We would like to thank the whole Service of Neuroradiology. We would like to thank Lis Prussen for her work in the library.

참고 :이 프로토콜은 룩셈부르크 센터 Hospitalier 드 룩셈부르크 (Luxembourg)의 지침을 따른다. 신경 외과 및 시각 통로에 대한 확산 텐서 영상의 1 준비 후속 <ol style="margin-left: 40px;"><li> 적어도 하루 32 그라데이션 방향 및 한 B0 이미지를 사용하여 엄격하게 축 수술 전 MRI 스캔을 수행합니다. 어떤 순간에 신경 방사선학 부와의 긴밀한 연락을 유지하십시오. 주 : 수술 후 이미지가 수술 전과 동일 neuroradiologist에 분명합니다. </li><li> 3 테슬라 MRI를 사용하여, 3DT1 가중 및 DTI 시퀀스 검색을 수행합니다. 뿐만 아니라 수술 후 3DT1 가중 순서를 수행합니다. </li></ol> 2 계획 스테이션을 사용하여 <ol><li> 의학 (DICOM)에 디지털 영상 및 통신에 T2 강조, 3DT1 가중 및 DTI 시퀀스 스캔 데이터를 전송합니다. 이 절차는 7 분까지 소요됩니다. 참고 : 돈`t는 사이클로 절차를 중지다시 모든 시퀀스를 전송하는 데. 그것은 중지하고 수술 날짜에 따라 나중에 계속하는 것이 가능하다. </li><li> 수술 네비게이션 시스템 프로그램을 엽니 다. 파일에 다음 가져 오기 DICOM을 클릭합니다. 위에서 언급 한 모든 시퀀스에 대해이 절차를 세 번 반복합니다. <ol><li> 보기 추가를 클릭합니다. 개별적으로 모든 순서를 추가합니다. 돈`t보기를 진행하려고합니다. </li></ol></li><li> 도구를 클릭하십시오. 오픈 DTI 텐서 준비. 화면의 중앙에 새 창을 관찰합니다. </li><li> 다음과 같은 네 단계를 완료합니다. <ol><li> 첫 번째 단계로 그라데이션 할당을 수행합니다. <ol><li> 창 오른쪽 아래에 1000의 800 / ㎟에서 B-값을 변경합니다. </li><li> 창의 오른쪽 상단에있는 임계 값을 조정합니다. 단순히 숫자를 작성하거나 커서를 이동하여 수동으로 작업을 수행합니다. (20) 허용 값 수 있습니다. 그것은 개인적인 경험이며 필수가 아닙니다. </li></ol></li><li> 두 번째 단계 그라데이션 등록을 수행합니다. <ol> &lt;리&gt; 버튼을 모두 자동을 클릭합니다. 이 절차는 5 분까지 소요됩니다. </li><li> 모든 등록 확인을 클릭합니다. 등록을 확인하지 않고 계속 할 수 없습니다. </li></ol></li><li> 세 번째 단계로 Coregistration를 수행합니다. <ol><li> Coregister MR1 수동 B0 MR2 이미지. 결국 모든 등록을 확인합니다. 주 :이 단계를 자동으로 수행하는 것이 가능하다. 그러나, 결과는 결국 항상 만족스럽지 않을 수 있습니다. </li></ol></li><li> 마지막 4 번째 단계로 텐서 계산을 수행, <ol><li> 확인 FA / DEC / ADC가 확인하십시오. 경우 클릭하지. </li><li> 계산을 클릭합니다. 이 절차는 몇 초 정도 걸립니다. </li></ol></li></ol></li><li> 모든 데이터를 저장하고 fibertracking를 계속합니다. 