Name: measuring connectivity in the primary visual pathway in human albinism using diffusion tensor imaging and tractography
Uploaded: 2016-08-11T13:00:00.000+00:00
Duration: 13 min 26 s
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Measuring Connectivity in the Primary Visual Pathway in Human Albinism Using Diffusion Tensor Imaging and Tractography at JoVE.com

이 작품은 자연 과학 및 캐나다의 공학 연구위원회 (NSERC)에 의해 부분적으로 지원됩니다. 저자는 참가자들에게 감사의 백색증 환자를 모집 그의 도움 박사 릭 톰슨, 데니스 Romanovsky 그의 도움 분석의 일부를 실행하고 그림을 수정하기위한, 모니카 히랄 치카 그녀의 도움을 tractography 그녀의 지식과 조언, 조이 윌리엄스 그의 MRI 분석 전문 지식에 대한 MRI 획득 및 아만 고얄있다.

<ol>
	<li>Montoliu, L., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Increasing+the+complexity:+new+genes+and+new+types+of+albinism.">Increasing the complexity: new genes and new types of albinism.</a> Pigment Cell Melanoma Res. 27, 11-18 (2013).</li><li>Martinez-Garcia, M., Montoliu, L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Albinism+in+Europe.">Albinism in Europe.</a> J. Dermatol. 40 (5), 319-324 (2013).</li><li>Gottlob, I. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Albinism:+a+model+of+adaptation+of+the+brain+in+congenital+visual+disorders.">Albinism: a model of adaptation of the brain in congenital visual disorders.</a> Br. J. Opthalmol. 91 (4), 411-412 (2007).</li><li>Wilk, M. A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Relationship+between+foveal+cone+specialization+and+pit+morphology+in+albinism.">Relationship between foveal cone specialization and pit morphology in albinism.</a> Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 55 (7), 4186-4198 (2014).</li><li>Von dem Hagen, E. A. H., Houston, G. C., Hoffman, M. B., Morland, B. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Pigmentation+predicts+the+shift+in+the+line+of+decussation+in+humans+with+albinism.">Pigmentation predicts the shift in the line of decussation in humans with albinism.</a> Eur. J. Neurosci. 25, 503-511 (2007).</li><li>Rice, D. S., Williams, R. W., Goldowitz, D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Genetic+control+of+retinal+projections+in+inbred+strains+of+albino+mice.">Genetic control of retinal projections in inbred strains of albino mice.</a> J comp neurol. 354 (3), 459-469 (1995).</li><li>Schmitz, B., Schaefer, T., Krick, C. M., Reith, W., Backens, M., Kasmann-Kellner, B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Configuration+of+the+optic+chiasm+in+humans+with+albinism+as+revealed+by+magnetic+resonance+imaging.">Configuration of the optic chiasm in humans with albinism as revealed by magnetic resonance imaging.</a> Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 44 (1), 16-21 (2003).</li><li>Mcketton, L., Kelly, K. R., Schneider, K. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Abnormal+lateral+geniculate+nucleus+and+optic+chiasm+in+human+albinism.">Abnormal lateral geniculate nucleus and optic chiasm in human albinism.</a> J. Comp. Neurol. 522 (11), 2680-2687 (2014).</li><li>Williams, S. E., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Ephrin-B2+and+EphB1+mediate+retinal+axon+divergence+at+the+optic+chiasm.">Ephrin-B2 and EphB1 mediate retinal axon divergence at the optic chiasm.</a> Neuron. 39 (6), 919-935 (2003).</li><li>van Genderen, M. M., Riemslag, F. C., Schuil, J., Hoeben, F. P., Stilma, J. S., Meire, F. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Chiasmal+misrouting+and+foveal+hypoplasia+without+albinism.">Chiasmal misrouting and foveal hypoplasia without albinism.</a> J. Opthalmol. 90 (9), 1098-1102 (2006).</li><li>Y&#252;cel, Y. H., Zhang, Q., Gupta, N., Kaufman, P. L., Weinreb, R. N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Loss+of+neurons+in+magnocellular+and+parvocellular+layers+of+the+lateral+geniculate+nucleus+in+Glaucoma.">Loss of neurons in magnocellular and parvocellular layers of the lateral geniculate nucleus in Glaucoma.</a> Arch. Ophthalmol. 118 (3), 378-384 (2000).</li><li>von dem Hagen, E. A., Hoffman, M. B., Morland, A. B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Identifying+human+albinism:+a+comparison+of+VEP+and+fMRI.">Identifying human albinism: a comparison of VEP and fMRI.</a> Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 49 (1), 238-249 (2008).</li><li>Burkhalter, A., Bernardo, K. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Organization+of+cortico-cortical+connections+in+human+visual+cortex.">Organization of cortico-cortical connections in human visual cortex.</a> Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 86 (3), 1071-1075 (1989).</li><li>Mufson, E. J., Brady, D. R., Kordower, J. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Tracing+neuronal+connections+in+postmortem+human+hippocampal+complex+with+the+carbocyanine+Dye+DiI.">Tracing neuronal connections in postmortem human hippocampal complex with the carbocyanine Dye DiI.</a> Neurobiol. Aging. 11 (6), 649-653 (1990).</li><li>Wedeen, V. J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Diffusion+spectrum+magnetic+resonance+imaging+(DSI)+tractography+of+crossing+fibers.">Diffusion spectrum magnetic resonance imaging (DSI) tractography of crossing fibers.</a> Neuroimage. 41 (4), 1267-1277 (2008).</li><li>Smith, S. M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Tract-based+spatial+statistics:+voxelwise+analysis+of+multi-subject+diffusion+data.">Tract-based spatial statistics: voxelwise analysis of multi-subject diffusion data.</a> NeuroImage. 31 (4), 1487-1505 (2006).</li><li>Newcombe, V. F., Das, T., Cross, J. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Diffusion+imaging+in+neurological+disease.">Diffusion imaging in neurological disease.</a> J. Neurol. 260 (1), 335-342 (2013).</li><li>Behrens, T. E. J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Non-invasive+mapping+of+connections+between+human+thalamus+and+cortex+using+diffusion+imaging.">Non-invasive mapping of connections between human thalamus and cortex using diffusion imaging.</a> Nat. Neurosci. 6 (7), 750-757 (2003).</li><li>Bassi, L., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Probabilistic+diffusion+tractography+of+the+optic+radiations+and+visual+function+in+preterm+infants+at+term+equivalent+age.">Probabilistic diffusion tractography of the optic radiations and visual function in preterm infants at term equivalent age.