We gratefully acknowledge the financial support of this work by the Korean Carbon Capture and Sequestration R&amp;D Center (KCRC).

프레 폴리머 솔루션 1. 준비 <ol><li> 조제 물을 용매로 사용하여 <ol><li> 자기 교반 막대로 유리 병에 탈 이온수 (DI) 물 10.00 g을 추가한다. </li><li> SBMA 2.00 g을 측정하고, 물을 함유하는 유리 병으로 옮긴다. SBMA가 완전히 용해 될 때까지 30 분 동안 용액을 교반 하였다. </li><li> 별도의 병에, PEGDA의 20.00 g (M, N = 700g / 몰)을 추가한다. </li><li> PEGDA 용액에, 1- 히드 록시 시클로 헥실 페닐 케톤 (HCPK) 광개시제 20.0 mg을 추가. 적어도 30 분 동안 솔루션 저어 보자. </li><li> 일회용 피펫을 사용하여, SBMA 수용액에 PEGDA-HCPK 용액 8.00 g을 전송. 용액이 균질해질 때까지 혼합물을 계속 교반 하였다. </li></ol></li><li> 제조 용매로서 물 / 에탄올 혼합물을 사용하여 <ol><li> DI 물 6.00 g 및 자기 교반 막대와 앰버 글래스 병에 에탄올 4.00 g을 추가합니다.철저하게 혼합 할 수 있도록 솔루션을 저어. </li><li> 물 / 에탄올 혼합물에 SBMA의 2.00 g을 추가합니다. 솔루션을 저어하고 SBMA이 완전히 용해 할 수 있습니다. </li><li> SBMA 혼합물에 PEGDA-HCPK 용액 8.00 g을 전송하기 위해 피펫을 사용한다. 철저 솔루션을 섞어 저어. </li></ol></li></ol> 프리 스탠딩 필름의 제조 2 <ol><li> 깨끗한 석영 디스크에 공지 두께의 두 개의 스페이서로; 스페이서의 두께는 수득 된 폴리머 필름 (19)의 두께를 제어한다. </li><li> 일회용 피펫을 사용하여 석영 디스크에 프레 폴리머 용액을 소량 (~ 1.0 ml)에 옮긴다. </li><li> 액체 위에 다른 석영 디스크를 놓고 액막에 기포가 없도록. </li><li> 자외선 (UV) 가교 결합제의 샘플을 놓고, 254 나노 미터 (19)의 파장을 갖는 UV 광을 사용하여 5 분 동안 조사한다. 참고 : 대체 조사 시간S 및 파장 광개시제의 종류에 따라 사용할 수있다. </li><li> 날카로운 칼날을 사용하여 석영 디스크로부터 고분자 필름을 분리한다. DI 물을 욕조에 필름을 전송하는 핀셋을 사용합니다. 필름으로부터 용매, 미 반응 모노머 / 가교제, 졸을 제거 후 24 시간 동안 두 번 수분을 변경한다. 주 :이 경우, 고분자 필름, 기공 구조를 유지하기 위해 DI 물에 보관해야합니다. </li><li> ATR-FTIR 및 DSC 분석 건조 필름을 준비한다. <ol><li> 수조에서 필름을 제거하고 24 시간 동안 공기 건조 할 수 있습니다. </li><li> 진공 하에서 밤새 건조 80 ℃의 진공 오븐에서 필름을 놓는다. </li></ol></li></ol> 함침 막의 제조 3 <ol><li> 석영 디스크 상에 다공성 지지체 시트를 배치했다. </li><li> 발포체 브러시 코팅 물 / 에탄올 혼합물 (4)에 기초하여, 프레 폴리머 용액으로 두 지지체의 각각의 측면을 사용. 참고 : 이후 t그는 지원이 소수성, 에탄올을 포함하는 예비 중합체 솔루션은 쉽게 지원을 적시 할 수 있습니다. </li><li> 지원 위에 또 다른 석영 디스크를 넣습니다. </li><li> 자외선 가교제에 샘플을 놓고, 254 nm의 파장을 갖는 UV 광을 사용하여 5 분 동안 조사한다. </li><li> 석영 디스크에서 충진 된 멤브레인을 제거하고, 5 분 동안 DI 수조의 전체 어셈블리를 담그고 신중 날카로운 블레이드와 핀셋을 사용하여 막을 제거한다. </li><li> DI 물에서 막 보관하십시오. 용매, 미 반응 모노머 / 가교제, 멤브레인의 졸을 제거하기 위해 두 번 수분을 변경한다. </li><li> ATR-FTIR 및 DSC 분석 건조 함침 세포막을 준비한다. <ol><li> 수조에서 막을 제거합니다. 멤브레인을 24 시간 동안 주위 조건에서 건조 할 수있다. </li><li> 오븐에서 밤새 진공하에 80 ℃에서 진공에서 건조 막. </li></ol></li></ol> 자립 필름 및 수태 나 4. 특성mbranes <ol><li> ATR-FTIR 분석 <ol><li> FTIR 분석 단계 1.1에 기재된 바와 같이, 프레 폴리머 용액의 샘플을 준비한다. </li><li> 샘플을 스캔하기 전에 백그라운드 검색을 수행합니다. 