and during the emotional task, serves as an objective measure of children's unfolding emotional responding while viewing evocative films. Key comparisons in patterns of obtained physiological reactivity are between the control and emotion regulation strategy conditions. Representative results from this approach are described, and discussion focuses on the contribution of this methodological approach to developmental science.

A detailed protocol for an experimental paradigm to assess the effectiveness with which children regulate emotion is described. Children are randomly assigned to use specific emotion regulation strategies, negative emotions are elicited with film clips, and changes in subsequent psychophysiology index the extent to which emotion regulation is effective.

어린 시절의 감정 규제 전략의 효과의 정신 생리 학적 평가

Effective regulation of emotion is one of the most important skills that develops in childhood. Research interest in this area is expanding, but empirical ...

Use of a Video Scoring Anchor for Rapid Serial Assessment of Social Communication in Toddlers

Reciprocal social behavior (RSB), an early-emerging capacity to engage in social contingency&#8212;which is foundational for both social learning and social competency&#8212;is hypothesized to be disrupted in autism spectrum disorder (ASD). The ability to quantify the full range of RSB during the toddler period, when core symptoms of ASD often arise, is pivotal for evaluating early risk for ASD, characterizing social development, and tracking response to early interventions. However, important parameters of variation in RSB&#8212;especially prior to the development of verbal language&#8212;can be nuanced and difficult to characterize using questionnaire-based methods. To address this challenge, we developed a system for measuring quantitative variation in RSB in toddlers (ages 18 - 30 months) that incorporated not only standard questionnaire data from caregivers but also a novel set of video-referenced items, through which a respondent compares the behavior of a subject to that observed in a short video of a young child manifesting a highly competent level of social communication. Testing of this measure in a general population sample of twins confirmed that both the video-referenced items and the RSB Total Score (video-referenced items plus non-video-referenced items) displayed unimodal, continuous distributions, strong internal consistency, marked preservation of individual differences, and extremely high heritability. In addition, video-referenced items were particularly sensitive to quantifying incremental changes in social communication, a major element of RSB, over the course of early childhood development. Scores on the vrRSB clearly differentiated children with and without ASD and these data comprise an initial validation of this promising method for quantifying early RSB&#8212;cross-sectionally, over time, and as a function of early intervention.

Here we present a protocol for administration of the video-referenced rating of reciprocal social behavior (vrRSB) using a paper or online version. This survey quantifies RSB, a prerequisite for social competence, in toddlers through &#34;video-referenced&#34; items whereby a subject is compared to a reference child shown in a three-minute video.

유아의 사회적 커뮤니케이션의 신속한 직렬 평가 대 한 앵커를 득점 하는 비디오의 사용

Reciprocal social behavior (RSB), an early-emerging capacity to engage in social contingency&#8212;which is foundational for both social learning and ...

Measuring Cardiac Autonomic Nervous System (ANS) Activity in Children

The autonomic nervous system (ANS) controls mainly automatic bodily functions that are engaged in homeostasis, like heart rate, digestion, respiratory rate, salivation, perspiration and renal function. The ANS has two main branches: the sympathetic nervous system, preparing the human body for action in times of danger and stress, and the parasympathetic nervous system, which regulates the resting state of the body.
ANS activity can be measured invasively, for instance by radiotracer techniques or microelectrode recording from superficial nerves, or it can be measured non-invasively by using changes in an organ's response as a proxy for changes in ANS activity, for instance of the sweat glands or the heart. Invasive measurements have the highest validity but are very poorly feasible in large scale samples where non-invasive measures are the preferred approach. Autonomic effects on the heart can be reliably quantified by the recording of the electrocardiogram (ECG) in combination with the impedance cardiogram (ICG), which reflects the changes in thorax impedance in response to respiration and the ejection of blood from the ventricle into the aorta. From the respiration and ECG signals, respiratory sinus arrhythmia can be extracted as a measure of cardiac parasympathetic control. From the ECG and the left ventricular ejection signals, the preejection period can be extracted as a measure of cardiac sympathetic control. ECG and ICG recording is mostly done in laboratory settings. However, having the subjects report to a laboratory greatly reduces ecological validity, is not always doable in large scale epidemiological studies, and can be intimidating for young children. An ambulatory device for ECG and ICG simultaneously resolves these three problems.
Here, we present a study design for a minimally invasive and rapid assessment of cardiac autonomic control in children, using a validated ambulatory device 1-5, the VU University Ambulatory Monitoring System (VU-AMS, Amsterdam, the Netherlands,<a href="http://www.vu-ams.nl" target="_blank"> www.vu-ams.nl</a>).

Measuring Cardiac Autonomic Nervous System ANS Activity in Children

Measurement of autonomic nervous system activity usually confines the researcher and participant to the laboratory, which may provide an intimidating environment to children. The VU University Ambulatory Monitoring System (VU-AMS) device can record cardiac autonomic control in any setting. The VU-AMS proved very amenable to testing in children.

아이들의 측정 심장 자율 신경계 (ANS) 활동

The autonomic nervous system (ANS) controls mainly automatic bodily functions that are engaged in homeostasis, like heart rate, digestion, respiratory ...

