나는이 원고를 제출 하 여 지원 박사 앨런 O. Perantoni (CDBL/NCI/NIH) 감사 합니다. 나 또한이 원고 편집에 대 한 박사 마이클 홀 (CDBL/NCI/NIH) 및 Nirmala Sharma (CDBL/NCI/NIH)을 감사 합니다. 감사 해요 라 Thang (SAIC)에 그의 뛰어난 마우스 축산에 대 한. 이 작품은 암 연구에 대 한 건강, 국립 암 연구소 및 센터의 국가 학회에 의해 지원 되었다.

쥐 (Wnt5a flox / flox 마우스 (Wnt5a tm1.1Tpy) 및 Dll1Cre 선, UVJO 마우스 모델) 관리 및 실험 동물의 사용에 대 한 NIH 지침에 따라 관리 7 NCI 프레드릭 동물 관리 및 사용 위원회에 의해 승인 프로토콜 아래에서 공부 하는 고.
 1. 메 틸 렌 블루 염색 솔루션의 준비 <ol><li>측정 0.1 g 메 틸 렌 블루 가루.</li>
	<li>10 mL 정상적인 염 분 또는 버퍼링 하는 인산 염 (PBS) x 1에서 메 틸 렌 블루를 vortexing에 의해 완전히 분해.</li>
	<li>주입 동안 막힘 제거 주사기 필터 (막 기 공 크기 0.45µm) 10 mg/mL 메 틸 렌 블루 솔루션 필터.</li>
	<li>어셈블 메 마른 두 피 정 맥 세트 (27GX3/4 &#8243;) 3 mL 일회용 주사기와 채우기 3 mL을 주사기 메 틸 렌 블루 솔루션 필터링. 
	참고: 수압 및 후속 염료 흐름을 방지 하려면 배치 메 틸 렌 블루 솔루션으로 채워진 주사기 위에 바늘 팁.</li>
</ol> 2. 출생 전 태아의 해 부 <ol><li>깨끗 한가 위와 집게를 70% 에탄올과 해 부.</li>
	E18.5 또는 E19.5, perinatal 배아를 수집 <li>임신 마우스를 안락사 먼저 CO 2 흡입을 사용 하 고 다음 수행 NIH 지침에 따라 자 궁 경부 전위. 
	그러나 참고: 임신 여성 마우스 일반적으로 출산 E18.5에서 시작,, 더 큰 신장은 조작 하기 쉽습니다. 따라서, 신장 E19.5 가까이에 출생에는에이 분석을 수행 하기 쉽습니다. 그러나, 양측 요로 방해 된 출산 후 새끼. 실험 쥐의 특성에 따라 적절 한 컬렉션 요일/시간 수 경험적으로 결정 합니다.</li>
	<li>복 부 복 부 표면에 70% 에탄올을 스프레이 하 고 해가 위와 집게를 사용 하 여 ventrally 복 부 구멍.</li>
	<li>전체 자 궁 고 해 부가 위 자 궁 뿔의 끝을 절단 하 여 몸에서 분리.</li>
	<li>1 x PBS 가진 전체 자 궁 페 트리 접시에 린스.</li>
	<li>Segmentally가 위 해 부와 자 궁을 잘라내어 집게 노른자위 낭에서 태아를 폭로 해 부와 placental decidua 제거.</li>
	<li>노른자위 sac를 먼저 제거 하 고 해방 perinatal 배아를 집게 해 부와 양수 막 제거.</li>
	<li>배아가 위 해 부와 목을 벨. 멸 균 거 즈 패드와 함께 과잉 혈액을 닦아. 태아 그것의 복 부 표면 위로 핀 해 현미경 이미징에 대 한 디지털 카메라를 갖춘. 필요한 경우 유전형 꼬리를 수집. 
	참고: 한 번에 주사 한 배아를 수행.</li>
	<li>신중 하 게 피부를 찢 어 여 집게로 태아의 복 부 구멍을 엽니다. 다음, 조심 스럽게 제거 초과 장기와 조직 간, 위, 소장 등 집게와 그들을 절단 또는 신장, ureters, 방광 dorsally는 노출에 그들을 밖으로 당기 ( 그림 1A). 필요한 경우 멸 균 거 즈 패드와 함께 해 부 배아에서 과잉 혈액을 흡수. 
	참고: 초과 혈액 신장 골반 염료 주입에 대 한 식별과 방해.</li>
</ol> 3. 신장 골반 및 염료 흐름 모니터링 Methylene 청색 염료의 주입 <ol><li>바늘에 액체 정역학 압력에 의해 바늘 팁에서 메 틸 렌 블루 솔루션을 추방 하 여 튜브 제거 거품. 시작 흐름, 바늘 팁의 수준 이상의 염료 솔루션이 포함 된 주사기를 들어올린 다음 낮은 흐름을 막으려고 주사기.</li>
	<li>신장 골반 근 ureter, 한 번 배치 그것을 방해 하지 않도록 주의 복용 근처에 바늘을 삽입 합니다. 수행의 요로 방해를 결정 하기 위해 신장에 염료 주입. 
	참고: 수행의 요로 장애를 결정 하는 같은 방법에 따라 어떤 비정상적인 신장 7에 주입을 첫 번째 염색.</li>
	<li>15 µ L-60 µ L 염료 솔루션 흐름의 액체 정역학 압력을 제공 하는 약 20 cm를 주사기를 들어올립니다. 유량 주사기 태아 위에이 높이 발생 약 3 µ L/s 됩니다.</li>
	<li>모니터링 신장 골반에서 다음 ureter의 길이에 처음 시작 하는 염료의 파란색 그리고 마지막으로 방광 루멘에서. 
	참고: 그것은 걸립니다 약 5 s ureter을 방광에 올바르게 삽입 하는 경우 방광 루멘 내에서 등장 하는 약한 염료 색깔을 보고. 차단 된 사이트에 대해 15에서 축적 하는 염료를 허용 염료 색깔 방광 루멘에 표시 하는 경우 s.</li>
	<li>중지 염료 흐름으로 주사기를 놓고 바늘을 제거 하는 신장에서.</li>
	<li>신장, ureter, 방광 염료 솔루션 추적의 걸릴 이미지는 stereomicroscope에 연결 하는 카메라를 사용 하 여 및 프로그램 이미징.</li>
	<li>실험실 노트북에는 신장, hydroureter, 및 염료 솔루션의 최종 위치 hydronephrosis의 기록을 만들기.</li>
	<li>수행 주입 contralateral 신장에 설명 된 대로 섹션 3.1) 3.5) 염료 흐름 약 20 수 총에서 s. 
	참고: 방광 루멘 ureter을 방광 루멘에 올바르게 삽입 하는 경우 강한 파란 색깔에 의해 표시 된 염료 해결책으로 가득 합니다. 요로 분기점 방해의 평가, 후에 ureters, 방광 고쳐질 수 있다 단면에 대 한.</li>
</ol>

