우리는 데이터를 수집 그들의 도움 라이언 존슨과 레아 밀러합니다.

<ol>
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저자는보고 공시에는이 없습니다.

첫째, 인터넷 응용 프로그램이 올바른지 및 임피던스가 저하되는 것이 중요합니다. 둘째, EEG 인터넷 응용 프로그램과 패러다임이 수반 무슨 부모들이로 말하거나 사이의 라인을 흐리게 할 아기와 눈을 마주하지 않고 까다로운 될 경우 유아를 진정 도움을 줄 수 있는지 부모에게 설명하는 것이 중요하다 사회적 및 비 사회적 조건. 또한, EEG 데이터에 영향을 미치고 그물에 손상을 줄 수있는 그물을...

사회적 상호 작용은 유아의 신경 발달 1, 2에 대한 중요하다. 최근의 연구는 사회적 뇌의 3, 4의 개발에 초점을 시작했지만, 사회 참여에 관여하는 신경 프로세스는 잘 이해되지 않습니다. 보고 된 방법의 목적은 유아 뇌파 (EEG) 전원, 통신 연결을 해제 전압의 측정을 제어하고 nonsocial 사회적 상황에 걸쳐 어떻게 변하는지를 평가 하였다. 이 방법은 차동 신경 활성화와 관련이 있는지 특정 사회의 입력 측면의 평가를 할 수 있습니다 및 기능 신경 활성화를 평가할 때 기록 컨텍스트의 역할을 고려하는 미래 연구에 대한 의미를 가지고있다. EEG는 유아 운동 비침 견고한 같이, 유아 뇌 활동을 측정하는 방법에 적합하다. 전극들로 구성된 캡을 p신경 세포 통신 중에 발표 대뇌 피질에서 전기 활동을 기록하는 유아의 머리에 레이스. EEG 전력은 일정 기간 동안 각각의 전극 사이트에서의 전압의 측정치이다. EEG는 신경 활동의 기능 측정함으로써 부분적으로 EEG가 기록되고있는 직접적인 문맥을 반영한다. 그것의 기능적 특성, EEG 파워는 내 - 과목 디자인을 사용하여 컨텍스트에 걸쳐 따라서 인덱스 상황에 맞는 고유의 활성화와 비교 될 수있는 잠재력을 가지고있다. 따라서, EEG는 뉴럴 구체적 사회적 상호 작용의 토대 및 특정 컨텍스트 활성화보다 일반적 모두를 평가하는데 사용될 수있다. 유아 EEG는 종종 하나의 조건 중에 기록 그러나,이 잠재력을 완전히 실현되지 않았다. 많은 연구는 항상 명확하게 사회적, nonsocial 입력을 구별하지 않는 &quot;상태를 휴식&quot;또는베이스 라인, 동안 유아 EEG 파워를 기록했다. 어떤 경우에는, EEG는 유아로 기록S는 실험자는 빙고 휠 5, 6, 7을 시계 회전 실험자 블로우 시계 8 거품 또는 실험자 흔들어 9,10 흔들어 본다. 그러나 유아는 실험 또는 객체 중 하나에 참석할 수 있으며, 유아의 특성은 그들의주의를 지시하는 방법에 영향을 미칠 수 있습니다. 따라서, 그들은 실험에 참석하는 경우 일부 유아에 대한 기준은 사회가 될 수 있으며이 객체에 주로 참석하면 다른 유아에 대한 기준은 nonsocial 수 있습니다. EEG는 기록 상황을 반영로서, 연구자 인해 유아 녹화시에 참석하고 있었는지의 차이로 안정 또는 간단하게 할 수있는 발달 적 의미를 해석 할 수있는 기준 EEG의 개별 차이를 관찰했다. 객체를 유지하면서 유아가 노래 여자를 보는 동안 실제로 한 연구는 뇌파 기록 <sup클래스 = &quot;외부 참조&quot;&gt; 11. 유아 EEG 전원이 유아가 여자 또는 물체에주의를 지불 여부에 따라 변하며. 이것은 사회적 상호 작용의 신경 기지를 평가하는 유아 EEG 전원의 기능적 특성과도 EEG을 촬영하는 동안 통제 된 조건을 사용하는 방법 론적 중요성을 모두 보여줍니다. 사회적 상호 작용은 복잡하고 다면적이다. EEG가 자연 상호 작용하는 동안 기록 된 경우, 따라서, 이는 (예를 들어, 청각 언어 대면 또는 공동 관심에 결합 상호 작용)의 상호 작용의 다양한 양태의 신경 처리를 따로 애타게 어려울 수있다. 이 문제를 해결하기위한 전략은 각각의 사회적 상호 작용의 특정 측면을 포함하는 다른 조건을 포함하여 포함한다. 따라서,이 패러다임 EEG 전력 소셜 입력의 특정 유형에 따라 어떻게 변하는지를 체계적과 비교하도록 설계된다. 