이 프로젝트에 대 한 지원 자금 건강 연구의 캐나다 학회 (청소 133473 부여)에 의해 HMK에 교부 금에 의해 제공 했다.

<ol>
	<li>Wang, Z., Gerstein, M., Snyder, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=RNA-Seq:+a+revolutionary+tool+for+transcriptomics.">RNA-Seq: a revolutionary tool for transcriptomics.</a> Nature Rev Genet. 10, 57-63 (2009).</li><li>Tautz, D., Pfeifle, C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+non-radioactive+in+situ+hybridization+method+for+the+localization+of+specific+RNAs+in+Drosophila+embryos+reveals+translational+control+of+the+segmentation+gene+hunchback.">A non-radioactive in situ hybridization method for the localization of specific RNAs in Drosophila embryos reveals translational control of the segmentation gene hunchback.</a> Chromosoma. 98, 81-85 (1989).</li><li>Hughes, S. C., Krause, H. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Double+labeling+with+fluorescence+in+situ+hybridization+in+Drosophila+whole-mount+embryos.">Double labeling with fluorescence in situ hybridization in Drosophila whole-mount embryos.</a> Biotechniques. 24, 530-532 (1998).</li><li>Lecuyer, E., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Global+analysis+of+mRNA+localization+reveals+a+prominent+role+in+organizing+cellular+architecture+and+function.">Global analysis of mRNA localization reveals a prominent role in organizing cellular architecture and function.</a> Cell. 131, 174-187 (2007).</li><li>Kosman, D., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Multiplex+detection+of+RNA+expression+in+Drosophila+embryos.">Multiplex detection of RNA expression in Drosophila embryos.</a> Science. 305, 846-846 (2004).</li><li>Raap, A. K., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Ultra-sensitive+FISH+using+peroxidase-mediated+deposition+of+biotin-+or+fluorochrome+tyramides.">Ultra-sensitive FISH using peroxidase-mediated deposition of biotin- or fluorochrome tyramides.</a> Human Mol Genet. 4, 529-534 (1995).</li><li>Lecuyer, E., Parthasarathy, N., Krause, H. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Fluorescent+in+situ+hybridization+protocols+in+Drosophila+embryos+and+tissues.">Fluorescent in situ hybridization protocols in Drosophila embryos and tissues.</a> Methods Mol Biol. 420, 289-302 (2008).</li><li>Wilk, R., Murthy, S. U. M., Yan, H., Krause, H. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Current Protocols Essential Laboratory Techniques. , 1-9 (2010).</li><li>Holt, C. E., Bullock, S. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Subcellular+mRNA+Localization+in+Animal+Cells+and+Why+It+Matters.">Subcellular mRNA Localization in Animal Cells and Why It Matters.</a> Science. 326, 1212-1216 (2009).</li><li>Martin, K. C., Ephrussi, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=mRNA+Localization:+Gene+Expression+in+the+Spatial+Dimension.">mRNA Localization: Gene Expression in the Spatial Dimension.</a> Cell. , 719-730 (2009).</li><li>Wilk, R., Hu, J., Blotsky, D., Krause, H. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Diverse+and+pervasive+subcellular+distributions+for+both+coding+and+long+noncoding+RNAs.">Diverse and pervasive subcellular distributions for both coding and long noncoding RNAs.</a> Genes Dev. 30, 594-609 (2016).</li><li>Zhou, X. L., Vize, P. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Proximo-distal+specialization+of+epithelial+transport+processes+within+the+Xenopus+pronephric+kidney+tubules.">Proximo-distal specialization of epithelial transport processes within the Xenopus pronephric kidney tubules.</a> Dev Biol. 271, 322-338 (2004).</li></ol>

저자 아무 경쟁 금융 관심사 있다.

설명된 프로토콜 고정 초파리 배아 또는 조직에서 대부분 RNAs의 검출에 대 한 매우 민감한, 재현 하 고 경제적인 방법을 제공 한다. 전통적으로 프로브 탐지의 알칼리 성 인산 가수분해 효소 방법의 사용 하는 더 많은 것 보다 약간 더 복잡 하지만 물고기에 의해 얻은 해상도 훨씬 더 큰 하 고 감도 비교 또는 향상 7,8. 전체 또는 일부 결정 플레이트를 사용 하 여 관심사의 유전자의 대규모 또는 제한 된 분석에 대 한 프로토콜을 사용할 수 있습니다. 프로브 생성 모두를 검색할 수 있습니다 또는 프로브는 좀 더 구체적으로 설계 된 하지 않는 한 여러 성적 결합 형성에 주목 해야 한다 (즉, 단일 exons). 우리는 작은 적당 한 성공 가진 200 뉴클레오티드 프로브 테스트, 비록 작은 프로브 덜 효과적일 하는 경향이 하 고 덜 특정 수 있습니다. 명확 하 게,이 프로토콜 microRNAs 처리 또는 작은 introns, exons의 검출에 적합 하지 않습니다.
이 이렇게 효소 단계를 사용 하 여 신호 강도 향상, 하지만 신호 강도 비례 식 레벨의 비교적 선형이 고 광범위 한 범위에서 대상 유전자 발현 하 것 처럼 보인다. 더 높은 확대, 신호 puncta 또는 얼룩으로 볼은 세포와 조직 내에서. 비교적 드문 성적 증명서에 대 한 몇 가지 작은 puncta 볼 수 있습니다. 사본 풍부 하 게 증가 함에 따라이 수와 크기에서 성장 한다. 단일 분자 물고기 (smFISH), 것과 같이 단일 작은 puncta 단일 RNAs에 해당 또한 수 고 한다 또한 쉽게 측정할 수 이미징 및 정보학 소프트웨어를 사용 하 여. 동일한 대상에 대 한 우리 큐레이터 이미지와 함께 smFISH를 사용 하 여 얻은 게시 된 이미지의 비교 제안이 더 엄격한 비교 하 여 테스트 해야 하지만 전반적으로, 감도 및 해상도 두 가지 방법의 상대적으로 비슷한는. SmFISH의 훨씬 더 높은 비용을 감안할 때, 여기에 제공 된 메서드는 비용의 일부분에서 비슷한 결과 주어 야 한다. 그러나, 목표는 작은 성적표 또는 성적 증명서의 부분을 검출 하는, smFISH 것이 좋습니다.
일부 물고기 프로브 작은 크기 때문에이 메서드는 대형 또는 중요 한 장벽을 관통 조직에서 더 나은 수도 있습니다. 그러나, 높은 세제 수준 및 조직 고정 및 permeabilization 조작의 사용이이 문제를 해결 하려면 나타납니다. 마지막으로, 초파리 조직 개발, 해 부 조직에 대 한 여기에 설명 된 높은 세제 버퍼 초파리 배아로 대부분 다른 유기 체와 조직에 대 한 또한 작동 해야 한다.

