Name: assessment of dictyostelium discoideum response to acute mechanical stimulation
Uploaded: 2017-11-09T12:30:00.000+00:00
Duration: 10 min 40 s
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Assessment of Dictyostelium discoideum Response to Acute Mechanical Stimulation at JoVE.com

이 작품은 건강 부여 R35 GM118177 PND의 국가 학회에 의해 지원 되었다.

<ol>
	<li>Swaney, K. F., Huang, C. H., Devreotes, P. N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Eukaryotic+chemotaxis:+a+network+of+signaling+pathways+controls+motility,+directional+sensing,+and+polarity.">Eukaryotic chemotaxis: a network of signaling pathways controls motility, directional sensing, and polarity.</a> Annu Rev Biophys. 39, 265-289 (2010).</li><li>Sasaki, A. T., Chun, C., Takeda, K., Firtel, R. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Localized+Ras+signaling+at+the+leading+edge+regulates+PI3K,+cell+polarity,+and+directional+cell+movement.">Localized Ras signaling at the leading edge regulates PI3K, cell polarity, and directional cell movement.</a> J Cell Biol. 167 (3), 505-518 (2004).</li><li>Jeon, T. J., Lee, D. -. J., Merlot, S., Weeks, G., Firtel, R. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Rap1+controls+cell+adhesion+and+cell+motility+through+the+regulation+of+myosin+II.">Rap1 controls cell adhesion and cell motility through the regulation of myosin II.</a> J Cell Biol. 176 (7), 1021-1033 (2007).</li><li>Parent, C. A., Blacklock, B. J., Froehlich, W. M., Murphy, D. B., Devreotes, P. N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=G+Protein+Signaling+Events+Are+Activated+at+the+Leading+Edge+of+Chemotactic+Cells.">G Protein Signaling Events Are Activated at the Leading Edge of Chemotactic Cells.</a> Cell. 95 (1), 81-91 (1998).</li><li>Funamoto, S., Meili, R., Lee, S., Parry, L., Firtel, R. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Spatial+and+Temporal+Regulation+of+3-Phosphoinositides+by+PI+3-Kinase+and+PTEN+Mediates+Chemotaxis.">Spatial and Temporal Regulation of 3-Phosphoinositides by PI 3-Kinase and PTEN Mediates Chemotaxis.</a> Cell. 109 (5), 611-623 (2002).</li><li>Iijima, M., Devreotes, P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Tumor+Suppressor+PTEN+Mediates+Sensing+of+Chemoattractant+Gradients.">Tumor Suppressor PTEN Mediates Sensing of Chemoattractant Gradients.</a> Cell. 109 (5), 599-610 (2002).</li><li>Lim, C. J., Spiegelman, G. B., Weeks, G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=RasC+is+required+for+optimal+activation+of+adenylyl+cyclase+and+Akt/PKB+during+aggregation.">RasC is required for optimal activation of adenylyl cyclase and Akt/PKB during aggregation.</a> EMBO J. 20 (16), 4490-4499 (2001).</li><li>Kamimura, Y., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=PIP3-Independent+Activation+of+TorC2+and+PKB+at+the+Cell's+Leading+Edge+Mediates+Chemotaxis.">PIP3-Independent Activation of TorC2 and PKB at the Cell's Leading Edge Mediates Chemotaxis.</a> Curr Biol. 18 (14), 1034-1043 (2008).</li><li>Kortholt, A., King, J. S., Keizer-Gunnink, I., Harwood, A. J., Van Haastert, P. J. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Phospholipase+C+Regulation+of+Phosphatidylinositol+3,4,5-trisphosphate-mediated+Chemotaxis.">Phospholipase C Regulation of Phosphatidylinositol 3,4,5-trisphosphate-mediated Chemotaxis.</a> Molecular Biology of the Cell. 18 (12), 4772-4779 (2007).</li><li>Huang, C. H., Tang, M., Shi, C., Iglesias, P. A., Devreotes, P. N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=An+excitable+signal+integrator+couples+to+an+idling+cytoskeletal+oscillator+to+drive+cell+migration.">An excitable signal integrator couples to an idling cytoskeletal oscillator to drive cell migration.</a> Nat Cell Biol. 15 (11), 1307-1316 (2013).</li><li>Nishikawa, M., H&#246;rning, M., Ueda, M., Shibata, T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Excitable+Signal+Transduction+Induces+Both+Spontaneous+and+Directional+Cell+Asymmetries+in+the+Phosphatidylinositol+Lipid+Signaling+System+for+Eukaryotic+Chemotaxis.">Excitable Signal Transduction Induces Both Spontaneous and Directional Cell Asymmetries in the Phosphatidylinositol Lipid Signaling System for Eukaryotic Chemotaxis.</a> Biophys J. 106 (3), 723-734 (2014).</li><li>Gerisch, G., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mobile+Actin+Clusters+and+Traveling+Waves+in+Cells+Recovering+from+Actin+Depolymerization.">Mobile Actin Clusters and Traveling Waves in Cells Recovering from Actin Depolymerization.</a> Biophys J. 87 (5), 3493-3503 (2004).</li><li>Gerisch, G., Ecke, M., Wischnewski, D., Schroth-Diez, B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Different+modes+of+state+transitions+determine+pattern+in+the+Phosphatidylinositide-Actin+system.">Different modes of state transitions determine pattern in the Phosphatidylinositide-Actin system.</a> BMC Cell Biol. 12 (1), 42 (2011).</li><li>Bretschneider, T., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+Three-Dimensional+Dynamics+of+Actin+Waves,+a+Model+of+Cytoskeletal+Self-Organization.">The Three-Dimensional Dynamics of Actin Waves, a Model of Cytoskeletal Self-Organization.</a> Biophys J. 96 (7), 2888-2900 (2009).</li><li>Weiner, O. D., Marganski, W. A., Wu, L. F., Altschuler, S. J., Kirschner, M. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=An+Actin-Based+Wave+Generator+Organizes+Cell+Motility.">An Actin-Based Wave Generator Organizes Cell Motility.</a> PLOS Biol. 5 (9), e221 (2007).</li><li>Devreotes, P., Horwitz, A. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Signaling+Networks+that+Regulate+Cell+Migration.">Signaling Networks that Regulate Cell Migration.</a> Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Biology. 7 (8), (2015).</li><li>Artemenko, Y., Lampert, T. J., Devreotes, P. N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Moving+towards+a+paradigm:+common+mechanisms+of+chemotactic+signaling+in+Dictyostelium+and+mammalian+leukocytes.">Moving towards a paradigm: common mechanisms of chemotactic signaling in Dictyostelium and mammalian leukocytes.</a> Cell Mol Life Sci. 71 (19), 3711-3747 (2014).</li><li>Dalous, J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Reversal+of+cell+polarity+and+actin-myosin+cytoskeleton+reorganization+under+mechanical+and+chemical+stimulation.">Reversal of cell polarity and actin-myosin cytoskeleton reorganization under mechanical and chemical stimulation.</a> Biophys J. 94 (3), 1063-1074 (2008).</li><li>Sato, M. J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Switching+direction+in+electric-signal-induced+cell+migration+by+cyclic+guanosine+monophosphate+and+phosphatidylinositol+signaling.">Switching direction in electric-signal-induced cell migration by cyclic guanosine monophosphate and phosphatidylinositol signaling.</a> Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 106 (16), 6667-6672 (2009).</li><li>Zhao, M., Pu, J., Forrester, J. V., McCaig, C. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Membrane+lipids,+EGF+receptors,+and+intracellular+signals+colocalize+and+are+polarized+in+epithelial+cells+moving+directionally+in+a+physiological+electric+field.">Membrane lipids, EGF receptors, and intracellular signals colocalize and are polarized in epithelial cells moving directionally in a physiological electric field.</a> Faseb j. 16 (8), 857-859 (2002).</li><li>Decave, E., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Shear+flow-induced+motility+of+Dictyostelium+discoideum+cells+on+solid+substrate.">Shear flow-induced motility of Dictyostelium discoideum cells on solid substrate.</a> J Cell Sci. 116 (Pt 21), 4331-4343 (2003).</li><li>Artemenko, Y., Axiotakis, L., Borleis, J., Iglesias, P. A., Devreotes, P. N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Chemical+and+mechanical+stimuli+act+on+common+signal+transduction+and+cytoskeletal+networks.">Chemical and mechanical stimuli act on common signal transduction and cytoskeletal networks.</a> Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 113 (47), E7500-E7509 (2016).</li><li>Artemenko, Y., Swaney, K. F., Devreotes, P. N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Assessment+of+development+and+chemotaxis+in+Dictyostelium+discoideum+mutants.">Assessment of development and chemotaxis in Dictyostelium discoideum mutants.</a> Methods Mol Biol. 769, 287-309 (2011).</li><li>Gaudet, P., Pilcher, K. E., Fey, P., Chisholm, R. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Transformation+of+Dictyostelium+discoideum+with+plasmid+DNA.">Transformation of Dictyostelium discoideum with plasmid DNA.</a> Nat. Protocols. 2 (6), 1317-1324 (2007).</li><li>Veltman, D. M., Lemieux, M. G., Knecht, D. A., Insall, R. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=PIP3-dependent+macropinocytosis+is+incompatible+with+chemotaxis.">PIP3-dependent macropinocytosis is incompatible with chemotaxis.</a> J Cell Biol. 204 (4), 497-505 (2014).</li><li>Cai, H., Huang, C. H., Devreotes, P. N., Iijima, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Analysis+of+chemotaxis+in+Dictyostelium.">Analysis of chemotaxis in Dictyostelium.</a> Methods Mol Biol. 757, 451-468 (2012).</li><li>Schindelin, J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Fiji:+an+open-source+platform+for+biological-image+analysis.">Fiji: an open-source platform for biological-image analysis.</a> Nat Meth. 9 (7), 676-682 (2012).</li><li>Brenner, M., Thoms, S. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Caffeine+blocks+activation+of+cyclic+AMP+synthesis+in+Dictyostelium+discoideum.">Caffeine blocks activation of cyclic AMP synthesis in Dictyostelium discoideum.</a> Dev Biol. 101 (1), 136-146 (1984).</li><li>Bretschneider, T., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Dynamic+Actin+Patterns+and+Arp2/3+Assembly+at+the+Substrate-Attached+Surface+of+Motile+Cells.">Dynamic Actin Patterns and Arp2/3 Assembly at the Substrate-Attached Surface of Motile Cells.</a> Curr Biol. 14 (1), 1-10 (2004).</li><li>Swaney, K. F., Borleis, J., Iglesias, P. A., Devreotes, P. N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Novel+protein+Callipygian+defines+the+back+of+migrating+cells.">Novel protein Callipygian defines the back of migrating cells.</a> Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 112 (29), E3845-E3854 (2015).</li><li>Meili, R., Ellsworth, C., Firtel, R. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+novel+Akt/PKB-related+kinase+is+essential+for+morphogenesis+in+Dictyostelium.">A novel Akt/PKB-related kinase is essential for morphogenesis in Dictyostelium.</a> Curr Biol. 10 (12), 708-717 (2000).</li><li>Westendorf, C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Actin+cytoskeleton+of+chemotactic+amoebae+operates+close+to+the+onset+of+oscillations.">Actin cytoskeleton of chemotactic amoebae operates close to the onset of oscillations.</a> Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 110 (10), 3853-3858 (2013).</li></ol>

