We would like to thank the whole Service of Neuroradiology. We would like to thank Lis Prussen for her work in the library.

참고 :이 프로토콜은 룩셈부르크 센터 Hospitalier 드 룩셈부르크 (Luxembourg)의 지침을 따른다. 신경 외과 및 시각 통로에 대한 확산 텐서 영상의 1 준비 후속 <ol style="margin-left: 40px;"><li> 적어도 하루 32 그라데이션 방향 및 한 B0 이미지를 사용하여 엄격하게 축 수술 전 MRI 스캔을 수행합니다. 어떤 순간에 신경 방사선학 부와의 긴밀한 연락을 유지하십시오. 주 : 수술 후 이미지가 수술 전과 동일 neuroradiologist에 분명합니다. </li><li> 3 테슬라 MRI를 사용하여, 3DT1 가중 및 DTI 시퀀스 검색을 수행합니다. 뿐만 아니라 수술 후 3DT1 가중 순서를 수행합니다. </li></ol> 2 계획 스테이션을 사용하여 <ol><li> 의학 (DICOM)에 디지털 영상 및 통신에 T2 강조, 3DT1 가중 및 DTI 시퀀스 스캔 데이터를 전송합니다. 이 절차는 7 분까지 소요됩니다. 참고 : 돈`t는 사이클로 절차를 중지다시 모든 시퀀스를 전송하는 데. 그것은 중지하고 수술 날짜에 따라 나중에 계속하는 것이 가능하다. </li><li> 수술 네비게이션 시스템 프로그램을 엽니 다. 파일에 다음 가져 오기 DICOM을 클릭합니다. 위에서 언급 한 모든 시퀀스에 대해이 절차를 세 번 반복합니다. <ol><li> 보기 추가를 클릭합니다. 개별적으로 모든 순서를 추가합니다. 돈`t보기를 진행하려고합니다. </li></ol></li><li> 도구를 클릭하십시오. 오픈 DTI 텐서 준비. 화면의 중앙에 새 창을 관찰합니다. </li><li> 다음과 같은 네 단계를 완료합니다. <ol><li> 첫 번째 단계로 그라데이션 할당을 수행합니다. <ol><li> 창 오른쪽 아래에 1000의 800 / ㎟에서 B-값을 변경합니다. </li><li> 창의 오른쪽 상단에있는 임계 값을 조정합니다. 단순히 숫자를 작성하거나 커서를 이동하여 수동으로 작업을 수행합니다. (20) 허용 값 수 있습니다. 그것은 개인적인 경험이며 필수가 아닙니다. </li></ol></li><li> 두 번째 단계 그라데이션 등록을 수행합니다. <ol> &lt;리&gt; 버튼을 모두 자동을 클릭합니다. 이 절차는 5 분까지 소요됩니다. </li><li> 모든 등록 확인을 클릭합니다. 등록을 확인하지 않고 계속 할 수 없습니다. </li></ol></li><li> 세 번째 단계로 Coregistration를 수행합니다. <ol><li> Coregister MR1 수동 B0 MR2 이미지. 결국 모든 등록을 확인합니다. 주 :이 단계를 자동으로 수행하는 것이 가능하다. 그러나, 결과는 결국 항상 만족스럽지 않을 수 있습니다. </li></ol></li><li> 마지막 4 번째 단계로 텐서 계산을 수행, <ol><li> 확인 FA / DEC / ADC가 확인하십시오. 경우 클릭하지. </li><li> 계산을 클릭합니다. 이 절차는 몇 초 정도 걸립니다. </li></ol></li></ol></li><li> 모든 데이터를 저장하고 fibertracking를 계속합니다. 모든 내용을 저장하지 않고 중지하지 마십시오. </li></ol> 3 Fibertracking 참고 : 시각 경로의 해부학 적 지식은 성공적인 결과를 위해 매우 중요하다. <ol stYLE = &quot;여백 왼쪽 : 40px;&quot;&gt; <li> 섬유가 통과해야 할 세 가지 중요한 포인트를 찾을 준비합니다. </li><li> 해부학 적 지식을 사용하여 광학 chiasm를 결정합니다. <ol><li> 출발점으로 ROI를 사용하여 섬유를 통과하자. 로아는 의사에 의해 정의된다. </li><li> 또한, 세그먼트 의심되는 지역입니다. 바닥에 분할을 클릭 왼쪽과 또 다른 창이 나타납니다. 분단 된 지역은 해부학 적 영역을 정의한다. <ol><li> 수동으로 영역을 페인트합니다. 전체 광학 chiasm을 포함 아래로 스크롤합니다. 절차를 저장하고 돌아갑니다. </li></ol></li><li> 관심 영역이나 분할 영역 중 하나 또는 둘 다에서 섬유를 추적. </li><li> 섬유는 시각적 경로의 두 번째 중요한 점이다 왼쪽 geniculate 핵 (LGN)에 도달. 최대 각도는 거짓 책자의 위험이 각도가 너무 높은 경우에 일어날 것이다 (50)이었다. <ol><li> 광섬유 chiasm와 같이 LGN 세그먼트 가능성이있다다음 섬유를 추적. 광학 chiasm 또는 그 반대의 LGN 마무리에서 실행 광학 chiasm, 트랙 섬유를 분할 한 후. </li></ol></li><li> 세그먼트 시각 피질. 광섬유 chiasm의 경우처럼 진행. 3DT1 강조 영상 (160) 슬라이스가 들어 있으므로 시간이 좀 걸릴 수 있습니다. </li><li> LGN의 시각 피질에서 섬유를 추적 할 수 있습니다. 그것뿐만 아니라 시각 피질에 LGN으로부터들을 추적 할 수있다. </li><li> 시각 피질이 종양이나 부종에 의해 침략되고있는 경우, 분할 된 영역 대신에 관심 영역을 사용하고 LGN의 방향으로 진행 섬유를 할 수 있습니다. 참고 : 부종은 다음 시각 피질에 침입 할 수 때때로 그것을 분할되는 경우, 시각 피질은 컴퓨터가 서로 구별은`t 있기 때문에 완전히 분할 할 수 없습니다. 그것이 필요한 이유 That`s 투자 수익 (ROI)을 넣어. </li><li> 다른 반구에 필요한 모든 것을 반복합니다. </li><li> 첫째 건강 반구 시작합니다. 참고 : IT를수는 너무 다른 하나를 시작하지만, 상황에 대한 첫번째 생각 될 첫번째 건강한 반구의 섬유를 쉽게 추적 할 수 있습니다. 그것은 단지 충고, 필수가 아닙니다. </li></ol></li><li> 세그먼트 뇌 병변 및 부종. 3.2.2에서 상술 한 바와 같이 진행합니다. <ol><li> 더 구별하기 위해 모든 분할 영역이나 병변의 색상을 지정합니다. </li></ol></li><li> 예기치 못한 사건의 경우 나 응급 상황의 각 단계 이후의 절차를 저장합니다. </li><li> 로컬로 전체 데이터를 내 보냅니다. 그것은 바로 수술실으로 내보낼 수 있지만, 추천하는 계약을 맺는. <ol><li> 를 눌러 파일 다음 내보내기 3D-개체입니다. 만 탐색 시험을 수출해야합니다. </li><li> 돈`t은 하이브리드 시험을 보냅니다. </li></ol></li><li> 두개골을 입력합니다. 오른쪽 환자를 선택 후 Stealthmerge을 누릅니다. 기준 시험 등 3DT1 강조 영상을 선택합니다. </li><li> 3D 모델을 생성하고 모든 것을 삽입합니다. </li><li> 데이터 나 가져 오기n은 수술실. </li></ol>

