Name: laboratory production of biofuels and biochemicals from a rapeseed oil through catalytic cracking conversion
Uploaded: 2016-09-02T15:00:00.000+00:00
Duration: 11 min 33 s
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Laboratory Production of Biofuels and Biochemicals from a Rapeseed Oil through Catalytic Cracking Conversion at JoVE.com

저자는 합성 원유를 공급하는 자사의 기술 지원 CanmetENERGY 기술 센터 및 Suncor는 에너지 Inc.의 분석 실험실을 감사드립니다. 이 연구의 일부 자금은 캐나다 천연 자원 및 프로젝트 ID의 A22.015와 에너지 연구 개발 (PERD) 캐나다의 부서 간 프로그램의 정부에 의해 제공되었다. 이순신 장은 그의 자연 과학 및 2016년 1월에서 2015년 1월까지 캐나다 방문 원정대의 공학 연구위원회 (NSERC)을 인정하고 싶습니다.

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저자는 더 경쟁 재정적 이해 관계가 없음을 선언합니다.

여기에 설명 된 프로토콜 균열 공급 오일 및 촉매 재생을 시뮬레이션 유동화 촉매 입자의 배치를 함유하는 단일 반응기의 반복 연산을 이용한다. 오일을 유동층의 하부에 가까운 선단 가진 분사기 튜브를 통해 예열 상부로부터 공급되는 금한다. 접촉 분해 후 생성 된 증기는 응축되어 수신기에서 수집하고, 수집 된 액상 제품이어서 다른 비점 범위의 분획의 수율을 결정하도록 시뮬레이션 된 증?...

바이오 매스 유래 원료로부터 운송 연료를 생산하는 효율적이고 경제적 인 수단을 찾을 수있는 모두 민간 및 공공 부문에서 강력한 글로벌 관심이있다. 이 관심은 온실 가스 (GHG) 배출과 지구 온난화 관련 공헌에 석유 화석 연료 연소의 실질적인 기여를 통해 일반적인 관심사에 의해 구동된다. 또한, 신 재생 국내 액체 연료와 해외 생산 석유를 대체하는 북미와 유럽에서 강력한 정치적 의지가있다. 2008 년 바이오 연료는 세계 수송 연료 (1)의 1.8 %를 제공했다. 많은 선진국에서, 바이오 가까운 미래이 석유 연료의 10 %가 6 %로 교체하는 것이 필요하다. 캐나다에서는 규정 3. 유럽의 신 재생 에너지 지침 (RED)도 유럽 연합 (EU) 트랜스에 대한 10 %의 재생 에너지 목표를 의무화하고있다 2010년 12월 15일 시작 가솔린 5 %의 평균 재생 연료의 컨텐츠를 필요2020 4에 의해 포트 부문. 문제는 개발 및 바이오 매스에서 대체 가능한 운송 연료를 생산하기 위해 가능한 경제 경로를 보여왔다. 생물 소스는 나무 조각, 숲 폐기물, 농업 잔류 물과 같은 중성 지방 기반의 식물성 오일과 동물성 지방 등의 바이오 매스뿐만 아니라 폐 식용유와 셀룰로오스 바이오 매스를 포함한다. 지난 20 년간 연구가 사용한 바이오 매스 유래의 오일 처리의 평가에 집중하고 통상 (FCC) 5 유체 촉매 크래킹 - (12), 석유 정제에 가솔린 대부분 생산을 담당하는 기술. 이 연구에서 우리의 새로운 접근 방식은 오일 샌드 역청 유래 원료와 혼합에 공동 처리 카놀라 오일입니다. 일반적으로, 역청이 같은 합성 원유로 정제 원료를 생산, 정제하기 전에 업그레이드해야합니다 (SCO)의 처리 경로가 온실 가스 emissi의 68~78%를 차지, 특히 에너지 집약적 인격적기능 캐나다의 총 온실 가스 배출량 (14)의 2.6 %를 구성하는 2011 년 SCO 생산 (13),에서. 바이오 연료 생산이 훨씬 적은 탄소 배출량을 포함하기 때문에 biofeed 업그레이드 HGO의 일부를 교체, 온실 가스 배출을 감소시킬 것이다. 는 캐나다와 미국이 풍부하기 때문에 카놀라 오일은이 연구에서 선택된다. 이 원료는 FCC 성능이나 제품 품질에 영향을 미칠 수있는 황, 질소 및 금속의 내용 무시할 동안 HGOs 마찬가지의 밀도 및 점도를 갖는다. 또한,이 코 프로세싱 옵션은 작은 추가적인 하드웨어 또는 정제의 수정을 요구할 것이고, 따라서, 기존의 정제 인프라 활용을 허용하는 것처럼 상당한 기술적 및 경제적 이점을 제공한다. 또한, 고도의 방향족 역청이 직쇄 매스 상대와 공동 피드를 처리 할 때 제품의 품질 향상을 일으킬 수 가능성이 시너지 효과가있을 수있다. 그러나, 공동 처리중요한 기술적 과제를 포함한다. 높은 산소 함량, 파라핀이 풍부한 조성물, 석유 공급 원료와의 호환성, 오염 가능성 등 이러한 바이오 피드의 독특한 물리적, 화학적 특성을 포함 이 연구는 촉매 분해를 통해 카놀라유에서 실험실 규모에서 바이오 연료의 생산을위한 상세한 프로토콜을 제공합니다. 완전 자동화 된 반응 시스템 - 실험실 테스트 유닛 (LTU) 등이 작품에 언급 된 15 -이 작업에 사용되는이 기기의 작동 개략적 방법 1은 그림.. 이 LTU는 실험실 FCC 연구를위한 업계 표준이되었습니다. 이 연구의 목적은 GHG 배출 경감을 목표로 연료 및 화학 물질을 생산하는 카놀라유 크래킹에 대한 LTU의 적합성을 테스트하는 것이다. <img alt="그림 1" src="/files/ftp_upload/54390/54390fig1.jpg" /> 그림 1 : 개념 illustratio의 흐름 선을 표시하는 반응. 그림의 n은 촉매, 사료, 제품 및 희석제. <a href="https://www.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/54390/54390fig1large.jpg" target="_blank">이 그림의 더 큰 버전을 보려면 여기를 클릭하십시오.</a>

