Name: vacusip, an improved inex method for in situ measurement of particulate and dissolved compounds processed by active suspension feeders
Uploaded: 2016-08-03T11:00:00.000+00:00
Duration: 8 min 57 s
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about VacuSIP, an Improved InEx Method for In Situ Measurement of Particulate and Dissolved Compounds Processed by Active Suspension Feeders at JoVE.com

우리는 현장에서 자신의 도움을 MANEL 리바 감사합니다. 우리는 우리의 연구 및 샘플링 권한 그들의 지원을위한 &quot;파크 천연 델 Montgrì, 레 레스 메디아 나는 엘 Baix 테르&quot;에 감사하고 있습니다. 수중 매니퓰레이터는 Ayelet Dadon-Pilosof에 의해 설계된 씨 Pilosof에 의해 제작 하였다. 이 작품은 스페인 정부 프로젝트 CSI-산호 [RC 및 MR에 허가 번호 CGL2013-43106-R]에 의해 TM에 &quot;Ministerio 드 EDUCACION, Cultura y를 Deporte (MECD)&quot;에서 FPU의 교제에 의해 지원되었다. 이 G. 야헬에 카탈로니아 정부 [허가 번호 2014SGR1029]와 ISF 부여 13분의 1,280 및 BSF 보조금 2,012,089에 의해 자금 해양 생지 화학의 기여와 글로벌 변화 연구 그룹입니다.

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The authors have nothing to disclose.

준비 단계 DOM 및 영양 분석을 위해 수집 튜브 수집 용기 용해 마이크로 성분과 상호 작용할 수 있고, 샘플러 벽 성장 30-34, DOM 영양 컬렉션 상이한 바이알 테스트 한 세균에 대한 기판 일 수 있기 때문이다. 샘플 신속 (30) 냉동하지 않는 경우 유리 병은 최대 두 배 실리카의 초기 농도를 증가시킬 수 있기 때?...

