이 작품의 체코 공화국, 프로젝트 P302-12-G157 부여 기관에 의해 지원 되었다. 실험 또한 체코 노르웨이어 연구 프로그램 CZ09, 노르웨이 자금, 그리고 교육, 청소년 및 스포츠의 체코 공화국에 의해 감독에 의해 지원 되었다 (허가 번호: 7F14369).

<ol>
	<li>Cadet, J., Mouret, S., Ravanat, J. L., Douki, T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Photoinduced+damage+to+cellular+DNA:+direct+and+photosensitized+reactions.">Photoinduced damage to cellular DNA: direct and photosensitized reactions.</a> Photochem Photobiol. 88 (5), 1048-1065 (2012).</li><li>Cooke, M. S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Immunochemical+detection+of+UV-induced+DNA+damage+and+repair.">Immunochemical detection of UV-induced DNA damage and repair.</a> J Immunol Methods. 280 (1-2), 125-133 (2003).</li><li>Lahtz, C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Gamma+irradiation+does+not+induce+detectable+changes+in+DNA+methylation+directly+following+exposure+of+human+cells.">Gamma irradiation does not induce detectable changes in DNA methylation directly following exposure of human cells.</a> PLoS One. 7 (9), e44858 (2012).</li><li>Cremer, T., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Detection+of+chromosome+aberrations+in+the+human+interphase+nucleus+by+visualization+of+specific+target+DNAs+with+radioactive+and+non-radioactive+in+situ+hybridization+techniques:+diagnosis+of+trisomy+18+with+probe+L1.84.">Detection of chromosome aberrations in the human interphase nucleus by visualization of specific target DNAs with radioactive and non-radioactive in situ hybridization techniques: diagnosis of trisomy 18 with probe L1.84.</a> Hum Genet. 74 (4), 346-352 (1986).</li><li>Zorn, C., Cremer, T., Cremer, C., Zimmer, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Laser+UV+microirradiation+of+interphase+nuclei+and+post-treatment+with+caffeine.+A+new+approach+to+establish+the+arrangement+of+interphase+chromosomes.">Laser UV microirradiation of interphase nuclei and post-treatment with caffeine. A new approach to establish the arrangement of interphase chromosomes.</a> Hum Genet. 35 (1), 83-89 (1976).</li><li>Bartova, E., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Recruitment+of+Oct4+protein+to+UV-damaged+chromatin+in+embryonic+stem+cells.">Recruitment of Oct4 protein to UV-damaged chromatin in embryonic stem cells.</a> PLoS One. 6 (12), e27281 (2011).</li><li>Stixova, L., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=HP1beta-dependent+recruitment+of+UBF1+to+irradiated+chromatin+occurs+simultaneously+with+CPDs.">HP1beta-dependent recruitment of UBF1 to irradiated chromatin occurs simultaneously with CPDs.</a> Epigenetics Chromatin. 7 (1), 39 (2014).</li><li>Stixova, L., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Advanced+microscopy+techniques+used+for+comparison+of+UVA-+and+gamma-irradiation-induced+DNA+damage+in+the+cell+nucleus+and+nucleolus.">Advanced microscopy techniques used for comparison of UVA- and gamma-irradiation-induced DNA damage in the cell nucleus and nucleolus.</a> Folia Biol (Praha). 60, 76-84 (2014).</li><li>Luijsterburg, M. S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Heterochromatin+protein+1+is+recruited+to+various+types+of+DNA+damage.">Heterochromatin protein 1 is recruited to various types of DNA damage.</a> J Cell Biol. 185 (4), 577-586 (2009).</li><li>Bartova, E., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Coilin+is+rapidly+recruited+to+UVA-induced+DNA+lesions+and+gamma-radiation+affects+localized+movement+of+Cajal+bodies.">Coilin is rapidly recruited to UVA-induced DNA lesions and gamma-radiation affects localized movement of Cajal bodies.</a> Nucleus. 5 (3), 460-468 (2014).</li><li>Franek, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Advanced+Image+Acquisition+and+Analytical+Techniques+for+Studies+of+Living+Cells+and+Tissue+Sections.">Advanced Image Acquisition and Analytical Techniques for Studies of Living Cells and Tissue Sections.</a> Microsc Microanal. 22 (2), 326-341 (2016).</li><li>Lemmer, P., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Using+conventional+fluorescent+markers+for+far-field+fluorescence+localization+nanoscopy+allows+resolution+in+the+10-nm+range.">Using conventional fluorescent markers for far-field fluorescence localization nanoscopy allows resolution in the 10-nm range.</a> J Microsc. 235 (2), 163-171 (2009).</li><li>Reits, E. 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V., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Localized+movement+and+morphology+of+UBF1-positive+nucleolar+regions+are+changed+by+gamma-irradiation+in+G2+phase+of+the+cell+cycle.">Localized movement and morphology of UBF1-positive nucleolar regions are changed by gamma-irradiation in G2 phase of the cell cycle.</a> Nucleus. 6 (4), 301-313 (2015).</li><li>Vogel, S. S., Nguyen, T. A., van der Meer, B. W., Blank, P. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+impact+of+heterogeneity+and+dark+acceptor+states+on+FRET:+implications+for+using+fluorescent+protein+donors+and+acceptors.">The impact of heterogeneity and dark acceptor states on FRET: implications for using fluorescent protein donors and acceptors.</a> PLoS One. 7 (11), e49593 (2012).</li><li>Foltankova, V., Matula, P., Sorokin, D., Kozubek, S., Bartova, E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Hybrid+detectors+improved+time-lapse+confocal+microscopy+of+PML+and+53BP1+nuclear+body+colocalization+in+DNA+lesions.">Hybrid detectors improved time-lapse confocal microscopy of PML and 53BP1 nuclear body colocalization in DNA lesions.</a> Microsc Microanal. 19 (2), 360-369 (2013).</li><li>Suchankova, J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Distinct+kinetics+of+DNA+repair+protein+accumulation+at+DNA+lesions+and+cell+cycle-dependent+formation+of+gammaH2AX-+and+NBS1-positive+repair+foci.">Distinct kinetics of DNA repair protein accumulation at DNA lesions and cell cycle-dependent formation of gammaH2AX- and NBS1-positive repair foci.</a> Biol Cell. 107 (12), 440-454 (2015).</li><li>B&#225;rtov&#225;, E., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=PCNA+is+recruited+to+irradiated+chromatin+in+late+S+phase+and+is+most+pronounced+in+G2+phase+of+the+cell+cycle.">PCNA is recruited to irradiated chromatin in late S phase and is most pronounced in G2 phase of the cell cycle.</a> Protoplasma. , (2017).</li><li>Krejci, J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Post-Translational+Modifications+of+Histones+in+Human+Sperm.">Post-Translational Modifications of Histones in Human Sperm.</a> J Cell Biochem. 116 (10), 2195-2209 (2015).</li><li>Chou, D. 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저자 아무 충돌 다는 것을 선언 합니다.