</a> Brain. 131 (2), 573-582 (2008).</li><li>Hofer, S., Karaus, A., Frahm, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Reconstruction+and+dissection+of+the+entire+human+visual+pathway+using+diffusion+tensor+MRI.">Reconstruction and dissection of the entire human visual pathway using diffusion tensor MRI.</a> Front Neuroanat. 4, 1-7 (2010).</li><li>Fujita, N., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Lateral+Geniculate+Nucleus:+Anatomic+and+Functional+Identification+by+Use+of+MR+Imaging.">Lateral Geniculate Nucleus: Anatomic and Functional Identification by Use of MR Imaging.</a> Am. J. Neuroradiol. 22 (9), 1719-1726 (2001).</li><li>McKetton, L., Joy, W., Viviano, J. D., Y&#252;cel, Y. H., Gupta, N., Schneider, K. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=High+resolution+structural+magnetic+resonance+imaging+of+the+human+subcortex+in+vivo+and+postmortem.">High resolution structural magnetic resonance imaging of the human subcortex in vivo and postmortem.</a> J. Vis. Exp. , (2015).</li><li>Fischl, B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=FreeSurfer.">FreeSurfer.</a> NeuroImage. 62 (2), 774-781 (2012).</li><li>Yeh, F. C., Verstynen, T. D., Wang, Y., Fern&#225;ndez-Miranda, J. C., Tseng, W. Y. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Deterministic+Diffusion+Fiber+Tracking+Improved+by+Quantitative+Anisotropy.">Deterministic Diffusion Fiber Tracking Improved by Quantitative Anisotropy.</a> PLoS One. 8 (11), 807-813 (2013).</li><li>Jiang, H., van Zijl, P. C., Kim, J., Pearlson, G. D., Mori, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=DtiStudio:+resource+program+for+diffusion+tensor+computation+and+fiber+bundle+tracking.">DtiStudio: resource program for diffusion tensor computation and fiber bundle tracking.</a> Comput. Methods. Programs. Biomed. 81 (2), 106-116 (2006).</li><li>Smith, S. M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Advances+in+functional+and+structural+MR+image+analysis+and+implementation+as+FSL.">Advances in functional and structural MR image analysis and implementation as FSL.</a> NeuroImage. 23 (1), 208-219 (2004).</li><li>Galantucci, S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=White+matter+damage+in+primary+progressive+aphasias:+a+diffusion+tensor+tractography+study.">White matter damage in primary progressive aphasias: a diffusion tensor tractography study.</a> J. Neurol. 134, 3011-3029 (2011).</li><li>Cabin, R. J., Mitchell, R. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=To+Bonferroni+or+not+to+Bonferroni:+when+and+how+are+the+questions.">To Bonferroni or not to Bonferroni: when and how are the questions.</a> Bull. Ecol. Soc. Am. 81 (3), 246-248 (2000).</li><li>Kaiser, P. K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Prospective+evaluation+of+visual+acuity+assessment:+a+comparison+of+snellen+versus+ETDRS+charts+in+clinical+practice+(An+AOS+Thesis).">Prospective evaluation of visual acuity assessment: a comparison of snellen versus ETDRS charts in clinical practice (An AOS Thesis).</a> Trans. Am. Ophthalmol. Soc. 107, 311-324 (2009).</li><li>Farahibozorg, S., Hashemi-Golpayegani, S. M., Ashburner, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Age+and+sex-related+variations+in+the+brain+white+matter+fractal+dimension+throughout+adulthood:+An+MRI+study.">Age and sex-related variations in the brain white matter fractal dimension throughout adulthood: An MRI study.</a> Clin. Neuroradiol. 25 (1), 19-32 (2014).</li><li>Tian, L., Wang, J., Yan, C., He, Y. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Hemisphere+and+gender-related+differences+in+small+world+brain+networks:+a+resting+state+functional+MRI+study.">Hemisphere and gender-related differences in small world brain networks: a resting state functional MRI study.</a> NeuroImage. 54 (1), 191-202 (2011).</li><li>Ge, Y., Grossman, R. I., Babb, J. S., Rabin, M. L., Mannon, L. J., Kolson, D. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Age-related+total+gray+matter+and+white+matter+changes+in+normal+adult+brain.+Part+1:+volumetric+MR+imaging+analysis.">Age-related total gray matter and white matter changes in normal adult brain. Part 1: volumetric MR imaging analysis.</a> Am. J. Neuroradiol. 23 (8), 1327-1333 (2002).</li><li>Zhang, L., Dean, D., Liu, J. Z., Sahgal, V., Wang, X., Yue, G. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Quantifying+degeneration+of+white+matter+in+normal+aging+using+fractal+dimension.">Quantifying degeneration of white matter in normal aging using fractal dimension.</a> Neurobiol. Aging. 28 (10), 1543-1555 (2007).</li><li>Jones, D. K., Knosche, T. R., Turner, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=White+matter+integrity,+fiber+count,+and+other+fallacies:+The+do's+and+don'ts+of+diffusion+MRI.">White matter integrity, fiber count, and other fallacies: The do's and don'ts of diffusion MRI.</a> NeuroImage. 73, 239-254 (2013).</li><li>Coenen, V. A., Huber, K. K., Krings, T., Weidemann, J., Gilsbach, J. M., Rohde, V. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Diffusion-weighted+imaging-guided+resection+of+intracerebral+lesions+involving+the+optic+radiation.">Diffusion-weighted imaging-guided resection of intracerebral lesions involving the optic radiation.</a> Neurosurg. Rev. 28 (3), 188-195 (2005).</li><li>Andrews, T. J., Halperm, S. D., Purves, D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Correlated+size+variations+in+human+visual+cortex,+lateral+geniculate+nucleus,+and+optic+tract.">Correlated size variations in human visual cortex, lateral geniculate nucleus, and optic tract.</a> J. Neurosci. 17 (8), 2859-2865 (1997).</li><li>Bridge, H., Thomas, O., Jbabdi, S., Cowey, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Changes+in+connectivity+after+visual+cortical+brain+damage+underlie+altered+visual+function.">Changes in connectivity after visual cortical brain damage underlie altered visual function.</a> Brain. 131, 1433-1444 (2008).</li><li>Asman, A. J., Landman, B. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Non-local+statistical+label+fusion+for+multi-atlas+segmentation.">Non-local statistical label fusion for multi-atlas segmentation.</a> Med. Image. Anal. 17 (2), 194-208 (2013).</li></ol>