패러다임 녹화 관련보고 내-주제오르 딩 유아 EEG 4 개 상태 동안. 이 기록 문맥에 따라 달라집니다 방법 - -, 사회 입력의 특정 유형의 역할을 평가하기 위해 조건은 유아 EEG 전원의 기능적 특성을 조사하기 위해 모두 설계되었습니다. 아기가이 컴퓨터 화면에 물체를 본 곳 첫째, nonsocial 조건이 포함되었다. 컴퓨터 스크린 상에 오브젝트를 제시하는 대신 실험자 오브젝트를 조작함으로써,이 조건을 명확하게하고 사회적 nonsocial 입력 어떠한 형태를 포함하지 않는다. 실험자 사진에 대한 유아의 관심을 감독하고 사진에 대해 얘기 경우 다음 공동 관심 조건이 포함되었다. 얼굴을 맞대고 상호 작용, 언어 입력, 공동 관심의 추가 구성 요소 : 공동의 관심 조건은 따라서 사회 입력의 세 가지 유형을 포함한다. 따라서, 공동 nonsocial 주목 조건 입체적 (대면 상호 작용 언어 입력 및 관절주의의 존재)에서 다르다. 따라서 어떤 DIFFnonsocial 공동 관심 조건 사이의 EEG 전력 erences이 세 사회 입력의 기인이 될 수 있습니다. 따라서, 2 개 개의 추가 조건 입력 사회적 측면은 nonsocial 공동 관심 상태 사이의 신경 활동의 모든 관찰 된 차이를 설명하는 떨어져 애타게 하였다. 언어의 효과를 평가하기 위해, 언어에 유일한 조건은 유아가 컴퓨터에있는 사진에 실험자의 의견을들을 수 있지만, 실험을 볼 수있는 곳 포함되었다. EEG 전원이 공동의 관심과 nonsocial 조건과 비교 언어 전용 조건에서 유사했다 경우,이 효과는 언어에 기인 할 수있다. 마지막으로, 실험자가 직접 대면 영아이고 조건부 유아와 결합하는 경우, 사회적 결합 조건이 포함 된 대면 상호 작용의 효과를 평가한다. EEG 전력은 N에 비해 공동의 관심과 사회 참여의 조건에서 유사했다 경우onsocial 조건 조인트 관심과 nonsocial 조건의 차이는 상호 마주 맞대고 기인 될 수있다. 공동 관심과 nonsocial 조건의 차이는 언어 만 사회적 결합 조건으로하여 설명하지 않은 경우,이 공동 관심의 존재는 특히 EEG 전력의 차이를 설명하는 것을 제안했다. 이 공동 관심 용량이 아니라 12를 설립하는 시대이기 때문에이 패러다임은, 12 개월 된 아기와 함께 조종했다. 또한,이 기간 동안 공동 관심 삶 (13), (14)의 2 차 연도 언어 발달에 특히 중요하므로 이러한 맥락에서 신경 활성화는이 나이에 특별한 관심이었다. 패러다임은 조건이 표준화되어 있음을 보장하면서 유아의 관심을 유지하도록 설계 및 SOC의 종류에 차이가 전용IAL 입력. 네 가지 상태의 각각은 현재 (공동주의 사회적 결합 상태) 또는 부재 (nonsocial 언어 전용 상태) 인 실험 교대 여덟 개 개의 블록에 대해 한 번 반복된다. 일관성을 유지하기 위해 오브젝트의 사진은 모든 조건에 제시되어 같은 발언은 블록에 걸쳐 사용된다. 각 블록 중에 nonsocial 오브젝트 (10 개)는 사진, 컴퓨터 화면에 순차적으로 표시. 물체 (예를 들어, 꽃, 장갑)의 10 개 범주와 각 개체의 네 가지 색상이 있습니다. 따라서, 물체의 동일한 블록 (10)은 카테고리에 걸쳐 다양한 개체의 색상 각 블록에 제시되어있다. 자극은 유아에 대한 흥미로 선정되었다. 각 개체가 화면에 표시로서 공동의 관심과 언어 만하는 상황에서는 실험자는 스크립트 말을합니다. 관절에 왼쪽 또는 오른쪽으로 컴퓨터 화면을 가리 키도록 지정된 방향으로 10 특정 발언이 (있다관심 조건). 발언은 공동의 관심과 언어 전용 조건 동일하지만 변수 위해 유아 관심을 유지하고 특정 발언과 개체의 특정 범주를 연관 방지에 있다고합니다. 발언의 순서는 첫 번째 공동 관심 블록과 모국어 전용 블록에 대해 동일합니다. 순서는 다음 두 번째 공동의 관심과 언어 블록 만 변경됩니다. 마지막으로, 가리키는 방향은 각 관절주의 블록에 대한 변화와 의사 무작위 유아 방향을 예상 할 수 있도록합니다.