현미경 검사 법 기술 연구 실험실에서 기본 도구를 나타냅니다. 여기, 단백질 모집의 연구에 대 한 사용 하는 방법에 대 한 간략 한 설명을 하 고 속도 론 DNA 병 변에서 선물 된다. 우리는 특히 살아있는 세포의 지역 microirradiation의 분야에서 우리의 실험 경험을 언급 하 고 우리가 FRAP 및 단백질-단백질 상호 작용 수락자 표백 무서 워28 에 의해 DNA 병 변 및 그것의 첨단에 의해 단백?...

구성 된 cyclobutane pyrimidine 이합체 (CPDs), 8-oxo-7,8-dihydro-2'-deoxyguanosine, 및 단일 가닥 DNA 변의 모양을 이끌어 DNA 손상 또는 더블-스트랜드 나누기1,2. Γ 광선은 높은 에너지와 높은 penetrance 이온화 방사선의 형태, 따라서 방사선의이 소스는 방사선 치료3에서 널리 이용 된다. 다른 한편으로, 실험적으로 UV 레이저 모방 자연 UV 빛에 노출으로 인 한 DNA 손상을 유도 한다. 현미경 방법으로 UVA microirradiation은 개별 살아있는 세포에서 DNA 손상 연구 실험 도구를 나타냅니다. Microirradiation은 염색체 지구4,5의 조직 공개 40 년 전에 처음으로 사용 되었다. 이 기술은 매우 중 confocal 현미경의 기능 특성 또는 현대 nanoscopy의 기술적인 한계에 종속 됩니다. DNA 병 변을 유도 하 세포 5' bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) 또는 Hoechst 33342 UV 조사 전에 presensitized 수 있습니다. Bártová 외. 6 이전 presensitization 단계를 설명 하 고 최근 우리 세포 죽음, 또는 apoptosis를 피하기 위하여이 microirradiation 기술에 최적화 된. 예를 들어 (Hoechst 33342 presensitization) 없이 405 nm 자외선 레이저를 사용 하 여 53BP1-긍정적인 이중 가닥 틈 (DSBs)의 유도 cyclobutane pyrimidine 이합체 (CPDs)의 비용으로 리드. 다른 한편으로, UV microirradiation와 함께 presensitization 단계 유도 CPDs과 DSBs의 매우 높은 수준을 동시에7,8. 이 방법은 단일 DNA 수 선 통로의 연구에 적용 하기가 어렵습니다.
Microirradiation, 단백질 모집, 활동, 및 살아있는 세포 병 변 DNA에서 상호 작용 분석 가능 하다. 이 방법의 예로 Luijsterburg 그 외 여러분 에 의해 출판 되었음 9 섬으로 단백질 1β, 그리고 우리에 대 한 최근 pluripotency 요소 Oct4 Cajal 몸, coilin와 관련 된 단백질 DNA UV 유도 된 병 변6,10모집은 처음으로 나타났다. 단백질이 DNA 병 변에서 활동 또한 FRAP (복구 후 Photobleaching 형광)11,,1213 를 사용 하 여 공부 될 수 있다 또는 (형광 공명 에너지 전송) 기술14 무서 워 ,15. 이러한 방법은 병 변 DNA 또는 단백질 단백질 상호 작용 단백질의 간단한 확산을 가능성이 있다. 단백질의 추가 특성에 대 한 유용한 도구가입니다 FLIM (형광 일생 화상 현미경) 또는 그것의 함께 무서 워 기술 (무서 워-FLIM)16. 이 메서드는 셀을 안정적으로 생활 또는 형광 분자17에 의해 표를 붙인 관심사의 단백질을 뚜렷이 표현 프로세스의 연구를 사용. 여기, GFP 태그 p53 단백질 및 그것의 상호 작용 협동자, mCherry 태그 53BP1, DNA 손상 응답18,19 에 있는 중요 한 역할에 대 한 지 수 감퇴 시간 (τ)의 예가 표시 됩니다. 매개 변수 τ FLIM 계산에서 제공 하는 형광 색소의 일생은 주어진된 형광 염료, 그것의 바인딩 능력 및 그것의 세포질 환경에 대 한 특정 이다. 따라서,이 방법은 표시할 수 있습니다 우리 단백질 부분 모집단, 그들의 바인딩 능력, 및 그들의 기능 속성 사이의 구분 후, 예를 들어 DNA 손상.
여기, 우리의 실험실에 시간 특정 단백질 모집, 속도 론, 확산, 및 microirradiated chromatin의 사이트에서 단백질 단백질 상호 작용을 공부 하는 데 사용 되는 고급 현미경 기술의 방법론 접근의 개요 제공 됩니다. 살아있는 세포에서 로컬 DNA 변의 유도 및 UV 레이저에 의해 발생 하는 로컬 유발된 DNA 병 변에서 DNA 손상 관련 이벤트의 연구에 대 한 유용한 방법론의 설명에 대 한 단계별 방법을 제공 합니다.

<table>
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Cell cultivation</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>HeLa</td>
			<td>ATCC</td>
			<td>CCL-2TM</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>ES-D3 [D3]</td>
			<td>ATCC</td>
			<td>CRL-11632TM</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>HeLa -Fucci cells</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>http://ruo.mbl.co.jp/bio/e/product/flprotein/fucci.html</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>DMEM</td>
			<td>PAN-Biotech</td>
			<td>P03-0710</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>DMEM high glucose</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>D6429-500ML</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Fetal bovine serum (FBS)</td>
			<td>HyClone</td>
			<td>SV30180.03</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>ES Cell FBS</td>
			<td>Gibco</td>
			<td>16141-079</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Non-Essential Amino Acids (NEAA)</td>
			<td>Gibco</td>
			<td>11140-035</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>mLIF (mouse Leukemia Inhibitor Factor)</td>
			<td>Merck Millipore</td>
			<td>ESG1107</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>MTG (1-Thioglycerol)</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>M6145-25ML</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Penicillin-Streptomycin Solution</td>
			<td>Biosera</td>
			<td>XC-A4122/100</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Trypsin - EDTA</td>
			<td>Biosera</td>
			<td>XC-T1717/100</td>
