이 작품은 자연 과학 및 캐나다의 공학 연구위원회 (NSERC)에 의해 부분적으로 지원됩니다. 저자는 참가자들에게 감사의 백색증 환자를 모집 그의 도움 박사 릭 톰슨, 데니스 Romanovsky 그의 도움 분석의 일부를 실행하고 그림을 수정하기위한, 모니카 히랄 치카 그녀의 도움을 tractography 그녀의 지식과 조언, 조이 윌리엄스 그의 MRI 분석 전문 지식에 대한 MRI 획득 및 아만 고얄있다.

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The authors declare no conflict of interest.

WM 변경하고,보다 구체적으로는, 제어 장치가 예상 된 비교 백색증 연결성을 감소시켰다. 따라서, 제어뿐만 아니라 여기에보고 백색증 남성 환자에서 감소 연결에 비해 백색증의 오른쪽 반구의 감소 FA는 우리의 예측과 일치한다. 성 반구 효과가 제안하는 건강한 뇌에 대한 연구는 여성에 비해 남성의 왼쪽 반구에 WM 복잡성을 감소하지만 30 ~ 31 본 연구에서 관찰 된 성별과 반구 관련 차이?...

백색증은 주로 영향을받는 개인에서 관찰 명백한 하이포 피크 멘 테이션 (hypopigmentation)을 특징으로하는 유전 질환입니다. 그것은 멜라닌 합성 1에 관여하는 유전자에 상속 된 돌연변이에 의해 발생합니다. 백색증은 두 가지 형태로 나타납니다 oculo-피부 백색증 (OCA), 안구 및 피부 두 기능을 제시하는 상 염색체 열성 형질; 안구 백색증 (OA), 남성에서 더 유행하고 안구 증상이 주로 특징으로하는 X-연결 특성. 망막 색소 상피 (RPE)에서 멜라닌 중앙 시각 경로의 적절한 개발에 중요하다. 백색증에있는 그것의 부재 따라서 수명, 안진, 감소 된 시력과 양안시 2-3의 손실을 포함하여 시각 장애, 발생합니다. 시력은 백색증 4에서 변경 될 중심와 형태로 연결되어 있습니다. 인간, decussation의 망막 라인은 코 망막에서 섬유, 중심와를 통해 nasotemporal 국경을 따라 자리 잡고 있습니다다른 반구 및 동측 연장 시간 망막에서 사람들에게 건너. 백색증의 시각 기능 저하의 정도는 하이포 피크 멘 테이션 (hypopigmentation)의 레벨에 연결되어있다. 구체적으로는, 착색이 decussation 5 행의 시간적 망막 시프트에 반비례한다. 시간적 망막 decussation 라인의 이동의 결과로서, 시신경 섬유의 횡단 증가 - 일반적인 특성을 모두 3 종 걸쳐. 인간에 대한 구조 MRI 연구 가능성 백색증 6-8에서 관찰 된 망막 신경절 세포의 증가 횡단의 결과 대조군에 비해 백색증의 좁은 광학 chiasms을 보여 주었다. 망막 및 시신경 chiasm은 엡 가족 수용체 및 리간드 (9) 등의 축삭 안내 단서를 표현하기 때문에 misrouting (10) 후보 사이트입니다. 유도 녹내장 원숭이에 대한 연구는 중요한 십이 밝혀LGN의 parvalbumin 면역 릴레이 뉴런과 LGN 볼륨 (11)의 수 rease. 