600cm -1 4,500 cm로 파수 범위를 설정 -1 측정 4 cm -1 해상도. </li><li> 분석을 위해 FTIR 기계에서 샘플을 놓습니다. </li><li> 샘플을 제거합니다. 결정과 적당한 용매로 끝을 청소한다. </li><li> 다공성 지지체, 프레 폴리머 용액, 자립 막을 건조하고, 건조 된 함침 막은 다음 샘플 4.1.4 - 반복 4.1.1 단계. </li></ol></li><li> 시차 주사 열량계 (DSC) <ol><li> 무게 균형에 DSC 팬에 뚜껑을 놓고 자신의 체중을 기록합니다. </li><li> 팬 내부에 샘플 (5-10 mg)의 소량을 넣고 뚜껑을 닫는다. </li><li> 샘플을 포함하는 팬의 무게를. 오 사이의 중량 차이로부터ccupied 팬 뚜껑과 빈 냄비와 뚜껑, 샘플의 무게를 계산한다. </li><li> 기자를 사용하여 밀봉 팬 내부의 샘플을 봉인. </li><li> 불활성 기준이 위치한 DSC 셀 안에 밀봉 팬에 놓는다. </li><li> 비어있는 냄비와 뚜껑과 프로그램의 샘플의 무게의 무게를 입력합니다. </li><li> 10 ℃ / 분의 가열 속도로 160 ℃ ~ -80 ° C에서 DSC 스캔. </li><li> 제조업체의 프로토콜을 사용하여 DSC 분석을 수행합니다. </li><li> 상기 단계에 따라 다른 샘플에 대한 DSC 실험을 반복한다. </li></ol></li><li> 펜던트 드롭 방법을 사용하여 접촉각을 측정 <ol><li> 막 샘플 (6mm 약 30mm)의 직사각형 스트립을 절단. </li><li> 10 분 동안 DI 물이 스트립을 적시 한 다음 5 분 동안 건조시킨다. </li><li> 샘플 홀더에 건조 된 샘플을 놓습니다. </li><li> 투명한의 샘플 홀더 잠수함탈 이온수 (20)를 포함하는 환경 챔버. </li><li> 스테인리스 바늘으로 마이크로 리터 주사기를 이용하여 막에 N 개의 샘플 -decane (약 1 μL)의 액 적을 분주. </li><li> 방울의 안정을 보장하기 위해 2 분 동안 방해받지 설정을 둡니다. </li><li> 막 표면 상에 분배 된 방울의 각도를 측정함으로써 시료의 접촉각을 결정하는 적당한 화상 해석 소프트웨어를 사용한다. </li><li> 다양한 방울 얻은 접촉각 값의 평균을 가져 가라. </li></ol></li><li> 투수의 특성 막 다른 여과 시스템을 사용하여 <ol><li> 프리 스탠딩 필름을 함침 막의 쿠폰 잘라 적절한 직경 해머 중심 펀치 구멍을 사용한다. </li><li> 데드 엔드 여과 셀 내부의 다공성 지지체 상에 제조 된 쿠폰을 놓는다. </li><li> 샘플의 상단에있는 O 링을 놓습니다. 두 부분을 나사투과 셀의 서로. </li><li> 투과 셀에 DI 물 약 50 mL를 넣고. 뚜껑에 나사와 자석 교반기에 투과 셀을 배치합니다. (300) 900 회전의 교반 속도를 설정합니다. </li><li> 투과 물을 수집하는 균형에 덮여 비커를 놓습니다. 균형을 용기. </li><li> 가스 실린더의 밸브를 연다. 원하는 압력 (프리 스탠딩 필름을 45 psig로 함침 멤브레인 psig의 35)에 도달 할 때까지 압력 조절 밸브를 시계 방향으로 돌려. </li><li> 투과 셀에 압력을 제공 할 수있는 릴리스 밸브를 엽니 다. </li><li> 모니터와 시간 비커의 무게를 기록한다. </li><li> 21 (4) 아래의 액 확산 모델 수분 투과도 (A w)과 투자율 (P의 w)를 계산 <img alt="방정식" src="/files/ftp_upload/55426/55426eq1.jpg" /> 어디 w는 토륨물의 밀도 (g / L) w는, A는 멤브레인의 유효 면적 (m은 ρ E 물 투과도 (L / m 2 hbar 또는 LMH / 바), P (W)를, 투수 (LMH의 cm / 바)이다 2), ΔM은 시간주기 ΔT (H 위에 물 투과 (g))의 질량 변화이고, ΔP)은 멤브레인 (바를 가로 지르는 압력 차이며 L은 팽윤 된 필름 (cm)의 두께이다. </li><li> 막의 방오성 및 제거 속도를 평가하기 위해, pH는 7.4와 인산 완충 용액 (PBS) 용액에 0.5 g / L의 BSA를 함유하는 BSA 용액을 사용한다. </li><li> BSA의 존재 하에서 물 플럭스를 결정하기 위해 4.4.10 - 반복 4.4.5 단계를 반복합니다. 하기 식 (22)과 BSA 배제 율을 계산 <img alt="방정식" src="/files/ftp_upload/55426/55426eq2.jpg" /> 여기서 R은 BSA 막 (%)의 BSA 배제 율이고,C P는 투과 (g / ℓ)에서 BSA의 농도이고, C는 F 공급 (g / L)의 BSA의 농도이고; BSA의 농도는 UV 분광법을 통해 결정될 수있다. </li></ol></li></ol>

