이 작품은 K-INBRE P20GM103418, 캔자스 콩 위원회 (KSC/PSU 1663), ACS PRF 56629-UNI7와 PSU 폴리머 화학 시작 기금, SS에 모두에 의해 지원 됩니다. 우리는 비디오와 그의 뛰어난 작품에 대 한 대학 동영상을, 씨 야 곱 Anselmi, 감사합니다. 우리는 또한 감사 로저 주었는지 씨와 부인 Katha 주었는지 연구에 대 한 그들의 관대 한 지원에 대 한.

1. 합성 및 다중 파라미터 자기 형광 Nanosensors (MFnS)의 기능화.
<ol><li>합성 superparamagnetic 산화 철 나노 입자 (IONPs) <ol>IONP 합성에 대 한 준비가 <li>준비 다음 3 솔루션: 솔루션 1: FeCl 3 (0.70 g) FeCl 2에서 H 2 O (2 mL), 솔루션 2: NH 4 오 (2.0 mL, 13.4 M) H 2 O (15 mL), 및 솔루션 3: polyacrylic 산 (0.855 g) H 2 O (5 mL).</li>
		<li>는 솔루션 1 2 M 염 산 (HCl)의 90 µ L을 추가 하 고 즉시 875 rpm에서 vortexing 동안 솔루션 2와 혼합. 그런 다음 추가 솔루션 3. 60 분에 대 한 vortexing 계속</li>
		<li>1,620 x g.에서 20 분 동안 원심 분리기 원심 2880 x g.에서 20 분 동안 상쾌한</li>
		<li>정화 투 통해 최종 상쾌한. 투 석의 가방에는 상쾌한 추가 (MWCO 6 &#8722; 8 K) 버퍼링 하는 인산 염 (PBS)를 포함 하는 비 커에 (pH = 7.4)와 스핀 바. 모든 2 3 h. 신선한 버퍼 교체 12 h 동안 담가 보자</li>
	</ol></li> <li>IONPs의 표면에 항 체 특정 대상의 활용 <ol><li>준비 하는 다음 4 개의 솔루션: 솔루션 a: 5 mg 1-에틸-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl) carbodiimide 염 산 염 (EDC) 250 µ L MES에에서 [2-(N- morpholino) ethanesulfonic 산] 버퍼 (0.1 m M, pH 6.8 =), MES 버퍼의 250 µ L에서 솔루션 b: 3 mg N Hydroxysuccinimide (NHS)의 (0.1 m M, pH 6.8 =), 솔루션 c: 5 µ g IgG1, 대장균 mAb의 인산 염 버퍼 식 염 수 (PBS) (pH 7.4)의 225 µ L의 그리고 IONP의 솔루션 d: 4 mL (5.0 m m o l) 1 ml의 PBS (pH 7.4).</li>
		<li>추가 2-(N-Morpholino) ethanesulfonic 산 (MES) 솔루션, 버퍼 즉시 추가할 솔루션 솔루션 D 15에서 작은 단위로 혼합 각 추가 후에 해결책을 반전 하는 s.</li>
		<li>즉시 3 분 동안 조금씩에서 솔루션 d 솔루션 B를 추가 하기 시작 합니다. 각 추가 후에 해결책을 반전 하 여 믹스.</li>
		<li>솔루션 혼합 각 추가 후 반전 5 µ L의 단위로 솔루션 솔루션 C 추가.</li>
		<li>반응 실 온에서 3 h 동안 계속 계속는 외피 4 ° C에서 하룻밤 허용.</li>
		<li>정화 PBS를 사용 하 여 자기 열 통해 결과 Ab 활용 된 IONPs (pH 7.4, 최종 [Fe] = = 3.5 mmol) 어떤 결합형된 항 체를 제거 하.
		<li>PBS (1 mL)와 자기 열 세척 <ol>. 자기 접시에 열을 연결 하 고 IONP 해결책을 추가 하십시오.</li>
			<li>다시 PBS (1 mL)와 자기 열 세척. 자석 접시에서 자기 열을 제거 합니다. PBS는 열을 추가 하 고 솔루션을 수집 합니다. 4 ° C에서 저장소</li></ol></li></ol></li> <li>형광등 1, 1의 캡슐 &#39;-Dioctadecyl-3,3,3 &#39; 3, &#39;-Tetramethylindocarbocyanine 과염소산염 (DiI) 염료를 사용 하 여 항 체 활용 된 IONPs의 polyacrylic 산 (PAA) 코팅에는 용 매 확산 방법입니다.
	<ol><li>Dropwise 2.0 추가 IONPs의 4 ml, DiI 염료 (2 mmol) 1100 rpm에서 연속 혼합과 DMSO의 100 µ L의 µ L.</li>