			<td>dilute with 1 &#215; PBS in ratio 1:6</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Nunclon cell culture dishes</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>P7866</td>
			<td>cultivation of mESCs D3 cells</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>&#181;-Dish 35m+A15:I35m Grid-500</td>
			<td>Ibidi GmbH</td>
			<td>81166</td>
			<td>microscopic dish</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>0.2% Gelatine</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>G1890-100G</td>
			<td>dilute in destille water and autoclaved</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Name</td>
			<td>Company</td>
			<td>Catalog Number</td>
			<td>Comments</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Cell transfection</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>GFP-p53 plasmid</td>
			<td>Addgene</td>
			<td>12091</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>mCherry-PCNA plasmid</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>generous gift from Cristina Cardoso, Technische Universit&#228;t Darmstadt</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>mCherry-53BP1 plasmid</td>
			<td>Addgene</td>
			<td>19835</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Metafecetene</td>
			<td>Biontex Laboratories GmbH</td>
			<td>T020&#8211;2.0</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>10 &#215; PBS</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>AM9625</td>
			<td>for transfection use 1 &#215; PBS diluted in nuclease-free water</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>5-bromo-2&#8217;-deoxy-uridine</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>11296736001</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Name</td>
			<td>Company</td>
			<td>Catalog Number</td>
			<td>Comments</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Confocal microscopy</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Microscope Leica TCS SP5</td>
			<td>Leica Microsystems</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Microscope Leica TCS SP8</td>
			<td>Leica Microsystems</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>White-light laser</td>
			<td>Leica Microsystems</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>355-nm laser</td>
			<td>Coherent Inc.</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>laser power 80 mW</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>405-nm laser</td>
			<td>Leica Microsystems</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>laser power 50 mW</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Name</td>
			<td>Company</td>
			<td>Catalog Number</td>
			<td>Comments</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Immunofluorescence staining</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Coverslip</td>
			<td>VWR International Ltd</td>
			<td>631-1580</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>4% paraformaldehyde</td>
			<td>Affymetrix</td>
			<td>19943 1 LT</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Triton X100</td>
			<td>MP Biomedicals</td>
			<td>2194854</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Saponin from quillaja bark</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>S4521</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>BSA</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>A2153</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>53BP1</td>
			<td>Abcam</td>
			<td>ab21083</td>
			<td>primary antibody</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>AlexaFluore 647</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>A27040</td>
			<td>secondary antibody</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Vectashield</td>
			<td>Vector Laboratories Ltd</td>
			<td>H-1000</td>
			<td>mounting medium</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