RNA-seq 같은 새로운 RNA 게놈 넓은 탐지 방법 우리의 지식과, 유전자 표현는 언제, 어디의 무슨 레벨1에서 크게 확대. 그러나,이 상대적으로 가난한 시간적, 공간적 해상도 제공합니다. RNA 제자리 교 잡에 따라서 세포 및 subcellular 지 방화2의 세부 사항을 공개 고정 조직, 시각적으로 관찰 기록의 공간 배급을 허용 한다. 형광 성 제자리 교 잡 (물고기)를 사용 하 여 더 많은 공간 해상도를 confocal 빛 시트 현미경3같은 강력한 현미경 검사 법 기술의 사용을 허용 수 있습니다. DAPI 같은 형광 마커 subcellular 관계4설정에 사용할 수 있습니다. 물고기는 또한 subcellular 수준에서 중복의 명확한 표시와 동시에 여러 개의 RNAs 단백질의 관측을 촉진 한다. 독특한 시 약 및 더블 라벨에 필요한 단계는 다음 참조3,5에서 찾을 수 있습니다.
여기에 설명 된 절차 96 잘 결정 플레이트 cDNA 템플릿 생산 (식민지 PCR), RNA 프로브 생산 (T7, T3 또는 SP6 중 합 효소 종속 실행 전사 사용) 에서 제자리 교 잡를 포함 하 여 모든 단계에 대 한 활용 및 형광 신호 개발입니다. 충분 한 수의 배아 또는 조직 각각에 추가 됩니다 수 있도록 일관성과 다양성의 평가 96 잘 접시의 잘. 각 그럼 다른 조사를 받습니다. 신호 개발 후 배아 또는 각 우물에서 조직 현미경 분석에 대 한 개별 현미경 슬라이드에 짓고 있다.
프로브 탐지를 위한 tyramide 신호 증폭 (TSA)를 사용 하 여 뛰어난 subcellular 해상도 5,6,,78강력한 신호를 생성합니다. RNAs의 subcellular 지 방화 발생 하는 거의 모든 RNAs 4,,1011에 표시 되는 중요 한 규제 메커니즘 9 입니다. 이 분석에서는 RNA-seq에 의해 검색 되지 않은 많은 성적은 쉽게 물고기 8에서 검색도 나타났습니다. RNA 교 잡 제자리에서 96 잘 접시에 적응 한 번에 (추가 하는 경우 더 많은 접시를 사용), 큰 데이터 집합의 분석을 가능 하 게 관심의 최대 96 유전자의 분석을 수 있습니다. 작은 섹션으로 번호판을 절단 하 여 메서드는 단지 몇 가지 샘플을 쉽게 적응 됩니다. 제공 하는 프로토콜은 대부분의 유형의 조직에서 RNA 배포판의 분석에 적합 합니다. 표시 되지 않습니다, 그것은 비-초파리 조직으로 잘 적응할 수 있는입니다.

