이 작품은 건강 부여 R35 GM118177 PND의 국가 학회에 의해 지원 되었다.

<ol>
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저자는 공개 없다.

여기에 설명 된 방법 인구와 개별 셀 동작 응답에서 전단 흐름을 평가 하는 편리한 방법을 제공 합니다. 중요 한 것은, 이전의 연구 선도 및 마이그레이션하는 동안 가장자리 마커를 후행의 지역화 분석 하는 동안 현재 접근 심하게 전단 흐름을 적용 하 여 즉각적인 효과의 조사를 있습니다. 이 메서드를 사용 하 여 우리는, 사실, 전단 흐름을 셀의 초기 응답 하지 않아도 셀 마이그레이션 시연 했다...

진 핵 세포의 용 해 또는 기판 chemoattractants의 그라데이션, 기판, 전기 분야, 또는 전단 흐름의 가변 강성을 포함 한 환경에서 다양 한 화학 및 물리적 신호에 의해 바이어스 이다. 적은 감독된 마이그레이션 및 통합 된 생산 세포 수준에서 이러한 다양 한 신호는 통합 하는 방법의 다른 종류에 대해 알고 있다 비록 많은 발전 chemotaxis를 운전 하는 분자 메커니즘에 대 한 우리의 이해에 왔다, 철새 응답입니다.
지시는 chemoattractant의 증가 농도 쪽으로 이동 세 가지 행동 구성 요소를 포함: 운동 성, 방향 감지 및 극성1. 운동 성 세포 pseudopod 돌출에 의해 달성의 임의의 움직임을 말합니다. 방향 감지는 chemoattractant의 소스를 감지 하는 세포의 능력은에 발생할 수 있는 움직일 수 셀. 극성의 선도 운동에 증가 지 속성에 이르게 셀의 후행 가장자리 사이의 세포내 구성 요소 보다 안정적인 비대칭 분포를 나타냅니다.
chemoattractant에 세포질 응답 4 개념적 정의 규제 네트워크의 활동에 따라 달라 집니다: 수용 체 / G 단백질 신호 변환, 말라 골격, 극성1. Chemoattractant G 단백질 결합 된 수용 체에 바인딩 heterotrimeric G 단백질 α와 방향 신호를 증폭 하류 신호 전달 네트워크에 βγ를 통해 신호를 전송 합니다. 신호 전달 네트워크 내의 여러 경로 동시에 행동 하 고 바이어스 말라 합 하는 기온 변화도의 방향에 따른 pseudopod 돌출 말라 골격 네트워크에 피드. Chemotaxis의 중요 한 레 귤 레이 터 중 고 Ras GTPase, TorC2, phosphoinositide 3-키 (PI3K), 인산 가수분해 효소 그리고 tensin 동족 체 (PTEN) guanylyl 있고. 피드백 메커니즘 네트워크 내에서 신호 변환 및 신호 변환와 말라 골격 네트워크 추가 응답을 증폭. 마지막으로, 가난 하 게 정의 된 극성 네트워크 말라 골격에서 입력을 받습니다 그리고 더 그라데이션의 방향에 영구 이주를 촉진 하는 신호 변환 네트워크 편견.
많은 chemotaxis의 우리의 기계 이해 되었습니다 규제 네트워크의 다양 한 구성 요소에 대 한 태그 붙일 바이오 센서의 개발 때문에. 많은 chemotaxis 레 귤 레이 터는 비대칭 분포 규제 분자 자체 또는 그것의 활동 중 하나 있다. 예를 들어 바이오 센서 인식 하는 버전의 작은 GTPases Ras 및 Rap1-Raf1 (라고도 RBD 여기)의 Ras 바인딩 도메인 활성화 하 고 RalGDS, chemotaxing 셀2,3의 앞 가장자리에 각각-지역화. 마찬가지로, PI3K 및 그것의 제품 phosphatidylinositol (3,4,5)-trisphosphate (PIP3), pleckstrin 호몰로지 (PH) 도메인에서 인식 또한 셀4,5의 앞에 지역화를 표시. 반면, 3 인산 가수분해 효소 PTEN는 변환 PIP3 다시 phosphatidylinositol (4, 5)-bisphosphate, localizes6셀 후행 가장자리에. 중요 한 것은, 이러한 바이오 센서는 chemoattractant와 함께 글로벌 자극에 그들의 지 방화를 변경합니다. Cytosolic 또는 후행 가장자리 마커, 대뇌 피 질의 지역화 있고 결 석 한 반면 휴식 셀에 돌출부의 끝에는 피 질 relocalize 첨단 마커 휴식 셀에서 돌출 끝에서 후 cytosolic 될 자극입니다. 바이오 센서는 chemoattractant와 함께 글로벌 자극에 대 한 응답에서 분포의 분석 운동 성 및 극성, 자주 혼동은 관측의 기여를 최소화 합니다. chemoattractant와 셀 서 스 펜 션의 전역 또는 일정 한 자극은 단백질 활성화, 단백질 인 산화7,,89 자주 감지에 인구 전체의 변화를 평가 하는 도구로 사용 된다 . 이 생 화 확 적인 분석 결과 현미경 검사 법은 규제 네트워크의 다양 한 구성 요소 동작에 대 한 시간적, 공간 정보를 수집 하는 데 사용 됩니다 반면 시간적 정보를 얻기 위해 주로 사용 됩니다.