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S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+Effect+of+Cross-Linking+on+Gas+Permeability+in+Cross-Linked+Poly(Ethylene+Glycol+Diacrylate).">The Effect of Cross-Linking on Gas Permeability in Cross-Linked Poly(Ethylene Glycol Diacrylate).</a> Macromolecules. 38 (20), 8381-8393 (2005).</li><li>Sagle, A. C., Ju, H., Freeman, B. D., Sharma, M. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=PEG-based+hydrogel+membrane+coatings.">PEG-based hydrogel membrane coatings.</a> Polymer. 50 (3), 756-766 (2009).</li><li>Wu, Y. -. H., Park, H. B., Kai, T., Freeman, B. D., Kalika, D. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Water+uptake,+transport+and+structure+characterization+in+poly(ethylene+glycol)+diacrylate+hydrogels.">Water uptake, transport and structure characterization in poly(ethylene glycol) diacrylate hydrogels.</a> J Membr Sci. 347 (1-2), 197-208 (2010).</li><li>Rahimpour, A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Novel+functionalized+carbon+nanotubes+for+improving+the+surface+properties+and+performance+of+polyethersulfone+(PES)+membrane.">Novel functionalized carbon nanotubes for improving the surface properties and performance of polyethersulfone (PES) membrane.</a> Desalination. 286, 99-107 (2012).</li><li>Gulmine, J. V., Janissek, P. R., Heise, H. M., Akcelrud, L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Polyethylene+characterization+by+FTIR.">Polyethylene characterization by FTIR.</a> Polym Testing. 21 (5), 557-563 (2002).</li><li>Ara&#250;jo, J. R., Waldman, W. R., De Paoli, M. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Thermal+properties+of+high+density+polyethylene+composites+with+natural+fibres:+Coupling+agent+effect.">Thermal properties of high density polyethylene composites with natural fibres: Coupling agent effect.</a> Polym. Degrad. Stab. 93 (10), 1770-1775 (2008).</li><li>McCloskey, B. D., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Influence+of+polydopamine+deposition+conditions+on+pure+water+flux+and+foulant+adhesion+resistance+of+reverse+osmosis,+ultrafiltration,+and+microfiltration+membranes.">Influence of polydopamine deposition conditions on pure water flux and foulant adhesion resistance of reverse osmosis, ultrafiltration, and microfiltration membranes.</a> Polymer. 51 (15), 3472-3485 (2010).</li></ol>

The authors declare that they have no competing financial interests.

우리는 자립 영화와 양쪽 성 하이드로 젤을 기반으로 함침 세포막을 준비하는 손쉬운 방법을 증명하고있다. 세 (메트) 아크릴 레이트 특성 피크의 소멸 (즉, 810, 1,190 및 1,410cm-1) 얻어진 폴리머 필름의 IR 스펙트럼과는 막 (도 2) 단량체 및 가교제 (4)의 우수한 전환을 나타낸다 함침 19 (21). 또한, SO (...