이것은 LGN 크기 및 V1로 OR 통해 이동 백질 (WM) 궤적의 수 간의 상관 관계를 의미한다. 인간의 백색증에 사후 연구는 융합 M과 P 층 (12)과 작은 LGN를 한 것으로 밝혀졌습니다. 고해상도 구조 MRI는 백색증 8 LGN의 볼륨에 상당한 감소를 확인했다. 함께 찍은, 이러한 결과는 LGN 뉴런의 수가 감소 될 수 있습니다 LGN 볼륨을 감소하고, LGN과 V1 사이의 감소 연결에 차례로 것이 좋습니다. 인간의 해부학 적 연결의 검사 패턴을 제한하고있다. 해부, 트레이서 주입 병변 유도는 사후를 사용하고, 보통의 환자는 매우 적은 수를 포함 할 수있는 침습적 인 방법. 카보시는 DII 주사를 염색하여 이전 연구는 V1 및 V2 (보조 비주얼 C 사이의 신경 연결을 입증ortex) (13)뿐만 아니라 알데히드 고정 사후 인간의 두뇌 (14)의 해마 단지 내. 이러한 방식으로 라벨 섬유 사출 (14)의 관점에서 밀리미터의 수십 거리로 제한됩니다. 확산 텐서 영상, DTI는 섬유 관 방향과 조직을 식별하기 위해 초기 1990 년대 중반에 개발 된 MRI 양상이다. 이것은 살아있는 뇌 큰 WM 경로의 맵핑을 허용하는 비 침습적 방법이다. DTI는 생체 조직 (15) 내의 물 분자의 확산에 민감하다. 뇌에서 물의 확산에 의한 이러한 막은 및 미엘린 등 장벽 이방성 (요철)이다. WM은 확산에 섬유 (16)의 방향에 수직보다 더 큰 평행 의미, 높은 확산 이방성을 가지고있다. 소수 이방성 (FA)는 이방 적으로 확산하는 분자의 선호도를 설명하는 스칼라 양이다. FA 값이 낮은에서 높은 anisot에, 0-1의 범위끈적 끈적 (뇌척수액 (CSF) &lt;회색 물질 (GM) &lt;WM) 16. 간소화 (결정) 및 확률 섬유 추적은 3D 경로 재건을위한 두 개의 서로 다른 알고리즘이다. 결정적 tractography 정의 된 시드 영역에 인접 복셀을 연결하는 선 전파 방법을 사용한다. 이 알고리즘에 사용되는 두 개의 정지 기준은 회전 각도와 FA 값이다. 따라서, 이웃 복셀 사이에 추적 기관은 큰 회전 각도 않을 수 있습니다. 이 알고리즘은 것 때문에도 복셀에서 FA가 이방성 방울 회색 물질 근처 정확하게 정의 경로에서 그 효과를 제한, 특정 임계 값을 초과하는 경우에만 진행한다. 확률 tractography 반면에, 복셀의 확률을 기술하는 접속 맵이자 (로아)의 두 영역 사이의 넓이의 일부가 산출되므로 이러한 V1 (17) 회백질로 진행한다. 이 MRI 응용 프로그램을 사용하여, 같은 키 WM 구조이전 연구 18-20에 도시 된 바와 같이, OR은 묘사 될 수있다. 이 연구는 따라서 레티노-geniculo - 대뇌 피질의 연결에 축삭 misrouting의 효과를 탐구 확산 데이터와 tractography를 사용합니다. 인간의 백색증 8 LGN 볼륨에서 이전에보고 된 감축을 바탕으로, 우리는 V1에 LGN에서 섬유 돌기도 (그림 1) 감소하는 것으로 예측하고있다.