저서 서스펜션 피더는 해양 생태계 (1)의 기능에 중요한 역할을한다. 물 2,3 대량 필터링함으로써, 그들은 제거하고 미립자 (플랑크톤과 암설) 및 (내부 및 참조) 용해 화합물 (1)을 배설 및 저서 - 원양 커플 링 4,5 영양 순환 6,7의 중요한 에이전트입니다. 정확하게 미립자 및 용해 화합물을 제거하고 (예 : 스폰지, 해초 강, 다모류 및 이매패 류 등) 저서 서스펜션 피더에 의해 배설을 측정하는 그들의 생리, 대사, 및 공급 생태를 이해하는 것이 필수적입니다. 함께 속도 측정을 펌핑하여, 또한 이러한 유기체 수질뿐 아니라 생태계 규모 과정에서 자신의 생태 영향에 의해 매개되는 영양소 플럭스의 정량화 할 수있다. 제거 및 생산 입자의 속도와 용해 닷컴을 측정하는 적절한 방법을 선택서스펜션 필터 피더에 의해 파운드는 먹이 활동 (8)에 관한 신뢰할 수있는 데이터를 얻기 위해 매우 중요하다. Riisgård 등 부적절한 방법 바이어스 결과가 지적한 바와 같이, 실험 조건을 왜곡 섭취와 특정 물질의 배설의 잘못된 추정을 생산,이 미생물에 의해 처리 된 영양 플럭스의 잘못된 정량화 될 수 있습니다. 두 가지 가장 자주 사용되는 방법은 배양 (간접 기술) 또는 주위의 동시 수집 및 호기 물 (직접 기술)를 포함하는 필터 피더의 입자 용해 영양 플럭스를 측정합니다. 배양 방법은 배양 물에 미립자의 농도로 용해 영양소의 변화율을 측정하고, 적절한 제어 8에 비해, 생산 제거 속도를 추정에 기초한다. 그러나, 배양 챔버에서 생물을 둘러싸는 자사의 feedin을 변경할 수 있습니다g 인해 및 / 또는 식품 농도, 또는 때문에 배설 배양 물 7,9의 화합물 (참고 문헌 내부)의 축적 산소의 감소로 인해 자연스러운 흐름 정권의 변화에 행동을 펌핑. 협착 및 변형 물 공급의 효과에 더하여, 배양 기술이 중요한 바이어스 재 여과 효과 (예 10 참조)로부터 유래한다. 이 방법론의 문제 중 일부가 배양 용기 (11)의 오른쪽 체적 형상을 사용하거나 반응계 12 재순환 벨자 시스템의 도입으로 극복되었지만,이 기술은 종종 분리 및 생산 속도를 과소. 이러한 용존 유기 질소 (DON)과 탄소 (DOC) 또는 무기 영양소로 용해 화합물의 신진 대사를 정량화, 배양 기술 (13)에 의해 발생하는 편견에 특히 발생하기 쉬운 것으로 입증되었습니다. 60 년대 후반과 70 년대 초반, 헨리 Reiswig에서9,14,15 별도로 현장에서 미생물에 의해 흡입과 호기 물을 샘플링하여, 거대한 카리브해 스폰지에 의해 입자 제거를 정량화하기 위해 직접 기술의 응용 프로그램을 개척했다. 작은 현탁액 공급기에보다 어려운 조건 중 Reiswig의 기술을 적용하는 어려움으로 인해,이 분야에 대한 연구의 대부분은 주로 간접 배양 기법을 이용한 16 (시험 관내) 실험실로 제한 하였다. 야헬와 동료들은 작은 규모의 환경에서 작업 할 현장 기술에 Reiswig의 직접적인을 튼튼. 그들의 방법은 INEX (16)라고, 방해받지 생물에 의해 (예) (에서) 흡입과 호기 물을 동시에 수중 샘플링을 기반으로합니다. 샘플 쌍 (INEX) 사이의 물질 (예를 들면, 박테리아)의 다양한 농도는 동물에 의한 물질의 보존 (또는 제조)의 측정치를 제공한다. INEX 기술은 개방형 튜브를 고용하고수동적으로 수집 튜브로 주변의 물을 대체 연구 유기체의 펌핑 활동에 의해 생성 된 excurrent 제트에 의존한다. 야헬 및 동료가 성공적으로 15 개 이상의 서로 다른 서스펜션의 연구에이 기술을 적용하고 있지만 분류군을 피더 (예를 들어, 17), 메소드가 일부 excurrent 오리피스의 소문자 크기에 의해, 필요한 연습과 경험의 높은 수준에 의해 제한되고,로 바다의 조건. 이러한 장애를 극복하기 위해, 우리는 예약 튜브를 통해 상기 샘플링 된 물 흡입 조절 (외경 &lt;1.6 mm)에 기초하여 대안적인 기술을 발전시켰다. 우리의 목표는 저서 서스펜션 피더의 excurrent 구멍으로 깨끗하고 아주 특정 지점에서 현장 물 샘플링 제어 허용 단순하고 안정적이며 저렴한 장치를 만드는 것이 었습니다. 효과적이기 위해서는, 상기 방법은 주위의 유동 체제 영향 또는 B를 수정하지 않도록 비 간섭이어야연구 된 생물의 ehavior. 여기에 제시된 장치 VacuSIP 불린다. 그것은 야헬 동부 등에 의해 개발 된 SIP 시스템의 단순화이다. 깊은 바다에서 ROV 기반 포인트 샘플링 (2007) 18. VacuSIP은 원래 SIP보다 훨씬 저렴하고는 스쿠버 기반 작업에 적용되고있다. 이 시스템은 실험실 설정에 대한 라이트와 스티븐스 (1978) 19 Møhlenberg 및 Riisgård (1978) (20)에 의해 제공되고 시험 원칙에 따라 설계되었습니다. VacuSIP 시스템 저서 현탁액 공급기의 대사 반응계의 연구를 위해 설계되었지만, 또한 실험 연구에 이용 될 수 있고, 제어 깨끗 포인트 소스 물 샘플 목적지가 요구된다. 현장 filtrations 또는 장기간 (최소 시간)에 걸쳐 통합이 필요한 경우 시스템이 특히 유용합니다. VacuSIP 2011 년 이후 야헬 실험실에서 성공적으로 사용하고, 또한이되었습니다카리브해와 지중해 스폰지 종 (21)에 의해 매개 영양 플럭스의 두 최근 연구에 사용 된 (Morganti 등. 제출). VacuSIP이 적용되는 특정 샘플러 장기간 샘플링 기간, 현장 조건의 사용은, 수집, 필터링하고 민감한 분석을위한 샘플을 저장하기위한 표준 프로토콜 해양 다소 차이를 수반한다. VacuSIP 시스템 또는 수집 후에 세균 활성에 의해 샘플링 물의 변형의 위험에 의한 오염의 위험을 줄이기 위해, 반응계 여과 및 저장 과정에서 각종 시험. 다른 여과 장치, 수집 용기 및 저장 절차 용존 무기 (PO 4 3-, NO X - NH 4 +, 그런가 4)의 분석에 가장 적합한 기술을 달성하기 위해 조사하고, 유기 (DOC + DON)를 화합물 및 초 플랑크톤 (&lt;1081; m) 및 입자상 유기 (POC + PON) 샘플링. 또, 특히 현장 조건 하에서, 오염의 위험을 최소화하기 위해, 처리 공정 수를 최소한으로 감소시켰다. 상기 방법은 제시되는 영상 포맷은 재현성을 용이하고 효율적으로하는 기술을 적용하는데 필요한 시간을 단축하도록 배향된다. 시스템 개요 2mm 작게 exhalant 오리피스와 서스펜션 피더에서 현장 펌핑 물 샘플, 각 시편의 펌핑 활동은 첫째 옆에 흡입 구멍 (들)과 excurrent 개구 (16)로부터의 흐름을 관찰에 형광 염색 해수를 여과 해제하여 가시화 (18 2B 그림도 참조). 연구 표본 (된 유입 및 excurrent)에 의해 흡입과 호기 물은 동시에 맞춤형 조작에 설치된 분 튜브의 한 쌍의 사용으로 또는 &quot;아칸소의 두에 샘플링거꾸로 유연한 휴대용 삼각대의 MS &quot;(그림 1 및 보충 비디오 1). 연구 유기체에 의해 흡입 물은 조심스럽게 내부 또는 연구 유기체의 흡입 구멍 근처에 하나 관의 기단부의 위치에 의해 수집된다. 동일한를 튜브는 다음 excurrent 구멍 안쪽에 위치한다.이 작업은 퇴적물 재 부유하여 예를 들어, 연락처 또는 동물의 방해를 피하기 위해 잘 관리해야합니다. 샘플링을 시작하려면, 다이버가 부착 된 주사기 바늘로 수집 용기에 격벽을 관통 샘플링 튜브를 통해 용기에 샘플링 된 물을 강제로 외부 수압 있도록 각각의 튜브의 말단부. 흡입 나란히 바이알에서 생성 된 진공에 의해 외부의 물과 배기 샘플 컨테이너의 압력 차에 의해 개시 . 호기의 물을 깨끗한 수집을 보장하고 AMBI의 실수로 흡입을 방지하기 위해엔트 물 (16)은 물 샘플링 레이트는 excurrent 유량보다 현저하게 낮은 비율 (&lt;10 %)로 유지 될 필요가있다. 흡입 속도는 상기 튜브의 길이와 내경 (ID)에 의해 제어된다. 작은 내경도 무시할 죽은 볼륨 (&lt;튜브의 미터 당 200 μL)을 보장한다. 장기간 (시간 분)에 걸쳐 샘플링이 가능 관심의 대부분 물질의 고유 patchiness를 통합 할 수 있습니다. 샘플을 적절하게 실험실로 운송뿐만 아니라 장시간 수중 샘플링 세션에서 유지되는 것을 보장하기 위해 현장 여과에 민감한 분석하는 것이 좋습니다. 샘플링 용기, 여과 어셈블리 및 튜브의 선택은 연구 생물 및 특정 연구 문제에 의해 결정된다. 아래에서 설명하는 프로토콜은 전체 신진 대사 프로필 (개요는 그림 2 참조) 관심이 있다고 가정합니다. 그러나, 프로토콜의 모듈 특성은 F 허용또는 쉽게 수정은 단순 또는 매우 다른 샘플링 방식을 수용한다. 전체 대사 프로파일 샘플링 프로토콜은 다음 단계를 포함한다 : (1) 유동 가시화하는 단계; (2) 샘플링 초 플랑크톤의 먹이 (플랑크톤 &lt;10 μm의); (3) (인라인 필터를 사용하여) 무기 영양소의 흡수와 배설을 샘플링; (4) 샘플링 유기 흡수와 배설을 용해 (인라인 필터를 사용) (5) 미립자 공급 및 배설 (인라인 필터를 사용) (6) 2 단계를 반복합니다 (품질 검사 등 매우 플랑크톤 먹이); (7) 시각화 흐름. 논리적으로 가능한, 그 대사 프로파일 측정 속도 펌프와 결합되는 것이되는 경우 (예를 들면, 염료 프론트 속도에있어서, 16)뿐만 아니라, 호흡 측정과. 이러한 측정은 최고의 샘플링 세션의 시작과 끝에서 수행된다. 호흡 측정, 수중 optodes 또는 마이크로 전극이 바람직하다.