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

WM 변경하고,보다 구체적으로는, 제어 장치가 예상 된 비교 백색증 연결성을 감소시켰다. 따라서, 제어뿐만 아니라 여기에보고 백색증 남성 환자에서 감소 연결에 비해 백색증의 오른쪽 반구의 감소 FA는 우리의 예측과 일치한다. 성 반구 효과가 제안하는 건강한 뇌에 대한 연구는 여성에 비해 남성의 왼쪽 반구에 WM 복잡성을 감소하지만 30 ~ 31 본 연구에서 관찰 된 성별과 반구 관련 차이?...

백색증은 주로 영향을받는 개인에서 관찰 명백한 하이포 피크 멘 테이션 (hypopigmentation)을 특징으로하는 유전 질환입니다. 그것은 멜라닌 합성 1에 관여하는 유전자에 상속 된 돌연변이에 의해 발생합니다. 백색증은 두 가지 형태로 나타납니다 oculo-피부 백색증 (OCA), 안구 및 피부 두 기능을 제시하는 상 염색체 열성 형질; 안구 백색증 (OA), 남성에서 더 유행하고 안구 증상이 주로 특징으로하는 X-연결 특성. 망막 색소 상피 (RPE)에서 멜라닌 중앙 시각 경로의 적절한 개발에 중요하다. 백색증에있는 그것의 부재 따라서 수명, 안진, 감소 된 시력과 양안시 2-3의 손실을 포함하여 시각 장애, 발생합니다. 시력은 백색증 4에서 변경 될 중심와 형태로 연결되어 있습니다. 인간, decussation의 망막 라인은 코 망막에서 섬유, 중심와를 통해 nasotemporal 국경을 따라 자리 잡고 있습니다다른 반구 및 동측 연장 시간 망막에서 사람들에게 건너. 백색증의 시각 기능 저하의 정도는 하이포 피크 멘 테이션 (hypopigmentation)의 레벨에 연결되어있다. 구체적으로는, 착색이 decussation 5 행의 시간적 망막 시프트에 반비례한다. 시간적 망막 decussation 라인의 이동의 결과로서, 시신경 섬유의 횡단 증가 - 일반적인 특성을 모두 3 종 걸쳐. 인간에 대한 구조 MRI 연구 가능성 백색증 6-8에서 관찰 된 망막 신경절 세포의 증가 횡단의 결과 대조군에 비해 백색증의 좁은 광학 chiasms을 보여 주었다. 망막 및 시신경 chiasm은 엡 가족 수용체 및 리간드 (9) 등의 축삭 안내 단서를 표현하기 때문에 misrouting (10) 후보 사이트입니다. 유도 녹내장 원숭이에 대한 연구는 중요한 십이 밝혀LGN의 parvalbumin 면역 릴레이 뉴런과 LGN 볼륨 (11)의 수 rease. 이것은 LGN 크기 및 V1로 OR 통해 이동 백질 (WM) 궤적의 수 간의 상관 관계를 의미한다. 인간의 백색증에 사후 연구는 융합 M과 P 층 (12)과 작은 LGN를 한 것으로 밝혀졌습니다. 고해상도 구조 MRI는 백색증 8 LGN의 볼륨에 상당한 감소를 확인했다. 함께 찍은, 이러한 결과는 LGN 뉴런의 수가 감소 될 수 있습니다 LGN 볼륨을 감소하고, LGN과 V1 사이의 감소 연결에 차례로 것이 좋습니다. 인간의 해부학 적 연결의 검사 패턴을 제한하고있다. 해부, 트레이서 주입 병변 유도는 사후를 사용하고, 보통의 환자는 매우 적은 수를 포함 할 수있는 침습적 인 방법. 카보시는 DII 주사를 염색하여 이전 연구는 V1 및 V2 (보조 비주얼 C 사이의 신경 연결을 입증ortex) (13)뿐만 아니라 알데히드 고정 사후 인간의 두뇌 (14)의 해마 단지 내. 이러한 방식으로 라벨 섬유 사출 (14)의 관점에서 밀리미터의 수십 거리로 제한됩니다. 확산 텐서 영상, DTI는 섬유 관 방향과 조직을 식별하기 위해 초기 1990 년대 중반에 개발 된 MRI 양상이다. 이것은 살아있는 뇌 큰 WM 경로의 맵핑을 허용하는 비 침습적 방법이다. DTI는 생체 조직 (15) 내의 물 분자의 확산에 민감하다. 뇌에서 물의 확산에 의한 이러한 막은 및 미엘린 등 장벽 이방성 (요철)이다. WM은 확산에 섬유 (16)의 방향에 수직보다 더 큰 평행 의미, 높은 확산 이방성을 가지고있다. 소수 이방성 (FA)는 이방 적으로 확산하는 분자의 선호도를 설명하는 스칼라 양이다. FA 값이 낮은에서 높은 anisot에, 0-1의 범위끈적 끈적 (뇌척수액 (CSF) &lt;회색 물질 (GM) &lt;WM) 16. 간소화 (결정) 및 확률 섬유 추적은 3D 경로 재건을위한 두 개의 서로 다른 알고리즘이다. 결정적 tractography 정의 된 시드 영역에 인접 복셀을 연결하는 선 전파 방법을 사용한다. 이 알고리즘에 사용되는 두 개의 정지 기준은 회전 각도와 FA 값이다. 따라서, 이웃 복셀 사이에 추적 기관은 큰 회전 각도 않을 수 있습니다. 이 알고리즘은 것 때문에도 복셀에서 FA가 이방성 방울 회색 물질 근처 정확하게 정의 경로에서 그 효과를 제한, 특정 임계 값을 초과하는 경우에만 진행한다. 확률 tractography 반면에, 복셀의 확률을 기술하는 접속 맵이자 (로아)의 두 영역 사이의 넓이의 일부가 산출되므로 이러한 V1 (17) 회백질로 진행한다. 이 MRI 응용 프로그램을 사용하여, 같은 키 WM 구조이전 연구 18-20에 도시 된 바와 같이, OR은 묘사 될 수있다. 이 연구는 따라서 레티노-geniculo - 대뇌 피질의 연결에 축삭 misrouting의 효과를 탐구 확산 데이터와 tractography를 사용합니다. 인간의 백색증 8 LGN 볼륨에서 이전에보고 된 감축을 바탕으로, 우리는 V1에 LGN에서 섬유 돌기도 (그림 1) 감소하는 것으로 예측하고있다.