advanced confocal microscopy techniques to study protein-protein interactions and kinetics at dna lesions

레이저와 로컬 microirradiation 라이브 세포에서 DNA 복구 관련 프로세스의 연구에 대 한 유용한 도구를 나타냅니다. 여기, 우리가 로컬로 microirradiated chromatin에서 시간 또는 단백질 단백질 상호 작용을 통해 단백질 DNA 병 변에서 활동을 분석 하는 방법론 접근 방식을 설명 합니다. 우리 또한 세포 주기 세포 주기 의존적인 단백질 DNA 병 변에서 속도 론을 공부 Fucci 셀룰러 시스템을 사용 하 여 개별 단계를 인식 하는 방법을 보여 줍니다. 2 자외선 레이저를 사용 하 여의 방법론 설명 (355 nm, 405 nm) 다른 유형의 DNA 손상 유도 하는 것 또한 제공 됩니다. 만 405 nm 다이오드 레이저 셀 microirradiated 유사 분열을 통해 정상적으로 진행 하 고 cyclobutane pyrimidine 이합체 (CPDs) 없는 했다. 우리는 또한 어떻게 microirradiated 셀 관심의 내 생 단백질의 immunodetection를 수행 하기 위해 주어진된 시간에 고쳐질 수 있다 보여줍니다. 또한 생물 방법 FRAP (복구 후 Photobleaching 형광) 및 FLIM (형광 일생 화상 현미경 검사 법)를 포함 하 여 자연 발생 된 셀에서의 사용 설명 DNA 수 선 연구, DNA 손상 포커스. 우리는 또한 단백질 단백질 상호 작용의 실험 연구에 FLIM-무서 워 (형광 공명 에너지 전송)의 응용 프로그램을 보여줍니다.

고급 confocal 현미경 검사 법을 사용 하 여, DNA 병 변에서 mCherry 태그의 53BP1 및 mCherry PCNA 단백질의 축적을 관찰 합니다. 분석은 살아있는 세포의 지역 microirradiation에 의해 수행 되었습니다. 우리는 초기 S, g 1을 확인 하는 Fucci 셀룰러 시스템을 사용 하는 개별 세포 주기 단계에서 DNA 복구 관련 단백질의 핵 배포 패턴을 인식 하 고 셀의 G2 단계 주기 (그림 1</stron...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Advanced Confocal Microscopy Techniques to Study Protein-protein Interactions and Kinetics at DNA Lesions at JoVE.com

Advanced Confocal Microscopy Techniques to Study Protein-protein Interactions and Kinetics at DNA Lesions

레이저 microirradiation는 살아있는 세포에서 DNA 수리의 연구에 대 한 유용한 도구입니다. 다양 한 DNA 병 변 유발 하 UVA 레이저의 사용에 대 한 방법론 접근 표시 됩니다. 우리 지역 microirradiation; 정상적인 세포 주기를 유지 하는 방법을 최적화합니다 따라서, 비친된 세포 유사 분열을 통해 진행합니다.