		<li>PBS, [철]의 최종 철 농도와 최종 MFnS 솔루션을 만들기에 대 한 결과 솔루션 (MWCO 6-8 KDa, 12 h) dialyze = 2 mmol.</li>
	</ol></li> <li>특성의 MFnS <ol><li>spectrophotometric 분석를 사용 하 여 플레이트 리더 595에서 형광 방출으로 캡슐화 된 DiI 염료 검출 nM.</li>
		<li>동적 빛 산란 <ol><li>장소 샘플 MFnS 솔루션의 평균 크기는 MFnS의 표면 충전 확인 하 zetasizer. 
			참고: 여기, 평균 크기와 기능 MFnS의 표면 충전 했다 발견 77.09 및-22.3 mV, 각각.</li>
		</ol></li></ol></li></ol> 2. 세균성 Culturing 및 재고 솔루션 준비 <ol><li>세균 배양 <ol><li>영양 국물의 1 mL에 동결된 펠 릿 (대장균 O157:H7)를 수 화와 국물의 추가 5 mL를 추가 합니다.</li>
		<li>한 천 배지 및 행진을이 솔루션의 적용 100 µ L 24 h. 위해 37 ° C에 외피 다음 살 균 접종 루프를 사용 하 여</li>
		<li>후 24 h, 한 천 배지에서 고립 된 식민지 선택한 문화 국물의 15 mL를 추가 합니다. 광학 밀도 값을 모니터링 하는 동안 4-6 h 37 ° C에서 품 어 (흡 광도 600 nm).</li>
		<li>0.1의 광학 밀도 값을 얻은 배양, 중지 하 고 수행 하는 직렬 희석.</li>
	</ol></li> <li>직렬 희석 <ol><li>8 살 균 microcentrifuge 튜브 영양 국물의 추가 900 µ L.</li>
		<li>첫 번째 튜브 (희석 10 -1)에 세균 현 탁 액의 추가 100 µ L.</li>
		<li>걸릴 100 µ L 처음부터 튜브와 10 -2의 희석을 얻기 위해 두 번째 그것을 추가 합니다. 10 -8의 마지막 희석 끝나는 나머지 튜브에 대 한이 패턴을 계속.</li>
		<li>전송 100 µ L에서 각 튜브를 분리 한 천 배지, 그리고 37에서 24 h에 대 한 품 어 ° c.</li>
		<li>다음 날, 각 접시에 단위 (CFUs)를 형성 하는 식민지를 계산 합니다. ~ 100 CFUs와 플레이트를 선택 합니다. 해당 희석을 사용 하 여 추가 실험을 위한 (100 µ L = 100 ~ CFUs). 
		참고: 여기 그것은 귀착되 었 다 ~ 100 CFUs 10 -6 희석.</li>
	</ol></li></ol> 3. MFnS를 사용 하 여 급속 한 탐지의 E. 대장균 O157:H7 <ol><li>스파이크 1-100에서 CFU 범위 결과 10 -6 세균성 주식 양의 증가 함께 다양 한 PBS 솔루션 (1 X, pH 7.4, 300 µ L). MFnS의 일관 된 금액을 추가 (100 µ L) 이러한 솔루션을.</li>
	<li>PBS (1 X, pH 7.4, 300 µ L)만 포함 한 초기 솔루션 및 MFnS (100 µ L).</li>
	<li>37 ° C에서 30 분에 대 한 솔루션을 품 어 하 고 실내 온도에 냉각 하도록 허용 다음.</li>
	<li>자석 relaxometer (0.47 테슬라)와 휴식 시간 (T2) 각 솔루션에는 CFUs에 상대적인 레코드 변경 전송 개별 솔루션.
	<li>T2 값에 변화를 기록, PBS와 MFnS 포함 된 기준 솔루션의 T2 값을 측정 하 여 시작 <ol>.
		<li>장소는 자석에서 솔루션 <ol>relaxometer. 열고 해당 소프트웨어를 선택 합니다 &#34; T2 이완 &#34; 설정 및 프레스 &#34; 측정. &#34;</li></ol></li> <li>T2 값 추가 솔루션을 다양 한 아군은의 측정 다음 T2, 기준선의 컬렉션 박테리아의 농도. 
		참고: t 2에서 변화는 초기 아군 t2에서 감 t 2.</li>
	</ol></li> <li>자석 relaxometer에서 샘플을 제거 하 고 10 분을 위한 2880 x g에서 튜브 원심</li>
	<li>는 상쾌한 가만히 따르다와 100 µ L의 PBS (1 X, pH 7.4)에 세균성 펠 릿 resuspend.</li>
	<li>추가 80 µ L 96 잘 접시와 595에서 레코드 형광 강도를 각 물의 resuspension의 nM. 
	참고: 테스트 반복 될 수 있다 결과 섹션에 설명 된 대로 호수 물, 우유 등을 포함 한 다른 용 매를 사용 하 여</li></ol>