<table><tbody><tr><td>Magnetom Tim Trio 3T MRI</td><td>Siemens (Erlangen, Germany)</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>FMRIB&amp;rsquo;s Software Library (FSL)</td><td></td><td></td><td>http://www.fmrib.ox.ac.uk/fsl/</td></tr><tr><td>FreeSurfer</td><td></td><td></td><td>http://surfer.nmr.mgh.harvard.edu</td></tr><tr><td>DSI Studio</td><td></td><td></td><td>http://dsi-studio.labsolver.org</td></tr><tr><td>SPSS</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

measuring connectivity in the primary visual pathway in human albinism using diffusion tensor imaging and tractography

백색증에서 동측 돌출 망막 신경절 세포 (망막 신경절 세포)의 수는 현저히 감소된다. 망막 광 chiasm는 misrouting 후보지로 제안되어있다. 측면 geniculate 핵 (LGN)의 수 사이의 상관 관계 뉴런을 중계하고 LGN 크기를 표시하고, 인간의 백색증에서 LGN 볼륨에서 이전에보고 된 감소를 기반으로되어 있기 때문에, 우리는 제안이 차 시각 피질에 LGN에서 섬유 돌기 (V1) 또한 감소된다. 백색증의 시각 시스템의 구조적 차이를 공부하는 것은 misrouting 이후 임상 응용 프로그램의 메커니즘에 대한 이해를 향상시킬 수 있습니다. 확산 데이터와 tractography는 OR (광학 방사선)를 매핑하는 데 유용합니다. 이 원고는 32 채널 헤드 코일 구조 검사를 획득하는 데 사용과 백색증과 controls.An MRI 스캐너에서 뇌의 연결성을 비교하기 위해 또는 재건이 알고리즘을 설명합니다. 1mm와 T1 강조 3D-MPRAGE 순서3 등방성 복셀의 크기가 V1 분할 용 고해상도 이미지를 생성하기 위해 사용되었다. 여러 개의 양성자 밀도 (PD) 가중 이미지는 권리를 coronally 인수 LGN 현지화 남아 있었다. 확산 텐서 영상 (DTI) 검사는 64 확산 방향으로 취득 하였다. 두 결정적 및 확률 적 방법은 추적 대상을 마스크로하여 시드 마스크 V1 등 LGN으로 실행하고 비교 하​​였다. DTI는 비교적 열악한 공간 분해능 및 OR 정확한 묘사가 낮아 섬유 밀도가 어려울 수를 제공하지만, tractography이 연구 및 임상 모두 유리한 것으로 밝혀졌다. 기관 기반 공간 통계 (TBSS)는 컨트롤에 비해 백색증 환자의 OR 내에서 크게 감소 백질의 무결성의 영역을 밝혔다. 인접 쌍 비교는 컨트롤에 비해 백색증의 V1 연결에 LGN의 상당한 감소를 한 것으로 밝혀졌습니다. 비교 추적 알고리즘 모두 신뢰성을 강화, 공통 연구 결과 밝혀기술의.