<table><tbody><tr><td>GorillaPod, Original</td><td>Joby</td><td>GP000001</td><td>flexible portable tripod&amp;nbsp;</td></tr><tr><td>Flangeless Ferrule</td><td>IDEX Health &amp;amp; Science&amp;nbsp;</td><td>P-200X</td><td>1/16&quot; in Blue/pk</td></tr><tr><td>Male Nut</td><td>IDEX Health &amp;amp; Science</td><td>P-205X&amp;nbsp;</td><td>1/16&quot; in Green/10&amp;nbsp;pk</td></tr><tr><td>Female to Female Luer</td><td>IDEX Health &amp;amp; Science&amp;nbsp;</td><td>P-658</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Female-Male Luer</td><td>IDEX Health &amp;amp; Science&amp;nbsp;</td><td>P-655</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Peek Tubing (254&amp;nbsp;&amp;micro;m ID)</td><td>IDEX Health &amp;amp; Science&amp;nbsp;</td><td>1531</td><td>1/16&quot; OD x 0.01&amp;nbsp;in ID x 5&amp;nbsp;ft length. Alternative ID can be used.</td></tr><tr><td>Two component resin epoxy</td><td>IVEGOR</td><td>9257</td><td>Mix well the two component resin before use</td></tr><tr><td>(TOC) EPA Vials</td><td>Cole -Parmer</td><td>03756-20</td><td>40 ml glass vials. Manufactured also by Thomas Scientific (ref. number 9711F09).</td></tr><tr><td>HDPE Vials</td><td>Wheaton</td><td>986701 (E78620)</td><td>20 ml high-density polyethylene vials</td></tr><tr><td>Vacuette Z no additive</td><td>Greiner bio-one</td><td>455001</td><td>pre-vacuum by the manufacturer&amp;nbsp;</td></tr><tr><td>Septum Sample Bottles</td><td>Thomas Scientific</td><td>1755C01</td><td>250 ml glass bottles&amp;nbsp;</td></tr><tr><td>Septum Cap 1</td><td>Wheaton</td><td>W240844SP (E7865R)</td><td>22-400 for HDPE vials&amp;nbsp;</td></tr><tr><td>Septum Cap 2</td><td>Wheaton</td><td>W240846 (1078-5553)</td><td>24-400 for glass vials and bottles. Also manufactured by Thermo Scientific National (ref. 03-377-42).</td></tr><tr><td>In-line stainless steel Swinney Filter holders</td><td>Pall</td><td>516-9067</td><td>13 mm of diameter</td></tr><tr><td>PTFE Seal Washer</td><td>Pall&amp;nbsp;</td><td>516-8064</td><td>ring for stainless steel filter holders</td></tr><tr><td>TCLP Glass Filters</td><td>Pall&amp;nbsp;</td><td>516-9126</td><td>binder-free glass fiber filters, 13&amp;nbsp;mm of diameter, pore size 0.7&amp;nbsp;&amp;micro;m</td></tr><tr><td>Polycarbonate Filter Holders</td><td>Cole -Parmer</td><td>17295</td><td>13 mm of diameter</td></tr><tr><td>Isopore Membrane Filters</td><td>Millipore</td><td>GTTP01300</td><td>13&amp;nbsp;mm of diameter, pore size 0.2&amp;nbsp;&amp;micro;m</td></tr><tr><td>Contrad 70 Solution&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Decon Labs</td><td>1002</td><td>highly soluble basic mix of anionic and non-ionic surfactant solution&amp;nbsp;</td></tr><tr><td>Sterile Syringe Filters</td><td>VWR International Eurolab S.L.</td><td>514-0061P</td><td>25&amp;nbsp;mm of diameter , pore size 0.2&amp;nbsp;&amp;micro;m</td></tr><tr><td>Fluorescein</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>(old ref.28802) 46955-100G</td><td>100&amp;nbsp;g</td></tr><tr><td>Holdex, disposable,sterile</td><td>Greiner bio-one</td><td>450263</td><td>sterile, single-use tube holder with off-center luer for Vacuette</td></tr><tr><td>Sterile Needles</td><td>IcoGammaPlus</td><td>5160</td><td>0.7&amp;nbsp;mm x 30&amp;nbsp;mm</td></tr><tr><td>Cryovials Nalgene</td><td>Nalgene</td><td>V5007(Cat. No.5000-0020)</td><td>2&amp;nbsp;ml</td></tr><tr><td>Cryobox carton&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Rubilabor</td><td>M-600</td><td>145x145x55&amp;nbsp;mm p/microtube 1.5&amp;nbsp;ml</td></tr><tr><td>Orthophosphoric Acid</td><td>Sigma</td><td>79617 or Alternatively use Ultra-Pure Hydrochloric acid, final concertation 0.1%</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Paraformaldehyde</td><td>Sigma</td><td>P6148</td><td>500&amp;nbsp;g</td></tr><tr><td>Glutaraldehyde</td><td>Merck</td><td>8,206,031,000</td><td>25%, 1 L</td></tr><tr><td>Hand Vacuum Pump&amp;nbsp;</td><td>B&amp;uuml;rkle&amp;nbsp;</td><td>5620-2181 or Alternatively use standard laboratory vacuum pump</td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