<table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Magnetom Tim Trio 3T MRI</td>
			<td>Siemens (Erlangen, Germany)</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>FMRIB&#8217;s Software Library (FSL)</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>http://www.fmrib.ox.ac.uk/fsl/</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>FreeSurfer</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>http://surfer.nmr.mgh.harvard.edu</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>DSI Studio</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>http://dsi-studio.labsolver.org</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>SPSS</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

measuring connectivity in the primary visual pathway in human albinism using diffusion tensor imaging and tractography

백색증에서 동측 돌출 망막 신경절 세포 (망막 신경절 세포)의 수는 현저히 감소된다. 망막 광 chiasm는 misrouting 후보지로 제안되어있다. 측면 geniculate 핵 (LGN)의 수 사이의 상관 관계 뉴런을 중계하고 LGN 크기를 표시하고, 인간의 백색증에서 LGN 볼륨에서 이전에보고 된 감소를 기반으로되어 있기 때문에, 우리는 제안이 차 시각 피질에 LGN에서 섬유 돌기 (V1) 또한 감소된다. 백색증의 시각 시스템의 구조적 차이를 공부하는 것은 misrouting 이후 임상 응용 프로그램의 메커니즘에 대한 이해를 향상시킬 수 있습니다. 확산 데이터와 tractography는 OR (광학 방사선)를 매핑하는 데 유용합니다. 이 원고는 32 채널 헤드 코일 구조 검사를 획득하는 데 사용과 백색증과 controls.An MRI 스캐너에서 뇌의 연결성을 비교하기 위해 또는 재건이 알고리즘을 설명합니다. 1mm와 T1 강조 3D-MPRAGE 순서3 등방성 복셀의 크기가 V1 분할 용 고해상도 이미지를 생성하기 위해 사용되었다. 여러 개의 양성자 밀도 (PD) 가중 이미지는 권리를 coronally 인수 LGN 현지화 남아 있었다. 확산 텐서 영상 (DTI) 검사는 64 확산 방향으로 취득 하였다. 두 결정적 및 확률 적 방법은 추적 대상을 마스크로하여 시드 마스크 V1 등 LGN으로 실행하고 비교 하​​였다. DTI는 비교적 열악한 공간 분해능 및 OR 정확한 묘사가 낮아 섬유 밀도가 어려울 수를 제공하지만, tractography이 연구 및 임상 모두 유리한 것으로 밝혀졌다. 기관 기반 공간 통계 (TBSS)는 컨트롤에 비해 백색증 환자의 OR 내에서 크게 감소 백질의 무결성의 영역을 밝혔다. 인접 쌍 비교는 컨트롤에 비해 백색증의 V1 연결에 LGN의 상당한 감소를 한 것으로 밝혀졌습니다. 비교 추적 알고리즘 모두 신뢰성을 강화, 공통 연구 결과 밝혀기술의.

이 섹션에서는 결정 론적 및 확률 tractography, 두 개의 서로 다른 알고리즘을 사용하여 얻은 결과를 요약하여 제공합니다. PD 공간 LGN 볼륨있는 마스크 원래뿐만 아니라 본 연구에 사용 된 다른 모든 공간에, 표 2에 기록되어 그려진 및 LGN 추적은도 4에 도시되어있다. 여기에보고 된 결과는 LGN 투자 수익 (ROI) 등의 표준 구를 사용하여 실?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Measuring Connectivity in the Primary Visual Pathway in Human Albinism Using Diffusion Tensor Imaging and Tractography at JoVE.com

Measuring Connectivity in the Primary Visual Pathway in Human Albinism Using Diffusion Tensor Imaging and Tractography

이 원고는 백색증과 컨트롤 사이의 광섬유 방사선 (OR) 연결의 차이를 조사하는 데 사용 백질 (WM) 재건에 대한 결정 론적 및 확률 적 알고리즘을 설명합니다. 확률 tractography 더 자세히 신경 섬유의 진정한 과정을 따르지만, 결정적 tractography 두 기술의 안정성 및 재현성을 비교하기 위해 실행되었다.

확산 텐서 영상 및 Tractography를 사용하여 인간의 백색증의 기본 시각 통로에 연결 측정

In albinism, the number of ipsilaterally projecting retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) is significantly reduced. The retina and optic chiasm have been proposed ...

measuring-connectivity-primary-visual-pathway-human-albinism-using

Research

JoVE Journal

Neuroscience

12.2K 조회수.  York University.  이 원고는 백색증과 컨트롤 사이의 광섬유 방사선 (OR) 연결의 차이를 조사하는 데 사용 백질 (WM) 재건에 대한 결정 론적 및 확률 적 알고리즘을 설명합니다. 확률 tractography 더 자세히 신경 섬유의 진정한 과정을 따르지만, 결정적 tractography 두 기술의 안정성 및 재현성을 비교하기 위해 실행되었다. 