<table><tbody><tr><td>Advanced Cracking Evaluation (ACE) Unit</td><td>Kayser Technology Inc.</td><td>ACE R+ 46</td><td>Assembled by Zeton Inc. SN:505-46; consisting of (1) a reactor; (2) catalyst addition system; (3) feed delivery system; (4) liquid collection system; (5) gas collection system; (6) gas analyzing system; (7) catalyst regeneration system; (8) CO catalytic convertor; (9) coke analyzing system</td></tr><tr><td>Reactor (ACE)</td><td>Kayser Technology Inc.</td><td>V-105</td><td>A 1.6 cm ID stainless steel tube having a tapered conical bottom and with a diluent (nitrogen) flowing from the bottom to fluidize the catalyst and also serve as the stripping gas at the end of the run</td></tr><tr><td>Catalyst Addition System (ACE)</td><td>Kayser Technology Inc.</td><td></td><td>Six hoppers (V-120F, with respective valves) for addition of catalyst for up to 6 runs</td></tr><tr><td>Feed Delivery System (ACE)</td><td>Kayser Technology Inc.</td><td></td><td>Consisting of feed bottle (V-100), syringe (FS-115), pump (P-100), and injector (with 1.125 inch injector height, &lt;em&gt;i.e.&lt;/em&gt;, the distance from the lowest point of the conical reactor bottom to the bottom end of the feed injector)</td></tr><tr><td>Liquid Collection System (ACE)</td><td>Kayser Technology Inc.</td><td></td><td>Six liquid receivers (V-110F) immersed in a common coolant bath (Ethylene glycol/water mixture in 50:50 mass ratio) at about &amp;ndash;15 &amp;deg;C in a large tank (V-145)</td></tr><tr><td>Gas Collection System (ACE)</td><td>Kayser Technology Inc.</td><td></td><td>Based on water displacement principle; consisting of gas collection vessel (V-150) with a motor-driven stirrer (MTR-100), and a weight scale (WT-100) for weighing the displaced water collected in a beaker (V-160).</td></tr><tr><td>Gas Analyzing System (ACE)</td><td>Kayser Technology Inc.</td><td></td><td>Key element being Agilent micro GC (model 3000A) with four capillary columns equipped with respective thermal conductivity detectors (TCDs)&amp;nbsp;</td></tr><tr><td>Catalyst Regeneration System (ACE)</td><td>Kayser Technology Inc.</td><td>V-105</td><td>Spent catalyst in reactor being burned &lt;em&gt;in situ&lt;/em&gt; in air at +700 &amp;deg;C to ensure complete removal of carbon deposited on the catalyst</td></tr><tr><td>CO Catalytic Convertor&amp;nbsp; (ACE)</td><td>Kayser Technology Inc.</td><td></td><td>A reactor (V-140) with CuO as catalyst to oxidize any CO and hydrocarbons in exhausted flue gas to CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; (to be analyzed by IR gas analyzer) and H&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;O (to be absorbed by a dryer)</td></tr><tr><td>Coke Analyzing System (ACE)</td><td>Kayser Technology Inc.</td><td></td><td>Servomex (Model 1440C) IR analyzer for measuring CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; in exhausted flue gas</td></tr><tr><td>R+MM Software Suite</td><td>Kayser Technology Inc.</td><td></td><td>Including iFIX 3.5&amp;nbsp;</td></tr><tr><td>Agilent Micro GC</td><td>Agilent Technologies</td><td>3000A</td><td>For gas analysis after cracking</td></tr><tr><td>Cerity Networked Data System</td><td>Agilent Technologies</td><td></td><td>Software for Agilent Micro GC</td></tr><tr><td>CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; Gas Analyser</td><td>Servomex Inc.</td><td>1440C</td><td>SN: 01440C1C02/2900</td></tr><tr><td>NESLAB Refrigerated Bath</td><td>Themo Electron Corporation</td><td>RTE 740</td><td>SN: 104300061</td></tr><tr><td>Orion&amp;nbsp; Sage Syringe Pump</td><td>Themo Electron Corporation</td><td>M362</td><td>For delivering feed oil to injector tube</td></tr><tr><td>Synthetic Crude Oil (SCO)&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Suncor Energy Inc.</td><td></td><td>Identified as Suncor OSA 10-4.1</td></tr><tr><td>Catalyst P</td><td>Petro-Canada Refinery</td><td></td><td>Equilibrium catalyst</td></tr><tr><td>Balance</td><td>Mettler Toledo</td><td>AB304-S</td><td>For weighing liquid product receivers</td></tr><tr><td>Balance</td><td>Mettler Toledo</td><td>XS8001S</td><td>For weighing water displaced by gas product</td></tr><tr><td>Ethylene Glycol</td><td>Fisher Scientifc Inc.