증가하는 수요를 충족하기 위해 깨끗한 물을 생산하기 위해 저렴한 비용 및 에너지 효율적인 기술을 개발하는 중대한 필요가있다. 고분자 멤브레인은 작업 1의 높은 에너지 효율, 낮은 비용, 단순성으로 인해 자신의 고유 한 장점 정수에 대한 선도적 인 기술로 등장했다. 막 순수한 물을 통해 침투와 오염 물질을 거부 할 수 있습니다. 그러나, 멤브레인은 종종 유리한 작용 (2, 3)에서 막 표면에 흡착 될 수있는 공급 물 오염 물질에 의해 오염을 실시한다. 오손 극적 필요한 멤브레인 면적 정수 비용을 증가 막을 통해 물 흐름을 감소시킬 수있다. 오염을 줄일 수있는 효과적인 방법은 친수성을 증가시키고 이에에서 유리한 감소 막 표면을 수정하는 것막 표면 사이 foulants 고유 상호 작용. 하나의 방법은 3 초 친수성 하이드로 겔로 박막 코팅을 사용하는 것이다. 하이드로 겔은 종종 높은 물 투과성을 가지고, 따라서, 박막 코팅은 막 전체에 걸쳐 약간 증가 반송 저항 불구 인해 완화 된 오염을 막을 통한 장기간의 물 투과도를 증가시킬 수있다. 하이드로 겔은 또한 직접 침투 응용 4 정수용 막 함침으로 제조 될 수있다. 양쪽이 온성 물질은 순 중성 전하와 양 양 및 음으로 하전 된 작용기를 포함하고, 정전 유도 수소 결합 5, 6, 7, 8, 9를 통해 강한 표면 수분을 갖는다. 단단히 결합 된 수화 층은 물리적 역할에너지 장벽은, 표면에 부착로부터 foulants 방지 따라서 우수한 방오성 10 시연. 폴리 (술 포베 타인 메타 크릴 레이트) (PSBMA) 및 폴리 (carboxybetaine 메타 크릴 레이트) (PCBMA)와 같은 양쪽이 온성 중합체, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18가 증가 도포하여 막 표면을 수정하는데 사용되어왔다 표면 친수성 때문에 방오성. 우리는 여기에 폴리 (에틸렌 글리콜)을 사용하여 가교 광중합 통해 술 포베 타인 메타 크릴 레이트 (SBMA)를 사용하여 양쪽이 온성 하이드로 디 아크릴 레이트를 제조하기위한 용이 한 방법을 설명 (PEGDA가 M N = 700g / 몰)은 기계적 강도를 향상시킬 수있다. 우리는 또한 존재하는절차는 광중합 전에 다공성 지지체에 소수성 단량체와 가교제를 함침 견고한 막을 구성한다. 프리 스탠딩 필름을 함침 막의 물리적 해상 수송 성질은 충분히 정수용 구성 / 속성의 관계를 규명하는 것을 특징으로한다. 제조 된 하이드로 겔은 막 분리 특성을 향상시키기 위해 표면 코팅으로서 사용될 수있다. 가교 밀도를 조절하여 소수성 다공성 지지체에 함침시킴으로써, 이들 물질은 또한 순방향 또는 삼투 압력 지연 삼투 4 삼투압 공정에 대한 충분한 기계적 강도를 갖는 박막을 형성 할 수있다.

<table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Poly(ethylene glycol) diacrylate&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160; Mn = 700 (PEGDA)</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>455008</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>1-Hydroxycyclohexyl phenyl ketone, 99% (HCPK)</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>405612</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>[2-(Methacrloyloxy)ethyl dimethyl-(3-sulfopropyl) ammonium hydroxide, 97%</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>537284</td>
			<td>Acutely Toxic</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ethanol, 95%</td>
			<td>Koptec, VWR International</td>
			<td>V1101</td>
			<td>Flamable</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Decane, anhydrous, 99%</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>457116</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Solupor Membrane</td>
			<td>Lydall</td>
			<td>7PO7D</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Micrometer&#160;</td>
			<td>Starrett</td>
			<td>2900-6</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>ATR-FTIR</td>
			<td>Vertex 70</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>DSC: TA Q2000</td>
			<td>TA Instruments</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Rame&#8217;-hart Goniometer: Model 190</td>
			<td>Rame&#8217;-hart Instruments</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ultraviolet Crosslinker: CX-2000</td>
			<td>Ultra-Violet Products</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>UV radiation&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Permeation Cell: Model UHP-43</td>
			<td>Advantec MFS</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Deionized Water: Milli-Q Water</td>
			<td>EMD Millipore</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

synthesis of hydrogels with antifouling properties as membranes for water purification

하이드로 겔은 시간 경과에 널리 막을 통해 안정된 투수 달성 따라서 방오성을 증가시키고, 정수용 막 표면의 친수성을 향상시키기 위해 사용되어왔다. 여기, 우리는 막 애플리케이션에 양쪽 성 이온에 따라 하이드로 젤을 준비하는 손쉬운 방법을보고합니다. 프리 스탠딩 필름은 광중합 통해 폴리 가교제 (에틸렌 글리콜) 디 아크릴 레이트 (PEGDA)와 메타 크릴 술 포베 타인 (SBMA)로부터 제조 될 수있다. 하이드로 겔은, 기계적 강도를 향상시키는 소수성 다공성 지지체에 함침시켜 제조 할 수있다. 이들 필름은 중합체 쇄 역학 친수성 및 시차 주사 열량계 (DSC)에 대한 고니 오 미터를 이용하여, (메트) 아크릴 기의 전화율을 결정하기 위해 적외선 분광법 (ATR-FTIR)을 변형 감쇄 전반사 푸리에 특징으로 할 수있다. 우리는 또한 막 다른 FILTRA에서 투수를 결정하기 위해 프로토콜을보고기 시스템 및 막 성능에 foulants 효과 (소 혈청 알부민, BSA).

단계 1.1 및 1.2에 규정 된 프리폴리머 용액으로 제조 된 프리 스탠딩 필름을 각각 S50 및 S30로 지칭된다. 자세한 내용은 표 1에 나타낸다. 단계 1.2에 명시된 프레 폴리머 용액은 IMS30로 표시되는 함침 멤브레인을 제조하는데 사용 하였다. 다공성 지지체는 친수성 폴리에틸렌 때문에도 1-4에 나?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Synthesis of Hydrogels with Antifouling Properties As Membranes for Water Purification at JoVE.com

Synthesis of Hydrogels with Antifouling Properties As Membranes for Water Purification

This paper reports practical methods to prepare hydrogels in freestanding films and impregnated membranes and to characterize their physical properties, including water transport properties.