<ol>
	<li>Rasouly, H. M., Lu, W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Lower+urinary+tract+development+and+disease.">Lower urinary tract development and disease.</a> Wiley Interdiscip Rev Syst Biol Med. 5, 307-342 (2013).</li><li>Kispert, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=T-Box+Genes+in+the+Kidney+and+Urinary+Tract.">T-Box Genes in the Kidney and Urinary Tract.</a> Curr Top Dev Biol. 122, 245-278 (2017).</li><li>Bohnenpoll, T., Kispert, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Ureter+growth+and+differentiation.">Ureter growth and differentiation.</a> Semin Cell Dev Biol. 36, 21-30 (2014).</li><li>Nicolaou, N., Renkema, K. Y., Bongers, E. M., Giles, R. H., Knoers, N. V. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Genetic,+environmental,+and+epigenetic+factors+involved+in+CAKUT.">Genetic, environmental, and epigenetic factors involved in CAKUT.</a> Nat Rev Nephrol. 11, 720-731 (2015).</li><li>Tripathi, P., Wang, Y., Casey, A. M., Chen, F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Absence+of+canonical+Smad+signaling+in+ureteral+and+bladder+mesenchyme+causes+ureteropelvic+junction+obstruction.">Absence of canonical Smad signaling in ureteral and bladder mesenchyme causes ureteropelvic junction obstruction.</a> J Am Soc Nephrol. 23, 618-628 (2012).</li><li>Aoki, Y., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Id2+haploinsufficiency+in+mice+leads+to+congenital+hydronephrosis+resembling+that+in+humans.">Id2 haploinsufficiency in mice leads to congenital hydronephrosis resembling that in humans.</a> Genes Cells. 9, 1287-1296 (2004).</li><li>Yun, K., Perantoni, A. O. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Hydronephrosis+in+the+Wnt5a-ablated+kidney+is+caused+by+an+abnormal+ureter-bladder+connection.">Hydronephrosis in the Wnt5a-ablated kidney is caused by an abnormal ureter-bladder connection.</a> Differentiation. 94, 1-7 (2017).</li><li>Uetani, N., Bouchard, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Plumbing+in+the+embryo:+developmental+defects+of+the+urinary+tracts.">Plumbing in the embryo: developmental defects of the urinary tracts.</a> Clin Genet. 75, 307-317 (2009).</li><li>Murawski, I. J., Watt, C. L., Gupta, I. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Assessing+urinary+tract+defects+in+mice:+methods+to+detect+the+presence+of+vesicoureteric+reflux+and+urinary+tract+obstruction.">Assessing urinary tract defects in mice: methods to detect the presence of vesicoureteric reflux and urinary tract obstruction.</a> Methods Mol Biol. 886, 351-362 (2012).</li><li>Weiss, A. C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Nephric+duct+insertion+requires+EphA4/EphA7+signaling+from+the+pericloacal+mesenchyme.">Nephric duct insertion requires EphA4/EphA7 signaling from the pericloacal mesenchyme.</a> Development. 141, 3420-3430 (2014).</li></ol>

저자는 공개 상관이 있다.