<ol>
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G., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Synergistic+Photothermal+and+Antibiotic+Killing+of+Biofilm-Associated+Staphylococcus+aureus+Using+Targeted+Antibiotic-Loaded+Gold+Nanoconstructs.">Synergistic Photothermal and Antibiotic Killing of Biofilm-Associated Staphylococcus aureus Using Targeted Antibiotic-Loaded Gold Nanoconstructs.</a> ACS Infect Dis. 2 (4), 241-250 (2016).</li><li>Wang, Y., Ye, Z., Si, C., Ying, Y. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Subtractive+inhibition+assay+for+the+detection+of+E.+coli+O157:H7+using+surface+plasmon+resonance.">Subtractive inhibition assay for the detection of E. coli O157:H7 using surface plasmon resonance.</a> Sensors (Basel). 11 (3), 2728-2739 (2011).</li><li>Zhao, X., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+rapid+bioassay+for+single+bacterial+cell+quantitation+using+bioconjugated+nanoparticles.">A rapid bioassay for single bacterial cell quantitation using bioconjugated nanoparticles.</a> Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 101 (42), 15027-15032 (2004).</li></ol>

이 나노기술의 검증 된 응용 프로그램은 아직 FDA에 의해 승인 되지.

이 프로토콜 단순히 완전 한 기능 MFnS을 생산 하도록 설계 되었습니다 가능한. 그러나, 많은 핵심 포인트를 변경 하는 프로토콜의 사용자의 최종 목표에 따라 유용할 수 있습니다 있다. 예를 들어 다른 항 체를 사용 하 여 다른 많은 병원 체의 허용 것 이다. 또한,이 프로토콜 분자를 대상으로 항 체의 사용에 국한 되지 않습니다. 호스트 세포 수용 체, 등 대상 병원 체에 대 ?...

세균성 오염 둘 다의 지속적인 발생 상업적 식품 생산과 물 소스 점점 더 신속 하 고 구체적인 진단 플랫폼에 대 한 필요를 창조 했다. 1 , 2 일반적인 세균성 오염 물질 음식 및 물 오염에 대 한 책임의 일부는 살 모 넬 라, 황색, Listeria, 비 브리 오, 이질균, 균, 그리고 대장균 속에서 있습니다. 3 , 4 세균성 오염이 균에 의해 종종 열, 콜레라, 위장염, 설사 등 증상이 발생합니다. 4 오염 물 소스의 자주 충분히 필터링 된 물에 접근 없이 지역 사회에 크게 불리 한 효과 있으며 식품 오염 많은 질병 및 제품 회수 노력을 주도하 고 있다. 5 , 6
세균 오염으로 인 한 질병의 발생을 줄이기 위해 수는 물과 음식을 검색 될 수 있으며 효율적으로 이전 판매 또는 소비 하는 방법을 개발 하는 노력 되었습니다. 3 1,7,8,,910 ELISA,11,12 루프 중재 등온 증폭 (PCR 등 기법 램프),13,14 ,15,,1617,18,19,20,21, 22,,2324 최근 다양 한 병원 균의 검출에 대 한 사용 되었습니다. 전통적인 세균 배양 방법에 비해, 이러한 기술은 특이성 및 시간에 관하여 훨씬 더 효율적입니다. 그러나, 이러한 기술은 여전히 투쟁 가양성 및 원판, 복잡 한 절차 및 비용. 1 , 3 , 25 그것 세균 검출에 대 한 대체 방법으로 제안 하는 multiparametric 마그네틱 형광 nanosensors (MFnS)이 바로 그 이유입니다.
이러한 nanosensors 고유 쌍을 함께 자석 및 형광 modalities, 신속 하 고 정확한 이중 탐지 플랫폼에 대 한 허용. 샘플 오염으로 대장균 O157:H7를 사용 하 여, 분 이내 작은 1 CFU를 검색 하는 MFnS의 기능 설명 했다. 병원 체 특정 항 체 특이성, 증가 하는 데 사용 되 고 자석 및 형광 modalities의 조합 탐지 및 정량화 모두 낮은 높은 오염 범위에서 세균 오염 물질의 허용 합니다. 16 세균 오염에의 경우는 nanosensors 박테리아 병원 체 특정 항 체의 대상 능력 때문에 주위 메뚜기 것 이다. 마그네틱 nanosensors 및 박테리아 사이의 바인딩 자석 철 코어와 주변의 물 양성자 간의 상호 작용을 제한합니다. 그러면 증가 T2 이완 시간에 자석 relaxometer를 기준으로 기록 됩니다. 솔루션에는 박테리아의 농도 상승으로 nanosensors 박테리아, t 2 값의 결과로의 증가 수와 분산. 반대로, 형광 방출 박테리아, 병원 체에 직접 바인딩된 nanosensors의 증가 수의 농도와 비례하여에서 증가 합니다. 샘플, 원심 분리 및 절연 세균 펠 릿의 나노 박테리아, 어떤 부동성 nanosensors를 제거 하 고 직접 상호 연결의 수와 형광 방출에 직접 연결을 절약만 것입니다. 솔루션에 있는 박테리아. 이 메커니즘의 도식 대표는 그림 1에 표시 됩니다.
이 MFnS 플랫폼은 마음, 낮은-비용 및 휴대용 특성에 따른 포인트의 케어 상영과 함께 설계 되었습니다. MFnS, 실내 온도에 안정 하 고 세균 오염 물질의 정확한 탐지에 대 한 매우 낮은 농도에서 필요만. 또한, 합성, 후는 MFnS의 사용은 간단 하 고 분야에서 훈련 된 전문가의 사용을 필요로 하지 않습니다. 마지막으로,이 진단 플랫폼 고도로 사용자 정의 대상으로,이 의해 하나의 플랫폼 사용할 수 있습니다 많은 다른 설정에서 모든 종류의 병원 체를 검출 하는 수단을 제공 가능 합니다.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="821">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:239px;">Ferrous Chloride Tetrahydrate</td>
			<td style="width:156px;">Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:197px;">I90-500</td>
			<td style="width:231px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:239px;">Ferric Chloride Hexahydrate</td>
			<td style="width:156px;">Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>I88-500</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:239px;">Ammonium Hydroxide</td>
			<td style="width:156px;">Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:197px;">A669S-500</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:239px;">Hydrochloric Acid</td>
			<td style="width:156px;">Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:197px;">A144S-500</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:239px;">Polyacryllic Acid</td>
			<td style="width:156px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:197px;">323667-100G</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="23">
			<td height="23" style="height:23px;width:239px;">EDC</td>
			<td style="width:156px;">Thermofisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:197px;">22980</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:239px;">NHS</td>
			<td style="width:156px;">Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>AC157270250</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Anti-E. coli O111 antibody&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:156px;">sera care</td>
			<td>5310-0352</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Anti-E. coli O157:H7 antibody [P3C6]&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:156px;">Abcam</td>
			<td style="width:197px;">ab75244</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:239px;">DiI Stain</td>
			<td style="width:156px;">Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:197px;">D282</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:239px;">Nutrient Broth</td>
			<td style="width:156px;">Difco</td>
			<td style="width:197px;">233000</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Freeze-dried E. coli O157:H7 pellet</td>
			<td style="width:156px;">ATCC</td>
			<td style="width:197px;">700728</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:239px;">Magnetic Relaxomteter&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:156px;">Bruker</td>
			<td style="width:197px;">mq20</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:239px;">Zetasizer</td>
			<td style="width:156px;">Malvern</td>
			<td style="width:197px;">NANO-ZS90</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:239px;">Plate Reader&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:156px;">Tecan</td>
			<td style="width:197px;">Infinite M200 PRO</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:239px;">Magnetic Column&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:156px;">QuadroMACS</td>
			<td style="width:197px;">130-090-976</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:239px;">Centrifuge</td>
			<td style="width:156px;">Eppendorf</td>
			<td style="width:197px;">5804 Series</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:239px;">Centrifuge (accuSpin Micro 17)</td>
			<td style="width:156px;">Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:197px;">13-100-676</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:239px;">Floor Model Shaking Incubator</td>
			<td style="width:156px;">SHEL LAB</td>
			<td style="width:197px;">SSI5</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:239px;">Analytical Balance</td>
			<td style="width:156px;">Metler Toledo</td>
			<td style="width:197px;">ME104E</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:239px;">Digital Vortex Mixer</td>
			<td style="width:156px;">Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:197px;">02-215-370</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:239px;">Open-Air Rocking Shaker</td>
			<td style="width:156px;">Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:197px;">02-217-765</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