모든 내용을 저장하지 않고 중지하지 마십시오. </li></ol> 3 Fibertracking 참고 : 시각 경로의 해부학 적 지식은 성공적인 결과를 위해 매우 중요하다. <ol stYLE = &quot;여백 왼쪽 : 40px;&quot;&gt; <li> 섬유가 통과해야 할 세 가지 중요한 포인트를 찾을 준비합니다. </li><li> 해부학 적 지식을 사용하여 광학 chiasm를 결정합니다. <ol><li> 출발점으로 ROI를 사용하여 섬유를 통과하자. 로아는 의사에 의해 정의된다. </li><li> 또한, 세그먼트 의심되는 지역입니다. 바닥에 분할을 클릭 왼쪽과 또 다른 창이 나타납니다. 분단 된 지역은 해부학 적 영역을 정의한다. <ol><li> 수동으로 영역을 페인트합니다. 전체 광학 chiasm을 포함 아래로 스크롤합니다. 절차를 저장하고 돌아갑니다. </li></ol></li><li> 관심 영역이나 분할 영역 중 하나 또는 둘 다에서 섬유를 추적. </li><li> 섬유는 시각적 경로의 두 번째 중요한 점이다 왼쪽 geniculate 핵 (LGN)에 도달. 최대 각도는 거짓 책자의 위험이 각도가 너무 높은 경우에 일어날 것이다 (50)이었다. <ol><li> 광섬유 chiasm와 같이 LGN 세그먼트 가능성이있다다음 섬유를 추적. 광학 chiasm 또는 그 반대의 LGN 마무리에서 실행 광학 chiasm, 트랙 섬유를 분할 한 후. </li></ol></li><li> 세그먼트 시각 피질. 광섬유 chiasm의 경우처럼 진행. 3DT1 강조 영상 (160) 슬라이스가 들어 있으므로 시간이 좀 걸릴 수 있습니다. </li><li> LGN의 시각 피질에서 섬유를 추적 할 수 있습니다. 그것뿐만 아니라 시각 피질에 LGN으로부터들을 추적 할 수있다. </li><li> 시각 피질이 종양이나 부종에 의해 침략되고있는 경우, 분할 된 영역 대신에 관심 영역을 사용하고 LGN의 방향으로 진행 섬유를 할 수 있습니다. 참고 : 부종은 다음 시각 피질에 침입 할 수 때때로 그것을 분할되는 경우, 시각 피질은 컴퓨터가 서로 구별은`t 있기 때문에 완전히 분할 할 수 없습니다. 그것이 필요한 이유 That`s 투자 수익 (ROI)을 넣어. </li><li> 다른 반구에 필요한 모든 것을 반복합니다. </li><li> 첫째 건강 반구 시작합니다. 참고 : IT를수는 너무 다른 하나를 시작하지만, 상황에 대한 첫번째 생각 될 첫번째 건강한 반구의 섬유를 쉽게 추적 할 수 있습니다. 그것은 단지 충고, 필수가 아닙니다. </li></ol></li><li> 세그먼트 뇌 병변 및 부종. 3.2.2에서 상술 한 바와 같이 진행합니다. <ol><li> 더 구별하기 위해 모든 분할 영역이나 병변의 색상을 지정합니다. </li></ol></li><li> 예기치 못한 사건의 경우 나 응급 상황의 각 단계 이후의 절차를 저장합니다. </li><li> 로컬로 전체 데이터를 내 보냅니다. 그것은 바로 수술실으로 내보낼 수 있지만, 추천하는 계약을 맺는. <ol><li> 를 눌러 파일 다음 내보내기 3D-개체입니다. 만 탐색 시험을 수출해야합니다. </li><li> 돈`t은 하이브리드 시험을 보냅니다. </li></ol></li><li> 두개골을 입력합니다. 오른쪽 환자를 선택 후 Stealthmerge을 누릅니다. 기준 시험 등 3DT1 강조 영상을 선택합니다. </li><li> 3D 모델을 생성하고 모든 것을 삽입합니다. </li><li> 데이터 나 가져 오기n은 수술실. </li></ol>