신호 전달 네트워크는 고르기가 시스템10,11의 기능을 통합합니다. 임계값 위에 혈 자극에 응답 "all-or-none"는 고 내 화물 기간을 표시 합니다. 응답 또한 확률론 촉발 하 고 진동 동작을 표시할 수 있습니다. 신호 변환 이벤트 파도12,13,,1415로 전파 하는 피 질 영역에 지역화 됩니다. 정면, 또는 다시, 마커, 채용 또는 전파 파도의 활성 영역에서 해리. 활성 영역을 후행 하는 내 화 지역 때문에 반대로 감독된 파도 그들은 나로 몰 살. 전파 신호 변환 파도 셀 마이그레이션10중재 셀룰러 돌출 기반이 됩니다.
대부분의 chemotaxis에 상기 정보 온 연구에서 사회적 아메바 Dictyostelium discoideum, 유사한 규제 메커니즘 중 성구 및 다른 포유류 세포 유형16 도 있지만 . Dictyostelium 는 단일 세포의 수천 집계 센터, 결국 포자를 포함 하는 다세포 fruiting 몸 형성으로 마이그레이션할 때 기아, 중 강력한 혈 응답을 가진 기초가 튼튼한 모델 생물. Chemotaxis 또한 세균 음식 소스를 찾기 위해이 유기 체의 단일 셀 성장 단계 필수적 이다. 중요 한 것은, 단일 Dictyostelium 세포의 이동은 현저 하 게 포유류 호 중구 또는 전이성 암 세포, 모두의 매우 빠른 amoeboid 형식 마이그레이션 받아야 마이그레이션 비슷합니다. 사실, 규제 네트워크의 두 전체 토폴로지 뿐만 아니라 개별 신호 변환 통로 chemotaxis에 참여의 많은 Dictyostelium 와 포유류 백혈구17사이 보존 됩니다. 게다가, 다른 세포, 섬유 아 세포 등 GPCRs; 대신 수용 체 티로신 kinases (RTK) 사용 그러나, RTKs는 비슷한 네트워크에 피드 수 있습니다.
Chemotaxis, 달리 감독된 이동의 다양 한 다른 모드 드라이브 신호 메커니즘의 철저 한 이해 부족 이다. 마찬가지로 셀 chemoattractant 그라데이션에 마이그레이션에 여러 연구 보고가 활성화 또는 일반적인 첨단 마커, 말라 합, PIP3 이나 extracellular 신호 통제 키 니 아 제 (ERK) 1/2의 지역화에는 전면의 셀 받고 전단 흐름 또는 전기 분야18,19,,2021에 변화에 대 한 응답에서 마이그레이션 지시. 그러나, 이러한 연구에는 자극에 지속적으로 노출 또한 귀착되 었 다 열어두고 질문, 예를 들어 첨단 마커는 자극에 응답에서 특히 지역화 여부 그들은 단순히 첨단에서 지역화 하는 경우 셀 마이그레이션 마이그레이션 셀의 앞에 pseudopods의 증가 수 때문에
우리는 우리가 심각한 기계적 섭 동 및 개별 셀22인구 수준에서 모두 전단 흐름으로 전달에 대 한 셀의 응답을 관찰할 수 있도록 분석 실험 개발. Chemoattractant, 급성 stimula와 글로벌 자극 비슷합니다기의 전단 흐름 운동 성 또는 극성에서 혼란 기여 없이 기계적 자극에 세포질 응답의 연구를 수 있습니다. 어떻게 기계적 자극에 대 한 인식 됩니다 배울 수 있습니다 이러한 생화학 및 현미경 분석 실험 유전 또는 약리학 섭 결합 및 전송. 또한,이 이렇게 또한 chemoattractant 수용 체는 chemoattractant, 따라서 수용 체/G에서 신호 변환 및 말라 골격 네트워크 격리의 부재에서의 다운스트림 시스템에 도청에 대 한 새로운 방법의 제공 한다 단백질 네트워크입니다.
최근 우리가 아래에 설명 된 기술을 사용 하 여 급성 전단 스트레스는 혈 신호 변환 및 말라 골격 네트워크22의 여러 구성 요소 활성화 리드 설명 했다. 다양 한으로 심각한 기계적인 자극을 적용 하 여 우리는, 유사 하 게 chemoattractants, 기계적 자극에 응답 또한 전시에서 응답의 all-or-none 동작을 포함 하 여 고르기가 시스템의 기능 시연 포화 상태 고 내 화물 기간의 존재. 마지막으로, 기계적, 화학적 자극을 결합 하 여 우리는 두 자극 신호 변환 및 말라 골격 네트워크, 바이어스 셀 마이그레이션 여러 자극의 통합 가능성이 허용 공유 보였다.