마우스 신장 E16.5 기능 시작 되며 염료 주입 테스트가 시간 포인트에서 이론적으로 가능 하다. 그러나, 신장이 너무 작아 염료 솔루션 주입 및 이후이 고기 때문에 비정상적인 소변 전송 쌓아 소변의 보조 효과 hydronephrosis 및 hydroureter 같은 고기 명확 하 게 관찰 하지는. UPJO 또는 UVJO, 같은 장애물에서이 고기 발포 신장, ureters, E18.5에서 분명 하다. E19.5 또는 신생아 강아지에 태아의 큰 신장은 E18.5에?...

비뇨 기 시스템은 신장, ureters 및 일반적인 방광과 요도의 한 쌍의 구성 됩니다. 비뇨 기 시스템의 주요 기능은 혈액의 물과 전해질 균형을 관리 하 여 신체의 항상성 유지 하는 것입니다. 신장 혈액 제어 전해질 농도 산 성-기본 균형을 필터링 하 고 초과 물과 용액 및 대사 산물 등 폐기물을 배설 하는 소변 생산. 소변은 신장 신장 골반에서 ureter 그것 저장 되 고 궁극적으로 요도1통해 제거 단방향 방식으로 bladderin 통해 다음 수송 된다.
ureters는 직선 튜브 nephric 덕트에서 발생. 마우스에서 배아 일 10.5 (E10.5)에서 nephric 덕트에서 신진, 후 ureter 스토킹 elongates 및 E12.5 및 E16.5 라는 마우스 사이 침투성은 urothelium 다층 구조로 차별화. Ureter 줄기 주변 중간 엽 세포 또한 내부 stromal 세포, 중간 두께 평활 근 세포, 그리고 외부 adventitial 섬유 아 세포로 구성 된 3 개의 층으로 구분 됩니다. 신장 골반에서 시작 ureteral 연동 파도 ureter 소변2,3, E16.5 마우스1부터 생산 되는 수송 방광 벽의 평활 근 층을 통해 전파 됩니다.
신장 및 요로 (CAKUT)의 선천적인 이상이 가장 빈번한 유전 질병, 인간 태아1,4의 약 1%에 중 고 고기 hydronephrosis 및 hydroureter 등의 다양 한 구성. 고 신장 ureter 소변의 비정상적인 축적 hydronephrotic 신장 및 hydroureter 형성에 결과. Hydronephrosis 또는 hydroureter 형성의 한 원인은 요로 방해 이다. Ureteropelvic 접속점 방해 (UPJO) 인접 ureter hydronephrosis 및 인접 hydroureter angulation 또는 영구 접는5, 축소의 결과로 신장 골반 사이 방해 때문에 탈 선 소변 흐름에 의해 발생 6. 또한, 방광 벽 또는 생식 관의 원심 ureter 소성 삽입 ureterovesical 접속점 방해 (UVJO) 이라고 합니다. UVJO 또한 hydronephrosis와 hydromegaureter 형성7,8을 유도할 수 있다. 추가 ureterovesical 접합 (UVJ) 결함은 vesicoureteric 환류 (VUR). VUR는 UVJ에서 신장으로 방광에서 역행 소변 흐름에 의해 특징입니다. UVJO에 비해 perinatal 배아 VUR로 표시 되지 않습니다 분명히 팽창된 hydronephrotic 신장 이나 심한 hydroureter 표현 형9.
실험실 마우스에서 소변 신장 골반9에 메 틸 렌 블루 등 염료의 주입에 의해 시험 될 수 있다. Injectedmethylene 블루 솔루션 통해 ureter, 방광으로 신장 골반에서 소변 궤적을 추적 한다. Hydronephrosis 염료는 신장에서의 확장에 의해 인식 될 수 있다. UPJO 발포 신장 골반5근 위 ureter에서 염료 흐름의 막힘으로 감지할 수 있습니다. 어떤 팽창 확대 직경으로 표시 ureter의 hydroureter의 예를 보여 줍니다. 마지막으로, 염료 축적 방광 벽에 또는 생식 관의 사이트에서 UVJO 발포 hydronephrotic 신장으로 나타내고 크기 hydromegaureter7,10. VUR를 검출 하기 위하여 염료 솔루션은 방광에 주입 하 고 후속 역행 흐름 신장9에서 모니터링 됩니다.
여기, 주 태아의 신장 골반에 methylene 청색 염료 주입에 대 한 프로토콜 제공 됩니다. 이 프로토콜 통해 ureter, 방광으로 신장 골반에서 소변 흐름의 추적을 허용 하 고 UPJO 또는 UVJO와 같은 잠재적인 요로 분기점 장애물을 확인 합니다.