<ol>
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A., Krings, T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Imaging+of+postthalamic+visual+fiber+tracts+by+anisotropic+diffusion+weighted+MRI+and+diffusion+tensor+imaging:+principles+and+applications.">Imaging of postthalamic visual fiber tracts by anisotropic diffusion weighted MRI and diffusion tensor imaging: principles and applications.</a> European Journal of Radiology. 49, 91-104 (2004).</li><li>Sherbondy, A. J., Dougherty, R. F., Napel, S., Wandell, B. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Identifying+the+human+optic+radiation+using+diffusion+imaging+and+fiber.">Identifying the human optic radiation using diffusion imaging and fiber.</a> J. Vis. 8 (10), (2008).</li></ol>

The authors declare that they have no competing financial interests.

DTI는 생체 내 팔에 흰색 물질 책자를 시각화 신경 외과를 가능하게하는 기술이다. 시각적 통로는이 책자 중 하나입니다. 이 방법은 우리가이 기술의 몇 가지 제한 사항이 아직도 존재한다는 말을 뇌의 웅변 지역에 관한 병변을 가진 환자의 치료에 대한 새로운 가능성과 의사를 제공하지만. 먼저 가장 눈에 띄는 문제는 조사 4에서 문제가 남아 뇌의 변화입니다. 종양 또는 우...

확산 텐서 영상 (DTI)은 인간의 뇌 한 비 침습적 WMT을 묘사하는 데 사용됩니다. 이는 수술 중에 하나의 뇌 영역 웅변 해칠 위험을 줄이기 위해 지난 10 년간 사용되어왔다. DTI는 시각적 통로를 묘사 3 월 2012 2014년 1월 사이에 쉰 명에서 시행 하였다. DTI는 흰색 물질 책자의 해부학 적 위치에 대한 중요한 정보를 제공하여 수술 중 뇌의 웅변 지역의 보존을 향상시킬 수 있습니다. 그것은 복잡한 뇌 병변 1의 절제에 대한 전략적 계획에 통합되었습니다. DTI, 볼륨 및 시드 (12)의 해석 결과의 배치의 파라미터에 대한 기준이 없기 때문에, 통로의 시각적 묘사 도전 남아있다. 다른 알고리즘은 지금까지 19 ~ 21 구현되었습니다. 어떤 접근 방식이 결정 방법에 집중 한9, 22 ~ 25. 다른 사람은 26,27,29, 확률 적 방법을 사용 하였다. 최근 Q-볼 텐서 필드, 확산 스펙트럼 이미징 및 높은 각도 해상도 확산 이미징 (HARDI)가 사용되는 기술을 사용하여 다른 시각 통로 1,13-15,18 가운데 흰색 물질 책자를 묘사한다. 그럼에도 불구하고, HARDI에 필요한 시간이 현저하게 길어 45 분으로되면, 소프트웨어는 시판되지 않고, 과학적 애플리케이션 (18)을 강조한다. HARDI에 대한 교육 기간은 더 이상 DTI 18에 비해 것으로 보인다. 제시된 프로토콜은 쉽게 실현하고 수술 후 결과를 이환율을 방지하고 개선하기 위해 신경 외과 조작 일상 루틴에 사용될 수있다. 이 프로토콜에 대한 추가 시간은 다른 프로토콜 1,9,12,16보다 훨씬 빠르다 미만 9 분이다. 많은 정교한 알고리즘이 종이를 제한 최근 개발되었다는 사실을 인정자체 시판 및 FDA 승인 된 소프트웨어의 사용에 관한 것이다. 그러나이 계정에 위에서 언급 한 아르이 기술의 한계를 취할 필수입니다.

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dti of the visual pathway - white matter tracts and cerebral lesions

<html> DTI는 비 침습적으로 확산 측정을 사용하여 건강하고 비 건강한 환자에서 흰색 물질 책자 (WMT)를 식별하는 기술이다. 시각 경로 (VP)와 마찬가지로, WMT 클래식 MRI 또는​​ 내부에 작동 현미경으로 볼 수 없습니다. DIT이 WMT에 인접하여 병변을 제거하는 동안 신경 외과는 VP의 파괴를 방지하는 데 도움이 될 것입니다. 우리는 우리가 3DT1 가중 시퀀스를 사용하여 탐색 월 2014 년 3 월 ~ 2012 수술 전후 환자 50 명에 DTI를 수행했습니다. 또한, 우리는 T2 강조하고 DTI 시퀀스를 시행 하였다. 200 X 200mm, 슬라이스 두께 : 2mm, 및 수집 매트릭스 : 96 X 96은 2 × 2 × 2mm의 거의 등방성 복셀를 산출에 사용 된 매개 변수는 FOV이었다. MRI는 축 방향으로 경사 (32)와 하나의 화상 (B0)을 이용하여 수행 하였다. 우리는 둘의 가속 계수 및 800의 / ㎟의 B-값 에코 평면 - 이미징 (EPI) 및 자산 병렬 영상을 사용했다. 주사 시간은 9 분 미만이었다. ENT &quot;&gt; FDA 연속 추적 (FACT)에 의한 섬유 할당라고도 간단 광 추적 방식을 사용 수술 네비게이션 시스템 프로그램을 승인하여 처리 하였다 수득 DTI-데이터. 이는 관심 영역 사이 선의 전파 (에 기초 의사에 의해 정의되는 ROI). (50)의 최대 각도가, FA는 S가 tractography 위해 사용되는 파라미터의 값이었다 0.10 및 0.20의 MM² / ADC의 정지 값을 시작한다. 이 기술에 몇 가지 제한이 적용됩니다. 제한된 획득 시간 프레임 화질 절충을 시행. 무시 될 수없는 또 다른 중요한 점은 수술 중 뇌의 변화이다. 후자의 수술 중 MRI에 관해서는 도움이 될 수 있습니다. 또한 위양성 혹은 위음성 책자의 위험은 최종 결과를 손상시킬 수있는 고려 될 필요가있다.