<table>
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>EEG Amplifier</td>
			<td>EGI</td>
			<td>N/A</td>
			<td>We used a net amps 300 system. Contact EGI for more information or to purchase. https://www.egi.com/</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>EEG Sensor Nets</td>
			<td>EGI</td>
			<td>N/A</td>
			<td>We used HDGSN 130 nets with 128 channels in pediatric sizes. Contact EGI for more information or to purchase. https://www.egi.com/clinical-division/geodesic-sensor-nets</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>EEG Recording Software</td>
			<td>Netstation</td>
			<td>N/A</td>
			<td>Contact EGI for more information or to purchase. https://www.egi.com/clinical-division/net-station</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>EEG Recording Computer</td>
			<td>Apple</td>
			<td>N/A</td>
			<td>An apple computer is required to run the Netstation software. The operating system just has to match the version of Netstation used.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Stimulus Presentation Computer</td>
			<td>Dell</td>
			<td>N/A</td>
			<td>E-Prime 2.0 is compatible with PCs running Microsoft Windows 
			XP SP3, Vista SP1, 7 SP1, 8/8.1 and 10</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Stimulus Presentation Software - E-Prime 2.0 Professional Edition</td>
			<td>Psychology Software Tools, Inc.</td>
			<td>http://www.psychology-software-tools.mybigcommerce.com/e-prime-2-0-professional/</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Stimulus Presentation Monitors</td>
			<td>Dell</td>
			<td>N/A</td>
			<td>LCD monitors are appropriate.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Potassium Chloride</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>http://www.sigmaaldrich.com/catalog/product/sigma/p9541?lang=en&#38;region=US</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Pipettes</td>
			<td>Karter Scientific Labware Manufacturing Co.</td>
			<td>http://www.kartersci.com/7ml_Volume_3ml_Graduated_Transfer_Pipette_Karter_p/206h2.htm</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Disinfectant-Control 3 Disinfectent Germicide</td>
			<td>Maril Products Inc</td>
			<td>https://www.amazon.com/Control-Disinfectant-Germicide-Cntrl3-Concntr/dp/B007AZ37VC</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>EEG Processing Software</td>
			<td>MATLAB</td>
			<td>https://www.mathworks.com/products/matlab/</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Data Analysis Software</td>
			<td>SPSS</td>
			<td>https://www.ibm.com/marketplace/cloud/statistical-analysis-and-reporting/purchase/us/en-us#product-header-top</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Coding Software - The Observer XT</td>
			<td>Noldus</td>
			<td>http://www.noldus.com/</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>General Note: This equipment list includes what was used in the presented study, however other systems and products with the same capabilities are also appropriate.</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

a within-subjects experimental protocol to assess the effects of social input on infant eeg