저자는 공개 없다.

여기에 설명 된 방법 인구와 개별 셀 동작 응답에서 전단 흐름을 평가 하는 편리한 방법을 제공 합니다. 중요 한 것은, 이전의 연구 선도 및 마이그레이션하는 동안 가장자리 마커를 후행의 지역화 분석 하는 동안 현재 접근 심하게 전단 흐름을 적용 하 여 즉각적인 효과의 조사를 있습니다. 이 메서드를 사용 하 여 우리는, 사실, 전단 흐름을 셀의 초기 응답 하지 않아도 셀 마이그레이션 시연 했다...

진 핵 세포의 용 해 또는 기판 chemoattractants의 그라데이션, 기판, 전기 분야, 또는 전단 흐름의 가변 강성을 포함 한 환경에서 다양 한 화학 및 물리적 신호에 의해 바이어스 이다. 적은 감독된 마이그레이션 및 통합 된 생산 세포 수준에서 이러한 다양 한 신호는 통합 하는 방법의 다른 종류에 대해 알고 있다 비록 많은 발전 chemotaxis를 운전 하는 분자 메커니즘에 대 한 우리의 이해에 왔다, 철새 응답입니다.
지시는 chemoattractant의 증가 농도 쪽으로 이동 세 가지 행동 구성 요소를 포함: 운동 성, 방향 감지 및 극성1. 운동 성 세포 pseudopod 돌출에 의해 달성의 임의의 움직임을 말합니다. 방향 감지는 chemoattractant의 소스를 감지 하는 세포의 능력은에 발생할 수 있는 움직일 수 셀. 극성의 선도 운동에 증가 지 속성에 이르게 셀의 후행 가장자리 사이의 세포내 구성 요소 보다 안정적인 비대칭 분포를 나타냅니다.
chemoattractant에 세포질 응답 4 개념적 정의 규제 네트워크의 활동에 따라 달라 집니다: 수용 체 / G 단백질 신호 변환, 말라 골격, 극성1. Chemoattractant G 단백질 결합 된 수용 체에 바인딩 heterotrimeric G 단백질 α와 방향 신호를 증폭 하류 신호 전달 네트워크에 βγ를 통해 신호를 전송 합니다. 신호 전달 네트워크 내의 여러 경로 동시에 행동 하 고 바이어스 말라 합 하는 기온 변화도의 방향에 따른 pseudopod 돌출 말라 골격 네트워크에 피드. Chemotaxis의 중요 한 레 귤 레이 터 중 고 Ras GTPase, TorC2, phosphoinositide 3-키 (PI3K), 인산 가수분해 효소 그리고 tensin 동족 체 (PTEN) guanylyl 있고. 피드백 메커니즘 네트워크 내에서 신호 변환 및 신호 변환와 말라 골격 네트워크 추가 응답을 증폭. 마지막으로, 가난 하 게 정의 된 극성 네트워크 말라 골격에서 입력을 받습니다 그리고 더 그라데이션의 방향에 영구 이주를 촉진 하는 신호 변환 네트워크 편견.
많은 chemotaxis의 우리의 기계 이해 되었습니다 규제 네트워크의 다양 한 구성 요소에 대 한 태그 붙일 바이오 센서의 개발 때문에. 많은 chemotaxis 레 귤 레이 터는 비대칭 분포 규제 분자 자체 또는 그것의 활동 중 하나 있다. 예를 들어 바이오 센서 인식 하는 버전의 작은 GTPases Ras 및 Rap1-Raf1 (라고도 RBD 여기)의 Ras 바인딩 도메인 활성화 하 고 RalGDS, chemotaxing 셀2,3의 앞 가장자리에 각각-지역화. 마찬가지로, PI3K 및 그것의 제품 phosphatidylinositol (3,4,5)-trisphosphate (PIP3), pleckstrin 호몰로지 (PH) 도메인에서 인식 또한 셀4,5의 앞에 지역화를 표시. 반면, 3 인산 가수분해 효소 PTEN는 변환 PIP3 다시 phosphatidylinositol (4, 5)-bisphosphate, localizes6셀 후행 가장자리에. 중요 한 것은, 이러한 바이오 센서는 chemoattractant와 함께 글로벌 자극에 그들의 지 방화를 변경합니다. Cytosolic 또는 후행 가장자리 마커, 대뇌 피 질의 지역화 있고 결 석 한 반면 휴식 셀에 돌출부의 끝에는 피 질 relocalize 첨단 마커 휴식 셀에서 돌출 끝에서 후 cytosolic 될 자극입니다. 바이오 센서는 chemoattractant와 함께 글로벌 자극에 대 한 응답에서 분포의 분석 운동 성 및 극성, 자주 혼동은 관측의 기여를 최소화 합니다. chemoattractant와 셀 서 스 펜 션의 전역 또는 일정 한 자극은 단백질 활성화, 단백질 인 산화7,,89 자주 감지에 인구 전체의 변화를 평가 하는 도구로 사용 된다 . 이 생 화 확 적인 분석 결과 현미경 검사 법은 규제 네트워크의 다양 한 구성 요소 동작에 대 한 시간적, 공간 정보를 수집 하는 데 사용 됩니다 반면 시간적 정보를 얻기 위해 주로 사용 됩니다.
신호 전달 네트워크는 고르기가 시스템10,11의 기능을 통합합니다. 임계값 위에 혈 자극에 응답 "all-or-none"는 고 내 화물 기간을 표시 합니다. 응답 또한 확률론 촉발 하 고 진동 동작을 표시할 수 있습니다. 신호 변환 이벤트 파도12,13,,1415로 전파 하는 피 질 영역에 지역화 됩니다. 정면, 또는 다시, 마커, 채용 또는 전파 파도의 활성 영역에서 해리. 활성 영역을 후행 하는 내 화 지역 때문에 반대로 감독된 파도 그들은 나로 몰 살. 전파 신호 변환 파도 셀 마이그레이션10중재 셀룰러 돌출 기반이 됩니다.
대부분의 chemotaxis에 상기 정보 온 연구에서 사회적 아메바 Dictyostelium discoideum, 유사한 규제 메커니즘 중 성구 및 다른 포유류 세포 유형16 도 있지만 . Dictyostelium 는 단일 세포의 수천 집계 센터, 결국 포자를 포함 하는 다세포 fruiting 몸 형성으로 마이그레이션할 때 기아, 중 강력한 혈 응답을 가진 기초가 튼튼한 모델 생물. Chemotaxis 또한 세균 음식 소스를 찾기 위해이 유기 체의 단일 셀 성장 단계 필수적 이다. 중요 한 것은, 단일 Dictyostelium 세포의 이동은 현저 하 게 포유류 호 중구 또는 전이성 암 세포, 모두의 매우 빠른 amoeboid 형식 마이그레이션 받아야 마이그레이션 비슷합니다. 사실, 규제 네트워크의 두 전체 토폴로지 뿐만 아니라 개별 신호 변환 통로 chemotaxis에 참여의 많은 Dictyostelium 와 포유류 백혈구17사이 보존 됩니다. 게다가, 다른 세포, 섬유 아 세포 등 GPCRs; 대신 수용 체 티로신 kinases (RTK) 사용 그러나, RTKs는 비슷한 네트워크에 피드 수 있습니다.
Chemotaxis, 달리 감독된 이동의 다양 한 다른 모드 드라이브 신호 메커니즘의 철저 한 이해 부족 이다. 마찬가지로 셀 chemoattractant 그라데이션에 마이그레이션에 여러 연구 보고가 활성화 또는 일반적인 첨단 마커, 말라 합, PIP3 이나 extracellular 신호 통제 키 니 아 제 (ERK) 1/2의 지역화에는 전면의 셀 받고 전단 흐름 또는 전기 분야18,19,,2021에 변화에 대 한 응답에서 마이그레이션 지시. 그러나, 이러한 연구에는 자극에 지속적으로 노출 또한 귀착되 었 다 열어두고 질문, 예를 들어 첨단 마커는 자극에 응답에서 특히 지역화 여부 그들은 단순히 첨단에서 지역화 하는 경우 셀 마이그레이션 마이그레이션 셀의 앞에 pseudopods의 증가 수 때문에
우리는 우리가 심각한 기계적 섭 동 및 개별 셀22인구 수준에서 모두 전단 흐름으로 전달에 대 한 셀의 응답을 관찰할 수 있도록 분석 실험 개발. Chemoattractant, 급성 stimula와 글로벌 자극 비슷합니다기의 전단 흐름 운동 성 또는 극성에서 혼란 기여 없이 기계적 자극에 세포질 응답의 연구를 수 있습니다. 어떻게 기계적 자극에 대 한 인식 됩니다 배울 수 있습니다 이러한 생화학 및 현미경 분석 실험 유전 또는 약리학 섭 결합 및 전송. 또한,이 이렇게 또한 chemoattractant 수용 체는 chemoattractant, 따라서 수용 체/G에서 신호 변환 및 말라 골격 네트워크 격리의 부재에서의 다운스트림 시스템에 도청에 대 한 새로운 방법의 제공 한다 단백질 네트워크입니다.
최근 우리가 아래에 설명 된 기술을 사용 하 여 급성 전단 스트레스는 혈 신호 변환 및 말라 골격 네트워크22의 여러 구성 요소 활성화 리드 설명 했다. 다양 한으로 심각한 기계적인 자극을 적용 하 여 우리는, 유사 하 게 chemoattractants, 기계적 자극에 응답 또한 전시에서 응답의 all-or-none 동작을 포함 하 여 고르기가 시스템의 기능 시연 포화 상태 고 내 화물 기간의 존재. 마지막으로, 기계적, 화학적 자극을 결합 하 여 우리는 두 자극 신호 변환 및 말라 골격 네트워크, 바이어스 셀 마이그레이션 여러 자극의 통합 가능성이 허용 공유 보였다.