<table>
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Reagents</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Dextrose</td>
			<td>Fisher</td>
			<td>D16-1</td>
			<td>Use to prepare HL-5 media and SM plates (steps 1.1, 1.2)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Proteose peptone</td>
			<td>Fisher</td>
			<td>DF0120-17-6</td>
			<td>Use to prepare HL-5 media (step 1.1)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Yeast extract</td>
			<td>Fisher</td>
			<td>50-550-445</td>
			<td>Use to prepare HL-5 media and SM plates (steps 1.1, 1.2)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Na2HPO4&#183;7H2O</td>
			<td>Fisher</td>
			<td>S373-500</td>
			<td>Use to prepare HL-5 media, and 10X Phosphate Buffer (steps 1.1, 1.3)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>KH2PO4</td>
			<td>Fisher</td>
			<td>P386-500</td>
			<td>Use to prepare HL-5 media, SM plates, and 10X Phosphate Buffer (steps 1.1-1.3)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Streptomycin (dihydrostreptomycin sulfate)</td>
			<td>Fisher</td>
			<td>ICN10040525</td>
			<td>Use to prepare HL-5 media (step 1.1)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Peptone (Bacto)</td>
			<td>Fisher</td>
			<td>DF0118-17-0</td>
			<td>Use to prepare SM plates (step 1.2)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>K2HPO4</td>
			<td>Fisher</td>
			<td>P288-100</td>
			<td>Use to prepare SM plates (step 1.2)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Agar</td>
			<td>Fisher</td>
			<td>BP1423-500</td>
			<td>Use to prepare SM plates (step 1.2)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>MgSO4</td>
			<td>Fisher</td>
			<td>M65-500</td>
			<td>Use to prepare DB Buffer (step 1.4)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>CaCl2</td>
			<td>Fisher</td>
			<td>C79-500</td>
			<td>Use to prepare DB Buffer (step 1.4)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Caffeine</td>
			<td>Fisher</td>
			<td>O1728-500</td>
			<td>Use to prepare caffeine (step 1.5)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>cAMP (EMD Millipore Calbiochem Adenosine 3 ft.,5 ft.-cyclic Monophosphate, Sodium Salt)</td>
			<td>Fisher</td>
			<td>11-680-1100MG</td>
			<td>Use to prepare cAMP (step 1.6)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Folic acid</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>F7876</td>
			<td>Use to prepare folic acid (step 1.7)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Tris base</td>
			<td>Fisher</td>
			<td>BP152-500</td>
			<td>Use to prepare 3X sample buffer (step 1.8)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS)</td>
			<td>Fisher</td>
			<td>BP166-500</td>
			<td>Use to prepare 3X sample buffer (step 1.8)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Glycerol</td>
			<td>Fisher</td>
			<td>G33-500</td>
			<td>Use to prepare 3X sample buffer (step 1.8)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Dithiothreitol (DTT)</td>
			<td>Bio-Rad</td>
			<td>1610610</td>
			<td>Use to prepare 3X sample buffer (step 1.8)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Bromophenol blue</td>
			<td>Bio-Rad</td>
			<td>1610404</td>
			<td>Use to prepare 3X sample buffer (step 1.8)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>NaF</td>
			<td>Fisher</td>
			<td>S299-100</td>
			<td>Use to prepare sample buffer with protease and phosphatase inhibitors (step 1.8)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Na3VO4</td>
			<td>Fisher</td>
			<td>50-994-911</td>
			<td>Use to prepare sample buffer with protease and phosphatase inhibitors (step 1.8)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sodium pyrophosphate decahydrate</td>
			<td>Fisher</td>
			<td>S390-500</td>
			<td>Use to prepare sample buffer with protease and phosphatase inhibitors (step 1.8)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Complete EDTA-free protease inhibitor cocktail (Roche)</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>11873580001</td>
			<td>Use to prepare sample buffer with protease and phosphatase inhibitors (step 1.8)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Latrunculin A</td>
			<td>Enzo Life Sciences</td>
			<td>BML-T119-0100</td>
			<td>Use to prepare Latrunculin A (step 1.9)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>4-15% Tris-HCl polyacrylamide gel</td>
			<td>Bio-Rad</td>
			<td>3450029</td>
			<td>Use for immunoblotting (step 3.3)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Polyvinylidene fluoride membrane</td>
			<td>Bio-Rad</td>
			<td>1620177</td>
			<td>Use for immunoblotting (step 3.3)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Phospho-PKC (pan) (zeta Thr410) (190D10) Rabbit antibody</td>
			<td>Cell Signaling</td>
			<td>2060</td>
			<td>Primary antibody for use in immunoblotting (step 3.3)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Phospho-p44/42 MAPK (Erk1/2) (Thr202/Tyr204) (D13.14.4E) XP antibody</td>
			<td>Cell Signaling</td>
			<td>4370</td>
			<td>Primary antibody for use in immunoblotting (step 3.3)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Rabbit IgG HRP Linked Whole Ab (from Donkey)</td>
			<td>GE Healthcare</td>
			<td>NA934-100UL</td>
			<td>Secondary antibody for use in immunoblotting (step 3.3)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Enhanced chemiluminescence substrate (Clarity Western ECL Substrate)</td>
			<td>Bio-Rad</td>
			<td>1705060</td>
			<td>Use for immunoblotting (step 3.3)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Stripping buffer (Restore Plus Western blot stripping buffer)</td>
			<td>Pierce</td>
			<td>PI46430</td>
			<td>Use for immunoblotting (step 3.3)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Coomassie Brilliant Blue</td>
			<td>Fisher</td>
			<td>PI20278</td>