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			<td height="21" style="width:295px;height:21px;">BD PrecisionGlide Needles 30 G x 1/2&#34;</td>
			<td style="width:197px;">BD</td>
			<td style="width:127px;">305106</td>
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assessing urinary tract junction obstruction defects by methylene blue dye injection

요로 분기점 방해 결함은 선천적인 변형을 유도 hydronephrosis 및 hydroureter. Murine 요로 분기점 방해 결함 비뇨 기 시스템 내에서 메 틸 렌 블루 염색 흐름을 추적 하 여 평가 될 수 있다. Methylene 청색 염료 perinatal 배아 신장의 신장 골반에 주입 하 고 염료 흐름은 액체 정역학 압력을 적용 한 후 신장 ureter 통해 및 방광 루멘에의 신장 골반에서 모니터링 합니다. 염료 축적 정상적인 perinatal 요로, 방광 루멘에 분명 있을 것입니다 하지만 요로 문제 발생 하는 경우 신장 골반 사이 비정상적인 ureter의 강요 될 것 이다. 이 방법은 요로 분기점 장애물 확인 및 hydronephrosis 및 hydroureter의 시각화를 촉진 한다. 이 원고는 요로 분기점 장애물을 확인 하 신 골반에 methylene 청색 염료 주입에 대 한 프로토콜을 설명 합니다.

신장과 더 낮은 오 줌 시스템 등 간, 대 장 등 대부분의 다른 내부 장기에 있습니다. 제거한 후에 이러한 다른 내부 장기, 신장, ureters과 단일 방광의 쌍 표시 (그림 1A)는. 성공 해 부에 신장 골반에 주입 하는 염료 ureter 통해 방광으로 신장에서 흐름 것입니다. 신장 골반 ureter는 신장에서의 깔때기 모양의 동 공이 확장 되어 근 위 부분 이다. 따라서, 염?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Assessing Urinary Tract Junction Obstruction Defects by Methylene Blue Dye Injection at JoVE.com

Assessing Urinary Tract Junction Obstruction Defects by Methylene Blue Dye Injection

Methylene 청색 염료 주입 신장 골반으로 마우스 배아 요로 개발 하는 동안 요로 분기점 방해 결함의 평가 촉진 한다. 여기, 신장 골반에 methylene 청색 염료 주입에 대 한 프로토콜을 설명 합니다.

Methylene 청색 색소를 주입 하 여 요로 분기점 방해 결함 평가

Urinary tract junction obstruction defects are congenital anomalies inducing hydronephrosis and hydroureter. Murine urinary tract junction obstruction ...

assessing-urinary-tract-junction-obstruction-defects-methylene-blue

Research

JoVE Journal

Biology

15.6K 조회수.  National Institutes of Health. Methylene 청색 염료 주입 신장 골반으로 마우스 배아 요로 개발 하는 동안 요로 분기점 방해 결함의 평가 촉진 한다. 여기, 신장 골반에 methylene 청색 염료 주입에 대 한 프로토콜을 설명 합니다.

비디오: Assessing Urinary Tract Junction Obstruction Defects by Methylene Blue Dye Injection

Dissecting and Recording from The C. Elegans Neuromuscular Junction

Neurotransmission is the process by which neurons transfer information via chemical signals to their post-synaptic targets, on a rapid time scale. This complex process requires the coordinated activity of many pre- and post-synaptic proteins to ensure appropriate synaptic connectivity, conduction of electrical signals, targeting and priming of secretory vesicles, calcium sensing, vesicle fusion, localization and function of postsynaptic receptors and finally, recycling mechanisms. As neuroscientists it is our goal to elucidate which proteins function in each of these steps and understand their mechanisms of action. Electrophysiological recordings from synapses provide a quantifiable read out of the underlying electrical events that occur during synaptic transmission. By combining this technique with the powerful array of molecular and genetic tools available to manipulate synaptic proteins in C. elegans, we can analyze the resulting functional changes in synaptic transmission. 
The C. elegans NMJs formed between motor neurons and body wall muscles control locomotion, therefore, mutants with uncoordinated locomotory phenotypes (known as unc s) often perturb synaptic transmission at these synapses 1. Since unc mutants are maintained on a rich supply of a bacterial food source, they remain viable as long as they retain some pharyngeal pumping ability to ingest food. This, together with the fact that C. elegans exist as hermaphrodites, allows them to pass on mutant progeny without the need for elaborate mating behaviors. These attributes, coupled with our recent ability to record from the worms NMJs 2,3,7 make this an excellent model organism in which to address precisely how unc mutants impact neurotransmission. 
The dissection method involves immobilizing adult worms using a cyanoacrylic glue in order to make an incision in the worm cuticle exposing the NMJs. Since C. elegans adults are only 1 mm in length the dissection is performed with the use of a dissecting microscope and requires excellent hand-eye coordination. NMJ recordings are made by whole-cell voltage clamping individual body wall muscle cells and neurotransmitter release can be evoked using a variety of stimulation protocols including electrical stimulation, light-activated channel-rhodopsin-mediated depolarization 4 and hyperosmotic saline, all of which will be briefly described.