유아가 사회적으로 상호 작용하는 동안 유아의 두뇌 개발을위한 사회적 상호 작용의 중요성에도 불구하고, 연구는 거의 기능 신경 활성화를 평가했다. 뇌파 (EEG)의 전원 유아 신경 기능의 활성화를 평가하기위한 바람직한 기술이다. 그러나 많은 연구 기록 유아 EEG 하나 개의 기본 조건 중. 이 프로토콜은 포괄적 사회 입력의 다른 유형 차등 유아 EEG와 어떻게 관련되는지 떨어져 유아 뇌파 모두 사회적, nonsocial 상황에서의 활동뿐만 아니라 애타게을 평가하기 위해 설계 패러다임에 대해 설명합니다. 내-주제 패러다임은 네 통제 된 조건이 포함되어 있습니다. nonsocial 상태에서, 유아는 컴퓨터 화면의 개체를 볼 수 있습니다. 공동 관심 조건은 사진을 유아의주의를 지시 실험자을 포함한다. 언어, 얼굴을 맞대고 상호 작용, 공동 관심의 존재 : 공동의 관심 조건은 사회 입력의 세 가지 유형이 포함되어 있습니다. 차이nonsocial 공동 관심 조건 사이의 유아 EEG에 입력이 세 가지 유형 중 하나가 원인 일 수 있습니다. 따라서, 두 개의 부가적인 조건 (실험자는 스크린 뒤에 숨겨진 상태 언어 입력 한 얼굴을 맞대고 상호 작용 하나) 유아 신경 활성화 패턴의 운전 상황 요인을 평가 하였다. 대표적인 결과는 유아 EEG 전력의 기능적 특성을 지원하는 뇌 영역에서 모두 전체 및 차분, 조건에 의해 변화하는 유아 EEG 파워를 보여준다. 이 기술은 분명히 사회적 nonsocial있는 조건을 포함하는 것이 유리하다 사회적 입력 특정 유형의 EEG 전력에 관한 시험 방법을 허용한다. 이 패러다임은, 사회 경제적 상태, 시대에 어떻게 개인차를 평가에 영향을 사용할 수 있으며, 부모 - 유아 상호 작용의 질은 사회적 뇌의 발달과 관련이있다. 유아 EEG 전원의 증명 기능적 특성을 바탕으로, 미래의 연구 쇼자민련은 분명히 사회적 nonsocial 있습니다 EEG 기록 컨텍스트 및 설계 조건의 역할을 고려한다.

유아 찾고 행동 대표 결과는 73 × 12 개월 된 영아 (12)이다. 조건은 유아 &#39;보는 행위 (16) 변경에 효과적이었다. 의도 한대로 사회 참여 조건에서, 유아, 실험자보고 대부분의 시간을 소비 (평균, 사회 참여 조건 중 시간의 60.06 %). 또한, 각 유아는 실험 시간의 50 % 이상을 보았다. 공동 관심의 ?...

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A Within-subjects Experimental Protocol to Assess the Effects of Social Input on Infant EEG

이 새로운 프로토콜은 유아의 사회적 상호 작용의 신경 기지를 평가하기 위해 설계되었습니다. 패러다임은 같은 언어, 공동의 관심과 얼굴을 맞대고 상호 작용 사회 입력이 유아 신경 활성화 관련이 떨어져 얼마나 다양한 애타게하도록 설계되었습니다. 유아 EEG 파워는 사회적, nonsocial 조건을 모두 동안 기록됩니다.

A는 내 - 과목 실험 프로토콜 유아 EEG에 대한 사회 입력의 효과를 평가하기 위해

Despite the importance of social interactions for infant brain development, little research has assessed functional neural activation while infants ...

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Research

JoVE Journal

Behavior

7.7K 조회수.  Boston University.  이 새로운 프로토콜은 유아의 사회적 상호 작용의 신경 기지를 평가하기 위해 설계되었습니다. 패러다임은 같은 언어, 공동의 관심과 얼굴을 맞대고 상호 작용 사회 입력이 유아 신경 활성화 관련이 떨어져 얼마나 다양한 애타게하도록 설계되었습니다. 유아 EEG 파워는 사회적, nonsocial 조건을 모두 동안 기록됩니다. 