			<td>Use for immunoblotting (step 3.3)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>K. aerogenes strain (non-pathogenic)</td>
			<td>Dicty Stock Center (dictybase.org)</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Name</td>
			<td>Company</td>
			<td>Catalog Number</td>
			<td>Comments</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Materials and Equipment</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Orbital shaker (model G-33, or a comparable alternative)</td>
			<td>New Brunswick Scientific</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Use to grow K. aerogenes (step 2.1.1), and to basalate and stimulate D. discoideum cells (step 3). The radius of gyration for this shaker is 9.5 mm.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>10 cm Petri dish</td>
			<td>Fisher</td>
			<td>FB0875712</td>
			<td>Use to prepare SM plates (step 1.2)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Hemocytometer</td>
			<td>Fisher</td>
			<td>02-671-51B</td>
			<td>Use to count D. discoideum cells (step 2.1.2)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>35 mm dish (Corning Falcon Easy-Grip Tissue Culture Dish)</td>
			<td>Fisher</td>
			<td>08-772A</td>
			<td>Use to plate D. discoideumcells for mechanical stimulation followed by cell lysis (step 3.1.1)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Polystyrene cup (5 mL)</td>
			<td>VWR</td>
			<td>13915-985</td>
			<td>Use to stimulate D. discoideum cell suspension with a chemoattractant (step 3.2.2)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Fluidic unit with pump (ibidi Pump System)</td>
			<td>Ibidi</td>
			<td>10902</td>
			<td>Use to deliver mechanical stimulation to D. discoideum cells in a channel (steps 4.1, 4.2, and 5)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Slide with a channel (&#956;-Slide III 3in1 ibiTreat: #1.5 polymer coverslip, tissue culture treated, sterilized)</td>
			<td>Ibidi</td>
			<td>80316</td>
			<td>Use to plate D. discoideum cells for mechanical stimulation delivered by a fluidic device (steps 4.1, 4.2, and 5)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>50 mL reservoirs (Ibidi Reservoir Holder for Fluidic Unit)</td>
			<td>Ibidi</td>
			<td>10978</td>
			<td>Use to setup the fluidic device for delivering mechanical stimulation to D. discoideum cells in a channel (steps 4.1, 4.2, and 5)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Lines for the fluidic unit (Perfusion Set YELLOW-and-GREEN)</td>
			<td>Ibidi</td>
			<td>10964</td>
			<td>Use to setup the fluidic device for delivering mechanical stimulation to D. discoideum cells in a channel (steps 4.1, 4.2, and 5). Note: the two lines can also be cut from the 1.6 mm tubing (catalog number 10842).</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Line for the drain (1.6 mm ID tubing)</td>
			<td>Ibidi</td>
			<td>10842</td>
			<td>Use to setup the fluidic device for delivering mechanical stimulation to D. discoideum cells in a channel (steps 4.1, 4.2, and 5).</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Zeiss Observer.Z1 inverted microscope equipped with a 40X/1.3 oil objective and a 20X/0.3 air objective (or a comparable alternative)</td>
			<td>Zeiss</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Used to image D. discoideum cells with phase-contrast or fluorescence illumination (steps 4 and 5)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>UltraView spinning disk confocal microscope equipped with a 40&#215;/1.25&#8211;0.75 oil objective (or a comparable alternative)</td>
			<td>Perkin-Elmer</td>
			<td>DM 16000</td>
			<td>An alternative used to image D. discoideum cells (step 4.1.4)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>FemtoJet Microinjector (Eppendorf; model 5247, or a comparable alternative) with Eppendorf InjectMan</td>
			<td>Eppendorf</td>
			<td>5252000021D and 5192000027</td>
			<td>Use to deliver mechanical stimulation to D. discoideum cells by a micropipette (step 4.3). Note: catalog number are for the newest version of the equipment (4i).</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Micropipette (Femtotip; 1 &#956;m outside diameter, 0.5 &#956;m inside diameter )</td>
			<td>Eppendorf</td>
			<td>930000035</td>
			<td>Use to deliver mechanical stimulation to D. discoideum cells by a micropipette (step 4.3)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Microloader tips (Eppendorf Femtotips Microloader Tips for Femtojet Microinjector)</td>
			<td>Eppendorf</td>
			<td>5242956.003</td>
			<td>Use to fill the micropipette (femtotip) with buffer (step 4.3.1)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>1-well chamber (Thermo Scientific Nunc Lab-Tek Chambered Coverglass)</td>
			<td>Fisher</td>
			<td>12-565-472</td>
			<td>Use to plate D. discoideum cells for mechanical stimulation delivered by a micropipette (step 4.3.2)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>8-well chamber (Thermo Scientific Nunc Lab-Tek II Chambered Coverglass)</td>
			<td>Fisher</td>
			<td>12-565-338</td>
			<td>Use to plate D. discoideum cells for mechanical stimulation delivered by bulk buffer addition (step 4.4.1)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Name</td>
			<td>Company</td>
			<td>Catalog Number</td>
			<td>Comments</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Software</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Image Analysis Software (Fiji)</td>
			<td>NIH</td>
			<td>https://fiji.sc/</td>
			<td>Use to quantify response to mechanical stimulation (step 4.5)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Migration analysis software (Tracking Tool PRO)</td>
			<td>Gradientech</td>
			<td>http://gradientech.se/tracking-tool-pro/</td>
			<td>Use to quantify cell speed and persistence (step 5.4)</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