vacusip, an improved inex method for in situ measurement of particulate and dissolved compounds processed by active suspension feeders

Benthic suspension feeders play essential roles in the functioning of marine ecosystems. By filtering large volumes of water, removing plankton and detritus, and excreting particulate and dissolved compounds, they serve as important agents for benthic-pelagic coupling. Accurately measuring the compounds removed and excreted by suspension feeders (such as sponges, ascidians, polychaetes, bivalves) is crucial for the study of their physiology, metabolism, and feeding ecology, and is fundamental to determine the ecological relevance of the nutrient fluxes mediated by these organisms. However, the assessment of the rate by which suspension feeders process particulate and dissolved compounds in nature is restricted by the limitations of the currently available methodologies. Our goal was to develop a simple, reliable, and non-intrusive method that would allow clean and controlled water sampling from a specific point, such as the excurrent aperture of benthic suspension feeders, in situ. Our method allows simultaneous sampling of inhaled and exhaled water of the studied organism by using minute tubes installed on a custom-built manipulator device and carefully positioned inside the exhalant orifice of the sampled organism. Piercing a septum on the collecting vessel with a syringe needle attached to the distal end of each tube allows the external pressure to slowly force the sampled water into the vessel through the sampling tube. The slow and controlled sampling rate allows integrating the inherent patchiness in the water while ensuring contamination free sampling. We provide recommendations for the most suitable filtering devices, collection vessel, and storing procedures for the analyses of different particulate and dissolved compounds. The VacuSIP system offers a reliable method for the quantification of undisturbed suspension feeder metabolism in natural conditions that is cheap and easy to learn and apply to assess the physiology and functional role of filter feeders in different ecosystems.