비디오: Measuring Connectivity in the Primary Visual Pathway in Human Albinism Using Diffusion Tensor Imaging and Tractography

Time-lapse Live Imaging of Clonally Related Neural Progenitor Cells in the Developing Zebrafish Forebrain

Precise patterns of division, migration and differentiation of neural progenitor cells are crucial for proper brain development and function1,2. To understand the behavior of neural progenitor cells in the complex in vivo environment, time-lapse live imaging of neural progenitor cells in an intact brain is critically required. In this video, we exploit the unique features of zebrafish embryos to visualize the development of forebrain neural progenitor cells in vivo. We use electroporation to genetically and sparsely label individual neural progenitor cells. Briefly, DNA constructs coding for fluorescent markers were injected into the forebrain ventricle of 22 hours post fertilization (hpf) zebrafish embryos and electric pulses were delivered immediately. Six hours later, the electroporated zebrafish embryos were mounted with low melting point agarose in glass bottom culture dishes. Fluorescently labeled neural progenitor cells were then imaged for 36hours with fixed intervals under a confocal microscope using water dipping objective lens. The present method provides a way to gain insights into the in vivo development of forebrain neural progenitor cells and can be applied to other parts of the central nervous system of the zebrafish embryo.

The present video demonstrates a method which takes advantage of the combination of electroporation and confocal microscopy to perform live imaging on individual neural progenitor cells in the developing zebrafish forebrain. In vivo analysis of the development of forebrain neural progenitor cells at a clonal level can be achieved in this way.

개발 Zebrafish Forebrain에 Clonally 관련 신경 전구 세포의 시간 경과 라이브 영상

Precise patterns of division, migration and differentiation of neural progenitor cells are crucial for proper brain development and function1,2. To ...

연구

신경과학

Co-analysis of Brain Structure and Function using fMRI and Diffusion-weighted Imaging

The study of complex computational systems is facilitated by network maps, such as circuit diagrams. Such mapping is particularly informative when studying the brain, as the functional role that a brain area fulfills may be largely defined by its connections to other brain areas. In this report, we describe a novel, non-invasive approach for relating brain structure and function using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). This approach, a combination of structural imaging of long-range fiber connections and functional imaging data, is illustrated in two distinct cognitive domains, visual attention and face perception. Structural imaging is performed with diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) and fiber tractography, which track the diffusion of water molecules along white-matter fiber tracts in the brain (Figure 1). By visualizing these fiber tracts, we are able to investigate the long-range connective architecture of the brain. The results compare favorably with one of the most widely-used techniques in DWI, diffusion tensor imaging (DTI). DTI is unable to resolve complex configurations of fiber tracts, limiting its utility for constructing detailed, anatomically-informed models of brain function. In contrast, our analyses reproduce known neuroanatomy with precision and accuracy. This advantage is partly due to data acquisition procedures: while many DTI protocols measure diffusion in a small number of directions (e.g., 6 or 12), we employ a diffusion spectrum imaging (DSI)1, 2 protocol which assesses diffusion in 257 directions and at a range of magnetic gradient strengths. Moreover, DSI data allow us to use more sophisticated methods for reconstructing acquired data. In two experiments (visual attention and face perception), tractography reveals that co-active areas of the human brain are anatomically connected, supporting extant hypotheses that they form functional networks. DWI allows us to create a "circuit diagram" and reproduce it on an individual-subject basis, for the purpose of monitoring task-relevant brain activity in networks of interest.

We describe a novel approach for simultaneous analysis of brain function and structure using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). We assess brain structure with high-resolution diffusion-weighted imaging and white-matter fiber tractography. Unlike standard structural MRI, these techniques allow us to directly relate anatomical connectivity to functional properties of brain networks.

fMRI 및 확산 - 가중 영상을 사용하여 뇌의 구조와 기능의 공동 분석

The study of complex computational systems is facilitated by network maps, such as circuit diagrams. Such mapping is particularly informative when ...

Diffusion Imaging in the Rat Cervical Spinal Cord

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is the state of the art approach for assessing the status of the spinal cord noninvasively, and can be used as a diagnostic and prognostic tool in cases of disease or injury. Diffusion weighted imaging (DWI), is sensitive to the thermal motion of water molecules and allows for inferences of tissue microstructure. This report describes a protocol to acquire and analyze DWI of the rat cervical spinal cord on a small-bore animal system. It demonstrates an imaging setup for the live anesthetized animal and recommends a DWI acquisition protocol for high-quality imaging, which includes stabilization of the cord and control of respiratory motion. Measurements with diffusion weighting along different directions and magnitudes (b-values) are used. Finally, several mathematical models of the resulting signal are used to derive maps of the diffusion processes within the spinal cord tissue that provide insight into the normal cord and can be used to monitor injury or disease processes noninvasively.