assessment of dictyostelium discoideum response to acute mechanical stimulation

Chemotaxis, 또는 chemoattractant의 그라디언트를 마이그레이션 마이그레이션 감독된의 최고의 이해 모드입니다. 연구 사회 아메바를 사용 하 여 Dictyostelium discoideum 공개 병렬 통로의 복잡 한 신호 전달 네트워크 chemoattractants에 대 한 응답을 증폭 하 고 한쪽으로 치우친된 걸 중 합 및에 pseudopod의 돌출은 기온 변화도의 방향입니다. 반면에, 전단 흐름 또는 전기 분야에 노출으로 인해 감독된 이동의 다른 종류를 운전 하는 분자 메커니즘은 알려져 있지 않습니다. Chemotaxis의 많은 레 귤 레이 터에 선행 또는 후행 가장자리 마이그레이션 셀의 지역화 전시 뿐 아니라 지역화 또는 활성화는 chemoattractant와 함께 글로벌 자극 다음에 과도 변화를 보여. 감독된 이동의 다른 종류의 분자 메커니즘을 이해 하기 우리는 전단 흐름에 간단한 (2-5 s) 노출에 따라 심각한 기계적인 자극에 세포질 응답의 시험을 허용 하는 방법 개발 했다. 이 자극 검사 개별 셀 동작을 붙일 표시 된 바이오 센서를 표현 하는 세포 이미징 하는 동안 채널에 전달할 수 있습니다. 또한, 세포 인구 lysed, 격판덮개 및 관심사의 단백질의 활성 버전을 인식 하는 항 체를 사용 하 여 immunoblotted에 자극 될 수 있습니다. 결합 하 여 두 분석 실험, 하나 변화 subcellular 지 방화 및 인 산화에 의해 활성화 하는 분자의 광범위를 검사할 수 있습니다. 이 메서드를 사용 하 여 우리가 심각한 기계적인 자극 혈 신호 변환 및 말라 골격 네트워크의 활성화를 유발 결정. 심각한 기계적인 자극에 세포질 응답을 검사 하는 시작 이벤트 전단 흐름 유도 운동에 필요한 이해 중요 합니다. 이 접근은 또한 chemoattractant 수용 체의 혼동 영향 없이 혈 신호 전달 네트워크 연구는 도구를 제공 합니다.