해수 수집 방법의 최적화 컬렉터 튜브 및 청소 절차의 선택 VacuSIP 호환 수집 용기 샘플링 주사기 바늘 관통에 의해 개시 될 수있는 격벽을 가져야한다. 그들은 높은 수중 압력 (수심 작업 일반적인 스쿠버에서 2-3 바)를 견딜 수 있어야하며 진공을 ?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about VacuSIP, an Improved InEx Method for In Situ Measurement of Particulate and Dissolved Compounds Processed by Active Suspension Feeders at JoVE.com

VacuSIP, an Improved InEx Method for In Situ Measurement of Particulate and Dissolved Compounds Processed by Active Suspension Feeders

We introduce the VacuSIP, a simple, non-intrusive, and reliable method for clean and accurate point sampling of water. The system was developed and evaluated for the simultaneous collection of the water inhaled and exhaled by benthic suspension feeders in situ, to cleanly measure removal and excretion of particulate and dissolved compounds.

VacuSIP, 개선 INEX 방법에 대한<em&gt; 현장에서</em&gt; 미립자의 측정 및 용존 화합물은 액티브 서스펜션 피더에 의해 처리

Benthic suspension feeders play essential roles in the functioning of marine ecosystems. By filtering large volumes of water, removing plankton and ...

vacusip-an-improved-inex-method-for-situ-measurement-particulate

Research

JoVE Journal

Environment

VacuSIP, an Improved InEx Method for In Situ Measurement of Particulate and Dissolved Compounds Processed by Active Suspension Feeders

10.8K 조회수.  Centre d’Estudis Avançats de Blanes (CEAB-CSIC). We introduce the VacuSIP, a simple, non-intrusive, and reliable method for clean and accurate point sampling of water. The system was developed and evaluated for the simultaneous collection of the water inhaled and exhaled by benthic suspension feeders in situ, to cleanly measure removal and excretion of particulate and dissolved compounds.

비디오: VacuSIP, an Improved InEx Method for In Situ Measurement of Particulate and Dissolved Compounds Processed by Active Suspension Feeders

Quantitatively Measuring In situ Flows using a Self-Contained Underwater Velocimetry Apparatus (SCUVA)

The ability to directly measure velocity fields in a fluid environment is necessary to provide empirical data for studies in fields as diverse as oceanography, ecology, biology, and fluid mechanics. Field measurements introduce practical challenges such as environmental conditions, animal availability, and the need for field-compatible measurement techniques. To avoid these challenges, scientists typically use controlled laboratory environments to study animal-fluid interactions. However, it is reasonable to question whether one can extrapolate natural behavior (i.e., that which occurs in the field) from laboratory measurements. Therefore, in situ quantitative flow measurements are needed to accurately describe animal swimming in their natural environment.
We designed a self-contained, portable device that operates independent of any connection to the surface, and can provide quantitative measurements of the flow field surrounding an animal. This apparatus, a self-contained underwater velocimetry apparatus (SCUVA), can be operated by a single scuba diver in depths up to 40 m. Due to the added complexity inherent of field conditions, additional considerations and preparation are required when compared to laboratory measurements. These considerations include, but are not limited to, operator motion, predicting position of swimming targets, available natural suspended particulate, and orientation of SCUVA relative to the flow of interest. The following protocol is intended to address these common field challenges and to maximize measurement success.

Quantitatively Measuring In situ Flows using a Self-Contained Underwater Velocimetry Apparatus SCUVA

This protocol provides instructions on how to use a self-contained underwater velocimetry apparatus (SCUVA), which is designed for quantification of in situ animal-generated flows. In addition, this protocol addresses challenges posed by field conditions, and includes operator motion, predicting position of animals, and orientation of SCUVA.

양적 측정 현장에서</em독립적인 수중 Velocimetry 장치 (SCUVA)을 사용하여> 흐름

The ability to directly measure velocity fields in a fluid environment is necessary to provide empirical data for studies in fields as diverse as ...