foodborne pathogen screening using magneto-fluorescent nanosensor: rapid detection of e. coli o157:h7

둘 다 waterborne Enterohemorrhagic 대장균 O157:H7 연결 되었습니다 foodborne 병, 및 음식 및 물 심사 방법에도 불구 하 고 위협 사용 현재 남아 있다. 일반 세균 검출 방법, 동안과 같은 연쇄 반응 (PCR) 및 효소 연결 된 immunosorbent 분석 실험 (ELISA) 특히 병원 성 오염 물질을 감지할 수 있습니다 그들은 필요 광범위 한 샘플 준비 및 긴 대기 기간. 또한, 이러한 관행 정교한 실험실 계기 및 설정, 요구 하 고 훈련 된 전문가 의해 실행 되어야 합니다. 여기에, 프로토콜은 나노 기반 플랫폼에 자석 및 형광 매개 변수의 독특한 조합을 제공 하는 간단 하 게 진단 기술에 대 한 제안. 제안 된 multiparametric 마그네틱 형광 nanosensors (MFnS) 대장균 O157:H7 오염 조금 1 식민지 형성 장치 솔루션 미만 1 시간 내에 검색할 수 있습니다. 또한, MFnS의 능력을 유지와 같은 매우 복잡 한 미디어 기능을 우유와 호수 물 확인 되었습니다. 또한 추가 특이성 분석만 특정 대상 박테리아도 비슷한 세균성 종의 존재를 감지 하는 MFnS의 능력을 보여 주기 위해 사용 되었다. 자석 및 형광 modalities의 페어링 검색 및 병원 체 오염 농도, 모두와 늦은-초기 오염 탐지에 그것의 고성능 전시의 넓은 범위에서의 정량화에 대 한 수 있습니다. 효율성, 경제성, 그리고는 MFnS의 이동성 있도록 세균성 오염 물질에 대 한 포인트의 케어 심사를 위한 이상적인 후보자 설정의 넓은 범위에서 상업적으로 포장된 식품을 수생 저수지에서.

MFnS 행동의 메커니즘은 그림 1에 표시 됩니다. 세균 오염 물질의 표면 주위 MFnS의 클러스터링 방해는 MFnS의 magnetic cores와 주변 수소 핵 사이 상호 작용. 이 클러스터링, 자기 휴식의 결과로 값이 증가합니다. 세균 오염 물질의 농도 증가, 클러스터링, 줄이고 T2 값에 변화를 감소. 따라서, 형광 적임의 결정적 이다. 세균성 농도 증가, MFnS에 의해 생산 하는 형광 신호 증가, 모두 ?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Foodborne Pathogen Screening Using Magneto-fluorescent Nanosensor: Rapid Detection of E. Coli O157:H7 at JoVE.com

Foodborne Pathogen Screening Using Magneto-fluorescent Nanosensor: Rapid Detection of E. Coli O157:H7

이 프로토콜의 전반적인 목표는 비용 효율적인, 노트북에 대 한 기능 nanosensors을 합성 하 고의 급속 한 탐지는 자석 및 형광 방출 modalities의 결합을 통해 병원 성 박테리아에 특히 표적으로.