</td><td>CAS 107-21-1</td><td>Mixed with distilled water as coolant (50 v% )</td></tr><tr><td>Drierite</td><td>W.A. Hammond Drierite Co. Ltd.</td><td>24001</td><td>For water absorption after CO catalytic converter</td></tr><tr><td>Copper Oxide</td><td>LECO Corporation</td><td>501-170</td><td>Catalyst for conversion of CO to CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;</td></tr><tr><td>Toluene</td><td>Fisher Scientific Co.&amp;nbsp;</td><td>CAS 108-88-3</td><td>For cleaning liquid receivers</td></tr><tr><td>Acetone</td><td>Fisher Scientific Co.&amp;nbsp;</td><td>CAS 67-64-1</td><td>For cleaning liquid receivers</td></tr><tr><td>Micro GC Calibration Gas</td><td>Air Liquid Canada Inc.</td><td>SPG-25MX0015306</td><td>Multicomponent standard gas</td></tr><tr><td>19.8% CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; Standard Gas</td><td>BOC Canada Ltd.</td><td>24069890</td><td>For calibration of IR analyzer</td></tr><tr><td>Argon Gas</td><td>Linde Canada ltd.</td><td>24001306</td><td>Grade 5.0 Purity</td></tr><tr><td>Helium Gas</td><td>Linde Canada ltd.</td><td>24001333</td><td>Grade 5.0 Purity</td></tr><tr><td>Gas analyzer GC Module</td><td>Inficon</td><td>GCMOD-15</td><td>Channel A</td></tr><tr><td>Gas analyzer GC Module</td><td>Inficon</td><td>GCMOD-03</td><td>Channel B</td></tr><tr><td>Gas analyzer GC Module</td><td>Inficon</td><td>GCMOD-04</td><td>Channel C</td></tr><tr><td>Gas analyzer GC Module</td><td>Inficon</td><td>GCMOD-73</td><td>Channel D</td></tr><tr><td>HP 6890 GC</td><td>Hewlett-Packard Co.&amp;nbsp;</td><td>G1530A</td><td>For simulated distillation</td></tr><tr><td>ASTM 2887 Standard Sample</td><td>PAC L.P.</td><td>26650.150</td><td>For quality control in simulated distillation</td></tr><tr><td>ASTM 2887 Standard Sample</td><td>PAC L.P.</td><td>25950.200</td><td>For calibration in simulated distillation</td></tr><tr><td>Column for GC 6890 (simulated distillation)</td><td>Agilent Technologies</td><td>CP7562</td><td>10 m x 0.53 mm x 1.2 &amp;micro;m, HP 6890 GC column</td></tr><tr><td>Liquid Nitrogen</td><td>Air Liquid Canada Inc.</td><td>SPG-NIT1AC240LC</td><td>For use in simulated distillation&amp;nbsp;</td></tr><tr><td>Nitrogen</td><td>Air Liquid Canada Inc.</td><td>Bulk (building N2)</td><td>For use in ACE unit operation</td></tr><tr><td>Isotemp Programmable Furnace</td><td>Thermo Fisher Scientifc Inc.</td><td>10-750-126</td><td>For calcination of catalyst</td></tr><tr><td>GC Vials, Crimp Top</td><td>Chromatograghic Specialties Inc</td><td>C223682C</td><td>2 ml, for liquid product</td></tr><tr><td>Seals, Crimp Top</td><td>Chromatograghic Specialties Inc</td><td>C221150</td><td>11 mm, for use with GC vials</td></tr><tr><td>4 oz clear Boston round bottles</td><td>Fisher Scientific Co.&amp;nbsp;</td><td>02-911-784</td><td>With PE cone lined caps, for use in feed system</td></tr><tr><td>Sieve</td><td>Endecotts Ltd.</td><td>6140269</td><td>Aperture 38 micron</td></tr><tr><td>Sieve</td><td>Endecotts Ltd.</td><td>6146265</td><td>Aperture 250 &amp;mu;m</td></tr><tr><td>Shaker</td><td>Endecotts Ltd.</td><td>MIN 2737-11</td><td>Minor-Meinzer 2 Sieve Shaker for catalyst screening</td></tr><tr><td>V20 Volumetric KF Titrator</td><td>Mettler Toledo</td><td>5131025056</td><td>For water content analysis of the liquid product</td></tr><tr><td>Hydranal Composite 5</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>34805-1L-R</td><td>Reagent for Karl Fischer titration</td></tr><tr><td>Methanol (extremely low water grade)</td><td>Fisher Scientific Co.&amp;nbsp;</td><td>A413-4</td><td>Mixed with toluene (40:60 w/w) for KF titration: also used to recover water in receiver</td></tr><tr><td>Glass Wool</td><td>Fisher Scientific Co.&amp;nbsp;</td><td>11-388</td><td>Placed inside the top of receiver outlet arm&amp;nbsp;</td></tr></tbody></table>