연구

생체공학

Clean Sampling and Analysis of River and Estuarine Waters for Trace Metal Studies

Most of the trace metal concentrations in ambient waters obtained a few decades ago have been considered unreliable owing to the lack of contamination control. Developments of some techniques aiming to reduce trace metal contamination in the last couple of decades have resulted in concentrations reported now being orders of magnitude lower than those in the past. These low concentrations often necessitate preconcentration of water samples prior to instrumental analysis of samples. Since contamination can appear in all phases of trace metal analyses, including sample collection (and during preparation of sampling containers), storage and handling, pretreatments, and instrumental analysis, specific care needs to be taken in order to reduce contamination levels at all steps. The effort to develop and utilize "clean techniques" in trace metal studies allows scientists to investigate trace metal distributions and chemical and biological behavior in greater details. This advancement also provides the required accuracy and precision of trace metal data allowing for environmental conditions to be related to trace metal concentrations in aquatic environments.
This protocol that is presented here details needed materials for sample preparation, sample collection, sample pretreatment including preconcentration, and instrumental analysis. By reducing contamination throughout all phases mentioned above for trace metal analysis, much lower detection limits and thus accuracy can be achieved. The effectiveness of "clean techniques" is further demonstrated using low field blanks and good recoveries for standard reference material. The data quality that can be obtained thus enables the assessment of trace metal distributions and their relationships to environmental parameters.

Special care using "clean techniques" is required to properly collect and process water samples for trace metal studies in aquatic environments. A protocol for sampling, processing, and analytical procedures with the aim of obtaining reliable environmental monitoring data and results with high sensitivity for detailed trace metal studies is presented.

클린 샘플링 및 추적 금속 연구 강 하구 바다의 분석

Most of the trace metal concentrations in ambient waters obtained a few decades ago have been considered unreliable owing to the lack of contamination ...

환경과학

Continuous Instream Monitoring of Nutrients and Sediment in Agricultural Watersheds

Pollutant concentrations and loads in watersheds vary considerably with time and space. Accurate and timely information on the magnitude of pollutants in water resources is a prerequisite for understanding the drivers of the pollutant loads and for making informed water resource management decisions. The commonly used &#34;grab sampling&#34; method provides the concentrations of pollutants at the time of sampling (i.e., a snapshot concentration) and may under- or overpredict the pollutant concentrations and loads. Continuous monitoring of nutrients and sediment has recently received more attention due to advances in computing, sensing technology, and storage devices. This protocol demonstrates the use of sensors, sondes, and instrumentation to continuously monitor in situ nitrate, ammonium, turbidity, pH, conductivity, temperature, and dissolved oxygen (DO) and to calculate the loads from two streams (ditches) in two agricultural watersheds. With the proper calibration, maintenance, and operation of sensors and sondes, good water quality data can be obtained by overcoming challenging conditions such as fouling and debris buildup. The method can also be used in watersheds of various sizes and characterized by agricultural, forested, and/or urban land.

With the advancement of technology and the rise in end-user expectations, the need and use of higher temporal resolution data for pollutant load estimation has increased. This protocol describes a method for continuous in situ water quality monitoring to obtain higher temporal resolution data for informed water resource management decisions.

연속 Instream 영양분과 농업 Watersheds에 앙금의 모니터링

Pollutant concentrations and loads in watersheds vary considerably with time and space. Accurate and timely information on the magnitude of pollutants in ...

Capturing Flow-weighted Water and Suspended Particulates from Agricultural Canals During Drainage Events

The purpose of this study is to describe the methods used to capture flow-weighted water and suspended particulates from farm canals during drainage discharge events. Farm canals can be enriched by nutrients such as phosphorus (P) that are susceptible to transport. Phosphorus in the form of suspended particulates can significantly contribute to the overall P loads in drainage water. A settling tank experiment was conducted to capture suspended particulates during discrete drainage events. Farm canal discharge water was collected in a series of two 200 L settling tanks over the entire duration of the drainage event, so as to represent a composite subsample of the water being discharged. Imhoff settling cones are ultimately used to settle out the suspended particulates. This is achieved by siphoning water from the settling tanks via the cones. The particulates are then collected for physico-chemical analyses.

Nutrients present in particulate form can contribute significantly to the overall loads in agricultural drainage waters. This study describes a novel method to capture flow-weighted water and suspended particulates from farm canal drainage over the entire duration of the drainage event.

배수 이벤트 기간 동안 흐름 중 물과 농업 운하에서 일시 중단 된 입자를 캡처

The purpose of this study is to describe the methods used to capture flow-weighted water and suspended particulates from farm canals during drainage ...

Continuous Hydrologic and Water Quality Monitoring of Vernal Ponds

Vernal ponds, also referred to as vernal pools, provide critical ecosystem services and habitat for a variety of threatened and endangered species. However, they are vulnerable parts of the landscapes that are often poorly understood and understudied. Land use and management practices, as well as climate change are thought to be a contribution to the global amphibian decline. However, more research is needed to understand the extent of these impacts. Here, we present methodology for characterizing a vernal pond's morphology and detail a monitoring station that can be used to collect water quantity and quality data over the duration of a vernal pond's hydroperiod. We provide methodology for how to conduct field surveys to characterize the morphology and develop stage-storage curves for a vernal pond. Additionally, we provide methodology for monitoring the water level, temperature, pH, oxidation-reduction potential, dissolved oxygen, and electrical conductivity of water in a vernal pond, as well as monitoring rainfall data. This information can be used to better quantify the ecosystem services that vernal ponds provide and the impacts of anthropogenic activities on their ability to provide these services.