E. 콜라이 O157:H7의 Foodborne 병원 체 검사를 사용 하 여 자기 형광 Nanosensor: 신속한 감지

Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli O157:H7 has been linked to both waterborne and foodborne illnesses, and remains a threat despite the food- and ...

foodborne-pathogen-screening-using-magneto-fluorescent-nanosensor

Research

JoVE Journal

Immunology and Infection

Foodborne Pathogen Screening Using Magneto-fluorescent Nanosensor: Rapid Detection of E. Coli O157:H7

7.6K 조회수.  Pittsburg State University. 이 프로토콜의 전반적인 목표는 비용 효율적인, 노트북에 대 한 기능 nanosensors을 합성 하 고의 급속 한 탐지는 자석 및 형광 방출 modalities의 결합을 통해 병원 성 박테리아에 특히 표적으로.

비디오: Foodborne Pathogen Screening Using Magneto-fluorescent Nanosensor: Rapid Detection of E. Coli O157:H7

Combination of Adhesive-tape-based Sampling and Fluorescence in situ Hybridization for Rapid Detection of Salmonella on Fresh Produce

This protocol describes a simple approach for adhesive-tape-based sampling of tomato and other fresh produce surfaces, followed by on-tape fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) for rapid culture-independent detection of Salmonella spp. Cell-charged tapes can also be placed face-down on selective agar for solid-phase enrichment prior to detection. Alternatively, low-volume liquid enrichments (liquid surface miniculture) can be performed on the surface of the tape in non-selective broth, followed by FISH and analysis via flow cytometry. To begin, sterile adhesive tape is brought into contact with fresh produce, gentle pressure is applied, and the tape is removed, physically extracting microbes present on these surfaces. Tapes are mounted sticky-side up onto glass microscope slides and the sampled cells are fixed with 10% formalin (30 min) and dehydrated using a graded ethanol series (50, 80, and 95%; 3 min each concentration). Next, cell-charged tapes are spotted with buffer containing a Salmonella-targeted DNA probe cocktail and hybridized for 15 - 30 min at 55&deg;C, followed by a brief rinse in a washing buffer to remove unbound probe. Adherent, FISH-labeled cells are then counterstained with the DNA dye 4',6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI) and results are viewed using fluorescence microscopy. For solid-phase enrichment, cell-charged tapes are placed face-down on a suitable selective agar surface and incubated to allow in situ growth of Salmonella microcolonies, followed by FISH and microscopy as described above. For liquid surface miniculture, cell-charged tapes are placed sticky side up and a silicone perfusion chamber is applied so that the tape and microscope slide form the bottom of a water-tight chamber into which a small volume (&le; 500 &mu;L) of Trypticase Soy Broth (TSB) is introduced. The inlet ports are sealed and the chambers are incubated at 35 - 37&deg;C, allowing growth-based amplification of tape-extracted microbes. Following incubation, inlet ports are unsealed, cells are detached and mixed with vigorous back and forth pipetting, harvested via centrifugation and fixed in 10% neutral buffered formalin. Finally, samples are hybridized and examined via flow cytometry to reveal the presence of Salmonella spp. As described here, our "tape-FISH" approach can provide simple and rapid sampling and detection of Salmonella on tomato surfaces. We have also used this approach for sampling other types of fresh produce, including spinach and jalape&ntilde;o peppers.

Combination of Adhesive-tape-based Sampling and Fluorescence in situ Hybridization for Rapid Detection of Salmonella on Fresh Produce

This protocol describes a simple adhesive-tape-based approach for sampling of tomato and other fresh produce surfaces, followed by rapid whole cell detection of Salmonella using fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH).

접착제 테이프 기반의 샘플링 및 형광의 조합 현장에서</em의 신속한 감지를 위해> 하이브 리다이 제이션 살모넬라균 신선한 농산물에 대한

This protocol describes a simple approach for adhesive-tape-based sampling of tomato and other fresh produce surfaces, followed by on-tape fluorescence in ...