<table><tbody><tr><td>&lt;strong&gt;Reagents&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Dextrose</td><td>Fisher</td><td>D16-1</td><td>Use to prepare HL-5 media and SM plates (steps 1.1, 1.2)</td></tr><tr><td>Proteose peptone</td><td>Fisher</td><td>DF0120-17-6</td><td>Use to prepare HL-5 media (step 1.1)</td></tr><tr><td>Yeast extract</td><td>Fisher</td><td>50-550-445</td><td>Use to prepare HL-5 media and SM plates (steps 1.1, 1.2)</td></tr><tr><td>Na&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;HPO&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;&amp;middot;7H&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;O</td><td>Fisher</td><td>S373-500</td><td>Use to prepare HL-5 media, and 10X Phosphate Buffer (steps 1.1, 1.3)</td></tr><tr><td>KH&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;PO&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;</td><td>Fisher</td><td>P386-500</td><td>Use to prepare HL-5 media, SM plates, and 10X Phosphate Buffer (steps 1.1-1.3)</td></tr><tr><td>Streptomycin (dihydrostreptomycin sulfate)</td><td>Fisher</td><td>ICN10040525</td><td>Use to prepare HL-5 media (step 1.1)</td></tr><tr><td>Peptone (Bacto)</td><td>Fisher</td><td>DF0118-17-0</td><td>Use to prepare SM plates (step 1.2)</td></tr><tr><td>K&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;HPO&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;</td><td>Fisher</td><td>P288-100</td><td>Use to prepare SM plates (step 1.2)</td></tr><tr><td>Agar</td><td>Fisher</td><td>BP1423-500</td><td>Use to prepare SM plates (step 1.2)</td></tr><tr><td>MgSO&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;</td><td>Fisher</td><td>M65-500</td><td>Use to prepare DB Buffer (step 1.4)</td></tr><tr><td>CaCl&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;</td><td>Fisher</td><td>C79-500</td><td>Use to prepare DB Buffer (step 1.4)</td></tr><tr><td>Caffeine</td><td>Fisher</td><td>O1728-500</td><td>Use to prepare caffeine (step 1.5)</td></tr><tr><td>cAMP (EMD Millipore Calbiochem Adenosine 3 ft.,5 ft.-cyclic Monophosphate, Sodium Salt)</td><td>Fisher</td><td>11-680-1100MG</td><td>Use to prepare cAMP (step 1.6)</td></tr><tr><td>Folic acid</td><td>Sigma</td><td>F7876</td><td>Use to prepare folic acid (step 1.7)</td></tr><tr><td>Tris base</td><td>Fisher</td><td>BP152-500</td><td>Use to prepare 3X sample buffer (step 1.8)</td></tr><tr><td>Sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS)</td><td>Fisher</td><td>BP166-500</td><td>Use to prepare 3X sample buffer (step 1.8)</td></tr><tr><td>Glycerol</td><td>Fisher</td><td>G33-500</td><td>Use to prepare 3X sample buffer (step 1.8)</td></tr><tr><td>Dithiothreitol (DTT)</td><td>Bio-Rad</td><td>1610610</td><td>Use to prepare 3X sample buffer (step 1.8)</td></tr><tr><td>Bromophenol blue</td><td>Bio-Rad</td><td>1610404</td><td>Use to prepare 3X sample buffer (step 1.8)</td></tr><tr><td>NaF</td><td>Fisher</td><td>S299-100</td><td>Use to prepare sample buffer with protease and phosphatase inhibitors (step 1.8)</td></tr><tr><td>Na&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;VO&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;</td><td>Fisher</td><td>50-994-911</td><td>Use to prepare sample buffer with protease and phosphatase inhibitors (step 1.8)</td></tr><tr><td>Sodium pyrophosphate decahydrate</td><td>Fisher</td><td>S390-500</td><td>Use to prepare sample buffer with protease and phosphatase inhibitors (step 1.8)</td></tr><tr><td>Complete EDTA-free protease inhibitor cocktail (Roche)</td><td>Sigma</td><td>11873580001</td><td>Use to prepare sample buffer with protease and phosphatase inhibitors (step 1.8)</td></tr><tr><td>Latrunculin A</td><td>Enzo Life Sciences</td><td>BML-T119-0100</td><td>Use to prepare Latrunculin A (step 1.9)</td></tr><tr><td>4-15% Tris-HCl polyacrylamide gel</td><td>Bio-Rad</td><td>3450029</td><td>Use for immunoblotting (step 3.3)</td></tr><tr><td>Polyvinylidene fluoride membrane</td><td>Bio-Rad</td><td>1620177</td><td>Use for immunoblotting (step 3.3)</td></tr><tr><td>Phospho-PKC (pan) (zeta Thr410) (190D10) Rabbit antibody</td><td>Cell Signaling</td><td>2060</td><td>Primary antibody for use in immunoblotting (step 3.3)</td></tr><tr><td>Phospho-p44/42 MAPK (Erk1/2) (Thr202/Tyr204) (D13.14.4E) XP antibody</td><td>Cell Signaling</td><td>4370</td><td>Primary antibody for use in immunoblotting (step 3.3)</td></tr><tr><td>Rabbit IgG HRP Linked Whole Ab (from Donkey)</td><td>GE Healthcare</td><td>NA934-100UL</td><td>Secondary antibody for use in immunoblotting (step 3.3)</td></tr><tr><td>Enhanced chemiluminescence substrate (Clarity Western ECL Substrate)</td><td>Bio-Rad</td><td>1705060</td><td>Use for immunoblotting (step 3.3)</td></tr><tr><td>Stripping buffer (Restore Plus Western blot stripping buffer)</td><td>Pierce</td><td>PI46430</td><td>Use for immunoblotting (step 3.3)</td></tr><tr><td>Coomassie Brilliant Blue</td><td>Fisher</td><td>PI20278</td><td>Use for immunoblotting (step 3.3)</td></tr><tr><td>K. aerogenes strain (non-pathogenic)</td><td>Dicty Stock Center (dictybase.org)</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>&lt;strong&gt;Name&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td>&lt;strong&gt;Company&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td>&lt;strong&gt;Catalog Number&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td>&lt;strong&gt;Comments&lt;/strong&gt;</td></tr><tr><td>&lt;strong&gt;Materials and Equipment&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Orbital shaker (model G-33, or a comparable alternative)</td><td>New Brunswick Scientific</td><td></td><td>Use to grow &lt;em&gt;K. aerogenes&lt;/em&gt; (step 2.1.1), and to basalate and stimulate &lt;em&gt;D. discoideum&lt;/em&gt; cells (step 3). The radius of gyration for this shaker is 9.5 mm.