The goal of this protocol is to obtain high-quality diffusion weighted magnetic resonance imaging (DWI) of the rat spinal cord for noninvasive characterization of tissue microstructure. This protocol describes optimizations of the MRI sequence, radiofrequency coil, and analysis methods to enable DWI images free from artifacts.

쥐 자궁 경부 척수에 확산 이미징

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is the state of the art approach for assessing the status of the spinal cord noninvasively, and can be used as a ...

Simultaneous ex vivo Functional Testing of Two Retinas by in vivo Electroretinogram System

An In vivo electroretinogram (ERG) signal is composed of several overlapping components originating from different retinal cell types, as well as noise from extra-retinal sources. Ex vivo ERG provides an efficient method to dissect the function of retinal cells directly from an intact isolated retina of animals or donor eyes. In addition, ex vivo ERG can be used to test the efficacy and safety of potential therapeutic agents on retina tissue from animals or humans. We show here how commercially available in vivo ERG systems can be used to conduct ex vivo ERG recordings from isolated mouse retinas. We combine the light stimulation, electronic and heating units of a standard in vivo system with custom-designed specimen holder, gravity-controlled perfusion system and electromagnetic noise shielding to record low-noise ex vivo ERG signals simultaneously from two retinas with the acquisition software included in commercial in vivo systems. Further, we demonstrate how to use this method in combination with pharmacological treatments that remove specific ERG components in order to dissect the function of certain retinal cell types.

Simultaneous ex vivo Functional Testing of Two Retinas by in vivo Electroretinogram System

Ex vivo ERG can be used to record electrical activity of retinal cells directly from isolated intact retinas of animals or humans. We demonstrate here how common in vivo ERG systems can be adapted for ex vivo ERG recordings in order to dissect the electrical activity of retinal cells.

동시<em&gt; 생체</em두 망막의&gt; 기능 테스트로<em&gt; 생체</em&gt; 전위도 시스템

An In vivo electroretinogram (ERG) signal is composed of several overlapping components originating from different retinal cell types, as well as noise ...

Analyzing Dendritic Morphology in Columns and Layers

In many regions of the central nervous systems, such as the fly optic lobes and the vertebrate cortex, synaptic circuits are organized in layers and columns to facilitate brain wiring during development and information processing in developed animals. Postsynaptic neurons elaborate dendrites in type-specific patterns in specific layers to synapse with appropriate presynaptic terminals. The fly medulla neuropil is composed of 10 layers and about 750 columns; each column is innervated by dendrites of over 38 types of medulla neurons, which match with the axonal terminals of some 7 types of afferents in a type-specific fashion. This report details the procedures to image and analyze dendrites of medulla neurons. The workflow includes three sections: (i) the dual-view imaging section combines two confocal image stacks collected at orthogonal orientations into a high-resolution 3D image of dendrites; (ii) the dendrite tracing and registration section traces dendritic arbors in 3D and registers dendritic traces to the reference column array; (iii) the dendritic analysis section analyzes dendritic patterns with respect to columns and layers, including layer-specific termination and planar projection direction of dendritic arbors, and derives estimates of dendritic branching and termination frequencies. The protocols utilize custom plugins built on the open-source MIPAV (Medical Imaging Processing, Analysis, and Visualization) platform and custom toolboxes in the matrix laboratory language. Together, these protocols provide a complete workflow to analyze the dendritic routing of Drosophila medulla neurons in layers and columns, to identify cell types, and to determine defects in mutants.

Here, we show how to analyze dendritic routing of Drosophila medulla neurons in columns and layers. The workflow includes a dual-view imaging technique to improve the image quality and computational tools for tracing, registering dendritic arbors to the reference column array and for analyzing the dendritic structures in 3D space.

열 및 레이어에 수지상 형태학 분석

In many regions of the central nervous systems, such as the fly optic lobes and the vertebrate cortex, synaptic circuits are organized in layers and ...