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면역학 및 감염병학

Following Cell-fate in E. coli After Infection by Phage Lambda

The system comprising bacteriophage (phage) lambda and the bacterium E. coli has long served as a paradigm for cell-fate determination1,2. Following the simultaneous infection of the cell by a number of phages, one of two pathways is chosen: lytic (virulent) or lysogenic (dormant)3,4. We recently developed a method for fluorescently labeling individual phages, and were able to examine the post-infection decision in real-time under the microscope, at the level of individual phages and cells5. Here, we describe the full procedure for performing the infection experiments described in our earlier work5. This includes the creation of fluorescent phages, infection of the cells, imaging under the microscope and data analysis. The fluorescent phage is a "hybrid", co-expressing wild- type and YFP-fusion versions of the capsid gpD protein. A crude phage lysate is first obtained by inducing a lysogen of the gpD-EYFP (Enhanced Yellow Fluorescent Protein) phage, harboring a plasmid expressing wild type gpD. A series of purification steps are then performed, followed by DAPI-labeling and imaging under the microscope. This is done in order to verify the uniformity, DNA packaging efficiency, fluorescence signal and structural stability of the phage stock. The initial adsorption of phages to bacteria is performed on ice, then followed by a short incubation at 35&deg;C to trigger viral DNA injection6. The phage/bacteria mixture is then moved to the surface of a thin nutrient agar slab, covered with a coverslip and imaged under an epifluorescence microscope. The post-infection process is followed for 4 hr, at 10 min interval. Multiple stage positions are tracked such that ~100 cell infections can be traced in a single experiment. At each position and time point, images are acquired in the phase-contrast and red and green fluorescent channels. The phase-contrast image is used later for automated cell recognition while the fluorescent channels are used to characterize the infection outcome: production of new fluorescent phages (green) followed by cell lysis, or expression of lysogeny factors (red) followed by resumed cell growth and division. The acquired time-lapse movies are processed using a combination of manual and automated methods. Data analysis results in the identification of infection parameters for each infection event (e.g. number and positions of infecting phages) as well as infection outcome (lysis/lysogeny). Additional parameters can be extracted if desired.

Following Cell-fate in E. coli After Infection by Phage Lambda

This article describes the procedure for preparing a fluorescently-labeled version of bacteriophage lambda, infection of E. coli bacteria, following the infection outcome under the microscope, and analysis of infection results.

에 셀 운명을 따라<em&gt; E. 대장균</em&gt; 파지 람다에 의해 감염 후

The system comprising bacteriophage (phage) lambda and the bacterium E. coli has long served as a paradigm for cell-fate determination1,2. Following the ...

Live-cell Video Microscopy of Fungal Pathogen Phagocytosis

Phagocytic clearance of fungal pathogens, and microorganisms more generally, may be considered to consist of four distinct stages: (i) migration of phagocytes to the site where pathogens are located; (ii) recognition of pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) through pattern recognition receptors (PRRs); (iii) engulfment of microorganisms bound to the phagocyte cell membrane, and (iv) processing of engulfed cells within maturing phagosomes and digestion of the ingested particle. Studies that assess phagocytosis in its entirety are informative1, 2, 3, 4, 5 but are limited in that they do not normally break the process down into migration, engulfment and phagosome maturation, which may be affected differentially. Furthermore, such studies assess uptake as a single event, rather than as a continuous dynamic process. We have recently developed advanced live-cell imaging technologies, and have combined these with genetic functional analysis of both pathogen and host cells to create a cross-disciplinary platform for the analysis of innate immune cell function and fungal pathogenesis. These studies have revealed novel aspects of phagocytosis that could only be observed using systematic temporal analysis of the molecular and cellular interactions between human phagocytes and fungal pathogens and infectious microorganisms more generally. For example, we have begun to define the following: (a) the components of the cell surface required for each stage of the process of recognition, engulfment and killing of fungal cells1, 6, 7, 8; (b) how surface geometry influences the efficiency of macrophage uptake and killing of yeast and hyphal cells7; and (c) how engulfment leads to alteration of the cell cycle and behavior of macrophages 9, 10.
In contrast to single time point snapshots, live-cell video microscopy enables a wide variety of host cells and pathogens to be studied as continuous sequences over lengthy time periods, providing spatial and temporal information on a broad range of dynamic processes, including cell migration, replication and vesicular trafficking. Here we describe in detail how to prepare host and fungal cells, and to conduct the video microscopy experiments. These methods can provide a user-guide for future studies with other phagocytes and microorganisms.

We describe methods for live-cell video microscopy of Candida albicans phagocytosis by macrophages. These methods enable stage-specific analysis of macrophage migration, recognition, engulfment and phagosome maturation and reveal novel aspects of phagocytosis.

곰팡이 병원체 Phagocytosis의 라이브 셀 비디오 현미경

Phagocytic clearance of fungal pathogens, and microorganisms more generally, may be considered to consist of four distinct stages: (i) migration of ...

Rapid Screening of HIV Reverse Transcriptase and Integrase Inhibitors

Although a number of anti HIV drugs have been approved, there are still problems with toxicity and drug resistance. This demonstrates a need to identify new compounds that can inhibit infection by the common drug resistant HIV-1 strains with minimal toxicity. Here we describe an efficient assay that can be used to rapidly determine the cellular cytotoxicity and efficacy of a compound against WT and mutant viral strains.
The desired target cell line is seeded in a 96-well plate and, after a 24 hr incubation, serially dilutions of the compounds to be tested are added. No further manipulations are necessary for cellular cytotoxicity assays; for anti HIV assays a predetermined amount of either a WT or drug resistant HIV-1 vector that expresses luciferase is added to the cells. Cytotoxicity is measured by using an ATP dependent luminescence assay and the impact of the compounds on infectivity is measured by determining the amount of luciferase in the presence or the absence of the putative inhibitors.
This screening assay takes 4 days to complete and multiple compounds can be screened in parallel. Compounds are screened in triplicate and the data are normalized to the infectivity/ATP levels in absence of target compounds. This technique provides a quick and accurate measurement of the efficacy and toxicity of potential anti HIV compounds.