물 정화를위한 막으로 방오 특성을 가진 히드로 겔의 합성

Hydrogels have been widely utilized to enhance the surface hydrophilicity of membranes for water purification, increasing the antifouling properties and ...

synthesis-hydrogels-with-antifouling-properties-as-membranes-for

Research

JoVE Journal

Bioengineering

9.3K 조회수.  The State University of New York at Buffalo. This paper reports practical methods to prepare hydrogels in freestanding films and impregnated membranes and to characterize their physical properties, including water transport properties. 

비디오: Synthesis of Hydrogels with Antifouling Properties As Membranes for Water Purification

Quantifying the Mechanical Properties of the Endothelial Glycocalyx with Atomic Force Microscopy

Our understanding of the interaction of leukocytes and the vessel wall during leukocyte capture is limited by an incomplete understanding of the mechanical properties of the endothelial surface layer. It is known that adhesion molecules on leukocytes are distributed non-uniformly relative to surface topography 3, that topography limits adhesive bond formation with other surfaces 9, and that physiological contact forces (&asymp; 5.0 &minus; 10.0 pN per microvillus) can compress the microvilli to as little as a third of their resting length, increasing the accessibility of molecules to the opposing surface 3, 7. We consider the endothelium as a two-layered structure, the relatively rigid cell body, plus the glycocalyx, a soft protective sugar coating on the luminal surface 6. It has been shown that the glycocalyx can act as a barrier to reduce adhesion of leukocytes to the endothelial surface 4. In this report we begin to address the deformability of endothelial surfaces to understand how the endothelial mechanical stiffness might affect bond formation. Endothelial cells grown in static culture do not express a robust glycocalyx, but cells grown under physiological flow conditions begin to approximate the glycocalyx observed in vivo 2. The modulus of the endothelial cell body has been measured using atomic force microscopy (AFM) to be approximately 5 to 20 kPa 5. The thickness and structure of the glycocalyx have been studied using electron microscopy 8, and the modulus of the glycocalyx has been approximated using indirect methods, but to our knowledge, there have been no published reports of a direct measurement of the glycocalyx modulus in living cells. In this study, we present indentation experiments made with a novel AFM probe on cells that have been cultured in conditions to maximize their glycocalyx expression to make direct measurements of the modulus and thickness of the endothelial glycocalyx.

The mechanical characteristics of endothelial glycocalyx were measured by indentation using micron sized spheres on AFM cantilevers. Endothelial cells were cultured in a custom chamber under physiological flow conditions to induce glycocalyx expression. Data were analyzed using a thin film model to determine the glycocalyx thickness and modulus.

원자 힘 현미경과 내피 Glycocalyx의 기계적 성질을 정량화

Our  understanding of the interaction of leukocytes and the vessel wall during  leukocyte capture is limited by an incomplete understanding of the ...

연구

생체공학

Preparation of Light-responsive Membranes by a Combined Surface Grafting and Postmodification Process

In order to modify the surface tension of commercial available track-edged polymer membranes, a procedure of surface-initiated polymerization is presented. The polymerization from the membrane surface is induced by plasma treatment of the membrane, followed by reacting the membrane surface with a methanolic solution of 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA). Special attention is given to the process parameters for the plasma treatment prior to the polymerization on the surface. For example, the influence of the plasma-treatment on different types of membranes (e.g.&#160;polyester, polycarbonate, polyvinylidene fluoride) is studied. Furthermore, the time-dependent stability of the surface-grafted membranes is shown by contact angle measurements. When grafting poly(2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate) (PHEMA) in this way, the surface can be further modified by esterification of the alcohol moiety of the polymer with a carboxylic acid function of the desired substance. These reactions can therefore be used for the functionalization of the membrane surface. For example, the surface tension of the membrane can be changed or a desired functionality as the presented light-responsiveness can be inserted. This is demonstrated by reacting PHEMA with a carboxylic acid functionalized spirobenzopyran unit which leads to a light-responsive membrane. The choice of solvent plays a major role in the postmodification step and is discussed in more detail in this paper. The permeability measurements of such functionalized membranes are performed using a Franz cell with an external light source. By changing the wavelength of the light from the visible to the UV-range, a change of permeability of aqueous caffeine solutions is observed.

A plasma-induced polymerization procedure is described for the surface-initiated polymerization on polymer membranes. Further postmodification of the grafted polymer with photochromic substances is presented with a protocol of conducting permeability measurements of light-responsive membranes.

결합 표면의 접목 및 Postmodification 과정에 의한 빛의 응답 멤브레인의 제조

In order to modify the surface tension of commercial available track-edged polymer membranes, a procedure of surface-initiated polymerization is ...