이 섹션에서는 결정 론적 및 확률 tractography, 두 개의 서로 다른 알고리즘을 사용하여 얻은 결과를 요약하여 제공합니다. PD 공간 LGN 볼륨있는 마스크 원래뿐만 아니라 본 연구에 사용 된 다른 모든 공간에, 표 2에 기록되어 그려진 및 LGN 추적은도 4에 도시되어있다. 여기에보고 된 결과는 LGN 투자 수익 (ROI) 등의 표준 구를 사용하여 실?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Measuring Connectivity in the Primary Visual Pathway in Human Albinism Using Diffusion Tensor Imaging and Tractography at JoVE.com

Measuring Connectivity in the Primary Visual Pathway in Human Albinism Using Diffusion Tensor Imaging and Tractography

이 원고는 백색증과 컨트롤 사이의 광섬유 방사선 (OR) 연결의 차이를 조사하는 데 사용 백질 (WM) 재건에 대한 결정 론적 및 확률 적 알고리즘을 설명합니다. 확률 tractography 더 자세히 신경 섬유의 진정한 과정을 따르지만, 결정적 tractography 두 기술의 안정성 및 재현성을 비교하기 위해 실행되었다.

확산 텐서 영상 및 Tractography를 사용하여 인간의 백색증의 기본 시각 통로에 연결 측정

In albinism, the number of ipsilaterally projecting retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) is significantly reduced. The retina and optic chiasm have been proposed ...

measuring-connectivity-primary-visual-pathway-human-albinism-using

Research

JoVE Journal

Neuroscience

12.2K 조회수.  York University.  이 원고는 백색증과 컨트롤 사이의 광섬유 방사선 (OR) 연결의 차이를 조사하는 데 사용 백질 (WM) 재건에 대한 결정 론적 및 확률 적 알고리즘을 설명합니다. 확률 tractography 더 자세히 신경 섬유의 진정한 과정을 따르지만, 결정적 tractography 두 기술의 안정성 및 재현성을 비교하기 위해 실행되었다. 

비디오: Measuring Connectivity in the Primary Visual Pathway in Human Albinism Using Diffusion Tensor Imaging and Tractography

Probing the Brain in Autism Using fMRI and Diffusion Tensor Imaging

Newly emerging theories suggest that the brain does not function as a cohesive unit in autism, and this discordance is reflected in the behavioral symptoms displayed by individuals with autism. While structural neuroimaging findings have provided some insights into brain abnormalities in autism, the consistency of such findings is questionable. Functional neuroimaging, on the other hand, has been more fruitful in this regard because autism is a disorder of dynamic processing and allows examination of communication between cortical networks, which appears to be where the underlying problem occurs in autism. Functional connectivity is defined as the temporal correlation of spatially separate neurological events1. Findings from a number of recent fMRI studies have supported the idea that there is weaker coordination between different parts of the brain that should be working together to accomplish complex social or language problems2,3,4,5,6. One of the mysteries of autism is the coexistence of deficits in several domains along with relatively intact, sometimes enhanced, abilities. Such complex manifestation of autism calls for a global and comprehensive examination of the disorder at the neural level. A compelling recent account of the brain functioning in autism, the cortical underconnectivity theory,2,7 provides an integrating framework for the neurobiological bases of autism. The cortical underconnectivity theory of autism suggests that any language, social, or psychological function that is dependent on the integration of multiple brain regions is susceptible to disruption as the processing demand increases. In autism, the underfunctioning of integrative circuitry in the brain may cause widespread underconnectivity. In other words, people with autism may interpret information in a piecemeal fashion at the expense of the whole. Since cortical underconnectivity among brain regions, especially the frontal cortex and more posterior areas 3,6, has now been relatively well established, we can begin to further understand brain connectivity as a critical component of autism symptomatology.
A logical next step in this direction is to examine the anatomical connections that may mediate the functional connections mentioned above. Diffusion Tensor Imaging (DTI) is a relatively novel neuroimaging technique that helps probe the diffusion of water in the brain to infer the integrity of white matter fibers. In this technique, water diffusion in the brain is examined in several directions using diffusion gradients. While functional connectivity provides information about the synchronization of brain activation across different brain areas during a task or during rest, DTI helps in understanding the underlying axonal organization which may facilitate the cross-talk among brain areas. This paper will describe these techniques as valuable tools in understanding the brain in autism and the challenges involved in this line of research.

Neuroimaging techniques, such as functional MRI and Diffusion Tensor Imaging have become increasingly useful in characterizing the cognitive and neural deficits in autism. An examination of brain connectivity in autism at a network level along with adaptations for scanning children with developmental disabilities is presented.

fMRI 및 확산 텐서 영상을 사용하여 자폐증의 브레인을 탐색

Newly emerging theories suggest that the brain does not function as a cohesive unit in autism, and this discordance is reflected in the behavioral ...