laboratory production of biofuels and biochemicals from a rapeseed oil through catalytic cracking conversion

The work is based on a reported study which investigates the processability of canola oil (bio-feed) in the presence of bitumen-derived heavy gas oil (HGO) for production of transportation fuels through a fluid catalytic cracking (FCC) route. Cracking experiments are performed with a fully automated reaction unit at a fixed weight hourly space velocity (WHSV) of 8 hr-1, 490-530 &#176;C, and catalyst/oil ratios of 4-12 g/g. When a feed is in contact with catalyst in the fluid-bed reactor, cracking takes place generating gaseous, liquid, and solid products. The vapor produced is condensed and collected in a liquid receiver at -15 &#176;C. The non-condensable effluent is first directed to a vessel and is sent, after homogenization, to an on-line gas chromatograph (GC) for refinery gas analysis. The coke deposited on the catalyst is determined in situ by burning the spent catalyst in air at high temperatures. Levels of CO2 are measured quantitatively via an infrared (IR) cell, and are converted to coke yield. Liquid samples in the receivers are analyzed by GC for simulated distillation to determine the amounts in different boiling ranges, i.e., IBP-221 &#176;C (gasoline), 221-343 &#176;C (light cycle oil), and 343 &#176;C+ (heavy cycle oil). Cracking of a feed containing canola oil generates water, which appears at the bottom of a liquid receiver and on its inner wall. Recovery of water on the wall is achieved through washing with methanol followed by Karl Fischer titration for water content. Basic results reported include conversion (the portion of the feed converted to gas and liquid product with a boiling point below 221 &#176;C, coke, and water, if present) and yields of dry gas (H2-C2's, CO, and CO2), liquefied petroleum gas (C3-C4), gasoline, light cycle oil, heavy cycle oil, coke, and water, if present.

카놀라유 및 SCO 유래 HGO (20) 사이 (85.27 질량 비율, 즉 14.73)에 설정된 프로토콜이 성공적 15:85 체적비의 오일 블렌드에 적용되었다. 높은 농도 피드도 시도했다하지만 실질적인 이유 (비용, 카놀라 기름의 가용성 및 상업 운전 가능한 과제)의 경우, 연구는, 15 V % 카놀라유 추가를 포함하는 공급 원료에 집중했다. 블렌드는 촉매 490-530 ℃, 8.0 시간 -1 WHSV ...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Laboratory Production of Biofuels and Biochemicals from a Rapeseed Oil through Catalytic Cracking Conversion at JoVE.com

Laboratory Production of Biofuels and Biochemicals from a Rapeseed Oil through Catalytic Cracking Conversion

이 논문은 온화한 온도에서 촉매의 존재하에 화석 기반 피드와 혼합 카놀라유로부터 바이오 연료 및 생화학 물질을 제조하기위한 실험 방법을 제시한다. 반응 부에서 기체, 액체, 고체 제품 정량화 특징으로한다. 변환 및 개별 제품 수율 계산 및보고됩니다.

접촉 분해 변환을 통해 유채 기름에서 바이오 연료와 바이오 케미컬의 실험실 생산

The work is based on a reported study which investigates the processability of canola oil (bio-feed) in the presence of bitumen-derived heavy gas oil ...

laboratory-production-biofuels-biochemicals-from-rapeseed-oil-through

Research

JoVE Journal

Chemistry

13.7K 조회수.  Natural Resources Canada.  이 논문은 온화한 온도에서 촉매의 존재하에 화석 기반 피드와 혼합 카놀라유로부터 바이오 연료 및 생화학 물질을 제조하기위한 실험 방법을 제시한다. 반응 부에서 기체, 액체, 고체 제품 정량화 특징으로한다. 변환 및 개별 제품 수율 계산 및보고됩니다. 