<html> 이 프로토콜은 적절하게 VP의 주요 부분을 묘사하는 의사 수 있습니다. 그것은 웅변 영역 옆 대뇌 병변을 가진 환자에서의 손상을 방지하기 위하여 약간의 시간의 양으로 사용될 수있다. 수술 후 컨트롤도 좋은 결과를 보여줍니다. 환자가 아교 모세포종에서 운영 된 후 부사장은 그림 7에서 묘사된다.이는 아교 모세포종의 재발 후 VP를 보여줍니다. 저자는 중요한 과?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about DTI of the Visual Pathway - White Matter Tracts and Cerebral Lesions at JoVE.com

DTI of the Visual Pathway - White Matter Tracts and Cerebral Lesions

확산 텐서 영상 (DTI)는 시각 경로의 주요 부분을 묘사하기 위해 시도 하였다. 목표는 FDA는 환자의 수술 후 시각적 통로의 손상을 줄이기 위해 위해 매일 루틴에 사용될 수있는 표준 상용 워크 스테이션을 사용하도록 승인했다.

시각 통로의 DTI - 흰색 물질 책자 및 뇌 병변

DTI is a technique that identifies white matter tracts (WMT) non-invasively in healthy and non-healthy patients using diffusion measurements. Similar to ...

dti-of-the-visual-pathway-white-matter-tracts-and-cerebral-lesions

Research

JoVE Journal

Medicine

13.9K 조회수.  Centre Hospitalier de Luxembourg.  확산 텐서 영상 (DTI)는 시각 경로의 주요 부분을 묘사하기 위해 시도 하였다. 목표는 FDA는 환자의 수술 후 시각적 통로의 손상을 줄이기 위해 위해 매일 루틴에 사용될 수있는 표준 상용 워크 스테이션을 사용하도록 승인했다. 

비디오: DTI of the Visual Pathway - White Matter Tracts and Cerebral Lesions

The Application Of Permanent Middle Cerebral Artery Ligation in the Mouse

Focal cerebral ischemia is among the most common type of stroke seen in patients. Due to the clinical significance there has been a prolonged effort to develop suitable animal models to study the events that unfold during ischemic insult. These techniques include transient or permanent, focal or global ischemia models using many different animal models, with the most common being rodents.
The permanent MCA ligation method which is also referred as pMCAo in the literature is used extensively as a focal ischemia model in rodents 1-6. This method was originally described for rats by Tamura et al. in 1981 7. In this protocol a craniotomy was used to access the MCA and the proximal regions were occluded by electrocoagulation. The infarcts involve mostly cortical and sometimes striatal regions depending on the location of the occlusion. This technique is now well established and used in many laboratories 8-13. Early use of this technique led to the definition and description of &#x201C;infarct core&#x201D; and &#x201C;penumbra&#x201D; 14-16, and it is often used to evaluate potential neuroprotective compounds 10, 12, 13, 17. Although the initial studies were performed in rats, permanent MCA ligation has been used successfully in mice with slight modifications 18-20 .
This model yields reproducible infarcts and increased post-survival rates. Approximately 80% of the ischemic strokes in humans happen in the MCA area 21 and thus this is a very relevant model for stroke studies. Currently, there is a paucity of effective treatments available to stroke patients, and thus there is a need for good models to test potential pharmacological compounds and evaluate physiological outcomes. This method can also be used for studying intracellular hypoxia response mechanisms in vivo. 
Here, we present the MCA ligation surgery in a C57/BL6 mouse. We describe the pre-surgical preparation, MCA ligation surgery and 2,3,5 Triphenyltetrazolium chloride (TTC) staining for quantification of infarct volumes.