비디오: A Within-subjects Experimental Protocol to Assess the Effects of Social Input on Infant EEG

Infant Auditory Processing and Event-related Brain Oscillations

Rapid auditory processing and acoustic change detection abilities play a critical role in allowing human infants to efficiently process the fine spectral and temporal changes that are characteristic of human language. These abilities lay the foundation for effective language acquisition; allowing infants to hone in on the sounds of their native language. Invasive procedures in animals and scalp-recorded potentials from human adults suggest that simultaneous, rhythmic activity (oscillations) between and within brain regions are fundamental to sensory development; determining the resolution with which incoming stimuli are parsed. At this time, little is known about oscillatory dynamics in human infant development. However, animal neurophysiology and adult EEG data provide the basis for a strong hypothesis that rapid auditory processing in infants is mediated by oscillatory synchrony in discrete frequency bands. In order to investigate this, 128-channel, high-density EEG responses of 4-month old infants to frequency change in tone pairs, presented in two rate conditions (Rapid: 70 msec ISI and Control: 300 msec ISI) were examined. To determine the frequency band and magnitude of activity, auditory evoked response averages were first co-registered with age-appropriate brain templates. Next, the principal components of the response were identified and localized using a two-dipole model of brain activity. Single-trial analysis of oscillatory power showed a robust index of frequency change processing in bursts of Theta band (3 - 8 Hz) activity in both right and left auditory cortices, with left activation more prominent in the Rapid condition. These methods have produced data that are not only some of the first reported evoked oscillations analyses in infants, but are also, importantly, the product of a well-established method of recording and analyzing clean, meticulously collected, infant EEG and ERPs. In this article, we describe our method for infant EEG net application, recording, dynamic brain response analysis, and representative results.

High-density electroencephalography (dEEG) is being used increasingly to study brain development and plasticity in the early years of life. Here we present an application of sophisticated analysis techniques that builds on traditional EEG recording to understand the oscillatory dynamics of rapid auditory processing in the infant brain.

유아 청각 처리 및 이벤트 관련 뇌 진동

Rapid auditory processing and acoustic change detection abilities play a critical role in allowing human infants to efficiently process the fine spectral ...

연구

행동분석학

Applying Stereotactic Injection Technique to Study Genetic Effects on Animal Behaviors

Stereotactic injection is a useful technique to deliver high titer lentiviruses to targeted brain areas in mice. Lentiviruses can either overexpress or knockdown gene expression in a relatively focused region without significant damage to the brain tissue. After recovery, the injected mouse can be tested on various behavioral tasks such as the Open Field Test (OFT) and the Forced Swim Test (FST). The OFT is designed to assess locomotion and the anxious phenotype in mice by measuring the amount of time that a mouse spends in the center of a novel open field. A more anxious mouse will spend significantly less time in the center of the novel field compared to controls. The FST assesses the anti-depressive phenotype by quantifying the amount of time that mice spend immobile when placed into a bucket of water. A mouse with an anti-depressive phenotype will spend significantly less time immobile compared to control animals. The goal of this protocol is to use the stereotactic injection of a lentivirus in conjunction with behavioral tests to assess how genetic factors modulate animal behaviors.

Stereotactic injection of lentiviruses expressing cDNAs or shRNAs can modulate gene expression in specific brain areas of mice. Here, we present a protocol to combine stereotactic injections with behavioral tasks, such as the Open Field Test (OFT) and the Forced Swim Test (FST).

정위 사출 기술을 적용하는 것은 동물의 행동에 유전 적 영향을 연구하기

Stereotactic injection is a useful technique to deliver high titer lentiviruses to targeted brain areas in mice. Lentiviruses can either overexpress or ...

The Social Dimension of Stress: Experimental Manipulations of Social Support and Social Identity in the Trier Social Stress Test

In many situations humans are influenced by the behavior of other people and their relationships with them. For example, in stressful situations supportive behavior of other people as well as positive social relationships can act as powerful resources to cope with stress. In order to study the interplay between these variables, this protocol describes two effective experimental manipulations of social relationships and supportive behavior in the laboratory. In the present article, these two manipulations are implemented in the Trier Social Stress Test (TSST)&#8212;a standard stress induction paradigm in which participants are subjected to a simulated job interview. More precisely, we propose (a) a manipulation of the relationship between different protagonists in the TSST by making a shared social identity salient and (b) a manipulation of the behavior of the TSST-selection committee, which acts either supportively or unsupportively. These two experimental manipulations are designed in a modular fashion and can be applied independently of each other but can also be combined. Moreover, these two manipulations can also be integrated into other stress protocols and into other standardized social interactions such as trust games, negotiation tasks, or other group tasks.