비디오: Laboratory Production of Biofuels and Biochemicals from a Rapeseed Oil through Catalytic Cracking Conversion

Biomass Conversion to Produce Hydrocarbon Liquid Fuel Via Hot-vapor Filtered Fast Pyrolysis and Catalytic Hydrotreating

Lignocellulosic biomass conversion to produce biofuels has received significant attention because of the quest for a replacement for fossil fuels. Among the various thermochemical and biochemical routes, fast pyrolysis followed by catalytic hydrotreating is considered to be a promising near-term opportunity. This paper reports on experimental methods used 1) at the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) for fast pyrolysis of lignocellulosic biomass to produce bio-oils in a fluidized-bed reactor and 2) at Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL) for catalytic hydrotreating of bio-oils in a two-stage, fixed-bed, continuous-flow catalytic reactor. The configurations of the reactor systems, the operating procedures, and the processing and analysis of feedstocks, bio-oils, and biofuels are described in detail in this paper. We also demonstrate hot-vapor filtration during fast pyrolysis to remove fine char particles and inorganic contaminants from bio-oil. Representative results showed successful conversion of biomass feedstocks to fuel-range hydrocarbon biofuels and, specifically, the effect of hot-vapor filtration on bio-oil production and upgrading. The protocols provided in this report could help to generate rigorous and reliable data for biomass pyrolysis and bio-oil hydrotreating research.

Experimental methods for fast pyrolysis of lignocellulosic biomass to produce bio-oils and for the catalytic hydrotreating of bio-oils to produce fuel range hydrocarbons are presented. Hot-vapor filtration during fast pyrolysis to remove fine char particles and inorganic contaminants from bio-oil was also assessed.

바이오 매스 변환 빠른 열분해 및 촉매 수소 처리 필터링 탄화수소 액체 연료 통해 뜨거운 증기를 생산하는

Lignocellulosic biomass conversion to produce biofuels has received significant attention because of the quest for a replacement for fossil fuels. Among ...

연구

생화학

Preparation of Silica Nanoparticles Through Microwave-assisted Acid-catalysis

Microwave-assisted synthetic techniques were used to quickly and reproducibly produce silica nanoparticle sols using an acid catalyst with nanoparticle diameters ranging from 30-250 nm by varying the reaction conditions. Through the selection of a microwave compatible solvent, silicic acid precursor, catalyst, and microwave irradiation time, these microwave-assisted methods were capable of overcoming the previously reported shortcomings associated with synthesis of silica nanoparticles using microwave reactors. The siloxane precursor was hydrolyzed using the acid catalyst, HCl. Acetone, a low-tan &#948; solvent, mediates the condensation reactions and has minimal interaction with the electromagnetic field. Condensation reactions begin when the silicic acid precursor couples with the microwave radiation, leading to silica nanoparticle sol formation. The silica nanoparticles were characterized by dynamic light scattering data and scanning electron microscopy, which show the materials&#39; morphology and size to be dependent on the reaction conditions. Microwave-assisted reactions produce silica nanoparticles with roughened textured surfaces that are atypical for silica sols produced by St&#246;ber&#39;s methods, which have smooth surfaces.

Silica nanoparticles were prepared using acid-catalysis of a siloxane precursor and microwave-assisted synthetic techniques resulting in the controlled growth of nanomaterials ranging from 30-250 nm in diameter. The growth dynamics can be controlled by varying the initial silicic acid concentration, time of the reaction, and temperature of reaction.

전자 레인지를 이용한 산 - 촉매 반응을 통해 실리카 나노 입자의 제조

Microwave-assisted synthetic techniques were used to quickly and reproducibly produce silica nanoparticle sols using an acid catalyst with nanoparticle ...

화학

Thin-layer Chromatographic (TLC) Separations and Bioassays of Plant Extracts to Identify Antimicrobial Compounds

A common screen for plant antimicrobial compounds consists of separating plant extracts by paper or thin-layer chromatography (PC or TLC), exposing the chromatograms to microbial suspensions (e.g. fungi or bacteria in broth or agar), allowing time for the microbes to grow in a humid environment, and visualizing zones with no microbial growth.&#160;The effectiveness of this screening method, known as bioautography, depends on both the quality of the chromatographic separation and the care taken with microbial culture conditions.&#160;This paper describes standard protocols for TLC and contact bioautography&#160;with a novel application to amino acid-fermenting bacteria. The extract is separated on flexible (aluminum-backed) silica TLC plates, and bands are visualized under ultraviolet (UV) light.&#160;Zones are cut out and incubated face down onto agar inoculated with the test microorganism.&#160;Inhibitory bands are visualized by staining the agar plates with tetrazolium red.&#160;The method is applied to the separation of red clover (Trifolium pratense cv. Kenland) phenolic compounds and their screening for activity against Clostridium sticklandii, a hyper ammonia-producing bacterium (HAB) that is native to the bovine rumen.&#160;The TLC methods apply to many types of plant extracts&#160;and other bacterial species (aerobic or anaerobic), as well as fungi, can be used as test organisms if culture conditions are modified to fit the growth requirements of the species.

Thin-layer Chromatographic TLC Separations and Bioassays of Plant Extracts to Identify Antimicrobial Compounds

Methods are described for thin-layer chromatographic (TLC) separation of plant extracts and contact bioautography to identify antibacterial metabolites. The methods are applied to the screening of red clover phenolic compounds inhibiting hyper&#160;ammonia-producing bacteria (HAB) native to the bovine rumen.