<ol>
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A., Krings, T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Imaging+of+postthalamic+visual+fiber+tracts+by+anisotropic+diffusion+weighted+MRI+and+diffusion+tensor+imaging:+principles+and+applications.">Imaging of postthalamic visual fiber tracts by anisotropic diffusion weighted MRI and diffusion tensor imaging: principles and applications.</a> European Journal of Radiology. 49, 91-104 (2004).</li><li>Sherbondy, A. J., Dougherty, R. F., Napel, S., Wandell, B. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Identifying+the+human+optic+radiation+using+diffusion+imaging+and+fiber.">Identifying the human optic radiation using diffusion imaging and fiber.</a> J. Vis. 8 (10), (2008).</li></ol>

The authors declare that they have no competing financial interests.

DTI는 생체 내 팔에 흰색 물질 책자를 시각화 신경 외과를 가능하게하는 기술이다. 시각적 통로는이 책자 중 하나입니다. 이 방법은 우리가이 기술의 몇 가지 제한 사항이 아직도 존재한다는 말을 뇌의 웅변 지역에 관한 병변을 가진 환자의 치료에 대한 새로운 가능성과 의사를 제공하지만. 먼저 가장 눈에 띄는 문제는 조사 4에서 문제가 남아 뇌의 변화입니다. 종양 또는 우...