Combination of Microstereolithography and Electrospinning to Produce Membranes Equipped with Niches for Corneal Regeneration

Corneal problems affect millions of people worldwide reducing their quality of life significantly. Corneal disease can be caused by illnesses such as Aniridia or Steven Johnson Syndrome as well as by external factors such as chemical burns or radiation. Current treatments are (i) the use of corneal grafts and (ii) the use of stem cell expanded in the laboratory and delivered on carriers (e.g., amniotic membrane); these treatments are relatively successful but unfortunately they can fail after 3-5 years. There is a need to design and manufacture new corneal biomaterial devices able to mimic in detail the physiological environment where stem cells reside in the cornea. Limbal stem cells are located in the limbus (circular area between cornea and sclera) in specific niches known as the Palisades of Vogt. In this work we have developed a new platform technology which combines two cutting-edge manufacturing techniques (microstereolithography and electrospinning) for the fabrication of corneal membranes that mimic to a certain extent the limbus. Our membranes contain artificial micropockets which aim to provide cells with protection as the Palisades of Vogt do in the eye.

We report a technique for the fabrication of micropockets within electrospun membranes in which to study cell behavior. Specifically, we describe a combination of microstereolithography and electrospinning for the production of PLGA (Poly(lactide-co-glycolide)) corneal biomaterial devices equipped with microfeatures.

마이크로 광 및 전기 방사의 조합은 각막 재생을위한 틈새를 장착 멤브레인을 생산하는

Corneal problems affect millions of people worldwide reducing their quality of life significantly. Corneal disease can be caused by illnesses such as ...

Three-Dimensionally Printed Microfluidic Cross-flow System for Ultrafiltration/Nanofiltration Membrane Performance Testing

Minimization and management of membrane fouling is a formidable challenge in diverse industrial processes and other practices that utilize membrane technology. Understanding the fouling process could lead to optimization and higher efficiency of membrane based filtration. Here we show the design and fabrication of an automated three-dimensionally (3-D) printed microfluidic cross-flow filtration system that can test up to 4 membranes in parallel. The microfluidic cells were printed using multi-material photopolymer 3-D printing technology, which used a transparent hard polymer for the microfluidic cell body and incorporated a thin rubber-like polymer layer, which prevents leakages during operation. The performance of ultrafiltration (UF), and nanofiltration (NF) membranes were tested and membrane fouling could be observed with a model foulant bovine serum albumin (BSA). Feed solutions containing BSA showed flux decline of the membrane. This protocol may be extended to measure fouling or biofouling with many other organic, inorganic or microbial containing solutions. The microfluidic design is especially advantageous for testing materials that are costly or only available in small quantities, for example polysaccharides, proteins, or lipids due to the small surface area of the membrane being tested. This modular system may also be easily expanded for high throughput testing of membranes.&#160;

Design and fabrication of a three-dimensionally (3-D) printed microfluidic cross-flow filtration system is demonstrated. The system is used to test performance and observe fouling of ultrafiltration and nanofiltration (thin film composite) membranes.

한외 여과 / 나노 멤브레인 성능 테스트 용 삼차원 인쇄물 미세 유체 교차 유동 시스템

Minimization and management of membrane fouling is a formidable challenge in diverse industrial processes and other practices that utilize membrane ...

Synthesis of Thermogelling Poly(N-isopropylacrylamide)-graft-chondroitin Sulfate Composites with Alginate Microparticles for Tissue Engineering

Injectable biomaterials are defined as implantable materials that can be introduced into the body as a liquid and solidify in situ. Such materials offer the clinical advantages of being implanted minimally invasively and easily forming space-filling solids in irregularly shaped defects. Injectable biomaterials have been widely investigated as scaffolds for tissue engineering. However, for the repair of certain load-bearing areas in the body, such as the intervertebral disc, scaffolds should possess adhesive properties. This will minimize the risk of dislocation during motion and ensure intimate contact with the surrounding tissue, providing adequate transmission of forces. Here, we describe the preparation and characterization of a scaffold composed of thermally sensitive poly(N-isopropylacrylamide)-graft-chondroitin sulfate (PNIPAAM-g-CS) and alginate microparticles. The PNIPAAm-g-CS copolymer forms a viscous solution in water at RT, into which alginate particles are suspended to enhance adhesion. Above the lower critical solution temperature (LCST), around 30 &#176;C, the copolymer forms a solid gel around the microparticles. We have adapted standard biomaterials characterization procedures to take into account the reversible phase transition of PNIPAAm-g-CS. Results indicate that the incorporation of 50 or 75 mg/ml&#160;alginate particles into 5% (w/v) PNIPAAm-g-CS solutions quadruple the adhesive tensile strength of PNIPAAm-gCS alone (p&#60;0.05). The incorporation of alginate microparticles also significantly increases swelling capacity of PNIPAAm-g-CS (p&#60;0.05), helping to maintain a space-filling gel within tissue defects. Finally, results of the in vitro toxicology assay kit, 2,3-bis-(2-methoxy-4-nitro-5-sulfophenyl)-2H-tetrazolium-5-carboxanilide (XTT) and Live/Dead viability assay indicate that the adhesive is capable of supporting the survival and proliferation of encapsulated Human Embryonic Kidney (HEK) 293 cells over 5 days.