Understanding the ecosystem services and processes provided by vernal ponds and the impacts of anthropogenic activities on their ability to provide these services requires intensive hydrologic monitoring. This sampling protocol using in-situ monitoring equipment was developed to understand the impact of anthropogenic activities on water levels and quality.

지속적인 문학적 품질 모니터링 Vernal 연못의 물

Vernal ponds, also referred to as vernal pools, provide critical ecosystem services and habitat for a variety of threatened and endangered species. ...

An Ultra-clean Multilayer Apparatus for Collecting Size Fractionated Marine Plankton and Suspended Particles

The distributions of many trace elements in the ocean are strongly associated with the growth, death, and re-mineralization of marine plankton and those of suspended/sinking particles. Here, we present an all plastic (Polypropylene and Polycarbonate), multi-layer filtration system for collection of suspended particulate matter (SPM) at sea. This ultra-clean sampling device has been designed and developed specifically for trace element studies. Meticulous selection of all non-metallic materials and utilization of an in-line flow-through procedure minimizes any possible metal contamination during sampling. This system has been successfully tested and tweaked for determining trace metals (e.g., Fe, Al, Mn, Cd, Cu, Ni) on particles of varying size in coastal and open ocean waters. Results from the South China Sea at the South East Asia Time-Series (SEATS) station indicate that diurnal variations and spatial distribution of plankton in the euphotic zone can be easily resolved and recognized. Chemical analysis of size-fractionated particles in surface waters of the Taiwan Strait suggests that the larger particles (&#62;153 &#181;m) were mostly biologically derived, while the smaller particles (10 - 63 &#181;m) were mostly composed of inorganic matter. Apart from Cd, the concentrations of metals (Fe, Al, Mn, Cu, Ni) decreased with increasing size.

Plankton and suspended particles play a major role in the biogeochemical cycles in the ocean. Here, we provide an ultra-clean, low stress method for the collection of various sizes of particles and plankton at sea with the capability of handling large volumes of seawater.

크기 분류 한 해양 플랑크톤과 중단된 한 입자를 수집 하기 위해 매우 깨끗 한 다층 기구

The distributions of many trace elements in the ocean are strongly associated with the growth, death, and re-mineralization of marine plankton and those ...

Design and Use of an Apparatus for Quantifying Bivalve Suspension Feeding at Sea

As shellfish aquaculture moves from coastal embayments and estuaries to offshore locations, the need to quantify ecosystem interactions of farmed bivalves (i.e., mussels, oysters, and clams) presents new challenges. Quantitative data on the feeding behavior of suspension-feeding mollusks is necessary to determine important ecosystem interactions of offshore shellfish farms, including their carrying capacity, the competition with the zooplankton community, the availability of trophic resources at different depths, and the deposition to the benthos. The biodeposition method is used to quantify feeding variables in suspension-feeding bivalves in a natural setting and represents a more realistic proxy than laboratory experiments. This method, however, relies upon a stable platform to satisfy the requirements that water flow rates supplied to the shellfish remain constant and the bivalves are undisturbed. A flow-through device and process for using the biodeposition method to quantify the feeding of bivalve mollusks were modified from a land-based format for shipboard use by building a two-dimensional gimbal table around the device. Planimeter data reveal a minimal pitch and yaw of the chambers containing the test shellfish despite boat motion, the flow rates within the chambers remain constant, and operators are able to collect the biodeposits (feces and pseudofeces) with sufficient consistency to obtain accurate measurements of the bivalve clearance, filtration, selection, ingestion, rejection, and absorption at offshore shellfish aquaculture sites.

A flow-through device for using the biodeposition method to quantify filtration and feeding behavior of bivalve mollusks was modified for shipboard use. A two-dimensional gimbal table built around the device isolates the apparatus from boat motion, thereby allowing the accurate quantification of bivalve filtration variables at offshore shellfish aquaculture sites.

디자인 및 쌍 각 조개 서 스 펜 션 바다에서 먹이 측정 기구 사용

As shellfish aquaculture moves from coastal embayments and estuaries to offshore locations, the need to quantify ecosystem interactions of farmed bivalves ...

