저자는 기술적 인 작업 제이미 투이을 인정하고 싶습니다. UL1TR000130 (DLD), AA022448 (DLD) 및 약국의 USC 학교 - 연구 SC CTSI NIH / NCRR / NCATS는 부여에 의해이 작품은 부분적으로 지원되었다. 또한, IVM을 포함하는 빠른 용해 경구 용 필름은 친절하게 치료 제약 (옥스 나드, CA)에 의해 제공되었다.

설명 모든 절차는 남부 캘리포니아 대학의 기관 동물 관리 및 사용위원회 (IACUC)에 의해 승인되었습니다. 1. 동물 취급 및 요법 이니 <ol><li> 소개 <ol><li> 마우스가 사육 조건에 적응하고 실험의 기술을 취급하는 것은 다음의 약물 관리 과정에서 스트레스를 감소 할 수 있습니다. 이 시간 동안, 체중과 각 마우스의 음식 섭취를 기록; 원하는 경우, 나중에 약물 독성 (옵션) 평가하기위한 비교의 비 침습적 포인트로서 사용될 수있다. 전자는 중량 계 약물 투여를 결정하는데 사용될 수있다. 주 : 일화의 습관화 기간의 길이가 상호 작용 실험자 동물의 수에 근거하여 결정되어야한다. 우리의 경험에서, C57BL / 6J 균주의 마우스는 문제가 우리의 전형적인 주일 동안 습관화 기간 내에보다 5 ~보다 사람 취급 habituating가 존재하는 것이 확인되었다. , 가능하면실험은 (들)도 이전 보고서는 냄새와 같은 새로운 자극을 나타냅니다으로 습관화 기간 (11)을 방해 할 수있다, 동물을 취급하기 전에 향수 로션, 비누, 향수를 사용을 자제하는 것이 좋습니다. </li></ol></li><li> 단계 <ol><li> 이상에서 5 일 이전에 연구의 시작에 시작, 이후의 실험이 발생하는 방에 동물을 전송합니다. </li><li> 단단히 꼬리의 중간을 잡고 조심스럽게 케이지에서 그리고 무게 보트에 동물을 올려 마우스의 무게를 기록한다. <ol><li> 이 꼬리 (12)의 말단 부분을 파악 할 때 발생할 수있는 degloving 부상을 방지하기로 제대로, 꼬리의 중간 / 근위 측면을 파악하기 위해 염두에 cagekeeping에서 해제되는 즉시 규모에 마우스를 놓습니다. </li><li> 마우스가 안전하게 무게 보트에 배치 된 후 중량 값을 기록한다. </li></ol></li><li> RECOM 대한 음식의 질량을 녹음실험 13 중에 캡처 잠재적 독성 도움 기준선 음식 소비 레벨을 설정하기 위해, 연속 2 일 동안 수선. </li></ol></li></ol> 먹이 바늘 2. 준비, 자당 솔루션 및 개별 ODS <ol><li> 실험을위한 준비로 스테인리스 위관 영양법 바늘을 살균 오토 클레이브를 사용한다. 필요하다면 2 바늘 / 그룹 및 1 추가 바늘을 준비하는 백으로 사용할 수 있습니다. 참고 :이 연구는 곡선 1.5 인치, 18 G를 이용, 바늘의 끝에서 2.25 mm 공 바늘을 공급 스테인레스 스틸. </li><li> (w / v)의 자당 용액을 4.25 %을 만들 자당의 0.85 g에 물 20ml를 추가합니다. 