</td></tr><tr><td>10 cm Petri dish</td><td>Fisher</td><td>FB0875712</td><td>Use to prepare SM plates (step 1.2)</td></tr><tr><td>Hemocytometer</td><td>Fisher</td><td>02-671-51B</td><td>Use to count &lt;em&gt;D. discoideum&lt;/em&gt; cells (step 2.1.2)</td></tr><tr><td>35 mm dish (Corning Falcon Easy-Grip Tissue Culture Dish)</td><td>Fisher</td><td>08-772A</td><td>Use to plate &lt;em&gt;D. discoideum&lt;/em&gt;cells for mechanical stimulation followed by cell lysis (step 3.1.1)</td></tr><tr><td>Polystyrene cup (5 mL)</td><td>VWR</td><td>13915-985</td><td>Use to stimulate &lt;em&gt;D. discoideum&lt;/em&gt; cell suspension with a chemoattractant (step 3.2.2)</td></tr><tr><td>Fluidic unit with pump (ibidi Pump System)</td><td>Ibidi</td><td>10902</td><td>Use to deliver mechanical stimulation to &lt;em&gt;D. discoideum&lt;/em&gt; cells in a channel (steps 4.1, 4.2, and 5)</td></tr><tr><td>Slide with a channel (&amp;mu;-Slide III 3in1 ibiTreat: #1.5 polymer coverslip, tissue culture treated, sterilized)</td><td>Ibidi</td><td>80316</td><td>Use to plate &lt;em&gt;D. discoideum&lt;/em&gt; cells for mechanical stimulation delivered by a fluidic device (steps 4.1, 4.2, and 5)</td></tr><tr><td>50 mL reservoirs (Ibidi Reservoir Holder for Fluidic Unit)</td><td>Ibidi</td><td>10978</td><td>Use to setup the fluidic device for delivering mechanical stimulation to &lt;em&gt;D. discoideum&lt;/em&gt; cells in a channel (steps 4.1, 4.2, and 5)</td></tr><tr><td>Lines for the fluidic unit (Perfusion Set YELLOW-and-GREEN)</td><td>Ibidi</td><td>10964</td><td>Use to setup the fluidic device for delivering mechanical stimulation to &lt;em&gt;D. discoideum&lt;/em&gt; cells in a channel (steps 4.1, 4.2, and 5). Note: the two lines can also be cut from the 1.6 mm tubing (catalog number 10842).</td></tr><tr><td>Line for the drain (1.6 mm ID tubing)</td><td>Ibidi</td><td>10842</td><td>Use to setup the fluidic device for delivering mechanical stimulation to &lt;em&gt;D. discoideum&lt;/em&gt; cells in a channel (steps 4.1, 4.2, and 5).</td></tr><tr><td>Zeiss Observer.Z1 inverted microscope equipped with a 40X/1.3 oil objective and a 20X/0.3 air objective (or a comparable alternative)</td><td>Zeiss</td><td></td><td>Used to image &lt;em&gt;D. discoideum&lt;/em&gt; cells with phase-contrast or fluorescence illumination (steps 4 and 5)</td></tr><tr><td>UltraView spinning disk confocal microscope equipped with a 40&amp;times;/1.25&amp;ndash;0.75 oil objective (or a comparable alternative)</td><td>Perkin-Elmer</td><td>DM 16000</td><td>An alternative used to image &lt;em&gt;D. discoideum&lt;/em&gt; cells (step 4.1.4)</td></tr><tr><td>FemtoJet Microinjector (Eppendorf; model 5247, or a comparable alternative) with Eppendorf InjectMan</td><td>Eppendorf</td><td>5252000021D and 5192000027</td><td>Use to deliver mechanical stimulation to &lt;em&gt;D. discoideum&lt;/em&gt; cells by a micropipette (step 4.3). Note: catalog number are for the newest version of the equipment (4i).</td></tr><tr><td>Micropipette (Femtotip; 1 &amp;mu;m outside diameter, 0.5 &amp;mu;m inside diameter )</td><td>Eppendorf</td><td>930000035</td><td>Use to deliver mechanical stimulation to &lt;em&gt;D. discoideum&lt;/em&gt; cells by a micropipette (step 4.3)</td></tr><tr><td>Microloader tips (Eppendorf Femtotips Microloader Tips for Femtojet Microinjector)</td><td>Eppendorf</td><td>5242956.003</td><td>Use to fill the micropipette (femtotip) with buffer (step 4.3.1)</td></tr><tr><td>1-well chamber (Thermo Scientific Nunc Lab-Tek Chambered Coverglass)</td><td>Fisher</td><td>12-565-472</td><td>Use to plate &lt;em&gt;D. discoideum&lt;/em&gt; cells for mechanical stimulation delivered by a micropipette (step 4.3.2)</td></tr><tr><td>8-well chamber (Thermo Scientific Nunc Lab-Tek II Chambered Coverglass)</td><td>Fisher</td><td>12-565-338</td><td>Use to plate &lt;em&gt;D. discoideum&lt;/em&gt; cells for mechanical stimulation delivered by bulk buffer addition (step 4.4.1)</td></tr><tr><td>&lt;strong&gt;Name&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td>&lt;strong&gt;Company&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td>&lt;strong&gt;Catalog Number&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td>&lt;strong&gt;Comments&lt;/strong&gt;</td></tr><tr><td>&lt;strong&gt;Software&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Image Analysis Software (Fiji)</td><td>NIH</td><td>https://fiji.sc/</td><td>Use to quantify response to mechanical stimulation (step 4.5)</td></tr><tr><td>Migration analysis software (Tracking Tool PRO)</td><td>Gradientech</td><td>http://gradientech.se/tracking-tool-pro/</td><td>Use to quantify cell speed and persistence (step 5.4)</td></tr></tbody></table>