박층 크로마토 그래피 (T​​LC) 분판 및 식물 추출물의 생물학적 검정법은 항균 화합물을 확인하는

A common screen for plant antimicrobial compounds consists of separating plant extracts by paper or thin-layer chromatography (PC or TLC), exposing the ...

Experimental Protocol for Biodiesel Production with Isolation of Alkenones as Coproducts from Commercial Isochrysis Algal Biomass

The need to replace petroleum fuels with alternatives from renewable and more environmentally sustainable sources is of growing importance. Biomass-derived biofuels have gained considerable attention in this regard, however first generation biofuels from edible crops like corn ethanol or soybean biodiesel have generally fallen out of favor. There is thus great interest in the development of methods for the production of liquid fuels from domestic and superior non-edible sources. Here we describe a detailed procedure for the production of a purified biodiesel from the marine microalgae Isochrysis. Additionally, a unique suite of lipids known as polyunsaturated long-chain alkenones are isolated in parallel as potentially valuable coproducts to offset the cost of biodiesel production. Multi-kilogram quantities of Isochrysis are purchased from two commercial sources, one as a wet paste (80% water) that is first dried prior to processing, and the other a dry milled powder (95% dry). Lipids are extracted with hexanes in a Soxhlet apparatus to produce an algal oil (&#34;hexane algal oil&#34;) containing both traditional fats (i.e., triglycerides, 46-60% w/w) and alkenones (16-25% w/w). Saponification of the triglycerides in the algal oil allows for separation of the resulting free fatty acids (FFAs) from alkenone-containing neutral lipids. FFAs are then converted to biodiesel (i.e., fatty acid methyl esters, FAMEs) by acid-catalyzed esterification while alkenones are isolated and purified from the neutral lipids by crystallization. We demonstrate that biodiesel from both commercial Isochrysis biomasses have similar but not identical FAME profiles, characterized by elevated polyunsaturated fatty acid contents (approximately 40% w/w). Yields of biodiesel were consistently higher when starting from the Isochrysis wet paste (12% w/w vs. 7% w/w), which can be traced to lower amounts of hexane algal oil obtained from the powdered Isochrysis product.

Experimental Protocol for Biodiesel Production with Isolation of Alkenones as Coproducts from Commercial Isochrysis Algal Biomass

Detailed methods are presented for the production of biodiesel along with the co-isolation of alkenones as valuable coproducts from commercial Isochrysis microalgae.

상업에서 로서도으로 Alkenones의 분리와 바이오 디젤 생산을위한 실험 프로토콜<em&gt; 이소 크리 시스 속</em&gt; 해조 바이오 매스

The need to replace petroleum fuels with alternatives from renewable and more environmentally sustainable sources is of growing importance. ...

환경과학

A Toolkit to Enable Hydrocarbon Conversion in Aqueous Environments

This work puts forward a toolkit that enables the conversion of alkanes by Escherichia coli and presents a proof of principle of its applicability. The toolkit consists of multiple standard interchangeable parts (BioBricks)9 addressing the conversion of alkanes, regulation of gene expression and survival in toxic hydrocarbon-rich environments.
A three-step pathway for alkane degradation was implemented in E. coli to enable the conversion of medium- and long-chain alkanes to their respective alkanols, alkanals and ultimately alkanoic-acids. The latter were metabolized via the native &beta;-oxidation pathway. To facilitate the oxidation of medium-chain alkanes (C5-C13) and cycloalkanes (C5-C8), four genes (alkB2, rubA3, rubA4and rubB) of the alkane hydroxylase system from Gordonia sp. TF68,21 were transformed into E. coli. For the conversion of long-chain alkanes (C15-C36), theladA gene from Geobacillus thermodenitrificans was implemented. For the required further steps of the degradation process, ADH and ALDH (originating from G. thermodenitrificans) were introduced10,11. The activity was measured by resting cell assays. For each oxidative step, enzyme activity was observed.
To optimize the process efficiency, the expression was only induced under low glucose conditions: a substrate-regulated promoter, pCaiF, was used. pCaiF is present in E. coli K12 and regulates the expression of the genes involved in the degradation of non-glucose carbon sources.
The last part of the toolkit - targeting survival - was implemented using solvent tolerance genes, PhPFD&alpha; and &beta;, both from Pyrococcus horikoshii OT3. Organic solvents can induce cell stress and decreased survivability by negatively affecting protein folding. As chaperones, PhPFD&alpha; and &beta; improve the protein folding process e.g. under the presence of alkanes. The expression of these genes led to an improved hydrocarbon tolerance shown by an increased growth rate (up to 50%) in the presences of 10% n-hexane in the culture medium were observed.
Summarizing, the results indicate that the toolkit enables E. coli to convert and tolerate hydrocarbons in aqueous environments. As such, it represents an initial step towards a sustainable solution for oil-remediation using a synthetic biology approach.