Application of electrophysiology to accessible synapses provides a quantifiable measure of synaptic activity, useful in analyzing synaptic mutants. This article describes a dissection method used to expose the neuromuscular junctions (NMJ) of Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans) and briefly discusses some of the uses to which this preparation can be applied.

해부 및 C. 엘레간스 신경근육학 융티온에서 레코딩

Neurotransmission is the process by which neurons transfer information via chemical signals to their post-synaptic targets, on a rapid time scale.   This ...

연구

생물학

Zebrafish Brain Ventricle Injection

Proper brain ventricle formation during embryonic brain development is required for normal brain function.  Brain ventricles are the highly conserved cavities within the brain that are filled with cerebrospinal fluid.  In zebrafish, after neural tube formation, the neuroepithelium undergoes a series of constrictions and folds while it fills with fluid resulting in brain ventricle formation.  In order to understand the process of ventricle formation, and the neuroepithelial shape changes that occur at the same time, we needed a way to visualize the ventricle space in comparison to the brain tissue.  However, the nature of transparent zebrafish embryos makes it difficult to differentiate the tissue from the ventricle space.  Therefore, we developed a brain ventricle injection technique where the ventricle space is filled with a fluorescent dye and imaged by brightfield and fluorescent microscopy.  The brightfield and the fluorescent images are then processed and superimposed in Photoshop.  This technique allows for visualization of the ventricle space with the fluorescent dye, in comparison to the shape of the neuroepithelium in the brightfield image.  Brain ventricle injection in zebrafish can be employed from 18 hours post fertilization through early larval stages.  We have used this technique extensively in our studies of brain ventricle formation and morphogenesis as well as in characterizing brain morphogenesis mutants (1-3).

After neural tube formation, the neuroepithelium constricts and folds while the tube fills with embryonic cerebrospinal fluid (eCSF) to form the embryonic brain ventricles. We developed this ventricle injection technique to better visualize the fluid filled space in contrast to the neuroepithelial shape in a live embryo.

Zebrafish의 두뇌 뇌실 주입

Proper brain ventricle formation during embryonic brain development is required for normal brain function.  Brain ventricles are the highly conserved ...

Implantation of Ferumoxides Labeled Human Mesenchymal Stem Cells in Cartilage Defects

The field of tissue engineering integrates the principles of engineering, cell biology and medicine towards the regeneration of specific cells and functional tissue. Matrix associated stem cell implants (MASI) aim to regenerate cartilage defects due to arthritic or traumatic joint injuries. Adult mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have the ability to differentiate into cells of the chondrogenic lineage and have shown promising results for cell-based articular cartilage repair technologies. Autologous MSCs can be isolated from a variety of tissues, can be expanded in cell cultures without losing their differentiation potential, and have demonstrated chondrogenic differentiation in vitro and in vivo1, 2.
In order to provide local retention and viability of transplanted MSCs in cartilage defects, a scaffold is needed, which also supports subsequent differentiation and proliferation. The architecture of the scaffold guides tissue formation and permits the extracellular matrix, produced by the stem cells, to expand. Previous investigations have shown that a 2% agarose scaffold may support the development of stable hyaline cartilage and does not induce immune responses3.
Long term retention of transplanted stem cells in MASI is critical for cartilage regeneration. Labeling of MSCs with iron oxide nanoparticles allows for long-term in vivo tracking with non-invasive MR imaging techniques4.
This presentation will demonstrate techniques for labeling MSCs with iron oxide nanoparticles, the generation of cell-agarose constructs and implantation of these constructs into cartilage defects. The labeled constructs can be tracked non-invasively with MR-Imaging.

Goal of the presentation is to demonstrate a highly reproducible method to generate matrix associated stem cell implants in cartilage defects, which can be visualized with MR imaging. Stem cells are labeled with FDA-approved Ferumoxides, mixed with agarose, implanted into cartilage defects and imaged with a 7T MR scanner.

Ferumoxides의 이식은 연골의 결함에 인간 Mesenchymal 줄기 세포로 표시

The field of tissue engineering integrates the principles of engineering, cell biology and medicine towards the regeneration of specific cells and ...