확산 텐서 영상 (DTI)은 인간의 뇌 한 비 침습적 WMT을 묘사하는 데 사용됩니다. 이는 수술 중에 하나의 뇌 영역 웅변 해칠 위험을 줄이기 위해 지난 10 년간 사용되어왔다. DTI는 시각적 통로를 묘사 3 월 2012 2014년 1월 사이에 쉰 명에서 시행 하였다. DTI는 흰색 물질 책자의 해부학 적 위치에 대한 중요한 정보를 제공하여 수술 중 뇌의 웅변 지역의 보존을 향상시킬 수 있습니다. 그것은 복잡한 뇌 병변 1의 절제에 대한 전략적 계획에 통합되었습니다. DTI, 볼륨 및 시드 (12)의 해석 결과의 배치의 파라미터에 대한 기준이 없기 때문에, 통로의 시각적 묘사 도전 남아있다. 다른 알고리즘은 지금까지 19 ~ 21 구현되었습니다. 어떤 접근 방식이 결정 방법에 집중 한9, 22 ~ 25. 다른 사람은 26,27,29, 확률 적 방법을 사용 하였다. 최근 Q-볼 텐서 필드, 확산 스펙트럼 이미징 및 높은 각도 해상도 확산 이미징 (HARDI)가 사용되는 기술을 사용하여 다른 시각 통로 1,13-15,18 가운데 흰색 물질 책자를 묘사한다. 그럼에도 불구하고, HARDI에 필요한 시간이 현저하게 길어 45 분으로되면, 소프트웨어는 시판되지 않고, 과학적 애플리케이션 (18)을 강조한다. HARDI에 대한 교육 기간은 더 이상 DTI 18에 비해 것으로 보인다. 제시된 프로토콜은 쉽게 실현하고 수술 후 결과를 이환율을 방지하고 개선하기 위해 신경 외과 조작 일상 루틴에 사용될 수있다. 이 프로토콜에 대한 추가 시간은 다른 프로토콜 1,9,12,16보다 훨씬 빠르다 미만 9 분이다. 많은 정교한 알고리즘이 종이를 제한 최근 개발되었다는 사실을 인정자체 시판 및 FDA 승인 된 소프트웨어의 사용에 관한 것이다. 그러나이 계정에 위에서 언급 한 아르이 기술의 한계를 취할 필수입니다.

<table><tbody><tr><td>3-Tesla-MRI</td><td>General Electric</td><td>Signa LX version 9.1</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Surgical Navigation System Program</td><td>Medtronic</td><td>9734478</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Surgical Navigation System Program</td><td>Medtronic</td><td>4500810331&amp;nbsp; 20016318</td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

dti of the visual pathway - white matter tracts and cerebral lesions

<html> DTI는 비 침습적으로 확산 측정을 사용하여 건강하고 비 건강한 환자에서 흰색 물질 책자 (WMT)를 식별하는 기술이다. 시각 경로 (VP)와 마찬가지로, WMT 클래식 MRI 또는​​ 내부에 작동 현미경으로 볼 수 없습니다. DIT이 WMT에 인접하여 병변을 제거하는 동안 신경 외과는 VP의 파괴를 방지하는 데 도움이 될 것입니다. 우리는 우리가 3DT1 가중 시퀀스를 사용하여 탐색 월 2014 년 3 월 ~ 2012 수술 전후 환자 50 명에 DTI를 수행했습니다. 또한, 우리는 T2 강조하고 DTI 시퀀스를 시행 하였다. 200 X 200mm, 슬라이스 두께 : 2mm, 및 수집 매트릭스 : 96 X 96은 2 × 2 × 2mm의 거의 등방성 복셀를 산출에 사용 된 매개 변수는 FOV이었다. MRI는 축 방향으로 경사 (32)와 하나의 화상 (B0)을 이용하여 수행 하였다. 우리는 둘의 가속 계수 및 800의 / ㎟의 B-값 에코 평면 - 이미징 (EPI) 및 자산 병렬 영상을 사용했다. 주사 시간은 9 분 미만이었다. ENT &quot;&gt; FDA 연속 추적 (FACT)에 의한 섬유 할당라고도 간단 광 추적 방식을 사용 수술 네비게이션 시스템 프로그램을 승인하여 처리 하였다 수득 DTI-데이터. 이는 관심 영역 사이 선의 전파 (에 기초 의사에 의해 정의되는 ROI). (50)의 최대 각도가, FA는 S가 tractography 위해 사용되는 파라미터의 값이었다 0.10 및 0.20의 MM² / ADC의 정지 값을 시작한다. 이 기술에 몇 가지 제한이 적용됩니다. 제한된 획득 시간 프레임 화질 절충을 시행. 무시 될 수없는 또 다른 중요한 점은 수술 중 뇌의 변화이다. 후자의 수술 중 MRI에 관해서는 도움이 될 수 있습니다. 또한 위양성 혹은 위음성 책자의 위험은 최종 결과를 손상시킬 수있는 고려 될 필요가있다.