<table>
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>15 ml Polypropylene conical centrifuge tubes</td>
			<td>Frogga Bio</td>
			<td>TB15-500</td>
			<td>Certified DNase and RNase free</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>2x PCR Master Mix with dye(Ambiogene)</td>
			<td>Biomart (Canada)</td>
			<td>141106-1K</td>
			<td>Certified DNase and RNase free</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>50 ml Polypropylene conical centrifuge tubes</td>
			<td>Frogga Bio</td>
			<td>TB50-500</td>
			<td>Certified DNase and RNase free</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>96-well filteration plate (1.2 um, hydrophilic PVDF membrane</td>
			<td>EMD MILLIPORE</td>
			<td>MSBVS1210</td>
			<td>Used to remove liguid from bottom of the plate with floting tissues</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>96-well PCR plate (200 &#956;l)</td>
			<td>Denville</td>
			<td>C18096-10</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Acrodisc syringe filter (0.2 u)</td>
			<td>PALL</td>
			<td>PN4612</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Acrodisc syringe filter (0.45 u)</td>
			<td>PALL</td>
			<td>PN4614</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Agarose</td>
			<td>Bioshop</td>
			<td>AGA002.500</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ampicilin</td>
			<td>Sigma-aldrich</td>
			<td>A9393-5G</td>
			<td>Stock concentration is 100 g/ml disolved ddH&#8322;O and 0.2&#956;m filtered (use as 1/1000)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>AXYGEN 96-well assay storage plates</td>
			<td>UltiDent Scientific</td>
			<td>24-P96-450V-C</td>
			<td>To store bacterial glycerol stocks</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>AXYGEN Aluminum Plate Seals</td>
			<td>UltiDent Scientific</td>
			<td>24-PCR-AS-200</td>
			<td>To seal plates</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>AXYGEN Wide-bore tips (200 ul)</td>
			<td>UltiDent Scientific</td>
			<td>24-T205-WB-C</td>
			<td>To transfer samples</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Biotin-SP (long spacer) IgG Fraction Monoclonal Mouse Anti-Digoxin</td>
			<td>Jackson ImmunoResearch Lab</td>
			<td>200062156</td>
			<td>Primary antibody for in situ (stock conc. 1 mg/ml, working conc. 2.5 &#956;g/ml or 1/400 dilution.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>BRAND 8-channel manifold (autoclavable)</td>
			<td>BrandTech Scientific Inc.</td>
			<td>704526</td>
			<td>To remove liquids from the top of 96-well PCR plates</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Chloramphenicol</td>
			<td>Sigma-aldrich</td>
			<td>C1919</td>
			<td>Stock concentration 34 mg/ml dissolved and 0.2&#956;m filtered in 100 % EtOH (use as 1/1000)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Cyanine 3 Tyramide (Cy3-TSA)</td>
			<td>Home made</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Could be ordered from Perkin-Elmer Cat# SAT704A001EA</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>DABCO (1,4-Diazabicyclo[2.2.2]octane)</td>
			<td>Sigma-aldrich</td>
			<td>D2522</td>
			<td>Antifade reagent in mounting media</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>DEPC (Diethyl pyrocarbonate)</td>
			<td>Sigma-aldrich</td>
			<td>D5758</td>
			<td>Working concentration is 0.1 % in ddH&#8322;O. To make RNase free water 0.1 %</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Digoxigenin-11-uridine-5&#8217;-triphosphate</td>
			<td>Roche</td>
			<td>11-209-256-910</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Embryo collection cage</td>
			<td>Home made</td>
			<td>N/A</td>
			<td>Size: 75 cm X 75 cm X 75 cm made with Polymethyl methacrylate</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Eppendorf centrifuge 5804</td>
			<td>Eppendorf</td>
			<td>Model 5804</td>
			<td>Centrifuge for 96-well plates on A-Z-DWP rotor</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Formamide</td>
			<td>Bioshop</td>
			<td>FOR001.500</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Glycerol</td>
			<td>Bioshop</td>
			<td>GLY002.4</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Glycine</td>
			<td>Bioshop</td>
			<td>GLN001.500</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Heparin</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>H4784-250MG</td>
			<td>Stock: 50 mg/ml. Working concentration 1 mg/ml in Hybridization solution</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Hydrogen peroxide (H&#8322;O&#8322;)</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>216763-500 ml</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Lab Armor Beads</td>
			<td>DiaMed</td>
			<td>LAA42370-001</td>
			<td>Fill in heating unit</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Labnet Gyro M Mini Nutating Mixer</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>50-998-347</td>
			<td>Sample mixing</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Mesh - 100 micons</td>
			<td>FlyStuff</td>
			<td>57-103</td>
			<td>For collecting embryos</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Mesh - 800 microns</td>
			<td>SEFAR - Nytex</td>
			<td>06-780/53</td>
			<td>For catching loose tissue / may be used for special tube in figure 4.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Micro Cover Glasses</td>
			<td>VWR</td>
			<td>48366-067</td>
			<td>Size: 22 X 22 mm</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Micro slides,frstd</td>
			<td>VWR</td>
			<td>48312-003</td>
			<td>Size: 25 X 75 mm</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Multi-Well Plate Vacuum Manifold</td>
			<td>Pall Corporation</td>
			<td>P/N 5017</td>
			<td>Remove liquid from bottom of 96-well filter plate</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Paraformaldehyd (PFA)</td>
			<td>Bioshop</td>
			<td>PAR070.500</td>
			<td>Fixation</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>PCR machine</td>
			<td>Bio-Rad</td>
			<td>Model: DNA Engine PTC-200</td>
			<td>96-well plate PCR and probe denature</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Picric acid solution</td>
			<td>Sigma-aldrich</td>
			<td>80456</td>
			<td>For tissue fixation I solution</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Potassium Chloride (KCL)</td>
			<td>Bioshop</td>
			<td>POC308</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Potassium phosphate monobasic (KH&#8322;PO&#8324;)</td>
			<td>Bioshop</td>
			<td>PPM302.1</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>PP lid for 96-well plates, 100/case</td>
			<td>UltiDent Scientific</td>
			<td>24-P-LID-PP</td>
			<td>Lid for storing plates</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Progene disposable Reagent Reservoirs (50 ml, sterile)</td>
			<td>UltiDent Scientific</td>
			<td>825-1-50-5S</td>
			<td>Liquid handling</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Progene Pierceable Aluminum Foil</td>
			<td>UltiDent Scientific</td>
			<td>87-CFILM-AL</td>
			<td>Seal 96-well plate, DNase and RNase free</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Proteinase K</td>
			<td>Sigma-aldrich</td>
			<td>P2308- 5MG</td>
			<td>Embryo permeabilization</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>RiboLock Ribonuclease Inhibitor</td>
			<td>Thermo Scientific</td>
			<td>EO0381</td>
			<td>40 Unit/ul</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ribonucleoside Triphosphate (NTP) set</td>
			<td>Roche</td>
			<td>11277057001</td>
			<td>RNA probe sythesis</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>RNase free water</td>
			<td>GIBCO</td>
			<td>10977015-500ml</td>
			<td>RNA probe sythesis</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>RNaseZap</td>
			<td>Ambion</td>
			<td>AM9780</td>
			<td>Remove RNase contamination</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Single stranded DNA from salmon testes</td>
			<td>Sigma-aldrich</td>
			<td>D9156</td>
			<td>For hybridization solution</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Skim milk (non fat power)</td>
			<td>Bioshop</td>
			<td>SKI400.500</td>
			<td>Working concentration is 1 % in 1 X PBT or PBTT as a blocking reagent</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sodium Acetate (NaOAc) 3 M, pH=5.2 (RNase free)</td>
			<td>Bioshop</td>
			<td>SAA333</td>
			<td>Working concentration is 10 % (v/v) for DNA or RNA precipitation</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sodium citrate (HOC(COONa)(CH&#8322;COONa)&#8322; &#183; 2H&#8322;O</td>
			<td>Sigma-aldrich</td>
			<td>S4641-500G</td>
			<td>Reagent in 20 X SSC</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sodium phosphate dibasic (Na&#8322;HPO&#8324;)</td>
			<td>Bioshop</td>
			<td>SPD307.1</td>
			<td>Reagent in 10 X PBS</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>SP6 RNA Polymerase</td>
			<td>Thermo Scientific</td>
			<td>EP0131</td>
			<td>20 Unit/ul</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Stainless Steel Shot for Sand Bath</td>
			<td>VWR</td>
			<td>13259-274.</td>
			<td>To fill the heating unit</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Stereomicroscope &#38; gooseneck light source</td>
			<td>Leica</td>
			<td>Model: MZ6</td>
			<td>Tissue dissection and mounting</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Streptavidin, horseradish peroxidase (HRP) conjugate</td>
			<td>Molecular Probes</td>
			<td>S911</td>
			<td>Secondary antibody stock: 1 mg/ml, use 1/1000 dilution (1 &#956;g/ml) for in situ.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>T3 RNA Polymerase</td>
			<td>Thermo Scientific</td>
			<td>EP0101</td>
			<td>20 Unit/ul</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>T7 RNA Polymerase</td>
			<td>Thermo Scientific</td>
			<td>EP0111</td>
			<td>20 Unit/ul</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Tip station (10 ul)</td>
			<td>Axygen</td>
			<td>T-300-STK-S</td>
			<td>Certified DNase and RNase free</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Tip station (200 ul)</td>
			<td>Sorbio</td>
			<td>27770T</td>
			<td>Certified DNase and RNase free</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Tips ( 1ml)</td>
			<td>Sorbio</td>
			<td>10200</td>
			<td>Certified DNase and RNase free</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>TRITON X-100</td>
			<td>Bioshop</td>
			<td>TRX506</td>
			<td>Working concentration is 0.3% in 1 X PBT for tissue in situ</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Tween 20</td>
			<td>Bioshop</td>
			<td>TWN510</td>
			<td>Working concentration is 0.1% in 1 X PBT for embryo in situ</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Whatman qualitative filter paper, Grade 3</td>
			<td>Sigma-aldrich</td>
			<td>WHA1003917</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Name</td>
			<td>Company</td>
			<td>Catalog Number</td>
			<td>Comments</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Solutions</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Preparation</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>DABCO (1,4-Diazabicyclo[2.2.2]octane) glycerol anti-fade mounting media</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>DABCO (1.25 g), Glycerol (35 ml or v/v 70 %) and 1 X PBS (15 ml, or v/v 30 %). Keep dark and rock in cold room. store at -20 &#176;C</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>DEPC (Diethyl pyrocarbonate) treated ddH&#8322;O (1L)</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Add 1 ml of DEPC in 999 ml of ddH&#8322;O (0.1 %). Stir O/N in fumehood O/N and then autoclave 45 min liquid cycle</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>10 X PBS (1L)</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>NaCL (80 g), KCL (2 g), Na&#8322;HPO&#8324; (14.4 g), KH&#8322;PO&#8324; (2.4 g) and unautoclaved DECP ddH&#8322;O (800 ml). Adjust pH to 7.4 with 10 N NaOH and then bring the total volume to 1 L. Autoclave 45 min liquid cycle</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>20 X SSC (1L)</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>NaCL (175.3 g), Sodium citrate tribasic dihydrate(88.2 g) and unautoclaved DECP ddH&#8322;O (800 ml). Adjust pH to 7.4 with 10 N NaOH and then bring the total volume to 1 L. Autoclave 45 min liquid cycle</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>1 X PBT (1L)</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>1 X PBS with 1 ml Tween 20 (0.1 %)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>1 X PBTT (1L)</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>1 X PBS with 1 ml Tween 20 (0.1 %) and 3 ml of Triton-X-100 (0.3 %)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>1 X PBTB (1L)</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>1 % Skim milk in 1 X PBT</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>1 X PBTTB (1L)</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>1 % Skim milk in 1 X PBTT</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