An Electrophysiology Protocol to Measure Reward Anticipation and Processing in Children

We present a protocol designed to measure the neural correlates of reward in children. The protocol allows researchers to measure both reward anticipation and processing. Its purpose is to create a reward task that is appropriate for young children with and without autism while controlling reward properties between two conditions: social and nonsocial. The current protocol allows for comparisons of brain activity between social and nonsocial reward conditions while keeping the reward itself identical between conditions. Using this protocol, we found evidence that neurotypical children demonstrate enhanced anticipatory brain activity during the social condition. Furthermore, we found that neurotypical children anticipate social reward more robustly than children with autism diagnoses. As the task uses snacks as a reward, it is most appropriate for young children. However, the protocol may be adapted for use with adolescent or adult populations if snacks are replaced by monetary incentives. The protocol is designed to measure electrophysiological events (event-related potentials), but it may be customized for use with eye-tracking or fMRI.

This protocol is designed to measure reward anticipation and processing in young children with and without autism. Specifically, the protocol is designed to study the neural correlates of reward during social and nonsocial conditions while controlling for reward between conditions.

측정 보상 기대와 아이 들에서 처리 하는 전기 생리학 프로토콜

We present a protocol designed to measure the neural correlates of reward in children. The protocol allows researchers to measure both reward anticipation ...

Calculating Heart Rate Variability from ECG Data from Youth with Cerebral Palsy During Active Video Game Sessions

The aim of this study was to generate a method for calculating heart rate variability (HRV) from electrocardiogram (ECG) waveforms. The waveforms were recorded by a HR monitor that participants (youth with cerebral palsy (CP)) wore during active video game (AVG) sessions. The AVG sessions were designed to promote physical activity and fitness (aerobic performance) in participants. The goal was to evaluate the feasibility of AVGs as a physical therapy (PT) intervention strategy. The maximum HR (mHR) was determined for each participant and the Target Heart Rate Zone (THRZ) was calculated for each of three exercise phases in the 20 min AVG session: (warm-up at 40-60% mHR, conditioning at 60-80% mHR, and cool down at 40-60% mHR). Each participant played three 20 min games during the AVG session. All games were played while sitting on a bench because many youth with CP cannot stand for extended periods of time. Each game condition differed with participants using hand icons only, hand and feet icons together or feet icons only to collect objects. The objective of the game (called KOLLECT) is to collect objects to gain points and avoid hazards to not lose points. Hazards were used in the warm-up and cool down phases only to promote slower, controlled movement to maintain HR in the target heart rate zone (THRZ). There were no hazards in the conditioning phase to promote higher levels and more intense physical activity. Analytic methods were used to generate HRV (selected time-domain and frequency-domain measures) from ECG data to examine aerobic workload. Recent applications of HRV indicate that short-term measurements (5 min bouts) are appropriate and that HRV biofeedback may help improve symptoms and the quality of life in a variety of health conditions. Although HR is a well-accepted clinical measure to examine aerobic performance and intensity in PT interventions, HRV may provide information of the autonomic system functions, recovery and adaptation during AVG sessions.

This protocol describes a method for calculating Heart Rate Variability (HRV) from electrocardiogram (ECG) waveforms. Waveforms from continuous heart rate (HR) recordings during active video game (AVG) sessions were used to measure the aerobic performance of youth with cerebral palsy (CP).

활성 비디오 게임 세션 동안 뇌성 마비청소년의 심전도 데이터에서 심박수 변동성 계산

The aim of this study was to generate a method for calculating heart rate variability (HRV) from electrocardiogram (ECG) waveforms. The waveforms were ...

Autonomic Function Following Concussion in Youth Athletes: An Exploration of Heart Rate Variability Using 24-hour Recording Methodology

Participation in organized sports makes a significant contribution to youth development, but places youth at a higher risk for sustaining a concussion. To date, return-to-activity decision-making has been anchored in the monitoring of self-reported concussion symptoms and neurocognitive testing. However, multi-modal assessments that corroborate objective physiological measures with traditional subjective symptom reporting are needed and can be valuable. Heart rate variability (HRV) is a non-invasive physiological indicator of the autonomic nervous system, capturing the reciprocal interplay between the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems. There is a dearth of literature exploring the effect of concussion on HRV in youth athletes, and developmental differences preclude the application of adult findings to a pediatric population. Further, the current state of HRV methodology has primarily included short-term (5-15 min) recordings, by using resting state or short-term physical exertion testing to elucidate changes following concussion. The novelty in utilizing a 24 h&#160;recording methodology is that it has the potential to capture natural variation in autonomic function, directly related to the activities a youth athlete performs on a regular basis. Within a prospective, longitudinal research setting, this novel approach to quantifying autonomic function can provide important information regarding the recovery trajectory, alongside traditional self-report symptom measures. Our objectives regarding a 24 h recording methodology were to (1) evaluate the physiological effects of a concussion in youth athletes, and (2) describe the trajectory of physiological change, while considering the resolution of self-reported post-concussion symptoms. To achieve these objectives, non-invasive sensor technology was implemented. The raw beat-to-beat time intervals captured can be transformed to derive time domain and frequency domain measures, which reflect an individual&#39;s ability to adapt and be flexible to their ever-changing environment. By using non-invasive heart rate technology, autonomic function can be quantified outside of a traditional controlled research setting.

We demonstrate a 24 h heart rate recording methodology to evaluate the influence of concussion across the recovery trajectory in youth athletes, within an ecologically valid context.

자율 기능 청소년 선수에 뇌 진 탕을 다음: 24 시간 녹화 방법론을 사용 하 여 심장 박동의 변화 탐구

Participation in organized sports makes a significant contribution to youth development, but places youth at a higher risk for sustaining a concussion. To ...