Middle cerebral artery (MCA) ligation is a technique to study focal cerebral ischemia in animal models. In this method, the middle cerebral artery is exposed by craniotomy and ligated by cauterization. This method gives highly reproducible infarct volumes and increased post-operative survival rates compared to other methods available.

마우스에 영구 중간 대뇌 동맥 내고의 응용

Focal cerebral ischemia is among the most common type of stroke seen in patients. Due to the clinical significance there has been a prolonged effort to ...

연구

의학

Driving Simulation in the Clinic: Testing Visual Exploratory Behavior in Daily Life Activities in Patients with Visual Field Defects

Patients suffering from homonymous hemianopia after infarction of the posterior cerebral artery (PCA) report different degrees of constraint in daily life, despite similar visual deficits. We assume this could be due to variable development of compensatory strategies such as altered visual scanning behavior. Scanning compensatory therapy (SCT) is studied as part of the visual training after infarction next to vision restoration therapy. SCT consists of learning to make larger eye movements into the blind field enlarging the visual field of search, which has been proven to be the most useful strategy1, not only in natural search tasks but also in mastering daily life activities2. Nevertheless, in clinical routine it is difficult to identify individual levels and training effects of compensatory behavior, since it requires measurement of eye movements in a head unrestrained condition. Studies demonstrated that unrestrained head movements alter the visual exploratory behavior compared to a head-restrained laboratory condition3. Martin et al.4 and Hayhoe et al.5 showed that behavior demonstrated in a laboratory setting cannot be assigned easily to a natural condition. Hence, our goal was to develop a study set-up which uncovers different compensatory oculomotor strategies quickly in a realistic testing situation: Patients are tested in the clinical environment in a driving simulator. SILAB software (Wuerzburg Institute for Traffic Sciences GmbH (WIVW)) was used to program driving scenarios of varying complexity and recording the driver's performance. The software was combined with a head mounted infrared video pupil tracker, recording head- and eye-movements (EyeSeeCam, University of Munich Hospital, Clinical Neurosciences).
The positioning of the patient in the driving simulator and the positioning, adjustment and calibration of the camera is demonstrated. Typical performances of a patient with and without compensatory strategy and a healthy control are illustrated in this pilot study. Different oculomotor behaviors (frequency and amplitude of eye- and head-movements) are evaluated very quickly during the drive itself by dynamic overlay pictures indicating where the subjects gaze is located on the screen, and by analyzing the data. Compensatory gaze behavior in a patient leads to a driving performance comparable to a healthy control, while the performance of a patient without compensatory behavior is significantly worse. The data of eye- and head-movement-behavior as well as driving performance are discussed with respect to different oculomotor strategies and in a broader context with respect to possible training effects throughout the testing session and implications on rehabilitation potential.

Patients with visual deficits after stroke report about different constraints in daily life most likely due to variable compensatory strategies, which are difficult to differentiate in clinical routine. We present a clinical set-up which allows measurement of different compensatory head- and eye-movement-strategies and evaluating their effects on driving performance.

클리닉에서 시뮬레이션 운전 : 비주얼 필드 결함으로 환자의 일상 생활 활동에서 Visual 탐색 행동 테스트

Patients suffering from homonymous hemianopia after infarction of the posterior cerebral artery (PCA) report different degrees of constraint in daily ...

Optimized System for Cerebral Perfusion Monitoring in the Rat Stroke Model of Intraluminal Middle Cerebral Artery Occlusion

The translational potential of pre-clinical stroke research depends on the accuracy of experimental modeling. Cerebral perfusion monitoring in animal models of acute ischemic stroke allows to confirm successful arterial occlusion and exclude subarachnoid hemorrhage. Cerebral perfusion monitoring can also be used to study intracranial collateral circulation, which is emerging as a powerful determinant of stroke outcome and a possible therapeutic target. Despite a recognized role of Laser Doppler perfusion monitoring as part of the current guidelines for experimental cerebral ischemia, a number of technical difficulties exist that limit its widespread use. One of the major issues is obtaining a secure and prolonged attachment of a deep-penetration Laser Doppler probe to the animal skull. In this video, we show our optimized system for cerebral perfusion monitoring during transient middle cerebral artery occlusion by intraluminal filament in the rat. We developed in-house a simple method to obtain a custom made holder for twin-fibre (deep-penetration) Laser Doppler probes, which allow multi-site monitoring if needed. A continuous and prolonged monitoring of cerebral perfusion could easily be obtained over the intact skull.