Here we describe cellular cytotoxicity and single round infectivity assays that allow for the rapid and accurate screening of compounds to determine their cellular cytotoxicity (CC50) and IC50 values against WT and drug resistant HIV-1.

HIV 역전사 및 인테그라 제 억제제의 빠른 검사

Although a number of anti HIV drugs have been approved, there are still problems with toxicity and drug resistance. This demonstrates a need to identify ...

Loop-mediated Isothermal Amplification (LAMP) Assays for the Species-specific Detection of Eimeria that Infect Chickens

Eimeria species parasites, protozoa which cause the enteric disease coccidiosis, pose a serious threat to the production and welfare of chickens. In the absence of effective control clinical coccidiosis can be devastating. Resistance to the chemoprophylactics frequently used to control Eimeria is common and sub-clinical infection is widespread, influencing feed conversion ratios and susceptibility to other pathogens such as Clostridium perfringens. Despite the availability of polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based tools, diagnosis of Eimeria infection still relies almost entirely on traditional approaches such as lesion scoring and oocyst morphology, but neither is straightforward. Limitations of the existing molecular tools include the requirement for specialist equipment and difficulties accessing DNA as template. In response a simple field DNA preparation protocol and a panel of species-specific loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) assays have been developed for the seven Eimeria recognised to infect the chicken. We now provide a detailed protocol describing the preparation of genomic DNA from intestinal tissue collected post-mortem, followed by setup and readout of the LAMP assays. Eimeria species-specific LAMP can be used to monitor parasite occurrence, assessing the efficacy of a farm&#8217;s anticoccidial strategy, and to diagnose sub-clinical infection or clinical disease with particular value when expert surveillance is unavailable.

Loop-mediated Isothermal Amplification LAMP Assays for the Species-specific Detection of Eimeria that Infect Chickens

Diagnosis of Eimeria infection in chickens remains demanding. Parasite morphology- and host pathology-led approaches are commonly inconclusive, while molecular approaches based on PCR have proven demanding in cost and expertise. The aim of this protocol is to establish loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) as a straightforward molecular diagnostic for eimerian infection.

의 종 특이 검출을위한 루프 - 매개 등온 증폭 (LAMP) 분석 실험<em&gt; 에이 메리아</em&gt; 닭을 감염이

Eimeria species parasites, protozoa which cause the enteric disease coccidiosis, pose a serious threat to the production and welfare of chickens. In the ...

Rapid Molecular Detection and Differentiation of Influenza Viruses A and B

Influenza is a contagious respiratory illness caused by influenza viruses A and B in humans and causes a significant amount of morbidity and mortality every year. The Influenza A and B assay was the first CLIA-waived molecular rapid flu test available. The Influenza A and B test works by employing isothermal amplification with influenza-specific primers followed by target detection with molecular beacon probes. Here, the performance of the Influenza A and B assay on frozen, archived nasopharyngeal swab (NPS) specimens stored in viral transport medium (VTM) were compared to a respiratory panel assay.
The performance of the Influenza A and B assay was evaluated by comparing the results to the respiratory panel reference method. The sensitivity for total influenza virus A was 67.5% (95% CI (CI), 56.6-78.5) and the specificity was 86.9% (CI, 71.0-100). For influenza virus B testing, the sensitivity and specificity were 90.2% (CI, 68.5-100) and 98.8% (CI, 68.5-100), respectively.
This system has the advantage of a significantly shorter test time than any other currently available molecular assay and the simple, pipette-free procedure runs on a fully integrated, closed, small-footprint system. Overall, the Influenza A and B assay evaluated in this study has the potential to serve as a point-of-care rapid influenza diagnostic test.

We describe a rapid, molecular-based Influenza A and B assay. The Influenza assay detects each target within 15 min by employing isothermal amplification with influenza-specific primers followed by target detection with molecular beacon probes. The Influenza A and B assay is user-friendly and required minimal hands-on time to perform.

빠른 분자 탐지 및 인플루엔자 바이러스 A와 B의 차별화

Influenza is a contagious respiratory illness caused by influenza viruses A and B in humans and causes a significant amount of morbidity and mortality ...

Creation of a Dense Transposon Insertion Library Using Bacterial Conjugation in Enterobacterial Strains Such As Escherichia Coli or Shigella flexneri

Transposon mutagenesis is a method that allows gene disruption via the random genomic insertion of a piece of DNA called a transposon. The protocol below outlines a method for high efficiency transfer between bacterial strains of a plasmid harboring a transposon containing a kanamycin resistance marker. The plasmid-borne transposase is encoded by a variant tnp gene that inserts the transposon into the genome of the recipient strain with very low insertional bias. This method thus allows the creation of large mutant libraries in which transposons have been inserted into unique genomic positions in a recipient strain of either Escherichia coli or Shigella flexneri bacteria. By using bacterial conjugation, as opposed to other methods such as electroporation or chemical transformation, large libraries with hundreds of thousands of unique clones can be created. This yields high-density insertion libraries, with insertions occurring as frequently as every 4-6 base pairs in non-essential genes. This method is superior to other methods as it allows for an inexpensive, easy to use, and high efficiency method for the creation of a dense transposon insertion library. The transposon library can be used in downstream applications such as transposon sequencing (Tn-Seq), to infer genetic interaction networks, or more simply, in mutational (forward genetic) screens.