심각한 기계적인 자극 chemotaxis 레 귤 레이 터의 시간 응답
D. discoideum 세포의 기계적 자극에 응답을 평가 하기 위해 부착 집계 유능한 세포 전단 흐름의 짧은 펄스에 노출 되었다. 집계 유능한 D. discoideum 세포 분 비 캠프, 이웃 세포에 의해 감지 될 수 있습니다. 극복 하기 위해-셀 신호의 기여, 셀 디 discoideum 에?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Assessment of Dictyostelium discoideum Response to Acute Mechanical Stimulation at JoVE.com

Assessment of Dictyostelium discoideum Response to Acute Mechanical Stimulation

Dictyostelium discoideum 응답 심각한 기계적인 자극의 평가

여기는 심각한 기계적인 자극에 세포질 응답을 평가 하기 위한 방법에 설명 합니다. 현미경 기반 분석 결과에서 우리 전단 흐름 간략 한 자극에 따라 붙일 표시 된 바이오 센서의 지역화를 검사 합니다. 우리는 또한 화학적 심각한 기계적인 자극에 응답에 대 한 관심의 다양 한 단백질의 활성화를 테스트합니다.

Chemotaxis, or migration up a gradient of a chemoattractant, is the best understood mode of directed migration. Studies using social amoeba Dictyostelium ...

assessment-dictyostelium-discoideum-response-to-acute-mechanical

Research

JoVE Journal

Biology

Assessment of Dictyostelium discoideum Response to Acute Mechanical Stimulation

6.9K 조회수.  SUNY Oswego. 여기는 심각한 기계적인 자극에 세포질 응답을 평가 하기 위한 방법에 설명 합니다. 현미경 기반 분석 결과에서 우리 전단 흐름 간략 한 자극에 따라 붙일 표시 된 바이오 센서의 지역화를 검사 합니다. 우리는 또한 화학적 심각한 기계적인 자극에 응답에 대 한 관심의 다양 한 단백질의 활성화를 테스트합니다.

비디오: Assessment of Dictyostelium discoideum Response to Acute Mechanical Stimulation

Mechanical Stimulation of Stem Cells Using Cyclic Uniaxial Strain

The role of mechanical forces in the development and maintenance of biological tissues is well documented, including several mechanically regulated phenomena such as bone remodeling, muscular hypertrophy, and smooth muscle cell plasticity. However, the forces involved are often extremely complex and difficult to monitor and control in vivo. To better investigate the effects of mechanical forces on cells, we have developed an in vitro method for applying uniaxial cyclic tensile strain to adherent cells cultured on elastic membranes. This method utilizes a custom-designed bioreactor with a motorized cam-rotor system to apply the desired force. Here we present a step-by-step video protocol demonstrating how to assemble the various components of each "stretch chamber", including, in this case, a silicone membrane with micropatterned topography to orient the cells with the direction of the strain. We also describe procedures for sterilizing the chambers, seeding cells onto the membrane, latching the chamber into the bioreactor, and adjusting the mechanical parameters (i.e. magnitude and rate of strain). The procedures outlined in this particular protocol are specific for seeding human mesenchymal stem cells onto silicone membranes with 10 &micro;m wide channels oriented parallel to the direction of strain. However, the methods and materials presented in this system are flexible enough to accommodate a number of variations on this theme: strain rate, magnitude, duration, cell type, membrane topography, membrane coating, etc. can all be tailored to the desired application or outcome. This is a robust method for investigating the effects of uniaxial tensile strain applied to cells in vitro.

It is widely understood that mechanical forces in the body can influence cell differentiation and proliferation. Here we present a video protocol demonstrating the use of a custom-built bioreactor for delivering uniaxial cyclic tensile strain to stem cells cultured on flexible micropatterned substrates.

순환 Uniaxial 스트레인을 사용하여 줄기 세포의 기계적 자극

The role of mechanical forces in the development and maintenance of biological tissues is well documented, including several mechanically regulated ...

연구

생물학

Using the optokinetic response to study visual function of zebrafish

Optokinetic response (OKR) is a behavior that an animal vibrates its eyes to follow a rotating grating around it. It has been widely used to assess the visual functions of larval zebrafish1-5. Nevertheless, the standard protocol for larval fish is not yet readily applicable in adult zabrafish. Here, we introduce how to measure the OKR of adult zebrafish with our simple custom-built apparatus using a new protocol which is established in our lab. Both our apparatus and step-by-step procedure of OKR in adult zebrafish are illustrated in this video. In addition, the measurements of the larval OKR, as well as the optomotor response (OMR) test of adult zebrafish, are also demonstrated in this video. This OKR assay of adult zebrafish in our experiment may last for up to 4 hours. Such OKR test applied in adult fish will benefit to visual function investigation more efficiently when the adult fish vision system is manipulated.
Su-Qi Zou and Wu Yin contributed equally to this paper.

Optokinetic response has been widely used to assess the visual functions of larval zebrafish. Nevertheless, the standard protocol for larval fish is not yet readily applicable in adults1-5. Here, we introduce how to measure the OKR of adult zebrafish using a new protocol which is established in our lab.

zebrafish의 시각 기능을 연구하기 위해 optokinetic 응답을 사용하여

Optokinetic response (OKR) is a behavior that an animal vibrates its eyes to follow a rotating grating around it. It has been widely used to assess the ...