참고 : 자당의 평가 다른 낮은 용량에서 매개 변수에 따라 잠재적으로 14 사용될 수있다. </li><li> 직경 0.5 cm 인치 조각으로 표준 직사각형 테스트 스트립을 절단하여 각 동물의 구강 용해 스트립 (ODS)를 준비 우리시중에서 판매하는 단일 분기 인치 구멍 구멍을 뚫는을 보내고. 이 데모에 사용 된 직사각형의 테스트 스트립은 이버 멕틴의 6 밀리그램 (IVM)를 포함하도록 제조하고,이 크기로 잘라 때, 원하는 각 동물에 대한 10 ㎎ / ㎏ 용량에 근접 각 원형 조각에 0.21 mg을 투여을 (우리의 할당 된 용량 / 동물). 이 투여 량 / 농축 직사각형 스트립 전체 제형을 희석 및 / 또는 다른 크기로 스트립을 절단함으로써 조정될 수있다. </li></ol> 3. 약물 - 배달 <ol><li> 이전 단계 1.1-1.2에서 설명한 바와 같이 가중치를 기록한다. </li><li> 무게를 녹음 한 후, 금속 격자 케이지 위로 마우스를 이동합니다. 이 후, 지배적 인 엄지, 검지 손가락, 3 번째 손가락을 사용하여 조심스럽게 꼬리에 당깁니다. 이 마우스에 실수 그립 와이어 케이지 상단의 원인이 멀리 실험에서 몸을 스트레칭, 그 뒤쪽을 스트레칭합니다. </li><li> 비-DO와 목의 목덜미를 잡고minant 엄지, 검지 손가락, 3 번째 손가락이 편안하게 안전 손잡이와 동물을 억제합니다. 참고 : 작은 손을 가진 실험은 또한 뒷면의 목덜미를 다시 끌어와 마우스의보다 안전한 유지를 얻기 위해, 동일한 손의 손가락 번째 4를 사용할 수 있습니다. 또한, 개인이 선호하는 약지 및 / 또는 새끼 손가락에 따라 같은 꼬리를 보호하는데 사용될 수 있지만은 이것은 12 불필요하다. </li><li> 수직 위치에 마우스를 잡으십시오. </li><li> 주의 : 마우스의 점막 점막의 색을 관찰한다. 보라색 ​​/ 파란색 외관은 실험자가 너무 꽉 목덜미를 cinching하고 마우스가 숨을 쉴 수 없다는 것을 나타냅니다. <ol><li> 이 경우, 즉시 다시 아래로 금속 케이지 위에 마우스를 놓고는 동물을 억제하기 위해 다시 시도하기 전에 ~ 2 ~ 3 분을 휴식 할 수 있습니다. </li></ol></li><li> tastant 역할을 4.25 % 자당 용액에 위관 바늘의 전구 팁을 잠수함는 ODS에 접착. </li><li> 경구 용해 스트립을 부착하는 위관 바늘의 전구 팁과 프리 컷 ODS 아래로 누릅니다. </li><li> 콧 구멍 및 / 또는 입에 가까이 배치함으로써, 마우스의 ODS가 존재하고, 동물이 필름을 소비 할 수있다. 대안 ODS는 마우스 제비위한 혀에 직접 얇은 스트립을 배치하여 구강에 국소 적으로 전달 될 수있다. </li><li> 감염의 확산을 방지하기 위해 약물 투여 세션 동안 바늘 중간 그룹을 교체합니다. </li></ol>