Cerebral perfusion monitoring has been demonstrated to improve accuracy in ischemic stroke models. Technical difficulties often limit the use of this essential tool for cerebrovascular research. In this video, an optimized system is shown to obtain a single or multi-site hemodynamic monitoring during intraluminal middle cerebral artery occlusion in rats.

Intraluminal 중간 대뇌 동맥 폐색의 쥐 뇌졸중 모델에서 뇌 관류 모니터링에 최적화 된 시스템

The translational potential of pre-clinical stroke research depends on the accuracy of experimental modeling. Cerebral perfusion monitoring in animal ...

Permanent Cerebral Vessel Occlusion via Double Ligature and Transection

Stroke is a leading cause of death, disability, and socioeconomic loss worldwide. The majority of all strokes result from an interruption in blood flow (ischemia) 1. Middle cerebral artery (MCA) delivers a great majority of blood to the lateral surface of the cortex 2, is the most common site of human stroke 3, and ischemia within its territory can result in extensive dysfunction or death 1,4,5. Survivors of ischemic stroke often suffer loss or disruption of motor capabilities, sensory deficits, and infarct. In an effort to capture these key characteristics of stroke, and thereby develop effective treatment, a great deal of emphasis is placed upon animal models of ischemia in MCA.
Here we present a method of permanently occluding a cortical surface blood vessel. We will present this method using an example of a relevant vessel occlusion that models the most common type, location, and outcome of human stroke, permanent middle cerebral artery occlusion (pMCAO). In this model, we surgically expose MCA in the adult rat and subsequently occlude via double ligature and transection of the vessel. This pMCAO blocks the proximal cortical branch of MCA, causing ischemia in all of MCA cortical territory, a large portion of the cortex. This method of occlusion can also be used to occlude more distal portions of cortical vessels in order to achieve more focal ischemia targeting a smaller region of cortex. The primary disadvantages of pMCAO are that the surgical procedure is somewhat invasive as a small craniotomy is required to access MCA, though this results in minimal tissue damage. The primary advantages of this model, however, are: the site of occlusion is well defined, the degree of blood flow reduction is consistent, functional and neurological impairment occurs rapidly, infarct size is consistent, and the high rate of survival allows for long-term chronic assessment.

Permanent Cerebral Vessel Occlusion via Double Ligature and Transection

We describe a highly reproducible method for the permanent occlusion of a rodent major cerebral blood vessel. This technique can be accomplished with very little peripheral damage, minimal blood loss, a high rate of long-term survival, and consistent infarct volume commensurate with the human clinical population.

영구적 인 뇌 혈관 폐색<em&gt;를 통해</em&gt; 더블 합자 및 절개

Stroke is a leading cause of death, disability, and socioeconomic loss worldwide. The majority of all strokes result from an interruption in blood flow ...

Generation and 3-Dimensional Quantitation of Arterial Lesions in Mice Using Optical Projection Tomography

The generation and analysis of vascular lesions in appropriate animal models is a cornerstone of research into cardiovascular disease, generating important information on the pathogenesis of lesion formation and the action of novel therapies. Use of atherosclerosis-prone mice, surgical methods of lesion induction, and dietary modification has dramatically improved understanding of the mechanisms that contribute to disease development and the potential of new treatments.
Classically, analysis of lesions is performed ex vivo using 2-dimensional histological techniques. This article describes application of optical projection tomography (OPT) to 3-dimensional quantitation of arterial lesions. As this technique is non-destructive, it can be used as an adjunct to standard histological and immunohistochemical analyses.
Neointimal lesions were induced by wire-insertion or ligation of the mouse femoral artery whilst atherosclerotic lesions were generated by administration of an atherogenic diet to apoE-deficient mice.
Lesions were examined using OPT imaging of autofluorescent emission followed by complementary histological and immunohistochemical analysis. OPT clearly distinguished lesions from the underlying vascular wall. Lesion size was calculated in 2-dimensional sections using planimetry, enabling calculation of lesion volume and maximal cross-sectional area. Data generated using OPT were consistent with measurements obtained using histology, confirming the accuracy of the technique and its potential as a complement (rather than alternative) to traditional methods of analysis.
This work demonstrates the potential of OPT for imaging atherosclerotic and neointimal lesions. It provides a rapid, much needed ex vivo technique for the routine 3-dimensional quantification of vascular remodelling.