연구

의학

Time-lapse Live Imaging of Clonally Related Neural Progenitor Cells in the Developing Zebrafish Forebrain

Precise patterns of division, migration and differentiation of neural progenitor cells are crucial for proper brain development and function1,2. To understand the behavior of neural progenitor cells in the complex in vivo environment, time-lapse live imaging of neural progenitor cells in an intact brain is critically required. In this video, we exploit the unique features of zebrafish embryos to visualize the development of forebrain neural progenitor cells in vivo. We use electroporation to genetically and sparsely label individual neural progenitor cells. Briefly, DNA constructs coding for fluorescent markers were injected into the forebrain ventricle of 22 hours post fertilization (hpf) zebrafish embryos and electric pulses were delivered immediately. Six hours later, the electroporated zebrafish embryos were mounted with low melting point agarose in glass bottom culture dishes. Fluorescently labeled neural progenitor cells were then imaged for 36hours with fixed intervals under a confocal microscope using water dipping objective lens. The present method provides a way to gain insights into the in vivo development of forebrain neural progenitor cells and can be applied to other parts of the central nervous system of the zebrafish embryo.

The present video demonstrates a method which takes advantage of the combination of electroporation and confocal microscopy to perform live imaging on individual neural progenitor cells in the developing zebrafish forebrain. In vivo analysis of the development of forebrain neural progenitor cells at a clonal level can be achieved in this way.

개발 Zebrafish Forebrain에 Clonally 관련 신경 전구 세포의 시간 경과 라이브 영상

Precise patterns of division, migration and differentiation of neural progenitor cells are crucial for proper brain development and function1,2. To ...

신경과학

Co-analysis of Brain Structure and Function using fMRI and Diffusion-weighted Imaging

The study of complex computational systems is facilitated by network maps, such as circuit diagrams. Such mapping is particularly informative when studying the brain, as the functional role that a brain area fulfills may be largely defined by its connections to other brain areas. In this report, we describe a novel, non-invasive approach for relating brain structure and function using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). This approach, a combination of structural imaging of long-range fiber connections and functional imaging data, is illustrated in two distinct cognitive domains, visual attention and face perception. Structural imaging is performed with diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) and fiber tractography, which track the diffusion of water molecules along white-matter fiber tracts in the brain (Figure 1). By visualizing these fiber tracts, we are able to investigate the long-range connective architecture of the brain. The results compare favorably with one of the most widely-used techniques in DWI, diffusion tensor imaging (DTI). DTI is unable to resolve complex configurations of fiber tracts, limiting its utility for constructing detailed, anatomically-informed models of brain function. In contrast, our analyses reproduce known neuroanatomy with precision and accuracy. This advantage is partly due to data acquisition procedures: while many DTI protocols measure diffusion in a small number of directions (e.g., 6 or 12), we employ a diffusion spectrum imaging (DSI)1, 2 protocol which assesses diffusion in 257 directions and at a range of magnetic gradient strengths. Moreover, DSI data allow us to use more sophisticated methods for reconstructing acquired data. In two experiments (visual attention and face perception), tractography reveals that co-active areas of the human brain are anatomically connected, supporting extant hypotheses that they form functional networks. DWI allows us to create a "circuit diagram" and reproduce it on an individual-subject basis, for the purpose of monitoring task-relevant brain activity in networks of interest.

We describe a novel approach for simultaneous analysis of brain function and structure using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). We assess brain structure with high-resolution diffusion-weighted imaging and white-matter fiber tractography. Unlike standard structural MRI, these techniques allow us to directly relate anatomical connectivity to functional properties of brain networks.

fMRI 및 확산 - 가중 영상을 사용하여 뇌의 구조와 기능의 공동 분석

The study of complex computational systems is facilitated by network maps, such as circuit diagrams. Such mapping is particularly informative when ...

Diffusion Tensor Magnetic Resonance Imaging in the Analysis of Neurodegenerative Diseases

Diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) techniques provide information on the microstructural processes of the cerebral white matter (WM) in vivo. The present applications are designed to investigate differences of WM involvement patterns in different brain diseases, especially neurodegenerative disorders, by use of different DTI analyses in comparison with matched controls. 	
DTI data analysis is performed in a variate fashion, i.e. voxelwise comparison of regional diffusion direction-based metrics such as fractional anisotropy (FA), together with fiber tracking (FT) accompanied by tractwise fractional anisotropy statistics (TFAS) at the group level in order to identify differences in FA along WM structures, aiming at the definition of regional patterns of WM alterations at the group level. Transformation into a stereotaxic standard space is a prerequisite for group studies and requires thorough data processing to preserve directional inter-dependencies. The present applications show optimized technical approaches for this preservation of quantitative and directional information during spatial normalization in data analyses at the group level. On this basis, FT techniques can be applied to group averaged data in order to quantify metrics information as defined by FT. Additionally, application of DTI methods, i.e. differences in FA-maps after stereotaxic alignment, in a longitudinal analysis at an individual subject basis reveal information about the progression of neurological disorders. Further quality improvement of DTI based results can be obtained during preprocessing by application of a controlled elimination of gradient directions with high noise levels.	
In summary, DTI is used to define a distinct WM pathoanatomy of different brain diseases by the combination of whole brain-based and tract-based DTI analysis.

Diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) basically serves as an MRI-based tool to identify in vivo the microstructure of the brain and pathological processes due to neurological disorders within the cerebral white matter. DTI-based analyses allow for application to brain diseases both at the group level and in single subject data.

neurodegenerative 질병의 분석에서 확산 텐서 자기 공명 영상

Diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) techniques provide information on the microstructural processes of the cerebral white matter (WM) in vivo. The present ...