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DD는이 방법에 공동 발명자로 특허를 출원 및 만성 동물 실험 (로 Fast-를 사용하여 실험 동물에서 약 능동태의 구강 배달이 기술은 잘 알려진하고 쉽게 사용할 수 있도록 과학위원회와이 방법을 공유에 관심이있다 구강 필름을 용해 (데이비스, 공동 발명자, 특허 출원 2014년 6월 23일 출원). 다른 경쟁 금융 이익은 언급되지 않습니다.

구강 투여는 잠재적으로 손상된 데이터 수집 및 동물 감소 1의 높은 비율을 초래 다양한 합병증과 연관되어 있습니다. 여기 경구 약물 전달하는 간단한 방법을 통해 마우스 (그리고 잠재적으로 다른 동물) 경구 용해 스트립 (ODS)을 통해 선택의 약물을 소비 용이하고 확실하게 할 수 도입된다. 특히,이 방법의 사용은 구강 투여에 안전하고 편리하며 인간 대안을 나타낸다. <p class="jove_conte...

임상 개발에 전임상 (동물 실험)로부터 약물의 성공적인 번역 위해서는 일련의 인 (급성 및 만성 약리학 적 및 독성 학적 연구는 투여의 목적으로 임상 경로를 사용하여 동물 모델에서 수행 될 필요가 잘 정의 일반적으로 경구). 이 목표를 달성하기 위해, 대부분의 전임상 연구는 현재 주어진 구강 투여 절차를 이용하는 동물에게 시험 화합물의 일관되고 정확한 전달이 방법은 그 결과. 그러나, 많은 경우, 구강 투여는 당해 동물에 의해 허용 및 축적의 증거는 상기 방법은 응력 유도 한 상당량와 관련된 제안하지 않는다. 이 같은 장기 전임상 연구를 필요 만성 평생 조건 치료법의 개발에 특히 그러하다의 경우 만, 거의 모든 신경 장애, 이에 한정되지 않는다. 기능에 대한tance 알츠하이머 병의 트랜스 제닉 마우스 모델에서는, 최근 위관 방법 자체 의한 응력이 유도 투여에 실험 결과를 혼란시킬 수 있다고 제안 하였다. 그 자체 - - 현저 실험의 완전성을 위태롭게 지점 알콜 섭취의 정도를 감소시킬 수있다 유사하게, 알코올 소비의 마우스 모델에서, 우리의 실험에서 미공개 발견은 위관 영양 튜브의 반복 삽입 것을 발견 패러다임 (도 1 참조). 경구 위관의 절차와 관련된 상기 한계를 감안할 때, 상당한 노력이 전임상 경구 약물 전달의 새로운 방법을 개발하는쪽으로 넣어왔다. 현재 다른 방법은 associ 있습니다 모두, 물 7 및 웨이퍼 크래커 (8)를 마시고, 땅콩 버터 혼합물 (3), 젤라틴 금형 4-5, 초콜릿 펠렛 (6)에 시험 화합물을 포함 포함못하는 등의 문제 다양한 각도 ated가 동물 모델에서 안정적으로 사용하기 위해, 약물이 덜 용이하게 구를 소비하게 피검 사체 또는 풍미의 개별 환경에 의한 시험 화합물 흡수의 도입 부족. 본원에 도입 절차는 원하는 약물이 경구 투여 실험 동물에게 시험 화합물을 투여하는데 사용될 용이 용이하게 할 수 향미 경구 용해 스트립 (ODS)에 포함시키는 방법을 설명한다. 이 논문은 마우스를 사용하여 ODS 방법의 효과를 입증에 초점을 맞추고 있습니다. 그러나, 동일한 방법이 또한 다른 설치류뿐만 아니라, 더 큰 포유 동물 피험자에서 유용하지 않을 것이라고 예상 할 이유가 없다. 임상 ODS의 사용은 곤란 10 삼 극복하기위한 방법으로, 소아과 및 노인 환자에 채용되기 시작한다. 우리는 ODS는 또한 안전하고 편리한대로 전임상 신약 개발 프로그램에서 성공적으로 사용될 수 있음을 제안구강 투여, 그리고 인도적인 대안.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="948">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:203px;">Orally Dissolving Strip&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:185px;">Cure Pharmaceutical</td>
			<td style="width:89px;"></td>
			<td style="width:471px;">Available upon special request. Alternatively, ODS may also be prepared in-house.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:203px;">Gavage Feeding Needle</td>
			<td style="width:185px;">VWR</td>
			<td align="right" style="width:89px;">7912</td>
			<td>Our rodent studies utilized a 18-gauge feeding needle. This size may need to be adjusted for use in other mammilian species.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:203px;">Sucrose</td>
			<td style="width:185px;">Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:89px;">S0389-500G</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

utilizing an orally dissolving strip for pharmacological and toxicological studies: a simple and humane alternative to oral gavage for animals

인간의 새로운 치료제를 테스트하기 전에 단기 및 장기 전임상 (즉, 동물), 반복적 인 약리 및 독성 시험이 필요합니다. 대부분의 경우, 관리의 기본 경로는 경구 전달을 통해입니다. 현재, 경구 전달은 대부분이 동물 모델에서 일관되고 정확한 투여를 달성 할 수 있기 때문에, 부분적으로 경구 위관 절차를 사용하여 달성된다. 이 방법은 잘 구축되어 있지만 그것은 동물 마찰의 높은 비율이 발생할 수 있습니다 합병증을 가지고있다. 이를 위해, 여기에 도입되는 과정은 단순히 그 후 급속으로 용해되는 실험 동물에게 제공 될 수있는 원하는 약물이 경구 스트립 (ODS)을 용해하는 tastant 혼입되는 구강 투여 방법에 대한 대안을 설명 시험 대상의 최소 조작. 여기서, 우리는 ODS 방법을 이용한 전임상 구강 약물 전달은 안전하고 편리하며 인간 알테을 나타낸다는 것을 입증구강 투여에 rnative.