Ex vivo analysis of arterial lesions from animal models of cardiovascular disease classically relies on histological and immunohistochemical techniques. These provide 2-dimensional measurements in 3-dimensional lesions. This manuscript describes the generation of arterial lesions for quantitative analysis in 3-dimensions using optical projection tomography.

생성 및 마우스의 동맥 병변의 3 차원 정량 광학 프로젝션 단층 촬영을 사용하여

The generation and analysis of vascular lesions in appropriate animal models is a cornerstone of research into cardiovascular disease, generating ...

Quantitative Analysis and Characterization of Atherosclerotic Lesions in the Murine Aortic Sinus

Atherosclerosis is a disease of the large arteries and a major underlying cause of myocardial infarction and stroke. Several different mouse models have been developed to facilitate the study of the molecular and cellular pathophysiology of this disease. In this manuscript we describe specific techniques for the quantification and characterization of atherosclerotic lesions in the murine aortic sinus and ascending aorta. The advantage of this procedure is that it provides an accurate measurement of the cross-sectional area and total volume of the lesion, which can be used to compare atherosclerotic progression across different treatment groups. This is possible through the use of the valve leaflets as an anatomical landmark, together with careful adjustment of the sectioning angle. We also describe basic staining methods that can be used to begin to characterize atherosclerotic progression. These can be further modified to investigate antigens of specific interest to the researcher. The described techniques are generally applicable to a wide variety of existing and newly created dietary and genetically-induced models of atherogenesis.

We describe procedures to quantify and characterize atherosclerotic lesions in mouse models using precision sectioning of the aortic sinus and ascending aorta combined with histochemical and immunohistochemical analysis.

쥐의 대동맥 부비동의 동맥 경화 병변의 정량 분석​​ 및 특성

Atherosclerosis is a disease of the large arteries and a major underlying cause of myocardial infarction and stroke. Several different mouse models have ...

Dynamic Visual Tests to Identify and Quantify Visual Damage and Repair Following Demyelination in Optic Neuritis Patients

In order to follow optic neuritis patients and evaluate the effectiveness of their treatment, a handy, accurate and quantifiable tool is required to assess changes in myelination at the central nervous system (CNS). However, standard measurements, including routine visual tests and MRI scans, are not sensitive enough for this purpose. We present two visual tests addressing dynamic monocular and binocular functions which may closely associate with the extent of myelination along visual pathways. These include Object From Motion (OFM) extraction and Time-constrained stereo protocols. In the OFM test, an array of dots compose an object, by moving the dots within the image rightward while moving the dots outside the image leftward or vice versa. The dot pattern generates a camouflaged object that cannot be detected when the dots are stationary or moving as a whole. Importantly, object recognition is critically dependent on motion perception. In the Time-constrained Stereo protocol, spatially disparate images are presented for a limited length of time, challenging binocular 3-dimensional integration in time. Both tests are appropriate for clinical usage and provide a simple, yet powerful, way to identify and quantify processes of demyelination and remyelination along visual pathways. These protocols may be efficient to diagnose and follow optic neuritis and multiple sclerosis patients.
In the diagnostic process, these protocols may reveal visual deficits that cannot be identified via current standard visual measurements. Moreover, these protocols sensitively identify the basis of the currently unexplained continued visual complaints of patients following recovery of visual acuity. In the longitudinal follow up course, the protocols can be used as a sensitive marker of demyelinating and remyelinating processes along time. These protocols may therefore be used to evaluate the efficacy of current and evolving therapeutic strategies, targeting myelination of the CNS.

Object From Motion (OFM) and Time-constrained stereo protocols are sensitive tools to identify monocular and binocular dynamic visual function deficits, which are uniquely affected in optic neuritis patients. Furthermore, these tests may be used as quantitative noninvasive tools to assess the extent of myelination along visual pathways.

시신경염 환자에서 탈수 초화 다음 Visual 손상 및 수리를 확인하고 정량화하는 동적 인 비주얼 테스트

In order to follow optic neuritis patients and evaluate the effectiveness of their treatment, a handy, accurate and quantifiable tool is required to ...