<html> 이 프로토콜은 적절하게 VP의 주요 부분을 묘사하는 의사 수 있습니다. 그것은 웅변 영역 옆 대뇌 병변을 가진 환자에서의 손상을 방지하기 위하여 약간의 시간의 양으로 사용될 수있다. 수술 후 컨트롤도 좋은 결과를 보여줍니다. 환자가 아교 모세포종에서 운영 된 후 부사장은 그림 7에서 묘사된다.이는 아교 모세포종의 재발 후 VP를 보여줍니다. 저자는 중요한 과?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about DTI of the Visual Pathway - White Matter Tracts and Cerebral Lesions at JoVE.com

DTI of the Visual Pathway - White Matter Tracts and Cerebral Lesions

확산 텐서 영상 (DTI)는 시각 경로의 주요 부분을 묘사하기 위해 시도 하였다. 목표는 FDA는 환자의 수술 후 시각적 통로의 손상을 줄이기 위해 위해 매일 루틴에 사용될 수있는 표준 상용 워크 스테이션을 사용하도록 승인했다.

시각 통로의 DTI - 흰색 물질 책자 및 뇌 병변

DTI is a technique that identifies white matter tracts (WMT) non-invasively in healthy and non-healthy patients using diffusion measurements. Similar to ...

dti-of-the-visual-pathway-white-matter-tracts-and-cerebral-lesions

Research

JoVE Journal

Medicine

13.9K 조회수.  Centre Hospitalier de Luxembourg.  확산 텐서 영상 (DTI)는 시각 경로의 주요 부분을 묘사하기 위해 시도 하였다. 목표는 FDA는 환자의 수술 후 시각적 통로의 손상을 줄이기 위해 위해 매일 루틴에 사용될 수있는 표준 상용 워크 스테이션을 사용하도록 승인했다. 

비디오: DTI of the Visual Pathway - White Matter Tracts and Cerebral Lesions

Dissection of Human Vitreous Body Elements for Proteomic Analysis

The vitreous is an optically clear, collagenous extracellular matrix that fills the inside of the eye and overlies the retina. 1,2 Abnormal interactions between vitreous substructures and the retina underlie several vitreoretinal diseases, including retinal tear and detachment, macular pucker, macular hole, age-related macular degeneration, vitreomacular traction, proliferative vitreoretinopathy, proliferative diabetic retinopathy, and inherited vitreoretinopathies. 1,2 The molecular composition of the vitreous substructures is not known. Since the vitreous body is transparent with limited surgical access, it has been difficult to study its substructures at the molecular level. We developed a method to separate and preserve these tissues for proteomic and biochemical analysis. The dissection technique in this experimental video shows how to isolate vitreous base, anterior hyaloid, vitreous core, and vitreous cortex from postmortem human eyes. One-dimensional SDS-PAGE analyses of each vitreous component showed that our dissection technique resulted in four unique protein profiles corresponding to each substructure of the human vitreous body. Identification of differentially compartmentalized proteins will reveal candidate molecules underlying various vitreoretinal diseases.

This video shows an effective technique for differentiating and dissecting the various semi-transparent structures of the human vitreous body in post mortem eyes.

Proteomic 분석을위한 인적 유리 바디 요소의 해부

The vitreous is an optically clear, collagenous extracellular matrix that fills the inside of the eye and overlies the retina. 1,2 Abnormal interactions ...