다음 대표적인 연구에서, 소셜 음주는 이전 15 바와 같이 24 시간 두 병 선택 (TBC) 패러다임을 사용하여 모델링되었다. 요약하면, 마우스는 물을 포함하는 하나의 해결책 두 병에 대한 액세스를 가지고, 다른 하나는 10 % (v / v) 에탄올 수용액. 평균 10E (10 % 에탄올 / 90 % 물, v / v)의 흡기 그룹간에 유사하도록 주제이어서 약물 처리 군에 할당 하였다. <p class="jove_content...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Utilizing an Orally Dissolving Strip for Pharmacological and Toxicological Studies: A Simple and Humane Alternative to Oral Gavage for Animals at JoVE.com

Utilizing an Orally Dissolving Strip for Pharmacological and Toxicological Studies: A Simple and Humane Alternative to Oral Gavage for Animals

다음 프로토콜은 일반적으로 사용되는 구강 투여 방법 대신 경구 용해 스트립 (ODS)을 사용하여 만성 경구 약물 투여를위한 신규 한 방법을 설명한다. 우리는 ODS 방법을 사용하여 전임상, 경구 약물 전달은 구강 투여에 안전하고 편리하며 인도적인 대안을 나타낸다는 것을 보여줍니다.

약리 및 독성 연구에 대한 구두 또한 용해 스트립을 활용 : 동물 용 구강 투여에 대한 간단하고 동물 애호 대안

Prior to testing novel therapeutics in humans, short and long term preclinical (i.e., animal), repetitive pharmacological and toxicological testing is ...

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12.6K 조회수.  University of Southern California School of Pharmacy.  다음 프로토콜은 일반적으로 사용되는 구강 투여 방법 대신 경구 용해 스트립 (ODS)을 사용하여 만성 경구 약물 투여를위한 신규 한 방법을 설명한다. 우리는 ODS 방법을 사용하여 전임상, 경구 약물 전달은 구강 투여에 안전하고 편리하며 인도적인 대안을 나타낸다는 것을 보여줍니다. 

비디오: Utilizing an Orally Dissolving Strip for Pharmacological and Toxicological Studies: A Simple and Humane Alternative to Oral Gavage for Animals

Multi-photon Imaging of Tumor Cell Invasion in an Orthotopic Mouse Model of Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma

Loco-regional invasion of head and neck cancer is linked to metastatic risk and presents a difficult challenge in designing and implementing patient management strategies. Orthotopic mouse models of oral cancer have been developed to facilitate the study of factors that impact invasion and serve as model system for evaluating anti-tumor therapeutics. In these systems, visualization of disseminated tumor cells within oral cavity tissues has typically been conducted by either conventional histology or with in vivo bioluminescent methods. A primary drawback of these techniques is the inherent inability to accurately visualize and quantify early tumor cell invasion arising from the primary site in three dimensions. Here we describe a protocol that combines an established model for squamous cell carcinoma of the tongue (SCOT) with two-photon imaging to allow multi-vectorial visualization of lingual tumor spread. The OSC-19 head and neck tumor cell line was stably engineered to express the F-actin binding peptide LifeAct fused to the mCherry fluorescent protein (LifeAct-mCherry). Fox1nu/nu mice injected with these cells reliably form tumors that allow the tongue to be visualized by ex-vivo application of two-photon microscopy. This technique allows for the orthotopic visualization of the tumor mass and locally invading cells in excised tongues without disruption of the regional tumor microenvironment. In addition, this system allows for the quantification of tumor cell invasion by calculating distances that invaded cells move from the primary tumor site. Overall this procedure provides an enhanced model system for analyzing factors that contribute to SCOT invasion and therapeutic treatments tailored to prevent local invasion and distant metastatic spread. This method also has the potential to be ultimately combined with other imaging modalities in an in vivo setting.