A sustainable auto regulating bacterial system for the remediation of oil pollutions was designed using standard interchangeable DNA parts (BioBricks). An engineered E. coli strain was used to degrade alkanes via &beta;-oxidation in toxic aqueous environments. The respective enzymes from different species showed alkane degradation activity. Additionally, an increased tolerance to n-hexane was achieved by introducing genes from alkane-tolerant bacteria.

수성 환경에서 탄화수소 전환을 사용하는 툴킷

This work puts forward a toolkit that enables the conversion of alkanes by Escherichia coli and presents a proof of principle of its applicability. The ...

생체공학

Qualitative Characterization of the Aqueous Fraction from Hydrothermal Liquefaction of Algae Using 2D Gas Chromatography with Time-of-flight Mass Spectrometry

Two-dimensional gas chromatography coupled with time-of-flight mass spectrometry is a powerful tool for identifying and quantifying chemical components in complex mixtures. It is often used to analyze gasoline, jet fuel, diesel, bio-diesel and the organic fraction of bio-crude/bio-oil. In most of those analyses, the first dimension of separation is non-polar, followed by a polar separation. The aqueous fractions of bio-crude and other aqueous samples from biofuels production have been examined with similar column combinations. However, sample preparation techniques such as derivatization, solvent extraction, and solid-phase extraction were necessary prior to analysis. In this study, aqueous fractions obtained from the hydrothermal liquefaction of algae were characterized by two-dimensional gas chromatography coupled with time-of-flight mass spectrometry without prior sample preparation techniques using a polar separation in the first dimension followed by a non-polar separation in the second. Two-dimensional plots from this analysis were compared with those obtained from the more traditional column configuration. Results from qualitative characterization of the aqueous fractions of algal bio-crude are discussed in detail. The advantages of using a polar separation followed by a non-polar separation for characterization of organics in aqueous samples by two-dimensional gas chromatography coupled with time-of-flight mass spectrometry are highlighted.

A two-dimensional gas chromatography-time-of-flight mass spectrometry method is described for characterization of the aqueous fraction of bio-crude produced from hydrothermal liquefaction of algae. This protocol can also be employed to analyze the aqueous fraction of liquid products from fast pyrolysis, catalytic fast pyrolysis, catalytic deoxygenation and hydro-treating.

비행 시간 형 질량 분석과 2D 가스 크로마토 그래피를 사용하여 조류의 열수 액화에서 수성 분수의 질적 특성

Two-dimensional gas chromatography coupled with time-of-flight mass spectrometry is a powerful tool for identifying and quantifying chemical components in ...

Fast Pyrolysis of Biomass Residues in a Twin-screw Mixing Reactor

Fast pyrolysis is being increasingly applied in commercial plants worldwide. They run exclusively on woody biomass, which has favorable properties for conversion with fast pyrolysis. In order to increase the synergies of food production and the energetic and/or material use of biomass, it is desirable to utilize residues from agricultural production, e.g., straw. The presented method is suitable for converting such a material on an industrial scale. The main features are presented and an example of mass balances from the conversion of several biomass residues is given. After conversion, fractionated condensation is applied in order to retrieve two condensates &#8212; an organic-rich and an aqueous-rich one. This design prevents the production of fast pyrolysis bio-oil that exhibits phase separation. A two phase bio-oil is to be expected because of the typically high ash content of straw biomass, which promotes the production of water of reaction during conversion.
Both fractionated condensation and the use of biomass with high ash content demand a careful approach for establishing balances. Not all kind of balances are both meaningful and comparable to other results from the literature. Different balancing methods are presented, and the information that can be derived from them is discussed.

A procedure for thermochemical conversion of biomass residues is presented that aims at maximizing the yield of liquid products (fast pyrolysis). It is based on a technology proven on an industrial scale and especially suitable for treating a straw type of biomass.

트윈 스크류 혼합 반응기에서 바이오 매스 잔류의 빠른 열분해

Fast pyrolysis is being increasingly applied in commercial plants worldwide. They run exclusively on woody biomass, which has favorable properties for ...

Construction and Setup of a Bench-scale Algal Photosynthetic Bioreactor with Temperature, Light, and pH Monitoring for Kinetic Growth Tests

The optimal design and operation of photosynthetic bioreactors (PBRs) for microalgal cultivation is essential for improving the environmental and economic performance of microalgae-based biofuel production. Models that estimate microalgal growth under different conditions can help to optimize PBR design and operation. To be effective, the growth parameters used in these models must be accurately determined. Algal growth experiments are often constrained by the dynamic nature of the culture environment, and control systems are needed to accurately determine the kinetic parameters. The first step in setting up a controlled batch experiment is live data acquisition and monitoring. This protocol outlines a process for the assembly and operation of a bench-scale photosynthetic bioreactor that can be used to conduct microalgal growth experiments. This protocol describes how to size and assemble a flat-plate, bench-scale PBR from acrylic. It also details how to configure a PBR with continuous pH, light, and temperature monitoring using a data acquisition and control unit, analog sensors, and open-source data acquisition software.