A Versatile Murine Model of Subcortical White Matter Stroke for the Study of Axonal Degeneration and White Matter Neurobiology

Stroke affecting white matter accounts for up to 25% of clinical stroke presentations, occurs silently at rates that may be 5-10 fold greater, and contributes significantly to the development of vascular dementia. Few models of focal white matter stroke exist and this lack of appropriate models has hampered understanding of the neurobiologic mechanisms involved in injury response and repair after this type of stroke. The main limitation of other subcortical stroke models is that they do not focally restrict the infarct to the white matter or have primarily been validated in non-murine species. This limits the ability to apply the wide variety of murine research tools to study the neurobiology of white matter stroke. Here we present a methodology for the reliable production of a focal stroke in murine white matter using a local injection of an irreversible eNOS inhibitor. We also present several variations on the general protocol including two unique stereotactic variations, retrograde neuronal tracing, as well as fresh tissue labeling and dissection that greatly expand the potential applications of this technique. These variations allow for multiple approaches to analyze the neurobiologic effects of this common and understudied form of stroke.

Here we present methodology for the production of a focal stroke in murine white matter by local injection of an irreversible endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) inhibitor (L-Nio). Presented are two stereotactic variations, retrograde neuronal tracing, and fresh tissue labeling and dissection that expand the potential applications of this technique.

축삭 변성과 백질 신경 생물학의 연구를위한 다목적 쥐 모델 피질의 흰색 물질 스트로크

Stroke affecting white matter accounts for up to 25% of clinical stroke presentations, occurs silently at rates that may be 5-10 fold greater, and ...

Autologous Microfractured and Purified Adipose Tissue for Arthroscopic Management of Osteochondral Lesions of the Talus

In recent years, regenerative techniques have been increasingly studied and used to treat osteochondral lesions of the talus. In particular, several studies have focused their attention on mesenchymal stem cells derived from adipose tissue. Adipose-derived stem cells (ADSCs) exhibit morphological characteristics and properties similar to other mesenchymal cells, and are able to differentiate into several cellular lines. Moreover, these cells are also widely available in the subcutaneous tissue, representing 10 - 30% of the normal body weight, with a concentration of 5,000 cells per gram of tissue.
In the presented technique, the first step involves harvesting ADSCs from the abdomen and a process of microfracture and purification; next, the surgical procedure is performed entirely arthroscopically, with less soft tissue dissection, better joint visualization, and a faster recovery compared with standard open procedures. Arthroscopy is characterized by a first phase in which the lesion is identified, isolated, and prepared with microperforations; the second step, performed dry, involves injection of adipose tissue at the level of the lesion.
Between January 2016 and September 2016, four patients underwent arthroscopic treatment of osteochondral lesion of the talus with microfractured and purified adipose tissue. All patients reported clinical improvement six months after surgery with no reported complications. Functional scores at the latest follow-up are encouraging and confirm that the technique provides reliable pain relief and improvements in patients with osteochondral lesion of the talus.

The aim of this study is to report a protocol for the arthroscopic treatment of osteochondral lesions of the talus using microfractured and purified adipose-derived stem cells.

헌 Microfractured 고 순화 된 지방 조직에서 탈 러 스의 Osteochondral 장애의 절경 관리에 대 한

In recent years, regenerative techniques have been increasingly studied and used to treat osteochondral lesions of the talus. In particular, several ...

Assessment of Static Graviceptive Perception in the Roll-Plane using the Subjective Visual Vertical Paradigm

Vestibular disorders are among the most common syndromes in medicine. In recent years, new vestibular diagnostic systems have been introduced that allow the examination of all semicircular canals in the clinical setting. Assessment methods of the otolithic system, which is responsible for the perception of linear acceleration and perception of gravity, are far less in clinical use. There are several experimental approaches for measuring the perception of gravity. The most frequently used method is the determination of the subjective visual vertical. This is usually measured with the head in an upright position. We present here an assessment method for testing otolith function in the roll plane. The subjective visual vertical is measured in the head upright position as well as with head inclination of &#177; 15&#176; and &#177; 30&#176; in the roll plane. This extended functional paradigm is an easy-to-perform clinical test of otolith function and ensures increased information content for the detection of impaired graviceptive perception.

The perception of gravity is commonly determined by the subjective visual vertical in the head upright position. The additional assessment at head tilts of &#177; 15&#176; and &#177; 30&#176; in the roll plane ensures increased information content for the detection of impaired graviceptive perception.

주관적인 시각적 수직 패러다임을 사용하여 롤 플레인에서 정적 중력 지각의 평가

Vestibular disorders are among the most common syndromes in medicine. In recent years, new vestibular diagnostic systems have been introduced that allow ...