A comprehensive overview of the techniques involved in generating a mouse model of oral cancer and quantitative monitoring of tumor invasion within the tongue through multi-photon microscopy of labeled cells is presented. This system can serve as a useful platform for the molecular assessment and drug efficacy of anti-invasive compounds.

구강 편평 세포 암종의 Orthotopic 마우스 모델에서 종양 세포 침략의 다중 광자 이미징

Loco-regional invasion of head and neck cancer is linked to metastatic risk and presents a difficult challenge in designing and implementing patient ...

연구

의학

A Simple Guide Screw Method for Intracranial Xenograft Studies in Mice

The grafting of human tumor cells into the brain of immunosuppressed mice is an established method for the study of brain cancers including glioblastoma (glioma) and medulloblastoma. The widely used stereotactic approach only allows for the injection of a single animal at a time, is labor intensive and requires highly specialized equipment. The guide screw method, initially developed by Lal et al.,1 was developed to eliminate cumbersome stereotactic procedures. We now describe a modified guide screw approach that is rapid and exceptionally safe; both of which are critical ethical considerations. Notably, our procedure now incorporates an infusion pump that allows up to 10 animals to be simultaneously injected with tumor cells.
To demonstrate the utility of this procedure, we established human U87MG glioma cells as intracranial xenografts in mice, which were then treated with AMG102; a fully human antibody directed to HGF/scatter factor currently undergoing clinical evaluation2-5. Systemic injection of AMG102 significantly prolonged the survival of all mice with intracranial U87MG xenografts and resulted in a number of complete cures. 
This study demonstrates that the guide screw method is an inexpensive, highly reproducible approach for establishing intracranial xenografts. Furthermore, it provides a relevant physiological model for validating novel therapeutic strategies for the treatment of brain cancers.

In order to evaluate novel therapeutic paradigms for the treatment of glioma, physiological relevant models are essential. We utilize an implantable guide screw procedure for establishment of intracranial xenograft models that is more rapid and safer than stereotactic approaches.

마우스에 Intracranial 이종 이식 연구에 대한 간단한 안내 스크류 방법

The grafting of human tumor cells into the brain of immunosuppressed mice is an established method for the study of brain cancers including glioblastoma ...

Sublingual Immunotherapy as an Alternative to Induce Protection Against Acute Respiratory Infections

Sublingual route has been widely used to deliver small molecules into the bloodstream and to modulate the immune response at different sites. It has been shown to effectively induce humoral and cellular responses at systemic and mucosal sites, namely the lungs and urogenital tract. Sublingual vaccination can promote protection against infections at the lower and upper respiratory tract; it can also promote tolerance to allergens and ameliorate asthma symptoms. Modulation of lung&#8217;s immune response by sublingual immunotherapy (SLIT) is safer than direct administration of formulations by intranasal route because it does not require delivery of potentially harmful molecules directly into the airways. In contrast to intranasal delivery, side effects involving brain toxicity or facial paralysis are not promoted by SLIT. The immune mechanisms underlying SLIT remain elusive and its use for the treatment of acute lung infections has not yet been explored. Thus, development of appropriate animal models of SLIT is needed to further explore its potential advantages. 
This work shows how to perform sublingual administration of therapeutic agents in mice to evaluate their ability to protect against acute pneumococcal pneumonia. Technical aspects of mouse handling during sublingual inoculation, precise identification of sublingual mucosa, draining lymph nodes and isolation of tissues, bronchoalveolar lavage and lungs are illustrated. Protocols for single cell suspension preparation for FACS analysis are described in detail. Other downstream applications for the analysis of the immune response are discussed. Technical aspects of the preparation of Streptococcus pneumoniae inoculum and intranasal challenge of mice are also explained.
SLIT is a simple technique that allows screening of candidate molecules to modulate lungs&#8217; immune response. Parameters affecting the success of SLIT are related to molecular size, susceptibility to degradation and stability of highly concentrated formulations.

The present work illustrates the convenience of using sublingual immunotherapy to boost the innate immune response in the lungs and confer protection against acute pneumococcal pneumonia in mouse.