고급 단백질 단백질 상호 작용 및 DNA 병 변에서 속도 론 연구에 Confocal 현미경 검사 법 기술

Local microirradiation with lasers represents a useful tool for studies of DNA-repair-related processes in live cells. Here, we describe a methodological ...

The overall goal of these experiments is to induce DNA lesions using local micro irradiation of cells and to observe the recruitment of proteins involved in DNA repair processes.This method can help us to understand a very complex and profound question such as, how normal and cancer cells respond to DNA injury.The main advantage of this technique is that we are able to study the DNA damage response in individual live cells.Demonstrating the procedure will be by Sona Legartova, a post-doc and Jana Suchankova, a PhD student from my laboratory.To begin, cultivate HeLa cells in DMAM supplemented with 10%FBS and appropriate antibiotics.Incubate the cells at 37

advanced-confocal-microscopy-techniques-to-study-protein-protein

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10.8K 조회수.  Institute of Biophysics of the Czech Academy of Sciences. The overall goal of these experiments is to induce DNA lesions using local micro irradiation of cells and to observe the recruitment of proteins involved in DNA repair processes.This method can help us to understand a very complex and profound question such as, how normal and cancer cells respond to DNA injury.The main advantage of this technique is that we are able to study the DNA damage response in individual live cells.Demonstrating the procedure will be by Sona Legartova, a post-doc and ...

비디오: Advanced Confocal Microscopy Techniques to Study Protein-protein Interactions and Kinetics at DNA Lesions

Imaging Protein-protein Interactions in vivo

Protein-protein interactions are a hallmark of all essential cellular processes. However, many of these interactions are transient, or energetically weak, preventing their identification and analysis through traditional biochemical methods such as co-immunoprecipitation. In this regard, the genetically encodable fluorescent proteins (GFP, RFP, etc.) and their associated overlapping fluorescence spectrum have revolutionized our ability to monitor weak interactions in vivo using F&ouml;rster resonance energy transfer (FRET)1-3. Here, we detail our use of a FRET-based proximity assay for monitoring receptor-receptor interactions on the endothelial cell surface.

Imaging Protein-protein Interactions in vivo

This protocol describes how to image protein-protein interactions using a FRET-based proximity assay.

이미징 단백질 - 단백질 상호 작용 생체내에</em

Protein-protein interactions are a hallmark of all essential cellular processes. However, many of these interactions are transient, or energetically weak, ...

연구

생물학

Fluorescence-based Measurement of Store-operated Calcium Entry in Live Cells: from Cultured Cancer Cell to Skeletal Muscle Fiber

Store operated Ca2+ entry (SOCE), earlier termed capacitative Ca2+ entry, is a tightly regulated mechanism for influx of extracellular Ca2+ into cells to replenish depleted endoplasmic reticulum (ER) or sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) Ca2+ stores1,2. Since Ca2+ is a ubiquitous second messenger, it is not surprising to see that SOCE plays important roles in a variety of cellular processes, including proliferation, apoptosis, gene transcription and motility. Due to its wide occurrence in nearly all cell types, including epithelial cells and skeletal muscles, this pathway has received great interest3,4. However, the heterogeneity of SOCE characteristics in different cell types and the physiological function are still not clear5-7.
The functional channel properties of SOCE can be revealed by patch-clamp studies, whereas a large body of knowledge about this pathway has been gained by fluorescence-based intracellular Ca2+ measurements because of its convenience and feasibility for high-throughput screening. The objective of this report is to summarize a few fluorescence-based methods to measure the activation of SOCE in monolayer cells, suspended cells and muscle fibers5,8-10. The most commonly used of these fluorescence methods is to directly monitor the dynamics of intracellular Ca2+ using the ratio of F340nm and F380nm (510 nm for emission wavelength) of the ratiometric Ca2+ indicator Fura-2. To isolate the activity of unidirectional SOCE from intracellular Ca2+ release and Ca2+ extrusion, a Mn2+ quenching assay is frequently used. Mn2+ is known to be able to permeate into cells via SOCE while it is impervious to the surface membrane extrusion processes or to ER uptake by Ca2+ pumps due to its very high affinity with Fura-2. As a result, the quenching of Fura-2 fluorescence induced by the entry of extracellular Mn2+ into the cells represents a measurement of activity of SOCE9. Ratiometric measurement and the Mn+2 quenching assays can be performed on a cuvette-based spectrofluorometer in a cell population mode or in a microscope-based system to visualize single cells. The advantage of single cell measurements is that individual cells subjected to gene manipulations can be selected using GFP or RFP reporters, allowing studies in genetically modified or mutated cells. The spatiotemporal characteristics of SOCE in structurally specialized skeletal muscle can be achieved in skinned muscle fibers by simultaneously monitoring the fluorescence of two low affinity Ca2+ indicators targeted to specific compartments of the muscle fiber, such as Fluo-5N in the SR and Rhod-5N in the transverse tubules9,11,12.