Creation of a Dense Transposon Insertion Library Using Bacterial Conjugation in Enterobacterial Strains Such As Escherichia Coli or Shigella flexneri

Presented here is a simple method for creating a high-density transposon insertion library in Escherichia coli or Shigella flexneri using bacterial conjugation. This protocol allows the creation of a collection of hundreds of thousands of unique mutants in bacteria by the random genomic insertion of a transposon.

밀도 Transposon 삽입 라이브러리를 사용 하 여 세균성 활용 Enterobacterial 종자와 같은 대장균 또는 Shigella flexneri 의 창조

Transposon mutagenesis is a method that allows gene disruption via the random genomic insertion of a piece of DNA called a transposon. The protocol below ...

Rapid, Safe, and Simple Manual Bedside Nucleic Acid Extraction for the Detection of Virus in Whole Blood Samples

The rapid diagnosis of an infection is essential for the outbreak management, risk containment, and patient care. We have previously shown a method for the rapid bedside inactivation of the Ebola virus during blood sampling for safe nucleic acid (NA) tests by adding a commercial lysis/binding buffer directly into the vacuum blood collection tubes. Using this bedside inactivation approach, we have developed a safe, rapid, and simplified bedside NA extraction method for the subsequent detection of a virus in lysis/binding buffer-inactivated whole blood. The NA extraction is directly performed in the blood collection tubes and requires no equipment or electricity. 
After the blood is collected into the lysis/binding buffer, the contents are mixed by flipping the tube by hand, and the mixture is incubated for 20 min at room temperature. Magnetic glass particles (MGPs) are added to the tube, and the contents are mixed by flipping the collection tube by hand. The MGPs are then collected on the side of the blood collection tube using a magnetic holder or a magnet and a rubber band. The MGPs are washed three times, and after the addition of elution buffer directly into the collection tube, the NAs are ready for NA tests, such as qPCR or isothermal loop amplification (LAMP), without the removal of the MGPs from the reaction. The NA extraction method is not dependent on any laboratory facilities and can easily be used anywhere (e.g., in field hospitals and hospital isolation wards). When this NA extraction method is combined with LAMP and a portable instrument, a diagnosis can be obtained within 40 min of the blood collection.

Here, we present a protocol for the rapid virus nucleic acid extraction from the virus-inactivated whole blood. The extraction is performed directly in the blood collection tubes and requires no equipment or electricity. The method is not dependent on laboratory facilities and can be used anywhere (e.g., in field hospitals).

전체 혈액 샘플에서 바이러스의 검출, 안전, 신속 하 고 간단한 수동 침대 핵 산 추출

The rapid diagnosis of an infection is essential for the outbreak management, risk containment, and patient care. We have previously shown a method for ...

A High-throughput Platform for the Screening of Salmonella spp./Shigella spp.

Fecal-oral transmission of acute gastroenteritis occurs from time to time, especially when people who handled food and water are infected by Salmonella spp./Shigella spp. The gold standard method for the detection of Salmonella spp./Shigella spp. is direct culture but this is labor-intensive and time-consuming. Here, we describe a high-throughput platform for Salmonella spp./Shigella spp. screening, using real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) combined with guided culture. There are two major stages: real-time PCR and the guided culture. For the first stage (real-time PCR), we explain each step of the method: sample collection, pre-enrichment, DNA extraction and real-time PCR. If the real-time PCR result is positive, then the second stage (guided culture) is performed: selective culture, biochemical identification and serological characterization. We also illustrate representative results generated from it. The protocol described here would be a valuable platform for the rapid, specific, sensitive and high-throughput screening of Salmonella spp./Shigella spp.

A High-throughput Platform for the Screening of Salmonella spp./Shigella spp.

Salmonella spp./Shigella spp. are common pathogens attributed to diarrhea. Here, we describe a high-throughput platform for the screening of Salmonella spp./Shigella spp. using real-time PCR combined with guided culture.

살 모 넬 라 종의 심사에 대 한 높은 처리 플랫폼 /Shigella 종

Fecal-oral transmission of acute gastroenteritis occurs from time to time, especially when people who handled food and water are infected by Salmonella ...

Using a Bacterial Pathogen to Probe for Cellular and Organismic-level Host Responses

There are a variety of strategies bacterial pathogens employ to survive and proliferate once inside the eukaryotic cell. The so-called 'cytosolic' pathogens (Listeria monocytogenes, Shigella flexneri, Burkholderia pseudomallei, Francisella tularensis, and Rickettsia spp.) gain access to the infected cell cytosol by physically and enzymatically degrading the primary vacuolar membrane. Once in the cytosol, these pathogens both proliferate as well as generate sufficient mechanical forces to penetrate the plasma membrane of the host cell in order to infect new cells. Here, we show how this terminal step of the cellular infection cycle of L. monocytogenes (Lm) can be quantified by both colony-forming unit assays and flow cytometry and give examples of how both pathogen- and host-encoded factors impact this process. We also show a close correspondence of Lm infection dynamics of cultured cells infected in vitro and those of hepatic cells derived from mice infected in vivo. These function-based assays are relatively simple and can be readily scaled up for discovery-based high-throughput screens for modulators of eukaryotic cell function.

We describe both in vitro and in vivo infection assays that can be used to analyze the activities of host-encoding factors.