high resolution fluorescent in situ hybridization in drosophila embryos and tissues using tyramide signal amplification

표현의 패턴 및 초파리 게놈 넓은 기준 RNAs의 subcellular 지 방화를 결정 하기 위해 노력 하 고 다양 한 조직에에서, 우리 우리의 원래 형광 현장에 수많은 수정 및 향상 된 개발 했습니다. 교 잡 (물고기) 프로토콜. 처리량 및 비용 효율성을 촉진 하기 위하여 신호 검출 프로브 세대에서 모든 단계는 exon 결정 96 잘 접시를 사용 하 여 수행 됩니다. Digoxygenin (파)-이라는 antisense RNA 프로브 템플릿으로 게놈 DNA 또는 cDNA 클론을 사용 하 여 생산 됩니다. 조직 고정 permeabilization 후에, 프로브는 성적 관심에 때 교배 하 고 biotin, streptavidin 양 고추냉이 과산화 효소 (HRP)를 활용 하 고 붙일 활용에 활용 된 안티 발굴 항 체의 승계를 사용 하 여 검색 tyramide, HRP, 존재는 즉시 인접 한 단백질의 전자 밀도가 지역에는 반응성이 매우 높은 중급. 이러한 증폭 및 지역화 단계 두 세포 및 subcellular 사본 지역화를 용이 하 게 하는 강력 하 고 매우 지역화 된 신호를 생성 합니다. 제공 하는 프로토콜은 다양 한 조직 및 발달 단계에서에서 매우 구체적인 신호를 생산 하기 위해 최적화 되었습니다. 참조 또한 동시에 여러 성적 증명서 또는 성적 증명서 및 단백질의 동시 탐지를 허용 하는 추가 변이 대 한 제공 됩니다.