This paper describes the assembly process and operation of a bench-scale photosynthetic bioreactor that can be used, in conjunction with other methods, to estimate pertinent kinetic growth parameters. This system continuously monitors the pH, light, and temperature using sensors, a data acquisition and control unit, and open-source data acquisition software.

키네 성장 시험을위한 온도, 빛 및 pH 모니터링을 갖춘 벤치 규모의 조류 광합성 생물 반응기의 건설 및 설치

The optimal design and operation of photosynthetic bioreactors (PBRs) for microalgal cultivation is essential for improving the environmental and economic ...

식물성 오일의 초음파 보조 에스테르 교환에 의한 바이오디젤 합성

Ultrasonic-Assisted Preparation of Biodiesel Products from Vegetable Oils

Utilizing vegetable oil as a sustainable feedstock, this study presents an innovative approach to ultrasonic-assisted transesterification for biodiesel synthesis. This alkaline-catalyzed procedure harnesses ultrasound as a potent energy input, facilitating the rapid conversion of extra virgin olive oil into biodiesel. In this demonstration, the reaction is run in an ultrasonic bath under ambient conditions for 15 min, requiring a 1:6 molar ratio of extra virgin olive oil to methanol and a minimum amount of KOH as the catalyst. The physiochemical properties of biodiesel are also reported. Emphasizing the remarkable advantages of ultrasonic-assisted transesterification, this method demonstrates notable reductions in reaction and separation times, achieving near-perfect purity (~100%), high yields, and negligible waste generation. Importantly, these benefits are achieved within a framework that prioritizes safety and environmental sustainability. These compelling findings underscore the effectiveness of this approach in converting vegetable oil into biodiesel, positioning it as a viable option for both research and practical applications.

저자 스포트라이트: 안전하고 지속 가능한 바이오디젤 합성을 위한 녹색 화학 원칙 채택

A safe ultrasonic-assisted transesterification method for vegetable oils using an alkaline catalyst is presented here. The method is rapid and efficient for preparing pure biodiesel products.

식물성 기름에서 바이오 디젤 제품의 초음파 보조 준비

Utilizing vegetable oil as a sustainable feedstock, this study presents an innovative approach to ultrasonic-assisted transesterification for biodiesel ...

접촉 분해 변환을 통해 유채 기름에서 바이오 연료와 바이오 케미컬의 실험실 생산

요약

더 많은 비디오 탐색

이 비디오의 챕터

바이오 매스 변환 빠른 열분해 및 촉매 수소 처리 필터링 탄화수소 액체 연료 통해 뜨거운 증기를 생산하는

전자 레인지를 이용한 산 - 촉매 반응을 통해 실리카 나노 입자의 제조

박층 크로마토 그래피 (TLC) 분판 및 식물 추출물의 생물학적 검정법은 항균 화합물을 확인하는

상업에서 로서도으로 Alkenones의 분리와 바이오 디젤 생산을위한 실험 프로토콜

수성 환경에서 탄화수소 전환을 사용하는 툴킷

비행 시간 형 질량 분석과 2D 가스 크로마토 그래피를 사용하여 조류의 열수 액화에서 수성 분수의 질적 특성

트윈 스크류 혼합 반응기에서 바이오 매스 잔류의 빠른 열분해

키네 성장 시험을위한 온도, 빛 및 pH 모니터링을 갖춘 벤치 규모의 조류 광합성 생물 반응기의 건설 및 설치

식물성 기름에서 바이오 디젤 제품의 초음파 보조 준비

식물성 기름에서 바이오 디젤 제품의 초음파 보조 준비

접촉 분해 변환을 통해 유채 기름에서 바이오 연료와 바이오 케미컬의 실험실 생산

요약

더 많은 비디오 탐색

이 비디오의 챕터

바이오 매스 변환 빠른 열분해 및 촉매 수소 처리 필터링 탄화수소 액체 연료 통해 뜨거운 증기를 생산하는

전자 레인지를 이용한 산 - 촉매 반응을 통해 실리카 나노 입자의 제조

박층 크로마토 그래피 (T​​LC) 분판 및 식물 추출물의 생물학적 검정법은 항균 화합물을 확인하는

상업에서 로서도으로 Alkenones의 분리와 바이오 디젤 생산을위한 실험 프로토콜

수성 환경에서 탄화수소 전환을 사용하는 툴킷

비행 시간 형 질량 분석과 2D 가스 크로마토 그래피를 사용하여 조류의 열수 액화에서 수성 분수의 질적 특성

트윈 스크류 혼합 반응기에서 바이오 매스 잔류의 빠른 열분해

키네 성장 시험을위한 온도, 빛 및 pH 모니터링을 갖춘 벤치 규모의 조류 광합성 생물 반응기의 건설 및 설치

식물성 기름에서 바이오 디젤 제품의 초음파 보조 준비

식물성 기름에서 바이오 디젤 제품의 초음파 보조 준비

박층 크로마토 그래피 (TLC) 분판 및 식물 추출물의 생물학적 검정법은 항균 화합물을 확인하는