assessment of dictyostelium discoideum response to acute mechanical stimulation

Chemotaxis, 또는 chemoattractant의 그라디언트를 마이그레이션 마이그레이션 감독된의 최고의 이해 모드입니다. 연구 사회 아메바를 사용 하 여 Dictyostelium discoideum 공개 병렬 통로의 복잡 한 신호 전달 네트워크 chemoattractants에 대 한 응답을 증폭 하 고 한쪽으로 치우친된 걸 중 합 및에 pseudopod의 돌출은 기온 변화도의 방향입니다. 반면에, 전단 흐름 또는 전기 분야에 노출으로 인해 감독된 이동의 다른 종류를 운전 하는 분자 메커니즘은 알려져 있지 않습니다. Chemotaxis의 많은 레 귤 레이 터에 선행 또는 후행 가장자리 마이그레이션 셀의 지역화 전시 뿐 아니라 지역화 또는 활성화는 chemoattractant와 함께 글로벌 자극 다음에 과도 변화를 보여. 감독된 이동의 다른 종류의 분자 메커니즘을 이해 하기 우리는 전단 흐름에 간단한 (2-5 s) 노출에 따라 심각한 기계적인 자극에 세포질 응답의 시험을 허용 하는 방법 개발 했다. 이 자극 검사 개별 셀 동작을 붙일 표시 된 바이오 센서를 표현 하는 세포 이미징 하는 동안 채널에 전달할 수 있습니다. 또한, 세포 인구 lysed, 격판덮개 및 관심사의 단백질의 활성 버전을 인식 하는 항 체를 사용 하 여 immunoblotted에 자극 될 수 있습니다. 결합 하 여 두 분석 실험, 하나 변화 subcellular 지 방화 및 인 산화에 의해 활성화 하는 분자의 광범위를 검사할 수 있습니다. 이 메서드를 사용 하 여 우리가 심각한 기계적인 자극 혈 신호 변환 및 말라 골격 네트워크의 활성화를 유발 결정. 심각한 기계적인 자극에 세포질 응답을 검사 하는 시작 이벤트 전단 흐름 유도 운동에 필요한 이해 중요 합니다. 이 접근은 또한 chemoattractant 수용 체의 혼동 영향 없이 혈 신호 전달 네트워크 연구는 도구를 제공 합니다.