연구

의학

Probing the Brain in Autism Using fMRI and Diffusion Tensor Imaging

Newly emerging theories suggest that the brain does not function as a cohesive unit in autism, and this discordance is reflected in the behavioral symptoms displayed by individuals with autism. While structural neuroimaging findings have provided some insights into brain abnormalities in autism, the consistency of such findings is questionable. Functional neuroimaging, on the other hand, has been more fruitful in this regard because autism is a disorder of dynamic processing and allows examination of communication between cortical networks, which appears to be where the underlying problem occurs in autism. Functional connectivity is defined as the temporal correlation of spatially separate neurological events1. Findings from a number of recent fMRI studies have supported the idea that there is weaker coordination between different parts of the brain that should be working together to accomplish complex social or language problems2,3,4,5,6. One of the mysteries of autism is the coexistence of deficits in several domains along with relatively intact, sometimes enhanced, abilities. Such complex manifestation of autism calls for a global and comprehensive examination of the disorder at the neural level. A compelling recent account of the brain functioning in autism, the cortical underconnectivity theory,2,7 provides an integrating framework for the neurobiological bases of autism. The cortical underconnectivity theory of autism suggests that any language, social, or psychological function that is dependent on the integration of multiple brain regions is susceptible to disruption as the processing demand increases. In autism, the underfunctioning of integrative circuitry in the brain may cause widespread underconnectivity. In other words, people with autism may interpret information in a piecemeal fashion at the expense of the whole. Since cortical underconnectivity among brain regions, especially the frontal cortex and more posterior areas 3,6, has now been relatively well established, we can begin to further understand brain connectivity as a critical component of autism symptomatology.
A logical next step in this direction is to examine the anatomical connections that may mediate the functional connections mentioned above. Diffusion Tensor Imaging (DTI) is a relatively novel neuroimaging technique that helps probe the diffusion of water in the brain to infer the integrity of white matter fibers. In this technique, water diffusion in the brain is examined in several directions using diffusion gradients. While functional connectivity provides information about the synchronization of brain activation across different brain areas during a task or during rest, DTI helps in understanding the underlying axonal organization which may facilitate the cross-talk among brain areas. This paper will describe these techniques as valuable tools in understanding the brain in autism and the challenges involved in this line of research.

Neuroimaging techniques, such as functional MRI and Diffusion Tensor Imaging have become increasingly useful in characterizing the cognitive and neural deficits in autism. An examination of brain connectivity in autism at a network level along with adaptations for scanning children with developmental disabilities is presented.

fMRI 및 확산 텐서 영상을 사용하여 자폐증의 브레인을 탐색

Newly emerging theories suggest that the brain does not function as a cohesive unit in autism, and this discordance is reflected in the behavioral ...

Co-analysis of Brain Structure and Function using fMRI and Diffusion-weighted Imaging

The study of complex computational systems is facilitated by network maps, such as circuit diagrams. Such mapping is particularly informative when studying the brain, as the functional role that a brain area fulfills may be largely defined by its connections to other brain areas. In this report, we describe a novel, non-invasive approach for relating brain structure and function using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). This approach, a combination of structural imaging of long-range fiber connections and functional imaging data, is illustrated in two distinct cognitive domains, visual attention and face perception. Structural imaging is performed with diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) and fiber tractography, which track the diffusion of water molecules along white-matter fiber tracts in the brain (Figure 1). By visualizing these fiber tracts, we are able to investigate the long-range connective architecture of the brain. The results compare favorably with one of the most widely-used techniques in DWI, diffusion tensor imaging (DTI). DTI is unable to resolve complex configurations of fiber tracts, limiting its utility for constructing detailed, anatomically-informed models of brain function. In contrast, our analyses reproduce known neuroanatomy with precision and accuracy. This advantage is partly due to data acquisition procedures: while many DTI protocols measure diffusion in a small number of directions (e.g., 6 or 12), we employ a diffusion spectrum imaging (DSI)1, 2 protocol which assesses diffusion in 257 directions and at a range of magnetic gradient strengths. Moreover, DSI data allow us to use more sophisticated methods for reconstructing acquired data. In two experiments (visual attention and face perception), tractography reveals that co-active areas of the human brain are anatomically connected, supporting extant hypotheses that they form functional networks. DWI allows us to create a "circuit diagram" and reproduce it on an individual-subject basis, for the purpose of monitoring task-relevant brain activity in networks of interest.

We describe a novel approach for simultaneous analysis of brain function and structure using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). We assess brain structure with high-resolution diffusion-weighted imaging and white-matter fiber tractography. Unlike standard structural MRI, these techniques allow us to directly relate anatomical connectivity to functional properties of brain networks.

fMRI 및 확산 - 가중 영상을 사용하여 뇌의 구조와 기능의 공동 분석

The study of complex computational systems is facilitated by network maps, such as circuit diagrams. Such mapping is particularly informative when ...