Sublingual route has been widely used to deliver small molecules into the bloodstream and to modulate the immune response at different sites. It has been ...

Utilizing Murine Inducible Telomerase Alleles in the Studies of Tissue Degeneration/Regeneration and Cancer

Telomere dysfunction-induced loss of genome integrity and its associated DNA damage signaling and checkpoint responses are well-established drivers that cause tissue degeneration during ageing. Cancer, with incidence rates greatly increasing with age, is characterized by short telomere lengths and high telomerase activity. To study the roles of telomere dysfunction and telomerase reactivation in ageing and cancer, the protocol shows how to generate two murine inducible telomerase knock-in alleles 4-Hydroxytamoxifen (4-OHT)-inducible TERT-Estrogen Receptor (mTERT-ER) and Lox-Stopper-LoxTERT (LSL-mTERT). The protocol describes the procedures to induce telomere dysfunction and reactivate telomerase activity in mTERT-ER and LSL-mTERT mice in vivo. The representative data show that reactivation of telomerase activity can ameliorate the tissue degenerative phenotypes induced by telomere dysfunction. In order to determine the impact of telomerase reactivation on tumorigenesis, we generated prostate tumor model G4 PB-Cre4 PtenL/L p53L/L LSL-mTERTL/L and thymic T-cell lymphoma model G4 Atm-/- mTERTER/ER. The representative data show that telomerase reactivation in the backdrop of genomic instability induced by telomere dysfunction can greatly enhance tumorigenesis. The protocol also describes the procedures used to isolate neural stem cells (NSCs) from mTERT-ER and LSL-mTERT mice and reactivate telomerase activity in NSCs in vitro. The representative data show that reactivation of telomerase can enhance the self-renewal capability and neurogenesis in vitro. Finally, the protocol describes the procedures for performing telomere FISH (Fluorescence In Situ Hybridization) on both mouse FFPE (Formalin Fixed and Paraffin Embedded) brain tissues and metaphase chromosomes of cultured cells.

Telomere and telomerase play essential roles in ageing and tumorigenesis. The goal of this protocol is to show how to generate two murine inducible telomerase knock-in alleles and how to utilize them in the studies of tissue degeneration/regeneration and cancer.

조직의 변성 / 재생 및 암의 연구에서 설치류 유도 성 텔로 머라 대립 유전자를 활용

Telomere dysfunction-induced loss of genome integrity and its associated DNA damage signaling and checkpoint responses are well-established drivers that ...

A Simple Device to Rapidly Prepare Whole Mounts of the Mouse Intestine

Preparing whole mounts of the mouse small intestine and colon for subsequent analysis or quantification can be time consuming and difficult. We describe the use of a simple device to cut and &#8216;roll&#8217; mouse intestines to rapidly prepare whole mount preparations of superior and uniform quality to that which can be achieved by hand. The device comprises a base that holds 4 stainless steel rods and a top, which acts a cutting guide. The rods are inserted into the lumen of the small intestine [divided into thirds] and the colon. The rods and samples are then placed over a piece of filter paper or card into the holding slots in the base of the device. The top of the device is then positioned and serves as a cutting guide. The two angled sections in the center of the top piece are used to guide a knife or scalpel and cut the intestines longitudinally on the top of the rods. Once the intestinal sections have been cut, the top is removed and the card,&#160;tissue and rods gently removed from the device and placed on the bench. The rods are then gently rolled sideways to flatten and stick the intestinal segments onto the underlying piece of filter paper or card. The final preparation can then be examined or fixed and stored for later analysis. The preparations are invaluable for the study of intestinal changes in normal or genetically modified mouse models. The preparations have been used for the study and quantification of the effects of inflammation (colitis), damage, pre-cancerous lesions (aberrant crypt foci (ACFs) and mucin depleted foci (MDFs)) and polyps or tumors.

The use of a simple device to cut and &#8216;roll&#8217; mouse intestines to rapidly prepare whole mount preparations is described.

간단한 장치는 빠르게 마우스 소장의 전체 마운트를 준비하는 방법

Preparing whole mounts of the mouse small intestine and colon for subsequent analysis or quantification can be time consuming and difficult. We describe ...