Synthesis of Thermogelling PolyN-isopropylacrylamide-graft-chondroitin Sulfate Composites with Alginate Microparticles for Tissue Engineering

An injectable tissue engineering scaffold composed of poly(N-isopropylacrylamide)-graft-chondroitin sulfate (PNIPAAm-g-CS)-containing alginate microparticles was prepared. The adhesive strength, swelling properties and in vitro biocompatibility are analyzed in this study. The characterization techniques developed here may be applicable to other thermogelling systems.

조직 공학 알긴산 미세 입자와 Thermogelling 폴리 (N- 이소 프로필) -graft - 콘드로이틴 황산 복합 재료의 합성

Injectable biomaterials are defined as implantable materials that can be introduced into the body as a liquid and solidify in situ. Such materials offer ...

Transport Properties of Ibuprofen Encapsulated in Cyclodextrin Nanosponge Hydrogels: A Proton HR-MAS NMR Spectroscopy Study

The chemical cross-linking of &#946;-cyclodextrin (&#946;-CD) with ethylenediaminetetraacetic dianhydride (EDTA) led to branched polymers referred to as cyclodextrin nanosponges (CDNSEDTA). Two different preparations are described with 1:4 and 1:8 CD-EDTA molar ratios. The corresponding cross-linked polymers were contacted with 0.27 M aqueous solution of ibuprofen sodium salt (IP) leading to homogeneous, colorless, drug loaded hydrogels.
The systems were characterized by high resolution magic angle spinning (HR-MAS) NMR spectroscopy. Pulsed field gradient spin echo (PGSE) NMR spectroscopy was used to determine the mean square displacement (MSD) of IP inside the polymeric gel at different observation times td. The data were further processed in order to study the time dependence of MSD: MSD = f(td). The proposed methodology is useful to characterize the different diffusion regimes that, in principle, the solute may experience inside the hydrogel, namely normal or anomalous diffusion. The full protocols including the polymer preparation and purification, the obtainment of drug-loaded hydrogels, the NMR sample preparation, the measurement of MSD by HR-MAS NMR spectroscopy and the final data processing to achieve the time dependence of MSD are here reported and discussed. The presented experiments represent a paradigmatic case and the data are discussed in terms of innovative approach to the characterization of the transport properties of an encapsulated guest within a polymeric host of potential application for drug delivery.

The motion regimes of ibuprofen encapsulated in &#946;-cyclodextrin nanosponges polymer network are investigated using pulsed-field-gradient spin-echo (PGSE) NMR technique. Synthesis, purification, drug loading, implementation of the NMR pulse sequence and data analysis to work out the mean square displacement of the drug at several observation times are described in detail.

사이클로 덱스트린 Nanosponge 히드로 겔에서 이부 프로 펜 캡슐화의 전송 특성 : 양성자 HR-MAS NMR 분광학 연구

The chemical cross-linking of &#946;-cyclodextrin (&#946;-CD) with ethylenediaminetetraacetic dianhydride (EDTA) led to branched polymers referred to as ...

The Synthesis of RGD-functionalized Hydrogels as a Tool for Therapeutic Applications

The use of polymers as biomaterials has provided significant advantages in therapeutic applications. In particular, the possibility to modify and functionalize polymer chains with compounds that are able to improve biocompatibility, mechanical properties, or cell viability allows the design of novel materials to meet new challenges in the biomedical field. With the polymer functionalization strategies, click chemistry is a powerful tool to improve cell-compatibility and drug delivery properties of polymeric devices. Similarly, the fundamental need of biomedicine to use sterile tools to avoid potential adverse-side effects, such as toxicity or contamination of the biological environment, gives rise to increasing interest in the microwave-assisted strategy.
The combination of click chemistry and the microwave-assisted method is suitable to produce biocompatible hydrogels with desired functionalities and improved performances in biomedical applications. This work aims to synthesize RGD-functionalized hydrogels. RGD (arginylglycylaspartic acid) is a tripeptide that can mimic cell adhesion proteins and bind to cell-surface receptors, creating a hospitable microenvironment for cells within the 3D polymeric network of the hydrogels. RGD functionalization occurs through Huisgen 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition. Some PAA carboxyl groups are modified with an alkyne moiety, whereas RGD is functionalized with azido acid as the terminal residue of the peptide sequence. Finally, both products are used in a copper catalyzed click reaction to permanently link the peptide to PAA. This modified polymer is used with carbomer, agarose and polyethylene glycol (PEG) to synthesize a hydrogel matrix. The 3D structure is formed due to an esterification reaction involving carboxyl groups from PAA and carbomer and hydroxyl groups from agarose and PEG through microwave-assisted polycondensation. The efficiency of the gelation mechanism ensures a high degree of RGD functionalization. In addition, the procedure to load therapeutic compounds or biological tools within this functionalized network is very simple and reproducible.

We present a protocol for the synthesis of RGD-functionalized hydrogels as devices for cell and drug delivery. The procedure involves copper catalyzed alkyne-azide cycloaddition (CuAAC) between alkyne-modified polyacrylic acid (PAA) and a RGD-azide derivative. The hydrogels are formed using microwave-assisted polycondensation and their physicochemical properties are investigated.