The extent of store-operated Ca2+ entry (SOCE) can be monitored using fluorescent Ca2+ indicators. Mn2+ quenching of such indicators assays SOCE in cultured cells and skeletal muscle fibers. A technique allowing spatial and temporal resolution of SOCE by confocal imaging of mechanically skinned muscle fibers is also described.

라이브 세포의 저장소로 작동하는 칼슘 항목의 형광 기반의 측정 : 교양 암 세포에서 골격근 섬유에

Store operated Ca2+ entry (SOCE), earlier termed capacitative Ca2+ entry, is a tightly regulated mechanism for influx of extracellular Ca2+ into cells to ...

The MultiBac Protein Complex Production Platform at the EMBL

Proteomics research revealed the impressive complexity of eukaryotic proteomes in unprecedented detail. It is now a commonly accepted notion that proteins in cells mostly exist not as isolated entities but exert their biological activity in association with many other proteins, in humans ten or more, forming assembly lines in the cell for most if not all vital functions.1,2 Knowledge of the function and architecture of these multiprotein assemblies requires their provision in superior quality and sufficient quantity for detailed analysis. The paucity of many protein complexes in cells, in particular in eukaryotes, prohibits their extraction from native sources, and necessitates recombinant production. The baculovirus expression vector system (BEVS) has proven to be particularly useful for producing eukaryotic proteins, the activity of which often relies on post-translational processing that other commonly used expression systems often cannot support.3 BEVS use a recombinant baculovirus into which the gene of interest was inserted to infect insect cell cultures which in turn produce the protein of choice. MultiBac is a BEVS that has been particularly tailored for the production of eukaryotic protein complexes that contain many subunits.4 A vital prerequisite for efficient production of proteins and their complexes are robust protocols for all steps involved in an expression experiment that ideally can be implemented as standard operating procedures (SOPs) and followed also by non-specialist users with comparative ease. The MultiBac platform at the European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL) uses SOPs for all steps involved in a multiprotein complex expression experiment, starting from insertion of the genes into an engineered baculoviral genome optimized for heterologous protein production properties to small-scale analysis of the protein specimens produced.5-8 The platform is installed in an open-access mode at EMBL Grenoble and has supported many scientists from academia and industry to accelerate protein complex research projects.

Protein complexes catalyze key cellular functions. Detailed functional and structural characterization of many essential complexes requires recombinant production. MultiBac is a baculovirus/insect cell system particularly tailored for expressing eukaryotic proteins and their complexes. MultiBac was implemented as an open-access platform, and standard operating procedures developed to maximize its utility.

EMBL에서 MultiBac 단백질 복잡한 생산 플랫폼

Proteomics  research revealed the impressive complexity of eukaryotic proteomes in  unprecedented detail. It is now a commonly accepted notion that ...

Flow Cytometric Analysis of Bimolecular Fluorescence Complementation: A High Throughput Quantitative Method to Study Protein-protein Interaction

Among methods to study protein-protein interaction inside cells, Bimolecular Fluorescence Complementation (BiFC) is relatively simple and sensitive. BiFC is based on the production of fluorescence using two non-fluorescent fragments of a fluorescent protein (Venus, a Yellow Fluorescent Protein variant, is used here). Non-fluorescent Venus fragments (VN and VC) are fused to two interacting proteins (in this case, AKAP-Lbc and PDE4D3), yielding fluorescence due to VN-AKAP-Lbc-VC-PDE4D3 interaction and the formation of a functional fluorescent protein inside cells.
BiFC provides information on the subcellular localization of protein complexes and the strength of protein interactions based on fluorescence intensity. However, BiFC analysis using microscopy to quantify the strength of protein-protein interaction is time-consuming and somewhat subjective due to heterogeneity in protein expression and interaction. By coupling flow cytometric analysis with BiFC methodology, the fluorescent BiFC protein-protein interaction signal can be accurately measured for a large quantity of cells in a short time. Here, we demonstrate an application of this methodology to map regions in PDE4D3 that are required for the interaction with AKAP-Lbc. This high throughput methodology can be applied to screening factors that regulate protein-protein interaction.

Flow cytometric analysis of Bimolecular Fluorescence Complementation provides a high throughput quantitative method to study protein-protein interaction. This methodology can be applied to mapping protein binding sites and for screening factors that regulate protein-protein interaction.