Previous research on the social dimension of stress has focused on two important variables: social identity and social support. This protocol introduces an effective experimental manipulation of these two social variables and describes their implementation in a standard stress induction paradigm (Trier Social Stress Test).

스트레스의 사회적 차원 : 트리어 사회에서 사회적지지와 사회적 정체성의 실험 노는 시험 스트레스

In many situations humans are influenced by the behavior of other people and their relationships with them. For example, in stressful situations ...

Experimental Research Examining How People Can Cope with Uncertainty Through Soft Haptic Sensations

Human beings are constantly surrounded by uncertainty and change. The question arises how people cope with such uncertainty. To date, most research has focused on the cognitive strategies people adopt to deal with uncertainty. However, especially when uncertainty is due to unpredictable societal events (e.g., economical crises, political revolutions, terrorism threats) of which one is unable to judge the impact on one&#8217;s future live, cognitive strategies (like seeking additional information) is likely to fail to combat uncertainty. Instead, the current paper discusses a method demonstrating that people might deal with uncertainty experientially through soft haptic sensations. More specifically, because touching something soft creates a feeling of comfort and security, people prefer objects with softer as compared to harder properties when feeling uncertain. Seeking for softness is a highly efficient and effective tool to deal with uncertainty as our hands are available at all times. This protocol describes a set of methods demonstrating 1) how environmental (un)certainty can be situationally activated with an experiential priming procedure, 2) that the quality of the softness experience (what type of softness and how it is experienced) matters and 3) how uncertainty can be reduced using different methods.

To date research has focused on cognitive strategies people adopt to cope with uncertainty. This research examines instead an experiential way of dealing with uncertainty and introduces a set of experimental methods showing how the experience of haptic softness can serve as a tool to deal with uncertainty.

사람들은 부드러운 햅틱 감각을 통해 불확실성에 대처할 수 어떻게 검사 실험 연구

Human beings are constantly surrounded by uncertainty and change. The question arises how people cope with such uncertainty. To date, most research has ...

A Method for Evaluating the Reinforcing Properties of Ethanol in Rats without Water Deprivation, Saccharin Fading or Extended Access Training

Operant oral self-administration methods are commonly used to study the reinforcing properties of ethanol in animals. However, the standard methods require saccharin/sucrose fading, water deprivation and/or extended training to initiate operant responding in rats. This paper describes a novel and efficient method to quickly initiate operant responding for ethanol that is convenient for experimenters and does not require water deprivation or saccharin/sucrose fading, thus eliminating the potential confound of using sweeteners in ethanol operant self-administration studies. With this method, Wistar rats typically acquire and maintain self-administration of a 20% ethanol solution in less than two weeks of training. Furthermore, blood ethanol concentrations and rewards are positively correlated for a 30 min self-administration session. Moreover, naltrexone, an FDA-approved medication for alcohol dependence that has been shown to suppress ethanol self-administration in rodents, dose-dependently decreases alcohol intake and motivation to consume alcohol for rats self-administering 20% ethanol, thus validating the use of this new method to study the reinforcing properties of alcohol in rats.

This protocol describes a novel and efficient method to quickly initiate operant responding for ethanol in rats that, contrary to standard methods, does not require water deprivation or saccharin/sucrose fading to initiate responding.

물 박탈, 사카린 페이딩 또는 확장 액세스 교육을받지 않은 쥐에 에탄올의 강화 속성을 평가하는 방법

Operant oral self-administration methods are commonly used to study the reinforcing properties of ethanol in animals. However, the standard methods ...