Development of an Alpha-synuclein Based Rat Model for Parkinson's Disease via Stereotactic Injection of a Recombinant Adeno-associated Viral Vector

In order to study the molecular pathways of Parkinson&#39;s disease (PD) and to develop novel therapeutic strategies, scientific investigators rely on animal models. The identification of PD-associated genes has led to the development of genetic PD models. Most transgenic &#945;-SYN mouse models develop gradual &#945;-SYN pathology but fail to display clear dopaminergic cell loss and dopamine-dependent behavioral deficits. This hurdle was overcome by direct targeting of the substantia nigra with viral vectors overexpressing PD-associated genes. Local gene delivery using viral vectors provides an attractive way to express transgenes in the central nervous system. Specific brain regions can be targeted (e.g. the substantia nigra), expression can be induced in the adult setting and high expression levels can be achieved. Further, different vector systems based on various viruses can be used. The protocol outlines all crucial steps to perform a viral vector injection in the substantia nigra of the rat to develop a viral vector-based alpha-synuclein animal model for Parkinson&#39;s disease.

This manuscript describes how viral vector-mediated local gene delivery provides an attractive way to express transgenes in the central nervous system. The protocol outlines all crucial steps to perform a viral vector injection in the substantia nigra of the rat to develop a viral vector-based animal model for Parkinson's disease.

재조합 아데노 - 관련 바이러스 성 벡터의 정위 주사를 통해 파킨슨 병에 대한 알파 - 시누 클레인 기반 쥐 모델 개발

In order to study the molecular pathways of Parkinson&#39;s disease (PD) and to develop novel therapeutic strategies, scientific investigators rely on ...

Isolation and Culture of Primary Endothelial Cells from Canine Arteries and Veins

Cardiovascular disease is studied in both human and veterinary medicine. Endothelial cells have been used extensively as an in vitro model to study vasculogenesis, (tumor) angiogenesis, and atherosclerosis. The current standard for in vitro research on human endothelial cells (ECs) is the use of Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cells (HUVECs) and Human Umbilical Artery Endothelial Cells (HUAECs). For canine endothelial research, only one cell line (CnAOEC) is available, which is derived from canine aortic endothelium. Although currently not completely understood, there is a difference between ECs originating from either arteries or veins. For a more direct approach to in vitro functionality studies on ECs, we describe a new method for isolating Canine Primary Endothelial Cells (CaPECs) from a variety of vessels. This technique reduces the chance of contamination with fast-growing cells such as fibroblasts and smooth muscle cells, a problem that is common in standard isolation methods such as flushing the vessel with enzymatic solutions or mincing the vessel prior to digestion of the tissue containing all cells. The technique we describe was optimized for the canine model, but can easily be utilized in other species such as human.

Novel isolation methods of primary endothelial cells from blood vessels are needed. This protocol describes a new technique that completely inverts blood vessels of interest, exposing only the endothelial side to enzymatic digestion. The resulting pure endothelial cell culture can be used to study cardiovascular diseases, disease modelling, and angiogenesis.

개 동맥과 정맥에서 차 내피 세포의 분리 및 문화

Cardiovascular disease is studied in both human and veterinary medicine. Endothelial cells have been used extensively as an in vitro model to study ...

Oral Biofilm Sampling for Microbiome Analysis in Healthy Children

Oral biofilm and its molecular analysis provide a basis for investigating various dental research and clinical questions. Knowledge of biofilm composition leads to a better understanding of cariogenic and periopathogenic mechanisms. Microbial changes taking place in the oral cavity during childhood are of interest for several reasons. The evolution of the child oral microbiota and shifts in its composition need to be analyzed further to understand and possibly prevent the onset of disease. At the same time, advanced knowledge of the natural composition of oral biofilm is needed. Early stages of caries-free permanent dentition with healthy gums provide a widely unaffected subgingival habitat that can serve as an in situ baseline for studying features of oral health and disease. Analysis of children's oral biofilm during different stages in life is thus an important theme in the field. Modern molecular analysis methods can provide comprehensive information about the bacterial diversity of such biofilms. To enable microbiota data comparison, it is important to standardize each step in the procedure for molecular data generation. This procedure spans from clinical sampling, Next Generation Sequencing (NGS), bioinformatic data processing, to taxonomic interpretation. One of the most critical factors here is biofilm sampling. Sampling in children is even more challenging in particular due to limited space in subgingival areas. We thus focus on the use of paper points for subgingival sampling. This article provides a detailed protocol for oral biofilm sampling of the subgingival sulcus, the mucosa, and saliva in children.