RNAi Interference by dsRNA Injection into Drosophila Embryos

Genetic screening is one of the most powerful methods available for gaining insights into complex biological process 1. Over the years many improvements and tools for genetic manipulation have become available in Drosophila 2. Soon after the initial discovery by Frie and Mello 3 that double stranded RNA can be used to knockdown the activity of individual genes in Caenorhabditis elegans, RNA interference (RNAi) was shown to provide a powerful reverse genetic approach to analyze gene functions in Drosophila organ development 4, 5.
Many organs, including lung, kidney, liver, and vascular system, are composed of branched tubular networks that transport vital fluids or gases 6, 7. The analysis of Drosophila tracheal formation provides an excellent model system to study the morphogenesis of other tubular organs 8. The Berkeley Drosophila genome project has revealed hundreds of genes that are expressed in the tracheal system. To study the molecular and cellular mechanism of tube formation, the challenge is to understand the roles of these genes in tracheal development. Here, we described a detailed method of dsRNA injection into Drosophila embryo to knockdown individual gene expression. We successfully knocked down endogenous dysfusion(dys) gene expression by dsRNA injection. Dys is a bHLH-PAS protein expressed in tracheal fusion cells, and it is required for tracheal branch fusion 9, 10. dys-RNAi completely eliminated dys expression and resulted in tracheal fusion defect. This relatively simple method provides a tool to identify genes requried for tissure and organ development in Drosophila.

RNAi Interference by dsRNA Injection into Drosophila Embryos

RNA interference has been proven very effective to analyze gene function in Drosophila tracheal development. A detailed protocol used by Jiang lab to inject dsRNA into fly embryos to knockdown gene expression is illustrated. This technique has the potential for screening genes required for tissue and organ development in Drosophila.

dsRNA 주입하여 RNAi 간섭에 Drosophila 태아

Genetic screening is one of the most powerful methods available for gaining insights into complex biological process 1. Over the years many improvements ...

Analysis of Skeletal Muscle Defects in Larval Zebrafish by Birefringence and Touch-evoke Escape Response Assays

Zebrafish (Danio rerio) have become a particularly effective tool for modeling human diseases affecting skeletal muscle, including muscular dystrophies1-3, congenital myopathies4,5, and disruptions in sarcomeric assembly6,7, due to high genomic and structural conservation with mammals8. Muscular disorganization and locomotive impairment can be quickly assessed in the zebrafish over the first few days post-fertilization. Two assays to help characterize skeletal muscle defects in zebrafish are birefringence (structural) and touch-evoked escape response (behavioral).
Birefringence is a physical property in which light is rotated as it passes through ordered matter, such as the pseudo-crystalline array of muscle sarcomeres9. It is a simple, noninvasive approach to assess muscle integrity in translucent zebrafish larvae early in development. Wild-type zebrafish with highly organized skeletal muscle appear very bright amidst a dark background when visualized between two polarized light filters, whereas muscle mutants have birefringence patterns specific to the primary muscular disorder they model. Zebrafish modeling muscular dystrophies, diseases characterized by myofiber degeneration followed by repeated rounds of regeneration, exhibit degenerative dark patches in skeletal muscle under polarized light. Nondystrophic myopathies are not associated with necrosis or regenerative changes, but result in disorganized myofibers and skeletal muscle weakness. Myopathic zebrafish typically show an overall reduction in birefringence, reflecting the disorganization of sarcomeres.
The touch-evoked escape assay involves observing an embryo&#39;s swimming behavior in response to tactile stimulation10-12. In comparison to wild-type larvae, mutant larvae frequently display a weak escape contraction, followed by slow swimming or other type of impaired motion that fails to propel the larvae more than a short distance12. The advantage of these assays is that disease progression in the same fish type can be monitored in vivo for several days, and that large numbers of fish can be analyzed in a short time relative to higher vertebrates.

The zebrafish is now an established and powerful tool for modeling muscular dystrophies, congenital myopathies, and related neuromuscular diseases. Birefringence and touch-evoked escape behavior are two common noninvasive assays used to determine the degree of muscular disorganization and locomotive impairment of zebrafish embryos during early development.

Zebrafish (Danio rerio) have become a particularly effective tool for modeling human diseases affecting skeletal muscle, including muscular ...

In Vivo 4-Dimensional Tracking of Hematopoietic Stem and Progenitor Cells in Adult Mouse Calvarial Bone Marrow

Through a delicate balance between quiescence and proliferation, self renewal and production of differentiated progeny, hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) maintain the turnover of all mature blood cell lineages. The coordination of the complex signals leading to specific HSC fates relies upon the interaction between HSCs and the intricate bone marrow microenvironment, which is still poorly understood[1-2].
We describe how by combining a newly developed specimen holder for stable animal positioning with multi-step confocal and two-photon in vivo imaging techniques, it is possible to obtain high-resolution 3D stacks containing HSPCs and their surrounding niches and to monitor them over time through multi-point time-lapse imaging. High definition imaging allows detecting ex vivo labeled hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs) residing within the bone marrow. Moreover, multi-point time-lapse 3D imaging, obtained with faster acquisition settings, provides accurate information about HSPC movement and the reciprocal interactions between HSPCs and stroma cells.
Tracking of HSPCs in relation to GFP positive osteoblastic cells is shown as an exemplary application of this method. This technique can be utilized to track any appropriately labeled hematopoietic or stromal cell of interest within the mouse calvarium bone marrow space.