이분자 형광 보완의 유세포 분석 : 단백질 - 단백질 상호 작용을 연구하는 높은 처리량 정량 방법

Among methods to study protein-protein interaction inside cells, Bimolecular Fluorescence Complementation (BiFC) is relatively simple and sensitive. BiFC ...

Analyzing Craniofacial Morphogenesis in Zebrafish Using 4D Confocal Microscopy

Time-lapse imaging is a technique that allows for the direct observation of the process of morphogenesis, or the generation of shape. Due to their optical clarity and amenability to genetic manipulation, the zebrafish embryo has become a popular model organism with which to perform time-lapse analysis of morphogenesis in living embryos. Confocal imaging of a live zebrafish embryo requires that a tissue of interest is persistently labeled with a fluorescent marker, such as a transgene or injected dye. The process demands that the embryo is anesthetized and held in place in such a way that healthy development proceeds normally. Parameters for imaging must be set to account for three-dimensional growth and to balance the demands of resolving individual cells while getting quick snapshots of development. Our results demonstrate the ability to perform long-term in vivo imaging of fluorescence-labeled zebrafish embryos and to detect varied tissue behaviors in the cranial neural crest that cause craniofacial abnormalities. Developmental delays caused by anesthesia and mounting are minimal, and embryos are unharmed by the process. Time-lapse imaged embryos can be returned to liquid medium and subsequently imaged or fixed at later points in development. With an increasing abundance of transgenic zebrafish lines and well-characterized fate mapping and transplantation techniques, imaging any desired tissue is possible. As such, time-lapse in vivo imaging combines powerfully with zebrafish genetic methods, including analyses of mutant and microinjected embryos.

Time-lapse confocal imaging is a powerful technique useful for characterizing embryonic development. Here, we describe the methodology and characterize craniofacial morphogenesis in wild-type, as well as pdgfra, smad5, and smo mutant embryos.

4D 공 초점 현미경을 사용하여 제브라 피쉬의 두개 안면 형태 형성 분석

Time-lapse imaging is a technique that allows for the direct observation of the process of morphogenesis, or the generation of shape. Due to their optical ...

Combining Single-molecule Manipulation and Imaging for the Study of Protein-DNA Interactions

The paper describes the combination of optical tweezers and single molecule fluorescence detection for the study of protein-DNA interaction. The method offers the opportunity of investigating interactions occurring in solution (thus avoiding problems due to closeby surfaces as in other single molecule methods), controlling the DNA extension and tracking interaction dynamics as a function of both mechanical parameters and DNA sequence. The methods for establishing successful optical trapping and nanometer localization of single molecules are illustrated. We illustrate the experimental conditions allowing the study of interaction of lactose repressor (lacI), labeled with Atto532, with a DNA molecule containing specific target sequences (operators) for LacI binding. The method allows the observation of specific interactions at the operators, as well as one-dimensional diffusion of the protein during the process of target search. The method is broadly applicable to the study of protein-DNA interactions but also to molecular motors, where control of the tension applied to the partner track polymer (for example actin or microtubules) is desirable.

Here we describe the instrumentation and methods for detecting single fluorescently-labeled protein molecules interacting with a single DNA molecule suspended between two optically trapped microspheres.

단백질-DNA 상호 작용의 연구에 대한 단일 분자 조작 및 이미지를 결합

The paper describes the combination of optical tweezers and single molecule fluorescence detection for the study of protein-DNA interaction. The method ...

Probing High-density Functional Protein Microarrays to Detect Protein-protein Interactions

High-density functional protein microarrays containing ~4,200 recombinant yeast proteins are examined for kinase protein-protein interactions using an affinity purified yeast kinase fusion protein containing a V5-epitope tag for read-out. Purified kinase is obtained through culture of a yeast strain optimized for high copy protein production harboring a plasmid containing a Kinase-V5 fusion construct under a GAL inducible promoter. The yeast is grown in restrictive media with a neutral carbon source for 6 hr followed by induction with 2% galactose. Next, the culture is harvested and kinase is purified using standard affinity chromatographic techniques to obtain a highly purified protein kinase for use in the assay. The purified kinase is diluted with kinase buffer to an appropriate range for the assay and the protein microarrays are blocked prior to hybridization with the protein microarray. After the hybridization, the arrays are probed with monoclonal V5 antibody to identify proteins bound by the kinase-V5 protein. Finally, the arrays are scanned using a standard microarray scanner, and data is extracted for downstream informatics analysis1,2 to determine a high confidence set of protein interactions for downstream validation in vivo.