Imaging Neural Activity in the Primary Somatosensory Cortex Using Thy1-GCaMP6s Transgenic Mice

The mammalian brain exhibits marked symmetry across the sagittal plane. However, detailed description of neural dynamics in symmetric brain regions in adult mammalian animals remains elusive. In this study, we describe an experimental procedure for measuring calcium dynamics through dual optical windows above bilateral primary somatosensory corticies (S1) in Thy1-GCaMP6s transgenic mice using 2-photon (2P) microscopy. This method enables recordings and quantifications of neural activity in bilateral mouse brain regions one at a time in the same experiment for a prolonged period in vivo. Key aspects of this method, which can be completed within an hour, include minimally invasive surgery procedures for creating dual optical windows, and the use of 2P imaging. Although we only demonstrate the technique in the S1 area, the method can be applied to other regions of the living brain facilitating the elucidation of structural and functional complexities of brain neural networks.

Imaging Neural Activity in the Primary Somatosensory Cortex Using Thy1-GCaMP6s Transgenic Mice

We describe an experimental procedure for measuring neuronal activity through dual optical windows above bilateral primary somatosensory corticies (S1) in Thy1-GCaMP6s transgenic mice using 2-photon (2P) microscopy in vivo.

Thy1를 사용 하 여 기본 Somatosensory 피 질에서 신경 활동을 이미징-GCaMP6s 유전자 변형 쥐

The mammalian brain exhibits marked symmetry across the sagittal plane. However, detailed description of neural dynamics in symmetric brain regions in ...

Analyzing Neural Activity and Connectivity Using Intracranial EEG Data with SPM Software

Measuring neural activity and connectivity associated with cognitive functions at high spatial and temporal resolutions is an important goal in cognitive neuroscience. Intracranial electroencephalography (EEG) can directly record electrical neural activity and has the unique potential to accomplish this goal. Traditionally, averaging analysis has been applied to analyze intracranial EEG data; however, several new techniques are available for depicting neural activity and intra- and inter-regional connectivity. Here, we introduce two analytical protocols we recently applied to analyze intracranial EEG data using the Statistical Parametric Mapping (SPM) software: time-frequency SPM analysis for neural activity and dynamic causal modeling of induced responses for intra- and inter-regional connectivity. We report our analysis of intracranial EEG data during the observation of faces as representative results. The results revealed that the inferior occipital gyrus (IOG) showed gamma-band activity at very early stages (110 ms) in response to faces, and both the IOG and amygdala showed rapid intra- and inter-regional connectivity using various types of oscillations. These analytical protocols have the potential to identify the neural mechanisms underlying cognitive functions with high spatial and temporal profiles.

We present two analytical protocols that can be used to analyze intracranial electroencephalography data using the Statistical Parametric Mapping (SPM) software: time-frequency statistical parametric mapping analysis for neural activity, and dynamic causal modeling of induced responses for intra- and inter-regional connectivity.

신경 활동과 연결 Intracranial 뇌 파 데이터를 사용 하 여 SPM 소프트웨어 분석

Measuring neural activity and connectivity associated with cognitive functions at high spatial and temporal resolutions is an important goal in cognitive ...

Diffusion Tensor Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Chronic Spinal Cord Compression

Chronic spinal cord compression is the most common cause of spinal cord impairment in patients with nontraumatic spinal cord damage. Conventional magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) plays an important role in both confirming the diagnosis and evaluating the degree of compression. However, the anatomical detail provided by conventional MRI is not sufficient to accurately estimate neuronal damage and/or assess the possibility of neuronal recovery in chronic spinal cord compression patients. In contrast, diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) can provide quantitative results according to the detection of water molecule diffusion in tissues. In the present study, we develop a methodological framework to illustrate the application of DTI in chronic spinal cord compression disease. DTI fractional anisotropy (FA), apparent diffusion coefficients (ADCs), and eigenvector values are useful for visualizing microstructural pathological changes in the spinal cord. Decreased FA and increases in ADCs and eigenvector values were observed in chronic spinal cord compression patients compared to healthy controls. DTI could help surgeons understand spinal cord injury severity and provide important information regarding prognosis and neural functional recovery. In conclusion, this protocol provides a sensitive, detailed, and noninvasive tool to evaluate spinal cord compression.

Here, we present a protocol for the application of diffusion tensor imaging parameters to evaluate spinal cord compression.

확산 텐서 만성 척수 압축에서 자기 공명 이미징

Chronic spinal cord compression is the most common cause of spinal cord impairment in patients with nontraumatic spinal cord damage. Conventional magnetic ...