A Novel Approach to Assess Motor Outcome of Deep Brain Stimulation Effects in the Hemiparkinsonian Rat: Staircase and Cylinder Test

Deep brain stimulation of the subthalamic nucleus is an effective treatment option for Parkinson&#39;s disease. In our lab we established a protocol to screen different neurostimulation patterns in hemiparkinsonian (unilateral lesioned) rats. It consists of creating a unilateral Parkinson&#39;s lesion by injecting 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) into the right medial forebrain bundle, implanting chronic stimulation electrodes into the subthalamic nucleus and evaluating motor outcomes at the end of 24 hr periods of cable-bound external neurostimulation. The stimulation was conducted with constant current stimulation. The amplitude was set 20% below the individual threshold for side effects. The motor outcome evaluation was done by the assessment of spontaneous paw use in the cylinder test according to Shallert and by the assessment of skilled reaching in the staircase test according to Montoya. This protocol describes in detail the training in the staircase box, the cylinder test, as well as the use of both in hemiparkinsonian rats. The use of both tests is necessary, because the staircase test seems to be more sensitive for fine motor skill impairment and exhibits greater sensitivity to change during neurostimulation. The combination of the unilateral Parkinson model and the two behavioral tests allows the assessment of different stimulation parameters in a standardized way.

Deep brain stimulation (DBS) is an effective treatment option for Parkinson's disease. We established a study design to screen novel stimulation paradigms in rats. The protocol describes the use of the staircase test and cylinder test for motor outcome assessment in DBS treated hemiparkinsonian rats.

계단 및 실린더 테스트 : 소설 접근은 Hemiparkinsonian 쥐에 깊은 뇌 자극 효과의 모터 결과를 평가하는

Deep brain stimulation of the subthalamic nucleus is an effective treatment option for Parkinson&#39;s disease. In our lab we established a protocol to ...

Using Gold-standard Gait Analysis Methods to Assess Experience Effects on Lower-limb Mechanics During Moderate High-heeled Jogging and Running

A limited number of studies have explored lower-limb biomechanics during high-heeled jogging and running, and most studies have failed to clarify the wearing experience of subjects. This protocol describes the differences in lower-limb kinematics and ground reaction force (GRF) between experienced wearers (EW) and inexperienced wearers (IEW) during moderate high-heeled jogging and running. A three-dimensional (3D) motion analysis system with a configured force platform was used to synchronously capture lower-limb joint movements and GRF. 36 young females volunteered to participate in this study and were asked about high-heeled shoe-wearing experience, including frequency, duration, heel types, and heel heights. Eleven who had the experience of 3 to 6 cm heels for a minimum of three days per week (6 h per day) for at least two years and eleven who wore high heels less than twice per month participated. Subjects performed jogging and running at comfortable low and high speeds, respectively, with the right foot completely stepping onto a force platform when passing by along a 10 m walkway. EW and IEW adopted different biomechanical adaptations while jogging and running. IEW exhibited a generally larger range of joint movement, while EW showed a dramatically larger loading rate of GRF during running. Hence, further studies on the lower-limb biomechanics of high-heeled gait should strictly control the wearing experience of the subjects.

This study investigated lower-limb kinematics and ground reaction force (GRF) during moderate high-heeled jogging and running. Subjects were divided into groups of experienced wearers and inexperienced wearers. A three-dimensional motion analysis system with a configured force platform captured lower-limb joint movements and GRF.

보통 굽 높은 조깅 하 고 실행 하는 동안 낮은 사지 역학에 경험 효과 평가 하기 위해 골드 표준 걸음 걸이 분석 방법을 사용 하 여

A limited number of studies have explored lower-limb biomechanics during high-heeled jogging and running, and most studies have failed to clarify the ...

Using a Classroom-Based Deese Roediger McDermott Paradigm to Assess the Effects of Imagery on False Memories

Associated word list procedures can elicit false memories in predictable ways by inducing associative processing, thus making it harder to monitor the accuracy of memories. The purpose of the method presented here was to induce false memories using lists of either semantically or phonologically related words and to assess the effects of imagery instructions on the recall and recognition of those false memories. To do this, we used a modified version of the Deese Roediger McDermott (DRM) paradigm. We adapted word lists from previous DRM studies to suit imagery procedures and created an automated presentation to present the word lists in classroom settings. We then recruited undergraduate classes and instructed some of the classes to create mental images of the list words as they were being presented, while instructing the other classes to simply remember the words. The automated presentation presented word lists to participants, one word at a time, alternating between phonologically and semantically related lists. Participants used paper-pencil recall packets to immediately recall list items, complete a distractor activity, and take a subsequent final recognition test. Often, participants immediately recalled and later recognized words that were related to the list items but were not actually presented; these are known as critical lures and indicate a false memory. The protocol detailed here describes a four-step procedure - list presentation, immediate recall, distractor phase, and final recognition - that can assess the effects of list type and imagery instruction within the DRM paradigm on memory. The automated nature of the list presentation provides the ability to systematically vary variables of interest, and the paper and pencil method of data collection affords an easily accessible method for collecting data in classroom settings. The protocol also offers options to modify the procedure to a more traditional DRM paradigm without imagery and/or list type manipulations. The use of this protocol can provide results relevant to both classroom learning and cognitive science principles.