그림 6 은이 절차를 사용 하 여 얻은 결과의 예를 보여줍니다. 상위 3 패널 패널 표시 예제 늦게 신호 초파리 배아 (amnioserosa, 근육 및 중앙 신경 조직, 다른 조직에 초기 초파리 배아 (그림 6, 패널 A-C), 다음 3의 예를 보여 각각 (그림 6, 패널 D-F). 다음은 예제 3 탈피에서 애벌레 조직 (그림 6, 패널 G J)입니다. 성인 생식 기에서 대표 이미지를 표시 하는 패널 K와 L (난소와 고환, 각각). 수백 개의 이미지는 업로드 하 고 우리의 검색에서 주석 '형광 제자리에 과일 파리 데이터베이스' (FlyFISH (http://fly-fish.ccbr.utoronto.ca)).
<img alt="Figure 1" class="xfigimg" src="/files/ftp_upload/56281/56281fig1.jpg"> 
그림 1입니다. 형광 제자리에서 교 잡 (물고기) 프로토콜 및 키 장비 개요. CDNA의의 (A) PCR 증폭 (B) 녹음 방송 생체 외에서 생성 유전자 특정 센스 발굴-96 잘 접시 (b에서 표시 판의 사진)에서 RNA 프로브 표시. (C) 와 (D): 성인 (여성: 남성 비율 2:1. 300-400 파리/병) 파리 3-4 일 동안 친구를 사용할 수 있습니다. 25 ° C에서 표준 cornmeal 음식에 하룻밤 컬렉션에서 배아 통풍이 잘 플라스틱 상자에 전송 됩니다 (컨테이너 크기에 cornmeal 음식의 1 L: 8 "X 8" X 3"LWH) 또는 적절 한 애벌레의 밀도 유지 하는 새로운 병. 조직 컬렉션에 대 한 활성 효 모 분말, 계란 (AEL) 누워 후 48 h 24 음식 위에 뿌리고 해야 합니다. (H E): 교 잡 실험 형광 제자리에서 3 일 연속 수행. 사진 b 8 채널 흡 인기 (사진 c)와 같이 배아 또는 부동 하지 않는 조직, 96-잘 PCR 플레이트를 사용 합니다. 대부분 애벌레 조직 처럼 떠 조직에 대 한 필터 바닥 플레이트 d에서 (사진)를 사용 하 고 낮은 압력 (e에서 사진)를 사용 하는 매니폴드 흡 인기와 바닥에서 액체를 제거 합니다. <a href="//ecsource.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/56281/56281fig1large.jpg" target="_blank">이 그림의 더 큰 버전을 보려면 여기를 클릭 하십시오.</a>
<img alt="Figure 2" class="xfigimg" src="/files/ftp_upload/56281/56281fig2.jpg"> 
그림 2입니다. RNA 프로브 수익률의 결정입니다. 새로 합성 antisense RNA 프로브 1 %agarose 젤 (5 µ L/레인)에 관찰. 수익률 (밴드의 강도에 따라) 분류 될 수 있다 '낮은 수익률' 3, 10 차선에서 1, 4, 5, 6, 8, 차선에 ' 전형적인 항복' 또는 '고수익' 차선 2, 7, 9, 11 및 12에서에서. '전형적인 수익률' 샘플에 대 한 조사 각 현장에서 실험에 대 한 교 잡 솔루션의 100 µ L에 희석의 10-15 µ L을 사용 합니다. '높은 수익률' 프로브 '전형적인 프로브' 강도 기준으로 밴드 강도 따라 추가 교 잡 솔루션 샘플을 희석. 각 우물에서 대략 동일한 최종 프로브 농도를 목표로 합니다. 화살표 'RNA 프로브', 중 하나를 가리키는 각 차선에 더 높은 악대는 원래 DNA 템플렛 이다. <a href="//ecsource.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/56281/56281fig2large.jpg" target="_blank">이 그림의 더 큰 버전을 보려면 여기를 클릭 하십시오.</a>
<img alt="Figure 3" class="xfigimg" src="/files/ftp_upload/56281/56281fig3.jpg"> 
그림 3입니다. 주요 대규모 배아 수집 및 고정에 대 한 단계. <a href="//ecsource.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/56281/56281fig3large.jpg" target="_blank">이 그림의 더 큰 버전을 보려면 여기를 클릭 하십시오.</a>
<img alt="Figure 4" class="xfigimg" src="/files/ftp_upload/56281/56281fig4.jpg"> 
그림 4입니다. 애벌레 또는 부동 조직에서 액체를 제거 하기 위한 수 제 튜브. 일부 애벌레와 성인 조직 고정 중 솔루션에서 부동. 나일론 메쉬 1 mL 팁으로는 흡 인기에 연결 하는 어댑터 뒤 끝을 잘라 200 µ L에 의해 개최이 간단한 도구에 의하여 이루어져 있다. 액체는 어떤 조직을 잃지 않고 안전 하 게 제거할 수 있습니다. <a href="//ecsource.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/56281/56281fig4large.jpg" target="_blank">이 그림의 더 큰 버전을 보려면 여기를 클릭 하십시오.</a>
<img alt="Figure 5" class="xfigimg" src="/files/ftp_upload/56281/56281fig5.jpg"> 
그림 5입니다. Tyramide 신호 증폭. (RNA 생 감각과 센스 RNA 프로브 1) 파기 표시 된 hybridizes. (Biotin 활용 된 1 차적인 항 체 발굴 UTP 사이 2) 면역-선호도 바인딩. (3) HRP streptavidin 바인딩 biotin 활용. (4) HRP catalyzes 단명 cyanine 3 tyramide 래 디 칼 형성 하 cyanine 3 tyramide와 과산화 수소 반응. (5) cyanine 3 tyramide 래 디 칼에 가까운 단백질 티로신 잔류물에 바인딩합니다. <a href="//ecsource.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/56281/56281fig5large.jpg" target="_blank">이 그림의 더 큰 버전을 보려면 여기를 클릭 하십시오.</a>
<img alt="Figure 6" class="xfigimg" src="/files/ftp_upload/56281/56281fig6.jpg"> 
그림 6입니다. 교 잡 이미지 대표 제자리에 . 각 패널 (녹청에 표시 된) 다른 RNA와 핵 DAPI (빨간색으로 표시)으로 물에의 한 예를 보여 줍니다. (A-C) 초기 초파리 배아의 예입니다. (D, F) 늦은 초파리 배아의 예입니다. (G-J) 예제 3의 탈피 초파리 애벌레 조직 (malphigian tubules, midgut, 침 샘과 근육 각각). (K) 성인 난소입니다. (L) 성인 고환입니다. 각 패널 조사를 교배 시키기 유전자의 이름을 표시 합니다. 스케일 바 = 10 µ m. <a href="//ecsource.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/56281/56281fig6large.jpg" target="_blank">이 그림의 더 큰 버전을 보려면 여기를 클릭 하십시오.</a>

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about High Resolution Fluorescent In Situ Hybridization in Drosophila Embryos and Tissues Using Tyramide Signal Amplification at JoVE.com

High Resolution Fluorescent In Situ Hybridization in Drosophila Embryos and Tissues Using Tyramide Signal Amplification

교 잡 프로토콜 설명된 RNA 제자리에 전체 초파리 배아 또는 해 부 조직에서 RNA의 검출을 허용 한다. 96-잘 결정 접시와 tyramide 신호 증폭에 사용 하 여, 성적 감지할 수 있습니다 높은 해상도, 감도, 및 처리량, 그리고 상대적으로 저렴 한 비용.

높은 해상도 교 잡 형광 제자리에 초파리 태아와 Tyramide 신호 증폭을 사용 하 여 조직에서

In our efforts to determine the patterns of expression and subcellular localization of Drosophila RNAs on a genome-wide basis, and in a variety of ...

high-resolution-fluorescent-situ-hybridization-drosophila-embryos

Research

JoVE Journal

Genetics

High Resolution Fluorescent In Situ Hybridization in Drosophila Embryos and Tissues Using Tyramide Signal Amplification

12.8K 조회수.  University of Toronto. 교 잡 프로토콜 설명된 RNA 제자리에 전체 초파리 배아 또는 해 부 조직에서 RNA의 검출을 허용 한다. 96-잘 결정 접시와 tyramide 신호 증폭에 사용 하 여, 성적 감지할 수 있습니다 높은 해상도, 감도, 및 처리량, 그리고 상대적으로 저렴 한 비용.