심각한 기계적인 자극 chemotaxis 레 귤 레이 터의 시간 응답
D. discoideum 세포의 기계적 자극에 응답을 평가 하기 위해 부착 집계 유능한 세포 전단 흐름의 짧은 펄스에 노출 되었다. 집계 유능한 D. discoideum 세포 분 비 캠프, 이웃 세포에 의해 감지 될 수 있습니다. 극복 하기 위해-셀 신호의 기여, 셀 디 discoideum 에?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Assessment of Dictyostelium discoideum Response to Acute Mechanical Stimulation at JoVE.com

Assessment of Dictyostelium discoideum Response to Acute Mechanical Stimulation

Dictyostelium discoideum 응답 심각한 기계적인 자극의 평가

여기는 심각한 기계적인 자극에 세포질 응답을 평가 하기 위한 방법에 설명 합니다. 현미경 기반 분석 결과에서 우리 전단 흐름 간략 한 자극에 따라 붙일 표시 된 바이오 센서의 지역화를 검사 합니다. 우리는 또한 화학적 심각한 기계적인 자극에 응답에 대 한 관심의 다양 한 단백질의 활성화를 테스트합니다.

Chemotaxis, or migration up a gradient of a chemoattractant, is the best understood mode of directed migration. Studies using social amoeba Dictyostelium ...

assessment-dictyostelium-discoideum-response-to-acute-mechanical

Research

JoVE Journal

Biology

Assessment of Dictyostelium discoideum Response to Acute Mechanical Stimulation

6.9K 조회수.  SUNY Oswego. 여기는 심각한 기계적인 자극에 세포질 응답을 평가 하기 위한 방법에 설명 합니다. 현미경 기반 분석 결과에서 우리 전단 흐름 간략 한 자극에 따라 붙일 표시 된 바이오 센서의 지역화를 검사 합니다. 우리는 또한 화학적 심각한 기계적인 자극에 응답에 대 한 관심의 다양 한 단백질의 활성화를 테스트합니다.

비디오: Assessment of Dictyostelium discoideum Response to Acute Mechanical Stimulation

Genetic Engineering of Dictyostelium discoideum Cells Based on Selection and Growth on Bacteria

Dictyostelium discoideum is an intriguing model organism for the study of cell differentiation processes during development, cell signaling, and other important cellular biology questions. The technologies available to genetically manipulate Dictyostelium cells are well-developed. Transfections can be performed using different selectable markers and marker re-cycling, including homologous recombination and insertional mutagenesis. This is supported by a well-annotated genome. However, these approaches are optimized for axenic cell lines growing in liquid cultures and are difficult to apply to non-axenic wild-type cells, which feed only on bacteria. The mutations that are present in axenic strains disturb Ras signaling, causing excessive macropinocytosis required for feeding, and impair cell migration, which confounds the interpretation of signal transduction and chemotaxis experiments in those strains. Earlier attempts to genetically manipulate non-axenic cells have lacked efficiency and required complex experimental procedures. We have developed a simple transfection protocol that, for the first time, overcomes these limitations. Those series of large improvements to Dictyostelium molecular genetics allow wild-type cells to be manipulated as easily as standard laboratory strains. In addition to the advantages for studying uncorrupted signaling and motility processes, mutants that disrupt macropinocytosis-based growth can now be readily isolated. Furthermore, the entire transfection workflow is greatly accelerated, with recombinant cells that can be generated in days rather than weeks. Another advantage is that molecular genetics can further be performed with freshly isolated wild-type Dictyostelium samples from the environment. This can help to extend the scope of approaches used in these research areas.

Genetic Engineering of Dictyostelium discoideum Cells Based on Selection and Growth on Bacteria

Dictyostelium discoideum is a popular model organism to study complex cellular processes such as cell migration, endocytosis, and development. The utility of the organism is dependent on the feasibility of genetic manipulation. Here, we present methods to transfect Dictyostelium discoideum cells that overcome existing limitations of culturing cells in liquid media.

Dictyostelium discoideum 셀 선택에 따라 성장과 박테리아에서의 유전 공학

Dictyostelium discoideum is an intriguing model organism for the study of cell differentiation processes during development, cell signaling, and other ...

연구

유전학

Measurement of Tactile Allodynia in a Murine Model of Bacterial Prostatitis

Uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC) are pathogens that play an important role in urinary tract infections and bacterial prostatitis1. We have recently shown that UPEC have an important role in the initiation of chronic pelvic pain2, a feature of Chronic prostatitis/Chronic pelvic pain syndrome (CP/CPPS)3,4. Infection of the prostate by clinically relevant UPEC can initiate and establish chronic pain through mechanisms that may involve tissue damage and the initiation of mechanisms of autoimmunity5.
A challenge to understanding the pathogenesis of UPEC in the prostate is the relative inaccessibility of the prostate gland to manipulation. We utilized a previously described intraurethral infection method6 to deliver a clinical strain of UPEC into male mice thereby establishing an ascending infection of the prostate. Here, we describe our protocols for standardizing the bacterial inoculum7 as well as the procedure for catheterizing anesthetized male mice for instillation of bacteria.
CP/CPPS is primarily characterized by the presence of tactile allodynia4. Behavior testing was based on the concept of cutaneous hyperalgesia resulting from referred visceral pain8-10. An irritable focus in visceral tissues reduces cutaneous pain thresholds allowing for an exaggerated response to normally non-painful stimuli (allodynia). Application of normal force to the skin result in abnormal responses that tend to increase with the intensity of the underlying visceral pain. We describe methodology in NOD/ShiLtJ mice that utilize von Frey fibers to quantify tactile allodynia over time in response to a single infection with UPEC bacteria.

Infection of the prostate may be a contributing factor in mediating pelvic pain in chronic prostatitis. We describe the procedure for preparation of standardized bacterial inoculum, instillation of bacteria into the urethra of male mice and methodology for measuring tactile allodynia in mice over time.

세균 Prostatitis의 손쥐 모델에 촉각 Allodynia 측정

Uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC) are pathogens that play an important role in urinary tract infections and bacterial prostatitis1. We have recently ...

면역학 및 감염병학

An Improved Assay and Tools for Measuring Mechanical Nociception in Drosophila Larvae

Published assays for mechanical nociception in Drosophila have led to variable assessments of behavior. Here, we fabricated, for use with Drosophila larvae, customized metal nickel-titanium alloy (nitinol) filaments. These mechanical probes are similar to the von Frey filaments used in vertebrates to measure mechanical nociception. Here, we demonstrate how to make and calibrate these mechanical probes and how to generate a full behavioral dose-response from subthreshold (innocuous or non-noxious range) to suprathreshold (low to high noxious range) stimuli. To demonstrate the utility of the probes, we investigated tissue damage-induced hypersensitivity in Drosophila larvae. Mechanical allodynia (hypersensitivity to a normally innocuous mechanical stimulus) and hyperalgesia (exaggerated responsiveness to a noxious mechanical stimulus) have not yet been established in Drosophila larvae. Using mechanical probes that are normally innocuous or probes that typically elicit an aversive behavior, we found that Drosophila larvae develop mechanical hypersensitization (both allodynia and hyperalgesia) after tissue damage. Thus, the mechanical probes and assay that we illustrate here will likely be important tools to dissect the fundamental molecular/genetic mechanisms of mechanical hypersensitivity.

An Improved Assay and Tools for Measuring Mechanical Nociception in Drosophila Larvae

The goal of this protocol is to show how to perform an improved assay for mechanical nociception in Drosophila larvae. We use the assay here to demonstrate that mechanical hypersensitivity (allodynia and hyperalgesia) exists in Drosophila larvae.