In Vivo 4-Dimensional Tracking of Hematopoietic Stem and Progenitor Cells in Adult Mouse Calvarial Bone Marrow

The nature of the interactions between hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs) and bone marrow niches is poorly understood. Custom hardware modifications and a multi-step acquisition protocol allow the use of two-photon and confocal microscopy to image ex vivo labeled HSPCs homed within bone marrow areas, tracking interactions and movement.

성인 마우스 두개골 골수에서 조혈 줄기 및 전구 세포의 생체 내 4 차원 추적에서

Through a delicate balance between quiescence and proliferation, self renewal and production of differentiated progeny, hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) ...

Fecal Glucocorticoid Analysis: Non-invasive Adrenal Monitoring in Equids

Adrenal activity can be assessed in the equine species by analysis of feces for corticosterone metabolites. During a potentially aversive situation, corticotrophin releasing hormone (CRH) is released from the hypothalamus in the brain. This stimulates the release of adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH) from the pituitary gland, which in turn stimulates release of glucocorticoids from the adrenal gland. In horses the glucocorticoid corticosterone is responsible for several adaptations needed to support equine flight behaviour and subsequent removal from the aversive situation. Corticosterone metabolites can be detected in the feces of horses and assessment offers a non-invasive option to evaluate long term patterns of adrenal activity. Fecal assessment offers advantages over other techniques that monitor adrenal activity including blood plasma and saliva analysis. The non-invasive nature of the method avoids sampling stress which can confound results. It also allows the opportunity for repeated sampling over time and is ideal for studies in free ranging horses. This protocol describes the enzyme linked immunoassay (EIA) used to assess feces for corticosterone, in addition to the associated biochemical validation.

Adrenal activity can be assessed in the equine species by analysis of feces for corticosterone metabolites. The method offers a non-invasive option to assess long term patterns in both domestic and free ranging horses. This protocol describes the enzyme linked immunoassay involved and the associated biochemical validation.

대변​​ 글루코 코르티코이드 분석 : equids는 비 침습적 부신 모니터링

Adrenal activity can be assessed in the equine species by analysis of feces for corticosterone metabolites. During a potentially aversive situation, ...

A Mouse Model of Intestinal Partial Obstruction

Intestinal obstructions, that impede or block peristaltic movement, can be caused by abdominal adhesions and most gastrointestinal (GI) diseases including tumorous growths. However, the cellular remodeling mechanisms involved in, and caused by, intestinal obstructions are poorly understood. Several animal models of intestinal obstructions have been developed, but the mouse model is the most cost/time effective. The mouse model uses the surgical implantation of an intestinal partial obstruction (PO) that has a high mortality rate if it is not performed correctly. In addition, mice receiving PO surgery fail to develop hypertrophy if an appropriate blockade is not used or not properly placed. Here, we describe a detailed protocol for PO surgery which produces reliable and reproducible intestinal obstructions with a very low mortality rate. This protocol utilizes a surgically placed silicone ring that surrounds the ileum which partially blocks digestive movement in the small intestine. The partial blockage makes the intestine become dilated due to the halt of digestive movement. The dilation of the intestine induces smooth muscle hypertrophy on the oral side of the ring that progressively develops over 2 weeks until it causes death. The surgical PO mouse model offers an in vivo model of hypertrophic intestinal tissue useful for studying pathological changes of intestinal cells including smooth muscle cells (SMC), interstitial cells of Cajal (ICC), PDGFR&#945;+, and neuronal cells during the development of intestinal obstruction.

Intestinal obstructions are a partial or complete blockage of the intestine that can cause severe abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, and preventing the passage of stool. This procedure for creating intestinal partial obsructions in mice is reliable in studying the mechanisms underlying pathological cell growth and death in the intestine.

장 부분 방해의 마우스 모델

Intestinal obstructions, that impede or block peristaltic movement, can be caused by abdominal adhesions and most gastrointestinal (GI) diseases including ...

An Iodide-Yellow Fluorescent Protein-Gap Junction-Intercellular Communication Assay

Gap junctions (GJs) are cell membrane channels that allow diffusion of molecules smaller than 1 kDa between adjacent cells. As they have physiological and pathological roles, there is need of high-throughput screening (HTS) assays to identify GJ modulators in drug discovery and toxicology assays. A novel iodide-yellow fluorescent protein-gap junction-intercellular communication (I-YFP-GJIC) assay fulfills this need. It is a cell-based assay including acceptor and donor cells that are engineered to stably express a yellow fluorescent protein (YFP) variant, whose fluorescence is sensitively quenched by iodide, or SLC26A4, an iodide transporter, respectively. When iodide is added to a mixed culture of the two cell types, they enter the donor cells via the SLC26A4 transporter and diffuse to the adjacent acceptor cells via GJs where they quench the YFP fluorescence. YFP fluorescence is measured well by well in a kinetic mode. The YFP quenching rate reflects GJ activity. The assay is reliable and rapid enough to be used for HTS. The protocol for the I-YFP-GJIC assay using the LN215 cells, human glioma cells, is described.