신경과학

Diffusion Tensor Magnetic Resonance Imaging in the Analysis of Neurodegenerative Diseases

Diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) techniques provide information on the microstructural processes of the cerebral white matter (WM) in vivo. The present applications are designed to investigate differences of WM involvement patterns in different brain diseases, especially neurodegenerative disorders, by use of different DTI analyses in comparison with matched controls. 	
DTI data analysis is performed in a variate fashion, i.e. voxelwise comparison of regional diffusion direction-based metrics such as fractional anisotropy (FA), together with fiber tracking (FT) accompanied by tractwise fractional anisotropy statistics (TFAS) at the group level in order to identify differences in FA along WM structures, aiming at the definition of regional patterns of WM alterations at the group level. Transformation into a stereotaxic standard space is a prerequisite for group studies and requires thorough data processing to preserve directional inter-dependencies. The present applications show optimized technical approaches for this preservation of quantitative and directional information during spatial normalization in data analyses at the group level. On this basis, FT techniques can be applied to group averaged data in order to quantify metrics information as defined by FT. Additionally, application of DTI methods, i.e. differences in FA-maps after stereotaxic alignment, in a longitudinal analysis at an individual subject basis reveal information about the progression of neurological disorders. Further quality improvement of DTI based results can be obtained during preprocessing by application of a controlled elimination of gradient directions with high noise levels.	
In summary, DTI is used to define a distinct WM pathoanatomy of different brain diseases by the combination of whole brain-based and tract-based DTI analysis.

Diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) basically serves as an MRI-based tool to identify in vivo the microstructure of the brain and pathological processes due to neurological disorders within the cerebral white matter. DTI-based analyses allow for application to brain diseases both at the group level and in single subject data.

neurodegenerative 질병의 분석에서 확산 텐서 자기 공명 영상

Diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) techniques provide information on the microstructural processes of the cerebral white matter (WM) in vivo. The present ...

Measuring Connectivity in the Primary Visual Pathway in Human Albinism Using Diffusion Tensor Imaging and Tractography

In albinism, the number of ipsilaterally projecting retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) is significantly reduced. The retina and optic chiasm have been proposed as candidate sites for misrouting. Since a correlation between the number of lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) relay neurons and LGN size has been shown, and based on previously reported reductions in LGN volumes in human albinism, we suggest that fiber projections from LGN to the primary visual cortex (V1) are also reduced. Studying structural differences in the visual system of albinism can improve the understanding of the mechanism of misrouting and subsequent clinical applications. Diffusion data and tractography are useful for mapping the OR (optic radiation). This manuscript describes two algorithms for OR reconstruction in order to compare brain connectivity in albinism and controls.An MRI scanner with a 32-channel head coil was used to acquire structural scans. A T1-weighted 3D-MPRAGE sequence with 1 mm3 isotropic voxel size was used to generate high-resolution images for V1 segmentation. Multiple proton density (PD) weighted images were acquired coronally for right and left LGN localization. Diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) scans were acquired with 64 diffusion directions. Both deterministic and probabilistic tracking methods were run and compared, with LGN as the seed mask and V1 as the target mask. Though DTI provides relatively poor spatial resolution, and accurate delineation of OR may be challenging due to its low fiber density, tractography has been shown to be advantageous both in research and clinically. Tract based spatial statistics (TBSS) revealed areas of significantly reduced white matter integrity within the OR in patients with albinism compared to controls. Pairwise comparisons revealed a significant reduction in LGN to V1 connectivity in albinism compared to controls. Comparing both tracking algorithms revealed common findings, strengthening the reliability of the technique.

This manuscript describes deterministic and probabilistic algorithms for white matter (WM) reconstruction, used to examine differences in optic radiation (OR) connectivity between albinism and controls. Although probabilistic tractography follows the true course of nerve fibers more closely, deterministic tractography was run to compare the reliability and reproducibility of both techniques.

확산 텐서 영상 및 Tractography를 사용하여 인간의 백색증의 기본 시각 통로에 연결 측정

In albinism, the number of ipsilaterally projecting retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) is significantly reduced. The retina and optic chiasm have been proposed ...

Fiber Connections of the Supplementary Motor Area Revisited: Methodology of Fiber Dissection, DTI, and Three Dimensional Documentation

The purpose of this study is to show the methodology for the examination of the white matter connections of the supplementary motor area (SMA) complex (pre-SMA and SMA proper) using a combination of fiber dissection techniques on cadaveric specimens and magnetic resonance (MR) tractography. The protocol will also describe the procedure for a white matter dissection of a human brain, diffusion tensor tractography imaging, and three-dimensional documentation. The fiber dissections on human brains and the 3D documentation were performed at the University of Minnesota, Microsurgery and Neuroanatomy Laboratory, Department of Neurosurgery. Five postmortem human brain specimens and two whole heads were prepared in accordance with Klingler's method. Brain hemispheres were dissected step by step from lateral to medial and medial to lateral under an operating microscope, and 3D images were captured at every stage. All dissection results were supported by diffusion tensor imaging. Investigations on the connections in line with Meynert's fiber tract classification, including association fibers (short, superior longitudinal fasciculus I and frontal aslant tracts), projection fibers (corticospinal, claustrocortical, cingulum, and frontostriatal tracts), and commissural fibers (callosal fibers) were also conducted.