The method presented here induced false memories using lists of related words and also assessed the effects of imagery instructions on the recall and recognition of those false memories. This protocol details a modified version of the Deese Roediger McDermott (DRM) paradigm.

거짓 기억에 이미지의 효과 평가 하기 위해 교실 기반 Deese Roediger 맥 더 못 패러다임을 사용 하 여

Associated word list procedures can elicit false memories in predictable ways by inducing associative processing, thus making it harder to monitor the ...

The HoneyComb Paradigm for Research on Collective Human Behavior

Collective human behavior such as group movement frequently shows surprising patterns and regularities, such as the emergence of leadership. Recent literature has revealed that these patterns, often visible at the global level of the group, are based on self-organized, individual behaviors that follow several simple local parameters. Understanding the dynamics of human collective behavior can help to improve coordination and leadership in group and crowd scenarios, such as identifying the ideal placement and number of emergency exits in buildings.
In this article, we present the experimental paradigm HoneyComb, which can be used to systematically investigate conditions and effects of human collective behavior. This paradigm uses a computer-based multi-user platform, providing a setting that can be shaped and adapted to various types of research questions. Situational conditions (e.g., cost-benefit ratios for specific behavior, monetary incentives and resources, various degrees of uncertainty) can be set by experimenters, depending on the research question. Each participant's motions are recorded by the server as hexagonal coordinates with timestamps at an accuracy of 50 ms and with individual IDs. Thus, a metric can be defined on the playfield, and movement parameters (e.g., distances, velocity, clustering, etc.) of participants can be measured over time. Movement data can in turn be combined with non-computerized data from questionnaires garnered within the same experiment setup.
The HoneyComb paradigm is paving the way for new types of human movement experiments. We demonstrate here that these experiments can render results with sufficient internal validity to meaningfully deepen our understanding of human collective behavior.

Here, we present the computer-based, multi-agent game HoneyComb, which enables experimental investigations of collective human movement behavior via black-dot-avatars on a virtual 2D hexagonal playfield. Different experimental conditions, like variable&#160;incentives on goal fields or vision radius, can be set, and their effects on human movement behavior can be investigated.

연구 집단 인간 행동에 대 한 벌집 패러다임

Collective human behavior such as group movement frequently shows surprising patterns and regularities, such as the emergence of leadership. Recent ...

Using Facial Electromyography to Assess Facial Muscle Reactions to Experienced and Observed Affective Touch in Humans

"Affective" touch is believed to be processed in a manner distinct from discriminatory touch and to involve activation of C-tactile (CT) afferent fibers. Touch that optimally activates CT fibers is consistently rated as hedonically pleasant. Patient groups with impaired social-emotional functioning also show disordered affective touch ratings. However, relying on self-reported ratings of touch has many limitations, including recall bias and communication barriers. Here, we describe a methodological approach to study affective responses to touch via facial electromyography (EMG) that circumvents the reliance on self-report ratings. Facial EMG is an objective, quantitative, and non-invasive method to measure facial muscle activity indicative of affective responses. Responses can be assessed across healthy and patient populations without the need for verbal communication. Here, we provide two separate datasets demonstrating that CT-optimal and non-optimal touch elicit distinct facial muscle reactions. Moreover, facial EMG responses are consistent across stimulus modalities, e.g. tactile (experienced touch) and visual (observed touch). Finally, the temporal resolution of facial EMG can detect responses on timescales that supersede that of verbal reporting. Together, our data suggest that facial EMG is a suitable methodology for use in affective tactile research that can be used to supplement, or in some cases, supplant, existing measures.

We describe a protocol to assess facial muscle activity in response to experienced and observed tactile stimulation using facial electromyography.

"Affective" touch is believed to be processed in a manner distinct from discriminatory touch and to involve activation of C-tactile (CT) afferent fibers. ...