Here, we present a protocol for a novel gap junction intercellular communication assay designed for the high-throughput screening of gap junction-modulating chemicals for drug discovery and toxicological assessment.

요오드 화물-노랑 형광 단백질-간격 접속점 세포 통신 분석 결과

Gap junctions (GJs) are cell membrane channels that allow diffusion of molecules smaller than 1 kDa between adjacent cells. As they have physiological and ...

Ex Vivo Method for Assessing the Mouse Reproductive Tract Spontaneous Motility and a MATLAB-based Uterus Motion Tracking Algorithm for Data Analysis

Dysmenorrhea, or painful cramping, is the most common symptom associated with menses in females and its severity can hinder women&#39;s everyday lives. Here, we present an easy and inexpensive method that would be instrumental for testing new drugs decreasing uterine contractility. This method utilizes the unique ability of the entire mouse reproductive tract to exhibit spontaneous motility when maintained ex vivo in a Petri dish containing oxygenated Krebs buffer. This spontaneous motility resembles the wave-like myometrial activity of the human uterus, referred to as endometrial waves. To demonstrate the effectiveness of the method, we employed a well-known uterine relaxant drug, epinephrine. We demonstrate that the spontaneous motility of the entire mouse reproductive tract can be quickly and reversibly inhibited by 1 &#181;M epinephrine in this Petri dish model. Documenting the changes of uterine motility can be easily done using an ordinary smart phone or a sophisticated digital camera. We developed a MATLAB-based algorithm allowing motion tracking to quantify spontaneous uterine motility changes by measuring the rate of uterine horn movements. A major advantage of this ex vivo approach is that the reproductive tract remains intact throughout the entire experiment, preserving all intrinsic intrauterine cellular interactions. The major limitation of this approach is that up to 10-20% of uteri may exhibit no spontaneous motility. Thus far, this is the first quantitative ex vivo method for assessing spontaneous uterine motility in a Petri dish model.

Uterine contractions are important for the well-being of females. However, pathologically increased contractility may result in dysmenorrhea, especially in younger females. Here, we describe a simple ex vivo preparation allowing quick assessment of the efficacy of smooth muscle relaxants that may be used for treating dysmenorrhea.

마우스 생식 기관 자발적 운동성 및 데이터 분석을 위한 MATLAB 기반 자궁 운동 추적 알고리즘을 평가하기 위한 Ex Vivo 방법

Dysmenorrhea, or painful cramping, is the most common symptom associated with menses in females and its severity can hinder women&#39;s everyday lives. ...

Methylene 청색 색소를 주입 하 여 요로 분기점 방해 결함 평가

요약

더 많은 비디오 탐색

이 비디오의 챕터

해부 및 C. 엘레간스 신경근육학 융티온에서 레코딩

Zebrafish의 두뇌 뇌실 주입

Ferumoxides의 이식은 연골의 결함에 인간 Mesenchymal 줄기 세포로 표시

dsRNA 주입하여 RNAi 간섭에 Drosophila 태아

Analysis of Skeletal Muscle Defects in Larval Zebrafish by Birefringence and Touch-evoke Escape Response Assays

성인 마우스 두개골 골수에서 조혈 줄기 및 전구 세포의 생체 내 4 차원 추적에서

대변 글루코 코르티코이드 분석 : equids는 비 침습적 부신 모니터링

장 부분 방해의 마우스 모델

요오드 화물-노랑 형광 단백질-간격 접속점 세포 통신 분석 결과

마우스 생식 기관 자발적 운동성 및 데이터 분석을 위한 MATLAB 기반 자궁 운동 추적 알고리즘을 평가하기 위한 Ex Vivo 방법

Methylene 청색 색소를 주입 하 여 요로 분기점 방해 결함 평가

요약

더 많은 비디오 탐색

이 비디오의 챕터

해부 및 C. 엘레간스 신경근육학 융티온에서 레코딩

Zebrafish의 두뇌 뇌실 주입

Ferumoxides의 이식은 연골의 결함에 인간 Mesenchymal 줄기 세포로 표시

dsRNA 주입하여 RNAi 간섭에 Drosophila 태아

Analysis of Skeletal Muscle Defects in Larval Zebrafish by Birefringence and Touch-evoke Escape Response Assays

성인 마우스 두개골 골수에서 조혈 줄기 및 전구 세포의 생체 내 4 차원 추적에서

대변​​ 글루코 코르티코이드 분석 : equids는 비 침습적 부신 모니터링

장 부분 방해의 마우스 모델

요오드 화물-노랑 형광 단백질-간격 접속점 세포 통신 분석 결과

마우스 생식 기관 자발적 운동성 및 데이터 분석을 위한 MATLAB 기반 자궁 운동 추적 알고리즘을 평가하기 위한 Ex Vivo 방법

대변 글루코 코르티코이드 분석 : equids는 비 침습적 부신 모니터링