DTI of the Visual Pathway - White Matter Tracts and Cerebral Lesions

DTI is a technique that identifies white matter tracts (WMT) non-invasively in healthy and non-healthy patients using diffusion measurements. Similar to visual pathways (VP), WMT are not visible with classical MRI or intra-operatively with microscope. DTI will help neurosurgeons to prevent destruction of the VP while removing lesions adjacent to this WMT. We have performed DTI on fifty patients before and after surgery between March 2012 to January 2014. To navigate we used a 3DT1-weighted sequence. Additionally, we performed a T2-weighted and DTI-sequences. The parameters used were, FOV: 200 x 200 mm, slice thickness: 2 mm, and acquisition matrix: 96 x 96 yielding nearly isotropic voxels of 2 x 2 x 2 mm. Axial MRI was carried out using a 32 gradient direction and one b0-image. We used Echo-Planar-Imaging (EPI) and ASSET parallel imaging with an acceleration factor of 2 and b-value of 800 s/mm&#178;. The scanning time was less than 9 min.
The DTI-data obtained were processed using a FDA approved surgical navigation system program which uses a straightforward fiber-tracking approach known as fiber assignment by continuous tracking (FACT). This is based on the propagation of lines between regions of interest (ROI) which is defined by a physician. A maximum angle of 50, FA start value of 0.10 and ADC stop value of 0.20 mm&#178;/s were the parameters used for tractography.
There are some limitations to this technique. The limited acquisition time frame enforces trade-offs in the image quality. Another important point not to be neglected is the brain shift during surgery. As for the latter intra-operative MRI might be helpful. Furthermore the risk of false positive or false negative tracts needs to be taken into account which might compromise the final results.

Diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) was performed to try to depict the major parts of the visual pathway. The goal was to use an FDA approved standard commercial workstation which could be used for everyday routine in order to try to reduce postoperative damage of the visual pathway in the patients.

시각 통로의 DTI - 흰색 물질 책자 및 뇌 병변

DTI is a technique that identifies white matter tracts (WMT) non-invasively in healthy and non-healthy patients using diffusion measurements. Similar to ...

Diffusion Imaging in the Rat Cervical Spinal Cord

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is the state of the art approach for assessing the status of the spinal cord noninvasively, and can be used as a diagnostic and prognostic tool in cases of disease or injury. Diffusion weighted imaging (DWI), is sensitive to the thermal motion of water molecules and allows for inferences of tissue microstructure. This report describes a protocol to acquire and analyze DWI of the rat cervical spinal cord on a small-bore animal system. It demonstrates an imaging setup for the live anesthetized animal and recommends a DWI acquisition protocol for high-quality imaging, which includes stabilization of the cord and control of respiratory motion. Measurements with diffusion weighting along different directions and magnitudes (b-values) are used. Finally, several mathematical models of the resulting signal are used to derive maps of the diffusion processes within the spinal cord tissue that provide insight into the normal cord and can be used to monitor injury or disease processes noninvasively.

The goal of this protocol is to obtain high-quality diffusion weighted magnetic resonance imaging (DWI) of the rat spinal cord for noninvasive characterization of tissue microstructure. This protocol describes optimizations of the MRI sequence, radiofrequency coil, and analysis methods to enable DWI images free from artifacts.

쥐 자궁 경부 척수에 확산 이미징

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is the state of the art approach for assessing the status of the spinal cord noninvasively, and can be used as a ...

Fiber Connections of the Supplementary Motor Area Revisited: Methodology of Fiber Dissection, DTI, and Three Dimensional Documentation

The purpose of this study is to show the methodology for the examination of the white matter connections of the supplementary motor area (SMA) complex (pre-SMA and SMA proper) using a combination of fiber dissection techniques on cadaveric specimens and magnetic resonance (MR) tractography. The protocol will also describe the procedure for a white matter dissection of a human brain, diffusion tensor tractography imaging, and three-dimensional documentation. The fiber dissections on human brains and the 3D documentation were performed at the University of Minnesota, Microsurgery and Neuroanatomy Laboratory, Department of Neurosurgery. Five postmortem human brain specimens and two whole heads were prepared in accordance with Klingler's method. Brain hemispheres were dissected step by step from lateral to medial and medial to lateral under an operating microscope, and 3D images were captured at every stage. All dissection results were supported by diffusion tensor imaging. Investigations on the connections in line with Meynert's fiber tract classification, including association fibers (short, superior longitudinal fasciculus I and frontal aslant tracts), projection fibers (corticospinal, claustrocortical, cingulum, and frontostriatal tracts), and commissural fibers (callosal fibers) were also conducted.

The purpose of this study is to show each step of the fiber dissection technique on human cadaveric brains, the 3D documentation of these dissections, and the diffusion tensor imaging of the anatomically dissected fiber pathways.

재조합 모터 영역의 광섬유 연결 : 광섬유 해부, DTI 및 3 차원 문서화 방법론

The purpose of this study is to show the methodology for the examination of the white matter connections of the supplementary motor area (SMA) complex ...

Mapping Regional Homogeneity and Functional Connectivity of the Visual Cortex in Resting-State fMRI

A combined regional homogeneity (ReHo) and functional connectivity (FC) method, a type of noninvasive functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) method, has been used to evaluate synchronous neuronal activity changes in retinitis pigmentosa (RP). The purpose of this study is to describe our method for analysis of intra- and interregional synchronizations of changes in neuronal activity in RP patients. The advantages of the combined ReHo and FC method are that it is both noninvasive and sufficiently sensitive to investigate changes in cerebral synchronous neuronal activity changes in vivo. Here, 16 RP patients and 14 healthy controls closely matched in age, sex, and education underwent resting-state fMRI scans. Two sample t-tests were conducted to compare ReHo and FC across groups. Our results showed that visual network disconnection and reorganization of the retino-thalamocortical pathway and dorsal visual stream occurred in the RP patients. Here, we describe the details of this method, its use, and the impact of its key parameters in a step-by-step manner.