비디오: High Resolution Fluorescent In Situ Hybridization in Drosophila Embryos and Tissues Using Tyramide Signal Amplification

In Situ Labeling of Mitochondrial DNA Replication in Drosophila Adult Ovaries by EdU Staining

The mitochondrial genome is inherited exclusively through the maternal line. Understanding of how the mitochondrion and its genome are proliferated and transmitted from one generation to the next through the female oocyte is of fundamental importance. Because of the genetic tractability, and the elegant, ordered simplicity by which oocyte development proceeds, Drosophila oogenesis has become an invaluable system for mitochondrial study. An EdU (5-ethynyl-2&#180;-deoxyuridine) labeling method was utilized to detect mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) replication in Drosophila ovaries. This method is superior to the BrdU (5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine) labeling method in that it allows for good structural preservation and efficient fluorescent dye penetration of whole-mount tissues.
Here we describe a detailed protocol for labeling replicating mitochondrial DNA in Drosophila adult ovaries with EdU. Some technical solutions are offered to improve the viability of the ovaries, maintain their health during preparation, and ensure high-quality imaging. Visualization of newly synthesized mtDNA in the ovaries not only reveals the striking temporal and spatial pattern of mtDNA replication through oogenesis, but also allows for simple quantification of mtDNA replication under various genetic and pharmacological perturbations.

In Situ Labeling of Mitochondrial DNA Replication in Drosophila Adult Ovaries by EdU Staining

Drosophila oogenesis continues to be exceptionally useful in the study of mitochondrial proliferation and inheritance. This manuscript describes a detailed protocol used to label the replicating mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) in Drosophila adult ovaries with 5-ethynyl-2&#180;-deoxyuridine (EdU), which facilitates uncovering mechanisms associated with mitochondrial inheritance that were previously debatable.

에듀 염색에 의한 초파리 성인 난소에서 미토콘드리아 DNA 복제의 제자리 라벨에

The mitochondrial genome is inherited exclusively through the maternal line. Understanding of how the mitochondrion and its genome are proliferated and ...

연구

유전학

Optogenetic Random Mutagenesis Using Histone-miniSOG in C. elegans

Forward genetic screening in model organisms is the workhorse to discover functionally important genes and pathways in many biological processes. In most mutagenesis-based screens, researchers have relied on the use of toxic chemicals, carcinogens, or irradiation, which requires designated equipment, safety setup, and/or disposal of hazardous materials. We have developed a simple approach to induce heritable mutations in C. elegans using germline-expressed histone-miniSOG, a light-inducible potent generator of reactive oxygen species. This mutagenesis method is free of toxic chemicals and requires minimal laboratory safety and waste management. The induced DNA modifications include single-nucleotide changes and small deletions, and complement those caused by classical chemical mutagenesis. This methodology can also be used to induce integration of extrachromosomal transgenes. Here, we provide the details of the LED setup and protocols for standard mutagenesis and transgene integration.

Optogenetic Random Mutagenesis Using Histone-miniSOG in C. elegans

Genetically-encoded histone-miniSOG induces genome-wide heritable mutations in a blue&#160;light-dependent manner. This mutagenesis method is simple, fast, free of toxic chemicals, and well-suited for forward genetic screening and transgene integration.

히스톤 - miniSOG에서 사용 Optogenetic 무작위 돌연변이 유발<em&gt; C. 엘레</em

Forward genetic screening in model organisms is the workhorse to discover functionally important genes and pathways in many biological processes. In most ...

High Fat Diet Feeding and High Throughput Triacylglyceride Assay in Drosophila Melanogaster

Heart disease is the number one cause of human death worldwide. Numerous studies have shown strong connections between obesity and cardiac malfunction in humans, but more tools and research efforts are needed to better elucidate the mechanisms involved. For over a century, the genetically highly tractable model of Drosophila has been instrumental in the discovery of key genes and molecular pathways that proved to be highly conserved across species. Many biological processes and disease mechanisms are functionally conserved in the fly, such as development (e.g., body plan, heart), cancer, and neurodegenerative disease. Recently, the study of obesity and secondary pathologies, such as heart disease in model organisms, has played a highly critical role in the identification of key regulators involved in metabolic syndrome in humans.
Here, we propose to use this model organism as an efficient tool to induce obesity, i.e., excessive fat accumulation, and develop an efficient protocol to monitor fat content in the form of TAGs accumulation. In addition to the highly conserved, but less complex genome, the fly also has a short lifespan for rapid experimentation, combined with cost-effectiveness. This paper provides a detailed protocol for High Fat Diet (HFD) feeding in Drosophila to induce obesity and a high throughput triacylglyceride (TAG) assay for measuring the associated increase in fat content, with the aim to be highly reproducible and efficient for large-scale genetic or chemical screening. These protocols offer new opportunities to efficiently investigate regulatory mechanisms involved in obesity, as well as provide a standardized platform for drug discovery research for rapid testing of the effect of drug candidates on the development or prevention of obesity, diabetes and related metabolic diseases.

High Fat Diet Feeding and High Throughput Triacylglyceride Assay in Drosophila Melanogaster

This is a high fat diet feeding protocol to induce obesity in Drosophila, a model for understanding fundamental molecular mechanisms implicated in lipotoxicity. It also provides a high throughput triacylglyceride assay for measuring fat accumulation in Drosophila and potentially other (insect) models under various dietary, environmental, genetic or physiological conditions.

높은 지방 다이어트 먹이 초파리 Melanogaster 의 높은 처리량 Triacylglyceride 분석 결과

Heart disease is the number one cause of human death worldwide. Numerous studies have shown strong connections between obesity and cardiac malfunction in ...