Using protein microarrays containing nearly the entire S. cerevisiae proteome is probed for rapid unbiased interrogation of thousands of protein-protein interactions in parallel. This method can be utilized for protein-small molecule, posttranslational modification, and other assays in high-throughput.

고밀도 기능성 단백질 마이크로 어레이를 프로빙하는 단백질 - 단백질 상호 작용을 검출하기

High-density functional protein microarrays containing ~4,200 recombinant yeast proteins are examined for kinase protein-protein interactions using an ...

Study of Protein-protein Interactions in Autophagy Research

Protein-protein interactions are important for understanding cellular signaling cascades and identifying novel pathway components and protein dynamics. The majority of cellular activities require physical interactions between proteins. To analyze and map these interactions, various experimental techniques as well as bioinformatics tools were developed. Autophagy is a cellular recycling mechanism that allows the cells to cope with different stressors, including nutrient deprivation, chemicals, and hypoxia. In order to better understand autophagy-related signaling events and to discover novel factors that regulate protein complexes in autophagy, we performed protein-protein interaction screens. Validation of these screening results requires the use of immunofluorescence and immunoprecipitation techniques. In this system, specific autophagy-related protein-protein interactions that we discovered were tested in Neuro2A (N2A) and HEK293T cell lines. Details of the technical procedures used are explained in this visualized experiment paper.

Presented here are two antibody-based protein-protein interaction research techniques: immunofluorescence and immunoprecipitation. These techniques are suitable for studying physical interactions between proteins for the discovery of novel components of cellular signaling pathways and for understanding protein dynamics.

단백질 단백질 상호 작용 Autophagy 연구에서의 연구

Protein-protein interactions are important for understanding cellular signaling cascades and identifying novel pathway components and protein dynamics. ...

FLIM-FRET Measurements of Protein-Protein Interactions in Live Bacteria.

Protein-protein interactions (PPIs) control various key processes in cells. Fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy (FLIM) combined with F&#246;rster resonance energy transfer (FRET) provide accurate information about PPIs in live cells. FLIM-FRET relies on measuring the fluorescence lifetime decay of a FRET donor at each pixel of the FLIM image, providing quantitative and accurate information about PPIs and their spatial cellular organizations. We propose here a detailed protocol for FLIM-FRET measurements that we applied to monitor PPIs in live Pseudomonas aeruginosa in the particular case of two interacting proteins expressed with highly different copy numbers to demonstrate the quality and robustness of the technique at revealing critical features of PPIs. This protocol describes in detail all the necessary steps for PPI characterization - starting from bacterial mutant constructions up to the final analysis using recently developed tools providing advanced visualization possibilities for a straightforward interpretation of complex FLIM-FRET data.

We describe here a protocol to characterize protein-protein interactions between two highly-differently expressed proteins in live Pseudomonas aeruginosa using FLIM-FRET measurements. The protocol includes bacteria strain constructions, bacteria immobilization, imaging and post-imaging data analysis routines.

살아있는 박테리아에서 단백질 단백질 상호 작용의 FLIM-FRET 측정.

Protein-protein interactions (PPIs) control various key processes in cells. Fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy (FLIM) combined with F&#246;rster ...

Autofluorescence Imaging to Evaluate Red Algae Physiology

Red algae (Rhodophyta) contain phycobiliproteins and colonize habitats with dim light, however some (e.g., some Chroothece species) can also develop in full sunshine. Most rhodophytes are red, however some can appear bluish, depending on the proportion of blue and red biliproteins (phycocyanin and phycoerythrin). Different phycobiliproteins can capture light at diverse wavelengths and transmit it to chlorophyll a, which makes photosynthesis under very different light conditions possible. These pigments respond to habitat changes in light, and their autofluorescence can help to study biological processes. Using Chroothece mobilis as a model organism and the spectral lambda scan mode in a confocal microscope, the adaptation of photosynthetic pigments to different monochromatic lights was studied at the cellular level to guess the species' optimal growth conditions. The results showed that, even when the studied strain was isolated from a cave, it adapted to both dim and medium light intensities. The presented method is especially useful for studying photosynthetic organisms that do not grow or grow very slowly under laboratory conditions, which is usually the case for those living in extreme habitats.

The present protocol describes step-by-step autofluorescence imaging and evaluation of phycobiliprotein changes in red algae based on spectral analysis. This is a label-free and non-destructive method to evaluate cellular adaptation to extreme habitats, when only scarce material is available and cells grow slowly, or not at all, under laboratory conditions.

홍조류 생리학을 평가하기 위한 자가형광 이미징

Red algae (Rhodophyta) contain phycobiliproteins and colonize habitats with dim light, however some (e.g., some Chroothece species) can also develop in ...