The purpose of this study is to show each step of the fiber dissection technique on human cadaveric brains, the 3D documentation of these dissections, and the diffusion tensor imaging of the anatomically dissected fiber pathways.

재조합 모터 영역의 광섬유 연결 : 광섬유 해부, DTI 및 3 차원 문서화 방법론

The purpose of this study is to show the methodology for the examination of the white matter connections of the supplementary motor area (SMA) complex ...

Diffusion Tensor Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Chronic Spinal Cord Compression

Chronic spinal cord compression is the most common cause of spinal cord impairment in patients with nontraumatic spinal cord damage. Conventional magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) plays an important role in both confirming the diagnosis and evaluating the degree of compression. However, the anatomical detail provided by conventional MRI is not sufficient to accurately estimate neuronal damage and/or assess the possibility of neuronal recovery in chronic spinal cord compression patients. In contrast, diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) can provide quantitative results according to the detection of water molecule diffusion in tissues. In the present study, we develop a methodological framework to illustrate the application of DTI in chronic spinal cord compression disease. DTI fractional anisotropy (FA), apparent diffusion coefficients (ADCs), and eigenvector values are useful for visualizing microstructural pathological changes in the spinal cord. Decreased FA and increases in ADCs and eigenvector values were observed in chronic spinal cord compression patients compared to healthy controls. DTI could help surgeons understand spinal cord injury severity and provide important information regarding prognosis and neural functional recovery. In conclusion, this protocol provides a sensitive, detailed, and noninvasive tool to evaluate spinal cord compression.

Here, we present a protocol for the application of diffusion tensor imaging parameters to evaluate spinal cord compression.

확산 텐서 만성 척수 압축에서 자기 공명 이미징

Chronic spinal cord compression is the most common cause of spinal cord impairment in patients with nontraumatic spinal cord damage. Conventional magnetic ...

Advanced Diffusion Imaging in The Hippocampus of Rats with Mild Traumatic Brain Injury

Mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) is the most common type of acquired brain injury. Since patients with traumatic brain injury show a tremendous variability and heterogeneity (age, gender, type of trauma, other possible pathologies, etc.), animal models play a key role in unraveling factors that are limitations in clinical research. They provide a standardized and controlled setting to investigate the biological mechanisms of injury and repair following TBI. However, not all animal models mimic the diffuse and subtle nature of mTBI effectively. For example, the commonly used controlled cortical impact (CCI) and lateral fluid percussion injury (LFPI) models make use of a craniotomy to expose the brain and induce widespread focal trauma, which are not commonly seen in mTBI. Therefore, these experimental models are not valid to mimic mTBI. Thus, an appropriate model should be used to investigate mTBI. The Marmarou weight drop model for rats induces similar microstructural alterations and cognitive impairments as seen in patients who sustain mild trauma; therefore, this model was selected for this protocol. Conventional computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans commonly show no damage following a mild injury, because mTBI induces often only subtle and diffuse injuries. With diffusion weighted MRI, it is possible to investigate microstructural properties of brain tissue, which can provide more insight into the microscopic alterations following mild trauma. Therefore, the goal of this study is to obtain quantitative information of a selected region-of-interest (i.e., hippocampus) to follow up disease progression after obtaining a mild and diffuse brain injury.

The overall goal of this procedure is to obtain quantitative microstructural information of the hippocampus in a rat with mild traumatic brain injury. This is done using an advanced diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging protocol and region-of-interest based analysis of parametric diffusion maps.

가벼운 외상성 뇌 손상을 가진 쥐의 해마에 있는 향상된 확산 화상 진찰

Mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) is the most common type of acquired brain injury. Since patients with traumatic brain injury show a tremendous ...