We present a protocol for analyzing functional magnetic resonance imaging data to investigate spontaneous neural activity alterations in retinitis pigmentosa patient using a combined regional homogeneity and functional connectivity method.

A combined regional homogeneity (ReHo) and functional connectivity (FC) method, a type of noninvasive functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) method, ...

Role of Diffusion MRI Tractography in Endoscopic Endonasal Skull Base Surgery

Endoscopic endonasal surgery has gained a prominent role in the management of complex skull base tumors. It allows the resection of a large group of benign and malignant lesions through a natural anatomical extra-cranial pathway, represented by the nasal cavities, avoiding brain retraction and neurovascular manipulation. This is reflected by the patients' prompt clinical recovery and the low risk of permanent neurological sequelae, representing the main caveat of conventional skull base surgery. This surgery must be tailored to each specific case, considering its features and relationship with surrounding neural structures, mostly based on preoperative neuroimaging. Advanced MRI techniques, such as tractography, have been rarely adopted in skull base surgery due to technical issues: lengthy and complicated processes to generate reliable reconstructions for inclusion in the neuronavigation system. 
This paper aims to present the protocol implemented in the institution and highlights the synergistic collaboration and teamwork between neurosurgeons and the neuroimaging team (neurologists, neuroradiologists, neuropsychologists, physicists, and bioengineers) with the final goal of selecting the optimal treatment for each patient, improving the surgical results and pursuing the advancement of personalized medicine in this field.

We present a protocol to integrate diffusion MRI tractography in patient work-up to endoscopic endonasal surgery for a skull base tumor. The methods for adopting these neuroimaging studies in the pre- and intra-operative phases are described.

내시경 성 상반신 두개골 기본 수술에서 확산 MRI 기관도법의 역할

Endoscopic endonasal surgery has gained a prominent role in the management of complex skull base tumors. It allows the resection of a large group of ...

Using Diffusion Tensor Imaging in Traumatic Brain Injury

Source: Laboratories of Jonas T. Kaplan and Sarah I. Gimbel&#8212;University of Southern California
Traditional brain imaging techniques using MRI are very good at visualizing the gross structures of the brain. A structural brain image made with MRI provides high contrast of the borders between gray and white matter, and information about the size and shape of brain structures. However, these images do not detail the underlying structure and integrity of white matter networks in the brain, which consist of axon bundles that interconnect local and distant brain regions.
Diffusion MRI uses pulse sequences that are sensitive to the diffusion of water molecules. By measuring the direction of diffusion, it is possible to make inferences about the structure of white matter networks in the brain. Water molecules within an axon are constrained in their movements by the cell membrane; instead of randomly moving in every direction with equal probability (isotropic movement), they are more likely to move in certain directions, in parallel with the axon (anisotropic movement; Figure 1). Therefore, measures of diffusion anisotropy are thought to reflect properties of the white matter such as fiber density, axon thickness, and degree of myelination. One common measure is fractional anisotropy (FA). FA values range from 0, which represents completely isotropic movement, to 1, reflecting maximum anisotropy.
<img alt="Figure 1" src="/files/ftp_upload/10276/10276fig1.jpg" /> 
Figure 1: Diffusion anisotropy. When the direction of diffusion is unconstrained and random, movement is measured in all directions equally. This is isotropic diffusion (A). When water molecules are contained within the axon of a neuron, diffusion is anisotropic, tending to occur more frequently along the direction of the axon (B). <a href="http://www.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/10276/10276fig1large.jpg" target="_blank">Please click here to view a larger version of this figure.</a>
In this experiment we will use diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) to measure white matter integrity in traumatic brain injury (TBI). TBI occurs when an external force injures the brain, such as a blow to the head or a sudden movement like the kind that might occur in a car accident. This type of brain injury from mechanical forces is associated with diffuse axonal injury-damage to white matter throughout the brain. Because it is an injury affecting white matter integrity, standard neuroimaging techniques may not reveal the damage. However, measures of diffusion are especially sensitive to these anatomical changes. Following a study by Kraus et al.1, we compare a group of healthy controls to a group of people with TBI and use diffusion imaging to measure the effect of TBI on cerebral white matter. Furthermore, we will test the relationship between white matter integrity and cognitive function using an attention task.2 This study uses a region of interest (ROI) approach focusing on three white matter tracts: the splenium of the corpus callosum, the anterior corona radiata, and the superior longitudinal fasciculus (Figure 2).
<img alt="Figure 2" src="/files/ftp_upload/10276/10276fig2.jpg" /> 
Figure 2: Regions of interest. The three ROIs, defined from the ICBM DTI-81 atlas, are shown here in horizontal slices through the brain. In green is the splenium of the corpus callosum. The splenium is the most posterior part of the corpus callosum. In blue is the anterior corona radiata. The superior longitudinal fasciculus is shown in red. <a href="http://www.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/10276/10276fig2large.jpg" target="_blank">Please click here to view a larger version of this figure.</a>

Diffusion Tensor Imaging in Traumatic Brain Injury

외상성 뇌 손상에서의 확산 텐서 이미징 사용

Source: Laboratories of Jonas T. Kaplan and Sarah I. Gimbel&#8212;University of Southern California
Traditional brain imaging techniques using MRI are ...