치료 응용 프로그램을위한 도구로 RGD-작용 히드로 겔의 합성

The use of polymers as biomaterials has provided significant advantages in therapeutic applications. In particular, the possibility to modify and ...

Synthesis of Biocompatible Liquid Crystal Elastomer Foams as Cell Scaffolds for 3D Spatial Cell Cultures

Here, we present a step-by-step preparation of a 3D, biodegradable, foam-like cell scaffold. These scaffolds were prepared by cross-linking star block co-polymers featuring cholesterol units as side-chain pendant groups, resulting in smectic-A (SmA) liquid crystal elastomers (LCEs). Foam-like scaffolds, prepared using metal templates, feature interconnected microchannels, making them suitable as 3D cell culture scaffolds. The combined properties of the regular structure of the metal foam and of the elastomer result in a 3D cell scaffold that promotes not only higher cell proliferation compared to conventional porous templated films, but also better management of mass transport (i.e., nutrients, gases, waste, etc.). The nature of the metal template allows for the easy manipulation of foam shapes (i.e., rolls or films) and for the preparation of scaffolds of different pore sizes for different cell studies while preserving the interconnected porous nature of the template. The etching process does not affect the chemistry of the elastomers, preserving their biocompatible and biodegradable nature. We show that these smectic LCEs, when grown for extensive time periods, enable the study of clinically relevant and complex tissue constructs while promoting the growth and proliferation of cells.

This study presents a methodology to prepare 3D, biodegradable, foam-like cell scaffolds based on biocompatible side-chain liquid crystal elastomers (LCEs). Confocal microscopy experiments show that foam-like LCEs allow for cell attachment, proliferation, and the spontaneous alignment of C2C12s myoblasts.

3D 공간 세포 배양을위한 세포 발판으로 생체 적합성 액정 엘라스토머 거품의 합성

Here, we present a step-by-step preparation of a 3D, biodegradable, foam-like cell scaffold. These scaffolds were prepared by cross-linking star block ...

Ultrathin Porated Elastic Hydrogels As a Biomimetic Basement Membrane for Dual Cell Culture

The basement membrane is a critical component of cellular bilayers that can vary in stiffness, composition, architecture, and porosity. In vitro studies of endothelial-epithelial bilayers have traditionally relied on permeable support models that enable bilayer culture, but permeable supports are limited in their ability to replicate the diversity of human basement membranes. In contrast, hydrogel models that require chemical synthesis are highly tunable and allow for modifications of both the material stiffness and the biochemical composition via incorporation of biomimetic peptides or proteins. However, traditional hydrogel models are limited in functionality because they lack pores for cell-cell contacts and functional in vitro migration studies. Additionally, due to the thickness of traditional hydrogels, incorporation of pores that span the entire thickness of hydrogels has been challenging. In the present study, we use poly-(ethylene-glycol) (PEG) hydrogels and a novel zinc oxide templating method to address the previous shortcomings of biomimetic hydrogels. As a result, we present an ultrathin, basement membrane-like hydrogel that permits the culture of confluent cellular bilayers on a customizable scaffold with variable pore architectures, mechanical properties, and biochemical composition.

Current bilayer culture models do not allow for functional in vitro studies that mimic in vivo microenvironments. Using polyethylene glycol and a zinc oxide templating method, this protocol describes the development of an ultrathin biomimetic basement membrane with tunable stiffness, porosity, and biochemical composition that closely mimics in vivo extracellular matrices.

듀얼에 대 한 생체 모방 지하실 멤브레인으로 ultrathin Porated 탄성 Hydrogels 세포 배양

The basement membrane is a critical component of cellular bilayers that can vary in stiffness, composition, architecture, and porosity. In vitro studies ...

Synthesis of Multi-walled Carbon Nanotubes Modified with Silver Nanoparticles and Evaluation of Their Antibacterial Activities and Cytotoxic Properties

In this study, multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) were treated with an aqueous sulfuric acid solution to form an oxygen-based functional group. Silver MWCNTs were prepared by the reductive deposition of silver from an aqueous solution of AgNO3 on the oxidized MWCNTs. Given the unique color of the CNTs, it was not possible to apply them to the minimum inhibitory concentration or mitochondrial toxicity assays to evaluate the toxicity and antibacterial properties, since they would interfere with the assays. The inhibition zone and minimum bactericidal concentration for the Ag-MWCNTs were measured and Live/Dead and Trypan Blue assays were used to measure the toxicity and antibacterial properties without interfering with the color of the CNTs.

In this study, antimicrobial nanomaterials were synthesized by acidic oxidation of multiwalled carbon nanotubes and subsequent reductive deposition of silver nanoparticles. Antimicrobial activity and cytotoxicity tests were performed with the as-prepared nanomaterials.

나노 입자와 그들의 항균 활동 및 세포 독성 속성의 평가 수정 다중 벽 탄소 나노튜브의 합성

In this study, multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) were treated with an aqueous sulfuric acid solution to form an oxygen-based functional group. Silver ...