Advanced Diffusion Imaging in The Hippocampus of Rats with Mild Traumatic Brain Injury

Mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) is the most common type of acquired brain injury. Since patients with traumatic brain injury show a tremendous variability and heterogeneity (age, gender, type of trauma, other possible pathologies, etc.), animal models play a key role in unraveling factors that are limitations in clinical research. They provide a standardized and controlled setting to investigate the biological mechanisms of injury and repair following TBI. However, not all animal models mimic the diffuse and subtle nature of mTBI effectively. For example, the commonly used controlled cortical impact (CCI) and lateral fluid percussion injury (LFPI) models make use of a craniotomy to expose the brain and induce widespread focal trauma, which are not commonly seen in mTBI. Therefore, these experimental models are not valid to mimic mTBI. Thus, an appropriate model should be used to investigate mTBI. The Marmarou weight drop model for rats induces similar microstructural alterations and cognitive impairments as seen in patients who sustain mild trauma; therefore, this model was selected for this protocol. Conventional computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans commonly show no damage following a mild injury, because mTBI induces often only subtle and diffuse injuries. With diffusion weighted MRI, it is possible to investigate microstructural properties of brain tissue, which can provide more insight into the microscopic alterations following mild trauma. Therefore, the goal of this study is to obtain quantitative information of a selected region-of-interest (i.e., hippocampus) to follow up disease progression after obtaining a mild and diffuse brain injury.

The overall goal of this procedure is to obtain quantitative microstructural information of the hippocampus in a rat with mild traumatic brain injury. This is done using an advanced diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging protocol and region-of-interest based analysis of parametric diffusion maps.

가벼운 외상성 뇌 손상을 가진 쥐의 해마에 있는 향상된 확산 화상 진찰

Mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) is the most common type of acquired brain injury. Since patients with traumatic brain injury show a tremendous ...

Labeling and Imaging of Amyloid Plaques in Brain Tissue Using the Natural Polyphenol Curcumin

Deposition of amyloid beta protein (A&#946;) in extra- and intracellular spaces is one of the hallmark pathologies of Alzheimer&#39;s disease (AD). Therefore, detection of the presence of A&#946; in AD brain tissue is a valuable tool for developing new treatments to prevent the progression of AD. Several classical amyloid binding dyes, fluorochrome, imaging probes, and A&#946;-specific antibodies have been used to detect A&#946; histochemically in AD brain tissue. Use of these compounds for A&#946; detection is costly and time consuming. However, because of its intense fluorescent activity, high-affinity, and specificity for A&#946;, as well as structural similarities with traditional amyloid binding dyes, curcumin (Cur) is a promising candidate for labeling and imaging of A&#946; plaques in postmortem brain tissue. It is a natural polyphenol from the herb Curcuma longa. In the present study, Cur was used to histochemically label A&#946; plaques from both a genetic mouse model of 5x familial Alzheimer&#39;s disease (5xFAD) and from human AD tissue within a minute. The labeling capability of Cur was compared to conventional amyloid binding dyes, such as thioflavin-S (Thio-S), Congo red (CR), and Fluoro-jade C (FJC), as well as A&#946;-specific antibodies (6E10 and A11). We observed that Cur is the most inexpensive and quickest way to label and image A&#946; plaques when compared to these conventional dyes and is comparable to A&#946;-specific antibodies. In addition, Cur binds with most A&#946; species, such as oligomers and fibrils. Therefore, Cur could be used as the most cost-effective, simple, and quick fluorochrome detection agent for A&#946; plaques.

Curcumin is an ideal fluorophore for labeling and imaging of amyloid beta protein plaques in brain tissue due to its preferential binding to amyloid beta protein as well as its structural similarities with other traditional amyloid binding dyes. It can be used to label and image amyloid beta protein plaques more efficiently and inexpensively than traditional methods.

천연 폴리페놀 커큐민을 사용하여 뇌 조직에서 아밀로이드 플라크의 라벨링 및 이미징

Deposition of amyloid beta protein (A&#946;) in extra- and intracellular spaces is one of the hallmark pathologies of Alzheimer&#39;s disease (AD). ...