드로소필라 애벌레의 기계적 고치절 측정을 위한 향상된 분석 및 도구

Published assays for mechanical nociception in Drosophila have led to variable assessments of behavior. Here, we fabricated, for use with Drosophila ...

행동분석학

In vitro Functional Characterization of Mouse Colorectal Afferent Endings

This video demonstrates in detail an in vitro single-fiber electrophysiological recording protocol using a mouse colorectum-nerve preparation. The approach allows unbiased identification and functional characterization of individual colorectal afferents. Extracellular recordings of propagated action potentials (APs) that originate from one or a few afferent (i.e., single-fiber) receptive fields (RFs) in the colorectum are made from teased nerve fiber fascicles. The colorectum is removed with either the pelvic (PN) or lumbar splanchnic (LSN) nerve attached and opened longitudinally. The tissue is placed in a recording chamber, pinned flat and perfused with oxygenated Krebs solution. Focal electrical stimulation is used to locate the colorectal afferent endings, which are further tested by three distinct mechanical stimuli (blunt probing, mucosal stroking and circumferential stretch) to functionally categorize the afferents into five mechanosensitive classes. Endings responding to none of these mechanical stimuli are categorized as mechanically-insensitive afferents (MIAs). Both mechanosensitive and MIAs can be assessed for sensitization (i.e., enhanced response, reduced threshold, and/or acquisition of mechanosensitivity) by localized exposure of RFs to chemicals (e.g., inflammatory soup (IS), capsaicin, adenosine triphosphate (ATP)). We describe the equipment and colorectum&#8211;nerve recording preparation, harvest of colorectum with attached PN or LSN, identification of RFs in the colorectum, single-fiber recording from nerve fascicles, and localized application of chemicals to the RF. In addition, challenges of the preparation and application of standardized mechanical stimulation are also discussed.

In vitro Functional Characterization of Mouse Colorectal Afferent Endings

This video demonstrates a protocol for conducting single-fiber electrophysiological recordings on an in vitro mouse colorectum-nerve preparation.

마우스 대장 수입 성의 엔딩의 생체 기능 특성에

This video demonstrates in detail an in vitro single-fiber electrophysiological recording protocol using a mouse colorectum-nerve preparation. The ...

의학

Live Cell Response to Mechanical Stimulation Studied by Integrated Optical and Atomic Force Microscopy

To understand the mechanism by which living cells sense mechanical forces, and how they respond and adapt to their environment, a new technology able to investigate cells behavior at sub-cellular level with high spatial and temporal resolution was developed. Thus, an atomic force microscope (AFM) was integrated with total internal reflection fluorescence (TIRF) microscopy and fast-spinning disk (FSD) confocal microscopy. The integrated system is broadly applicable across a wide range of molecular dynamic studies in any adherent live cells, allowing direct optical imaging of cell responses to mechanical stimulation in real-time. Significant rearrangement of the actin filaments and focal adhesions was shown due to local mechanical stimulation at the apical cell surface that induced changes into the cellular structure throughout the cell body. These innovative techniques will provide new information for understanding live cell restructuring and dynamics in response to mechanical force. A detailed protocol and a representative data set that show live cell response to mechanical stimulation are presented.

This paper aims to instruct the reader in the operation of an integrated atomic force-optical imaging microscope for mechanical stimulation of live cells in culture. A step-by-step protocol is presented. A representative data set that shows live cell response to mechanical stimulation is presented.

기계 자극에 라이브 세포 응답 통합 광학과 원자 힘 현미경에 의해 연구

To understand the mechanism by which living cells sense mechanical forces, and how they respond and adapt to their environment, a new technology able to ...

생물학

Imaging G-protein Coupled Receptor (GPCR)-mediated Signaling Events that Control Chemotaxis of Dictyostelium Discoideum

Many eukaryotic cells can detect gradients of chemical signals in their environments and migrate accordingly 1. This guided cell migration is referred as chemotaxis, which is essential for various cells to carry out their functions such as trafficking of immune cells and patterning of neuronal cells 2, 3. A large family of G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) detects variable small peptides, known as chemokines, to direct cell migration in vivo 4. The final goal of chemotaxis research is to understand how a GPCR machinery senses chemokine gradients and controls signaling events leading to chemotaxis. To this end, we use imaging techniques to monitor, in real time, spatiotemporal concentrations of chemoattractants, cell movement in a gradient of chemoattractant, GPCR mediated activation of heterotrimeric G-protein, and intracellular signaling events involved in chemotaxis of eukaryotic cells 5-8. The simple eukaryotic organism, Dictyostelium discoideum, displays chemotaxic behaviors that are similar to those of leukocytes, and D. discoideum is a key model system for studying eukaryotic chemotaxis. As free-living amoebae, D. discoideum cells divide in rich medium. Upon starvation, cells enter a developmental program in which they aggregate through cAMP-mediated chemotaxis to form multicullular structures. Many components involved in chemotaxis to cAMP have been identified in D. discoideum. The binding of cAMP to a GPCR (cAR1) induces dissociation of heterotrimeric G-proteins into G&gamma; and G&beta;&gamma; subunits 7, 9, 10. G&beta;&gamma; subunits activate Ras, which in turn activates PI3K, converting PIP2 into PIP3 on the cell membrane 11-13. PIP3 serve as binding sites for proteins with pleckstrin Homology (PH) domains, thus recruiting these proteins to the membrane 14, 15. Activation of cAR1 receptors also controls the membrane associations of PTEN, which dephosphorylates PIP3 to PIP2 16, 17. The molecular mechanisms are evolutionarily conserved in chemokine GPCR-mediated chemotaxis of human cells such as neutrophils 18. We present following methods for studying chemotaxis of D. discoideum cells. 1. Preparation of chemotactic component cells. 2. Imaging chemotaxis of cells in a cAMP gradient. 3. Monitoring a GPCR induced activation of heterotrimeric G-protein in single live cells. 4. Imaging chemoattractant-triggered dynamic PIP3 responses in single live cells in real time. Our developed imaging methods can be applied to study chemotaxis of human leukocytes.

Imaging G-protein Coupled Receptor GPCR-mediated Signaling Events that Control Chemotaxis of Dictyostelium Discoideum

Here, we describe detailed live cell imaging methods for investigating chemotaxis. We present fluorescence microscopic methods to monitor spatiotemporal dynamics of signaling events in migrating cells. Measurement of signaling events permits us to further understand how a GPCR-signaling network achieves gradient sensing of chemoattractants and controls directional migration of eukaryotic cells.

이미징 G - 단백질 결합 수용체 (GPCR) - 중재 신호 행사 그 제어 Chemotaxis Dictyostelium Discoideum</em

Many eukaryotic cells can detect gradients of chemical signals in their environments and migrate accordingly 1.  This guided cell migration is referred as ...