Quantification of &gamma;H2AX Foci in Response to Ionising Radiation

DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs), which are induced by either endogenous metabolic processes or by exogenous sources, are one of the most critical DNA lesions with respect to survival and preservation of genomic integrity. An early response to the induction of DSBs is phosphorylation of the H2A histone variant, H2AX, at the serine-139 residue, in the highly conserved C-terminal SQEY motif, forming &gamma;H2AX1. Following induction of DSBs, H2AX is rapidly phosphorylated by the phosphatidyl-inosito 3-kinase (PIKK) family of proteins, ataxia telangiectasia mutated (ATM), DNA-protein kinase catalytic subunit and ATM and RAD3-related (ATR)2. Typically, only a few base-pairs (bp) are implicated in a DSB, however, there is significant signal amplification, given the importance of chromatin modifications in DNA damage signalling and repair. Phosphorylation of H2AX mediated predominantly by ATM spreads to adjacent areas of chromatin, affecting approximately 0.03% of total cellular H2AX per DSB2,3. This corresponds to phosphorylation of approximately 2000 H2AX molecules spanning ~2 Mbp regions of chromatin surrounding the site of the DSB and results in the formation of discrete &gamma;H2AX foci which can be easily visualized and quantitated by immunofluorescence microscopy2. The loss of &gamma;H2AX at DSB reflects repair, however, there is some controversy as to what defines complete repair of DSBs; it has been proposed that rejoining of both strands of DNA is adequate however, it has also been suggested that re-instatement of the original chromatin state of compaction is necessary4-8. The disappearence of &gamma;H2AX involves at least in part, dephosphorylation by phosphatases, phosphatase 2A and phosphatase 4C5,6. Further, removal of &gamma;H2AX by redistribution involving histone exchange with H2A.Z has been implicated7,8. Importantly, the quantitative analysis of &gamma;H2AX foci has led to a wide range of applications in medical and nuclear research. Here, we demonstrate the most commonly used immunofluorescence method for evaluation of initial DNA damage by detection and quantitation of &gamma;H2AX foci in &gamma;-irradiated adherent human keratinocytes9.

Quantification of &#947;H2AX Foci in Response to Ionising Radiation

Quantification of DNA double-strand streaks using &gamma;H2AX formation as a molecular marker has become an invaluable tool in radiation biology. Here we demonstrate the use of an immunofluorescence assay for quantification of &gamma;H2AX foci after exposure of cells to radiation.

Ionising 방사선에 대한 응답으로 γH2AX Foci의 부량

DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs), which are induced by either endogenous metabolic processes or by exogenous sources, are one of the most critical DNA ...

Live Cell Response to Mechanical Stimulation Studied by Integrated Optical and Atomic Force Microscopy

To understand the mechanism by which living cells sense mechanical forces, and how they respond and adapt to their environment, a new technology able to investigate cells behavior at sub-cellular level with high spatial and temporal resolution was developed. Thus, an atomic force microscope (AFM) was integrated with total internal reflection fluorescence (TIRF) microscopy and fast-spinning disk (FSD) confocal microscopy. The integrated system is broadly applicable across a wide range of molecular dynamic studies in any adherent live cells, allowing direct optical imaging of cell responses to mechanical stimulation in real-time. Significant rearrangement of the actin filaments and focal adhesions was shown due to local mechanical stimulation at the apical cell surface that induced changes into the cellular structure throughout the cell body. These innovative techniques will provide new information for understanding live cell restructuring and dynamics in response to mechanical force. A detailed protocol and a representative data set that show live cell response to mechanical stimulation are presented.

This paper aims to instruct the reader in the operation of an integrated atomic force-optical imaging microscope for mechanical stimulation of live cells in culture. A step-by-step protocol is presented. A representative data set that shows live cell response to mechanical stimulation is presented.

기계 자극에 라이브 세포 응답 통합 광학과 원자 힘 현미경에 의해 연구

To understand the mechanism by which living cells sense mechanical forces, and how they respond and adapt to their environment, a new technology able to ...

Intravenous Microinjections of Zebrafish Larvae to Study Acute Kidney Injury

In this video article we describe a zebrafish model of AKI using gentamicin as the nephrotoxicant.  The technique consists of intravenous microinjections on 2 dpf zebrafish. This technique represents an efficient and rapid method to deliver soluble substances into the bloodstream of zebrafish larvae, allowing for the injection of 15-20 fish per hour. In addition to AKI studies, this microinjection technique can also be used for other types of experimental studies such as angiography.  We provide a detailed protocol of the technique from equipment required to visual measures of decreased kidney function. In addition, we also demonstrate the process of fixation, whole mount immunohistochemistry with a kidney tubule marker, plastic embedding and sectioning of the larval zebrafish. We demonstrate that zebrafish larvae injected with gentamicin show morphological features consistent with AKI: edema, loss of cell polarity in proximal tubular epithelial cells, and morphological disruption of the tubule.