In Situ Chemotaxis Assay to Examine Microbial Behavior in Aquatic Ecosystems

Microbial behaviors, such as motility and chemotaxis (the ability of a cell to alter its movement in response to a chemical gradient), are widespread across the bacterial and archaeal domains. Chemotaxis can result in substantial resource acquisition advantages in heterogeneous environments. It also plays a crucial role in symbiotic interactions, disease, and global processes, such as biogeochemical cycling. However, current techniques restrict chemotaxis research to the laboratory and are not easily applicable in the field. Presented here is a step-by-step protocol for the deployment of the in situ chemotaxis assay (ISCA), a device that enables robust interrogation of microbial chemotaxis directly in the natural environment. The ISCA is a microfluidic device consisting of a 20 well array, in which chemicals of interest can be loaded. Once deployed in aqueous environments, chemicals diffuse out of the wells, creating concentration gradients that microbes sense and respond to by swimming into the wells via chemotaxis. The well contents can then be sampled and used to (1) quantify strength of the chemotactic responses to specific compounds through flow cytometry, (2) isolate and culture responsive microorganisms, and (3) characterize the identity and genomic potential of the responding populations through molecular techniques. The ISCA is a flexible platform that can be deployed in any system with an aqueous phase, including marine, freshwater, and soil environments.

Presented here is the protocol for an in situ chemotaxis assay, a recently developed microfluidic device that enables studies of microbial behavior directly in the environment.

수생 생태계에서 미생물 행동을 검사하는 시투 화학 분석분석

Microbial behaviors, such as motility and chemotaxis (the ability of a cell to alter its movement in response to a chemical gradient), are widespread ...

Microparticle Manipulation by Standing Surface Acoustic Waves with Dual-frequency Excitations

We demonstrate a method for increasing the tuning ability of a standing surface acoustic wave (SSAW) for microparticles manipulation in a lab-on-a-chip (LOC) system. The simultaneous excitation of the fundamental frequency and its third harmonic, which is termed as dual-frequency excitation, to a pair of interdigital transducers (IDTs) could generate a new type of standing acoustic waves in a microfluidic channel. Varying the power and the phase in the dual-frequency excitation signals results in a reconfigurable field of the acoustic radiation force applied to the microparticles across the microchannel (e.g., the number and location of the pressure nodes and the microparticle concentrations at the corresponding pressure nodes). This article demonstrates that the motion time of the microparticle to only one pressure node can be reduced ~2-fold at the power ratio of the fundamental frequency greater than ~90%. In contrast, there are three pressure nodes in the microchannel if less than this threshold. Furthermore, adjusting the initial phase between the fundamental frequency and the third harmonic results in different motion rates of the three SSAW pressure nodes, as well as in the percentage of microparticles at each pressure node in the microchannel. There is a good agreement between the experimental observation and the numerical predictions. This novel excitation method can easily and non-invasively integrate into the LOC system, with a wide tenability and only a few changes to the experimental set-up.

A protocol for manipulating the microparticles in a microfluidic channel with a dual-frequency excitation is presented.

듀얼 주파수 업무가 표면 음향 파도 서 서 Microparticle 조작

We demonstrate a method for increasing the tuning ability of a standing surface acoustic wave (SSAW) for microparticles manipulation in a lab-on-a-chip ...

공학

Dissolved Solute Sampling Across an Oxic-Anoxic Soil-Water Interface Using Microdialysis Profilers

Biogeochemical processes shift rapidly in both spatial (millimeter scale) and temporal (hour scale to day scale) dimensions at the oxic-anoxic interface in response to disturbances. Deciphering the rapid biogeochemical changes requires in situ, minimally invasive tools with high spatial and temporal sampling resolution. However, the available passive sampling devices are not very useful in many cases either due to their disposable nature or the complexity and extensive workload for sample preparation.
To address this problem, a microdialysis profiler with 33 individual polyethersulfone nanomembrane tubes (semipermeable, &#60;20 nm pore size) integrated into the one-dimensional skeleton (60 mm) was established to iteratively sample the dissolved compounds in porewater across the soil-water interface at a high resolution of 1.8 mm (outer diameter plus one spacing, i.e., 0.1 mm between probes). The sampling mechanism is based on the principle of concentration gradient diffusion. The automatic loading of degassed water allows minimal disturbance to the chemical species across the oxic-anoxic interface.
This paper describes the procedures of device setup and continuous porewater sampling across the soil-water interface on a daily basis. Concentration-depth profiles were selectively measured before (on Day 6) and after (on Day 7) disturbances induced by irrigation. The results showed that concentration-depth profiles were undergoing rapid changes, especially for redox-sensitive elements (i.e., iron and arsenic). These protocols can help investigate the biogeochemical responses across the soil-water interface under various disturbances caused by physical, chemical, and biological factors. The paper thoroughly discusses the advantages and disadvantages of this method for potential use in the environmental sciences.

A microdialysis profiler is described to sample dissolved porewater solutes across an oxic-anoxic soil-water interface in situ with minimal disturbance. This device is designed to capture rapid changes in concentration-depth profiles induced by disturbances at the soil-water interface and beyond.

Microdialysis Profilers를 사용한 Oxic-Anoxic 토양-물 계면에서의 용존 용질 샘플링

Biogeochemical processes shift rapidly in both spatial (millimeter scale) and temporal (hour scale to day scale) dimensions at the oxic-anoxic interface ...

VacuSIP, 개선 INEX 방법에 대한

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