In Vitro Characterization of the Electrophysiological Properties of Colonic Afferent Fibers in Rats

Dysfunction of the colonic sensory nerves has been implicated in the pathophysiology of several common conditions, including functional and inflammatory bowel diseases and diabetes. Here, we describe a protocol for the in vitro characterization of the electrophysiological properties of colonic afferents in rats. The colorectum, with the intact pelvic ganglion (PG) attached, is removed from the rat; superfused with carbogenated Krebs solution in the recording chamber; and cannulated at the oral and anal ends to allow for distension. A fine nerve bundle emanating from the PG is identified, and the multiunit afferent nerve activity is recorded using a suction electrode. Distension of the colonic segment elicits gradual increases in multiunit discharge. A principal component analysis is conducted to differentiate the low-threshold, the high-threshold, and the wide-dynamic range afferent fibers. Chemical sensitivity of colonic afferents can be studied through the bath or intraluminal administration of test compounds. This protocol can be modified for application to other species, such as mice and guinea pigs, and to study the differences in the electrophysiological properties of thoracolumbar/hypogastric and lumbosacral/pelvic afferents of the descending colon in normal and pathological conditions.

In Vitro Characterization of the Electrophysiological Properties of Colonic Afferent Fibers in Rats

Abnormal sensory function underlies visceral pain and other symptoms of functional and inflammatory bowel diseases. A protocol for the electrophysiological recording of the colonic afferent nerves in an ex vivo rat colorectum preparation is presented here.

생체 외에서 쥐에 있는 저 승 구심 성 섬유의 Electrophysiological 속성의 특성

Dysfunction of the colonic sensory nerves has been implicated in the pathophysiology of several common conditions, including functional and inflammatory ...

신경과학

Using a Microfluidics Device for Mechanical Stimulation and High Resolution Imaging of C. elegans

One central goal of mechanobiology is to understand the reciprocal effect of mechanical stress on proteins and cells. Despite its importance, the influence of mechanical stress on cellular function is still poorly understood. In part, this knowledge gap exists because few tools enable simultaneous deformation of tissue and cells, imaging of cellular activity in live animals, and efficient restriction of motility in otherwise highly mobile model organisms, such as the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans. The small size of C. elegans makes them an excellent match to microfluidics-based research devices, and solutions for immobilization have been presented using microfluidic devices. Although these devices allow for high-resolution imaging, the animal is fully encased in polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) and glass, limiting physical access for delivery of mechanical force or electrophysiological recordings. Recently, we created a device that integrates pneumatic actuators with a trapping design that is compatible with high-resolution fluorescence microscopy. The actuation channel is separated from the worm-trapping channel by a thin PDMS diaphragm. This diaphragm is deflected into the side of a worm by applying pressure from an external source. The device can target individual mechanosensitive neurons. The activation of these neurons is imaged at high-resolution with genetically-encoded calcium indicators. This article presents the general method using C. elegans strains expressing calcium-sensitive activity indicator (GCaMP6s) in their touch receptor neurons (TRNs). The method, however, is not limited to TRNs nor to calcium sensors as a probe, but can be expanded to other mechanically-sensitive cells or sensors.

Using a Microfluidics Device for Mechanical Stimulation and High Resolution Imaging of C. elegans

New tools for mechanobiology research are needed to understand how mechanical stress activates biochemical pathways and elicits biological responses. Here, we showcase a new method for selective mechanical stimulation of immobilized animals with a microfluidic trap allowing high-resolution imaging of cellular responses.

기계적 자극 및 높은 해상도 C. 선 충 의 이미징에 대 한 마이크로 장치를 사용 하 여

One central goal of mechanobiology is to understand the reciprocal effect of mechanical stress on proteins and cells. Despite its importance, the ...

Investigating the Function of Coronin A in the Early Starvation Response of Dictyostelium discoideum by Aggregation Assays

Dictyostelium discoideum amoeba are found in soil, feeding on bacteria. When food sources become scarce, they secrete factors to initiate a multicellular development program, during which single cells chemotax towards aggregation centers1-4. This process is dependent on the release of cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP)5. cAMP is produced in waves through the concerted action of adenylate cyclase and phosphodiesterases, and binds to G protein-coupled cAMP receptors6,7. A widely used assay to analyze the mechanisms involved in the developmental cycle of the lower eukaryote Dictyostelium discoideum is based on the observation of cell aggregation in submerged conditions8,9. This protocol describes the analysis of the role of coronin A in the developmental cycle by starvation in tissue-culture plates submerged in balanced salt solution (BSS)10. Coronin A is a member of the widely conserved protein family of coronins that have been implicated in a wide variety of activities11,12. Dictyostelium cells lacking coronin A are unable to form multicellular aggregates, and this defect can be rescued by supplying pulses of cAMP, suggesting that coronin A acts upstream of the cAMP cascade10. The techniques described in these studies provide robust tools to investigate functions of proteins during the initial stages of the developmental cycle of Dictyostelium discoideum upstream of the cAMP cascade. Therefore, utilizing this aggregation assay may allow the further study of coronin A function and advance our understanding of coronin biology.

Investigating the Function of Coronin A in the Early Starvation Response of Dictyostelium discoideum by Aggregation Assays

The social amoeba Dictyostelium discoideum undergoes a developmental transition into a multicellular organism when starved. The evolutionary conserved protein coronin A plays a crucial role in the initiation of development. Using aggregation assays as our main method, we aim to elucidate the role of coronin A in early development.

의 조기 기아 응답에 Coronin (A)의 기능 조사<em&gt; Dictyostelium의 discoideum</em&gt; 집계 분석 실험에 의해

Dictyostelium discoideum amoeba are found in soil, feeding on bacteria. When food sources become scarce, they secrete factors to initiate a multicellular ...

Studying the Protein Quality Control System of D. discoideum Using Temperature-controlled Live Cell Imaging

The complex lifestyle of the social amoebae Dictyostelium discoideum makes it a valuable model for the study of various biological processes. Recently, we showed that D. discoideum is remarkably resilient to protein aggregation and can be used to gain insights into the cellular protein quality control system. However, the use of D. discoideum as a model system poses several challenges to microscopy-based experimental approaches, such as the high motility of the cells and their susceptibility to photo-toxicity. The latter proves to be especially challenging when studying protein homeostasis, as the phototoxic effects can induce a cellular stress response and thus alter to behavior of the protein quality control system. 
Temperature increase is a commonly used way to induce cellular stress. Here, we describe a temperature-controllable imaging protocol, which allows observing temperature-induced perturbations in D. discoideum. Moreover, when applied at normal growth temperature, this imaging protocol can also noticeably reduce photo-toxicity, thus allowing imaging with higher intensities. This can be particularly useful when imaging proteins with very low expression levels. Moreover, the high mobility of the cells often requires the acquisition of multiple fields of view to follow individual cells, and the number of fields needs to be balanced against the desired time interval and exposure time.

Studying the Protein Quality Control System of D. discoideum Using Temperature-controlled Live Cell Imaging

The social amoebae Dictyostelium discoideum has recently been established as a system to study protein misfolding and proteostasis. Here, we describe a new imaging-based methodology to study temperature-induced protein aggregation and the cellular stress response in D. discoideum.

단백질의 품질 관리 시스템을 공부<em&gt; D. discoideum</em&gt; 온도 제어 라이브 셀 이미징을 사용하여

The complex lifestyle of the social amoebae Dictyostelium discoideum makes it a valuable model for the study of various biological processes. Recently, we ...

Dictyostelium discoideum 응답 심각한 기계적인 자극의 평가

요약

더 많은 비디오 탐색

이 비디오의 챕터