Visualization of Microbiota in Tick Guts by Whole-mount In Situ Hybridization

Infectious diseases transmitted by arthropod vectors continue to pose a significant threat to human health worldwide. The pathogens causing these diseases, do not exist in isolation when they colonize the vector; rather, they likely engage in interactions with resident microorganisms in the gut lumen. The vector microbiota has been demonstrated to play an important role in pathogen transmission for several vector-borne diseases. Whether resident bacteria in the gut of the Ixodes scapularis tick, the vector of several human pathogens including Borrelia burgdorferi, influence tick transmission of pathogens is not determined. We require methods for characterizing the composition of the bacteria associated with the tick gut to facilitate a better understanding of potential interspecies interactions in the tick gut. Using whole-mount in situ hybridization to visualize RNA transcripts associated with particular bacterial species allows for the collection of qualitative data regarding the abundance and distribution of the microbiota in intact tissue. This technique can be used to examine changes in the gut microbiota milieu over the course of tick feeding and can also be applied to analyze expression of tick genes. Staining of whole tick guts yield information about the gross spatial distribution of target RNA in the tissue without the need for three-dimensional reconstruction and is less affected by environmental contamination, which often confounds the sequencing-based methods frequently used to study complex microbial communities. Overall, this technique is a valuable tool that can be used to better understand vector-pathogen-microbiota interactions and their role in disease transmission.

Visualization of Microbiota in Tick Guts by Whole-mount In Situ Hybridization

Here, we present a protocol to spatially and temporally assess the presence of viable microbiota in tick guts using a modified whole-mount in situ hybridization approach.

제자리에 전체 산 교 잡에 의해 틱 용기에 Microbiota의 시각화

Infectious diseases transmitted by arthropod vectors continue to pose a significant threat to human health worldwide. The pathogens causing these ...

Single Molecule Fluorescence In Situ Hybridization (smFISH) Analysis in Budding Yeast Vegetative Growth and Meiosis

Single molecule fluorescence in situ hybridization (smFISH) is a powerful technique to study gene expression in single cells due to its ability to detect and count individual RNA molecules. Complementary to deep sequencing-based methods, smFISH provides information about the cell-to-cell variation in transcript abundance and the subcellular localization of a given RNA. Recently, we have used smFISH to study the expression of the gene&#160;NDC80&#160;during meiosis in budding yeast, in which two transcript isoforms exist and the short transcript isoform has its entire sequence shared with the long isoform. To confidently identify each transcript isoform, we optimized known smFISH protocols and obtained high consistency and quality of smFISH data for the samples acquired during budding yeast meiosis. Here, we describe this optimized protocol, the criteria that we use to determine whether high quality of smFISH data is obtained, and some tips for implementing this protocol in&#160;other yeast strains and growth conditions.

Single Molecule Fluorescence In Situ Hybridization smFISH Analysis in Budding Yeast Vegetative Growth and Meiosis

This single molecule fluorescence in situ hybridization protocol is optimized to quantify the number of RNA molecules in budding yeast during vegetative growth and meiosis.

단일 분자 형광에서 제자리 교 잡 (smFISH) 신진 효 모 무성 한 성장 및 감수 분열 분석

Single molecule fluorescence in situ hybridization (smFISH) is a powerful technique to study gene expression in single cells due to its ability to detect ...

Quantitative Analysis of Alternative Pre-mRNA Splicing in Mouse Brain Sections Using RNA In Situ Hybridization Assay

Alternative splicing (AS) occurs in more than 90% of human genes. The expression pattern of an alternatively spliced exon is often regulated in a cell type-specific fashion. AS expression patterns are typically analyzed by RT-PCR and RNA-seq using RNA samples isolated from a population of cells. In situ examination of AS expression patterns for a particular biological structure can be carried out by RNA in situ hybridization (ISH) using exon-specific probes. However, this particular use of ISH has been limited because alternative exons are generally too short to design exon-specific probes. In this report, the use of BaseScope, a recently developed technology that employs short antisense oligonucleotides in RNA ISH, is described to analyze AS expression patterns in mouse brain sections. Exon 23a of neurofibromatosis type 1 (Nf1) is used as an example to illustrate that short exon-exon junction probes exhibit robust hybridization signals with high specificity in RNA ISH analysis on mouse brain sections. More importantly, signals detected with exon inclusion- and skipping-specific probes can be used to reliably calculate the percent spliced in values of Nf1 exon 23a expression in different anatomical areas of a mouse brain. The experimental protocol and calculation method for AS analysis are presented. The results indicate that BaseScope provides a powerful new tool to assess AS expression patterns in situ.

Quantitative Analysis of Alternative Pre-mRNA Splicing in Mouse Brain Sections Using RNA In Situ Hybridization Assay

An in situ hybridization (ISH) protocol that uses short antisense oligonucleotides to detect alternative pre-mRNA splicing patterns in mouse brain sections is described.

대체 사전 mRNA 접합 교 잡 시험 현장에서 RNA를 사용 하 여 마우스 뇌 섹션에서의 정량 분석

Alternative splicing (AS) occurs in more than 90% of human genes. The expression pattern of an alternatively spliced exon is often regulated in a cell ...

Tissue-specific miRNA Expression Profiling in Mouse Heart Sections Using In Situ Hybridization

micro-RNAs (miRNAs) are single-stranded RNA transcripts that bind to messenger RNAs (mRNAs) and inhibit their translation or promote their degradation. To date, miRNAs have been implicated in a large number of biological and disease processes, which has signified the need for the reliable detection methods of miRNA transcripts. Here, we describe a detailed protocol for digoxigenin-labeled (DIG) Locked Nucleic Acid (LNA) probe-based miRNA detection, combined with protein immunostaining on mouse heart sections. First, we performed an in situ hybridization technique using the probe to identify miRNA-182 expression in heart sections from control and cardiac hypertrophy mice. Next, we performed immunostaining for cardiac Troponin T (cTnT) protein, on the same sections, to co-localize miRNA-182 with the cardiomyocyte cells. Using this protocol, we were able to detect miRNA-182 through an alkaline phosphatase based colorimetric assay, and cTnT through fluorescent staining. This protocol can be used to detect the expression of any miRNA of interest through DIG-labeled LNA probes, and relevant protein expression on mouse heart tissue sections.

Tissue-specific miRNA Expression Profiling in Mouse Heart Sections Using In Situ Hybridization

micro-RNAs (miRNAs) are short and highly homologous RNA sequences, serving as post-transcriptional regulators of messenger RNAs (mRNAs). Current miRNA detection methods vary in sensitivity and specificity. We describe a protocol that combines in situ hybridization and immunostaining for concurrent detection of miRNA and protein molecules on mouse heart tissue sections.

조직 관련 미르 식에서 제자리 교 잡 마우스 심장 섹션 사용 하 여 프로 파일링

micro-RNAs (miRNAs) are single-stranded RNA transcripts that bind to messenger RNAs (mRNAs) and inhibit their translation or promote their degradation. To ...