Changes in the oral microbiome throughout childhood are of growing interest. Comparison of different microbiome studies reveals a lack of standardized sampling protocols. Limited space makes sampling the sound subgingival sulcus of children challenging. Paper point sampling is presented here in detail as the method of choice for this area.

건강 한 아이에서 미생물 분석을 위한 구두 Biofilm 샘플링

Oral biofilm and its molecular analysis provide a basis for investigating various dental research and clinical questions. Knowledge of biofilm composition ...

Oral Health Assessment by Lay Personnel for Older Adults

Oral health is an often-undervalued contributor to overall health. The literature, however, underscores the myriad of systemic diseases influenced by oral health, including type II diabetes, heart disease, and atherosclerosis. Thus, assessments of oral health, called oral screenings, have a significant role in assessing risk of disease, managing disease, and even improving disease by oral care. Here we present a method to assess oral health quickly and consistently across time. The protocol is simple enough for non-oral health professionals such as students, family, and caregivers. Useful for any age of patient, the method is particularly key for older individuals who are often at risk of inflammation and chronic disease. Components of the method include existing oral health assessment scales and inventories, which are combined to produce a comprehensive assessment of oral health. Thus, oral characteristics assessed include intraoral and extraoral structures, soft and hard tissues, natural and artificial teeth, plaque, oral functions such as swallowing, and the impact this oral health status has on the patient&#39;s quality of life. Advantages of this method include its inclusion of measures and perceptions of both the observer and patient, and its ability to track changes in oral health over time. Results acquired are quantitative totals of questionnaire and oral screening items, which can be summed for an oral health status score. The scores of successive oral screenings can be used to track the progression of oral health across time and guide recommendations for both oral and overall health care.

The goal of this protocol is to enable non-dental professionals to assess oral health status for research or health-screening purposes. Aspects assessed include lips, tongue, soft and hard tissues, natural and artificial teeth, oral cleanliness, plaque, swallowing, and impact of oral health on quality of life.

노인을위한 평신도 직원에 의한 구강 건강 평가

Oral health is an often-undervalued contributor to overall health. The literature, however, underscores the myriad of systemic diseases influenced by oral ...

A Standardized Approach to Extra-Oral and Intra-Oral Digital Photography

Contemporary dentistry mandates a more comprehensive and personalized analysis of each patient. Technological advances in digital photography have played vital roles in diagnostic accuracy, treatment planning, execution of therapies, and outcome evaluations, including esthetic enhancement. Digital photography also provides an excellent platform for patient education, communication, and co-management of cases with other healthcare providers. However, intra-oral photography often faces challenges such as inaccessibility of areas to be captured, different moveable vs. fixed tissues involved, contamination with saliva or blood, and differing illumination needs on various locations. Thus, a more standardized and systematic approach is proposed for intra- and extra-oral documentation via digital photography to overcome the existing technical challenges. The current work will outline the appropriate equipment specifications (camera bodies, macro lens, and flashes), positions and postures of the operator and patients, proper techniques of tissue retraction, the use of appropriate intra-oral mirrors, and the essential elements such as aperture settings (F-stop), ISO, shutter speed, and white balance. This article aims to provide all dental professionals with an approachable linear array of guidelines to produce simplified and standardized visual tools for more efficient and effective documentation.

The present protocol describes a method to capture intra- and extra-oral photographs for digital documentation in the clinical practice of dentistry. The protocol highlights all the critical components involved and the commonly utilized settings to capture dental photographs for clinical documentation.

구강 외 및 구강 내 디지털 사진에 대한 표준화 된 접근 방식

Contemporary dentistry mandates a more comprehensive and personalized analysis of each patient. Technological advances in digital photography have played ...