Role of Diffusion MRI Tractography in Endoscopic Endonasal Skull Base Surgery

Endoscopic endonasal surgery has gained a prominent role in the management of complex skull base tumors. It allows the resection of a large group of benign and malignant lesions through a natural anatomical extra-cranial pathway, represented by the nasal cavities, avoiding brain retraction and neurovascular manipulation. This is reflected by the patients' prompt clinical recovery and the low risk of permanent neurological sequelae, representing the main caveat of conventional skull base surgery. This surgery must be tailored to each specific case, considering its features and relationship with surrounding neural structures, mostly based on preoperative neuroimaging. Advanced MRI techniques, such as tractography, have been rarely adopted in skull base surgery due to technical issues: lengthy and complicated processes to generate reliable reconstructions for inclusion in the neuronavigation system. 
This paper aims to present the protocol implemented in the institution and highlights the synergistic collaboration and teamwork between neurosurgeons and the neuroimaging team (neurologists, neuroradiologists, neuropsychologists, physicists, and bioengineers) with the final goal of selecting the optimal treatment for each patient, improving the surgical results and pursuing the advancement of personalized medicine in this field.

We present a protocol to integrate diffusion MRI tractography in patient work-up to endoscopic endonasal surgery for a skull base tumor. The methods for adopting these neuroimaging studies in the pre- and intra-operative phases are described.

내시경 성 상반신 두개골 기본 수술에서 확산 MRI 기관도법의 역할

Endoscopic endonasal surgery has gained a prominent role in the management of complex skull base tumors. It allows the resection of a large group of ...

Using Diffusion Tensor Imaging in Traumatic Brain Injury

Source: Laboratories of Jonas T. Kaplan and Sarah I. Gimbel&#8212;University of Southern California
Traditional brain imaging techniques using MRI are very good at visualizing the gross structures of the brain. A structural brain image made with MRI provides high contrast of the borders between gray and white matter, and information about the size and shape of brain structures. However, these images do not detail the underlying structure and integrity of white matter networks in the brain, which consist of axon bundles that interconnect local and distant brain regions.
Diffusion MRI uses pulse sequences that are sensitive to the diffusion of water molecules. By measuring the direction of diffusion, it is possible to make inferences about the structure of white matter networks in the brain. Water molecules within an axon are constrained in their movements by the cell membrane; instead of randomly moving in every direction with equal probability (isotropic movement), they are more likely to move in certain directions, in parallel with the axon (anisotropic movement; Figure 1). Therefore, measures of diffusion anisotropy are thought to reflect properties of the white matter such as fiber density, axon thickness, and degree of myelination. One common measure is fractional anisotropy (FA). FA values range from 0, which represents completely isotropic movement, to 1, reflecting maximum anisotropy.
<img alt="Figure 1" src="/files/ftp_upload/10276/10276fig1.jpg" /> 
Figure 1: Diffusion anisotropy. When the direction of diffusion is unconstrained and random, movement is measured in all directions equally. This is isotropic diffusion (A). When water molecules are contained within the axon of a neuron, diffusion is anisotropic, tending to occur more frequently along the direction of the axon (B). <a href="http://www.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/10276/10276fig1large.jpg" target="_blank">Please click here to view a larger version of this figure.</a>
In this experiment we will use diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) to measure white matter integrity in traumatic brain injury (TBI). TBI occurs when an external force injures the brain, such as a blow to the head or a sudden movement like the kind that might occur in a car accident. This type of brain injury from mechanical forces is associated with diffuse axonal injury-damage to white matter throughout the brain. Because it is an injury affecting white matter integrity, standard neuroimaging techniques may not reveal the damage. However, measures of diffusion are especially sensitive to these anatomical changes. Following a study by Kraus et al.1, we compare a group of healthy controls to a group of people with TBI and use diffusion imaging to measure the effect of TBI on cerebral white matter. Furthermore, we will test the relationship between white matter integrity and cognitive function using an attention task.2 This study uses a region of interest (ROI) approach focusing on three white matter tracts: the splenium of the corpus callosum, the anterior corona radiata, and the superior longitudinal fasciculus (Figure 2).
<img alt="Figure 2" src="/files/ftp_upload/10276/10276fig2.jpg" /> 
Figure 2: Regions of interest. The three ROIs, defined from the ICBM DTI-81 atlas, are shown here in horizontal slices through the brain. In green is the splenium of the corpus callosum. The splenium is the most posterior part of the corpus callosum. In blue is the anterior corona radiata. The superior longitudinal fasciculus is shown in red. <a href="http://www.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/10276/10276fig2large.jpg" target="_blank">Please click here to view a larger version of this figure.</a>

Diffusion Tensor Imaging in Traumatic Brain Injury

외상성 뇌 손상에서의 확산 텐서 이미징 사용

Source: Laboratories of Jonas T. Kaplan and Sarah I. Gimbel&#8212;University of Southern California
Traditional brain imaging techniques using MRI are ...