Use of Single Molecule Fluorescent In Situ Hybridization (SM-FISH) to Quantify and Localize mRNAs in Murine Oocytes

Current methods routinely used to quantify mRNA in oocytes and embryos include digital reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (dPCR), quantitative, real-time RT-PCR (RT-qPCR) and RNA sequencing. When these techniques are performed using a single oocyte or embryo, low-copy mRNAs are not reliably detected. To overcome this problem, oocytes or embryos can be pooled together for analysis; however, this often leads to high variability amongst samples. In this protocol, we describe the use of fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) using branched DNA chemistry. This technique identifies the spatial pattern of mRNAs in individual cells. When the technique is coupled with Spot Finding and Tracking&#160;computer software, the abundance of mRNAs in the cell can also be quantified. Using this technique, there is reduced variability within an experimental group and fewer oocytes and embryos are required to detect significant differences between experimental groups. Commercially available branched-DNA SM-FISH kits have been optimized to detect mRNAs in sectioned tissues or adherent cells on slides. However, oocytes do not effectively adhere to slides and some reagents in the kit were too harsh resulting in oocyte lysis. To prevent this lysis, several modifications were made to the FISH kit. Specifically, oocyte permeabilization and wash&#160;buffers designed for the immunofluorescence of oocytes and embryos replaced the proprietary buffers. The permeabilization, washes, and incubations with probes and amplifier were performed in 6-well plates and oocytes were placed on slides at the end of the protocol using mounting media. These modifications were able to overcome the limitations of the commercially available kit, in particular, the oocyte lysis. To accurately and reproducibly count the number of mRNAs in individual oocytes, computer software was used. Together, this protocol represents an alternative to PCR and sequencing to compare the expression of specific transcripts in single cells.

Use of Single Molecule Fluorescent In Situ Hybridization SM-FISH to Quantify and Localize mRNAs in Murine Oocytes

To reproducibly count the numbers of mRNAs in individual oocytes, single molecule RNA fluorescence in situ hybridization (RNA-FISH) was optimized for non-adherent cells. Oocytes were collected, hybridized with the transcript specific probes, and quantified using an image quantification software.

Murine Oocytes에 계량 및 방화 mRNAs 단일 분자 형광에서 제자리 교 잡 (SM-물고기)의 사용

Current methods routinely used to quantify mRNA in oocytes and embryos include digital reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (dPCR), ...

Chromogenic In Situ Hybridization as a Tool for HPV-Related Head and Neck Cancer Diagnosis

Human papillomavirus (HPV) infection is a major risk factor for a subtype of oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma (OPSCC), which tends to be associated with a better outcome than alcohol- and tobacco-related OPSCC. Chromogenic in situ hybridization (CISH) of HPV viral RNA could allow the semiquantitative evaluation of viral transcripts of the oncogenic proteins E6 and E7 and an in situ visualization with a good spatial resolution. This technique allows the diagnosis of an active infection with the visualization of HPV transcription in the tumoral HPV-infected cells. An advantage of this technique is the avoidance of contamination from nonneoplastic HPV-infected cells adjacent to the tumor. Overall, its good diagnosis performances have it considered to be the gold standard for active HPV infection identification. Since E6 and E7 viral protein interaction with cell proteins pRb and p53 is mandatory for cell transformation, HPV RNA CISH is functionally relevant and acutely reflects active oncogenic HPV infection. This technique is clinically relevant as well since &#34;low&#34; or &#34;high&#34; HPV transcription levels helped the identification of two prognosis groups among HPV-related p16-positive head and neck cancer patients. Here we present the protocol for manual HPV RNA CISH performed on formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) slides with a kit obtained from the manufacturer. Instead of chromogenic revelation, RNA in situ hybridization may also be performed with fluorescent revelation (RNA FISH). It may also be combined with conventional immunostaining.

Human papillomavirus (HPV) RNA chromogenic in situ hybridization is considered to be one of the gold standards for active human papillomavirus infection detection within tumors. It allows the visualization of HPV E6-E7 mRNA expression with localization and semiquantitative evaluation of its signal.

시투 혼성화에서 발색성 HPV 관련 두경부 암 진단을 위한 도구

Human papillomavirus (HPV) infection is a major risk factor for a subtype of oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma (OPSCC), which tends to be associated ...

Designing Automated, High-throughput, Continuous Cell Growth Experiments Using eVOLVER

Continuous culture methods enable cells to be grown under quantitatively controlled environmental conditions, and are thus broadly useful for measuring fitness phenotypes and improving our understanding of how genotypes are shaped by selection. Extensive recent efforts to develop and apply niche continuous culture devices have revealed the benefits of conducting new forms of cell culture control. This includes defining custom selection pressures and increasing throughput for studies ranging from long-term experimental evolution to genome-wide library selections and synthetic gene circuit characterization. The eVOLVER platform was recently developed to meet this growing demand: a continuous culture platform with a high degree of scalability, flexibility, and automation. eVOLVER provides a single standardizing platform that can be (re)-configured and scaled with minimal effort to perform many different types of high-throughput or multi-dimensional growth selection experiments. Here, a protocol is presented to provide users of the eVOLVER framework a description for configuring the system to conduct a custom, large-scale continuous growth experiment. Specifically, the protocol guides users on how to program the system to multiplex two selection pressures &#8212; temperature and osmolarity &#8212; across many eVOLVER vials in order to quantify fitness landscapes of Saccharomyces cerevisiae mutants at fine resolution. We show how the device can be configured both programmatically, through its open-source web-based software, and physically, by arranging fluidic and hardware layouts. The process of physically setting up the device, programming the culture routine, monitoring and interacting with the experiment in real-time over the internet, sampling vials for subsequent offline analysis, and post experiment data analysis are detailed. This should serve as a starting point for researchers across diverse disciplines to apply eVOLVER in the design of their own complex and high-throughput cell growth experiments to study and manipulate biological systems.

The eVOLVER framework enables high-throughput continuous microbial culture with high resolution and dynamic control over experimental parameters. This protocol demonstrates how to apply the system to conduct a complex fitness experiment, guiding users on programming automated control over many individual cultures, measuring, collecting, and interacting with experimental data in real-time.

에 버 버를 사용 하 여 자동화 된 고 처리량, 지속적인 세포 성장 실험 설계

Continuous culture methods enable cells to be grown under quantitatively controlled environmental conditions, and are thus broadly useful for measuring ...