We describe a technique of microinjecting the aminoglycoside, gentamicin, into 2 days post-fetilization (dpf) zebrafish larvae to induce acute kidney injury (AKI). We also describe a method for whole mount immunohistochemistry, plastic embedding and sectioning of zebrafish larvae to visualize the AKI mediated damage.

급성 신장 상해를 공부하기 위해 Zebrafish 애벌레의 정맥 Microinjections

In this video article we describe a zebrafish model of AKI using gentamicin as the nephrotoxicant.  The technique consists of intravenous microinjections ...

Imaging G-protein Coupled Receptor (GPCR)-mediated Signaling Events that Control Chemotaxis of Dictyostelium Discoideum

Many eukaryotic cells can detect gradients of chemical signals in their environments and migrate accordingly 1. This guided cell migration is referred as chemotaxis, which is essential for various cells to carry out their functions such as trafficking of immune cells and patterning of neuronal cells 2, 3. A large family of G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) detects variable small peptides, known as chemokines, to direct cell migration in vivo 4. The final goal of chemotaxis research is to understand how a GPCR machinery senses chemokine gradients and controls signaling events leading to chemotaxis. To this end, we use imaging techniques to monitor, in real time, spatiotemporal concentrations of chemoattractants, cell movement in a gradient of chemoattractant, GPCR mediated activation of heterotrimeric G-protein, and intracellular signaling events involved in chemotaxis of eukaryotic cells 5-8. The simple eukaryotic organism, Dictyostelium discoideum, displays chemotaxic behaviors that are similar to those of leukocytes, and D. discoideum is a key model system for studying eukaryotic chemotaxis. As free-living amoebae, D. discoideum cells divide in rich medium. Upon starvation, cells enter a developmental program in which they aggregate through cAMP-mediated chemotaxis to form multicullular structures. Many components involved in chemotaxis to cAMP have been identified in D. discoideum. The binding of cAMP to a GPCR (cAR1) induces dissociation of heterotrimeric G-proteins into G&gamma; and G&beta;&gamma; subunits 7, 9, 10. G&beta;&gamma; subunits activate Ras, which in turn activates PI3K, converting PIP2 into PIP3 on the cell membrane 11-13. PIP3 serve as binding sites for proteins with pleckstrin Homology (PH) domains, thus recruiting these proteins to the membrane 14, 15. Activation of cAR1 receptors also controls the membrane associations of PTEN, which dephosphorylates PIP3 to PIP2 16, 17. The molecular mechanisms are evolutionarily conserved in chemokine GPCR-mediated chemotaxis of human cells such as neutrophils 18. We present following methods for studying chemotaxis of D. discoideum cells. 1. Preparation of chemotactic component cells. 2. Imaging chemotaxis of cells in a cAMP gradient. 3. Monitoring a GPCR induced activation of heterotrimeric G-protein in single live cells. 4. Imaging chemoattractant-triggered dynamic PIP3 responses in single live cells in real time. Our developed imaging methods can be applied to study chemotaxis of human leukocytes.

Imaging G-protein Coupled Receptor GPCR-mediated Signaling Events that Control Chemotaxis of Dictyostelium Discoideum

Here, we describe detailed live cell imaging methods for investigating chemotaxis. We present fluorescence microscopic methods to monitor spatiotemporal dynamics of signaling events in migrating cells. Measurement of signaling events permits us to further understand how a GPCR-signaling network achieves gradient sensing of chemoattractants and controls directional migration of eukaryotic cells.

이미징 G - 단백질 결합 수용체 (GPCR) - 중재 신호 행사 그 제어 Chemotaxis Dictyostelium Discoideum</em

Many eukaryotic cells can detect gradients of chemical signals in their environments and migrate accordingly 1.  This guided cell migration is referred as ...

Mechanical Stimulation of Chondrocyte-agarose Hydrogels

Articular cartilage suffers from a limited repair capacity when damaged by mechanical insult or degraded by disease, such as osteoarthritis. To remedy this deficiency, several medical interventions have been developed. One such method is to resurface the damaged area with tissue-engineered cartilage; however, the engineered tissue typically lacks the biochemical properties and durability of native cartilage, questioning its long-term survivability. This limits the application of cartilage tissue engineering to the repair of small focal defects, relying on the surrounding tissue to protect the implanted material. To improve the properties of the developed tissue, mechanical stimulation is a popular method utilized to enhance the synthesis of cartilaginous extracellular matrix as well as the resultant mechanical properties of the engineered tissue. Mechanical stimulation applies forces to the tissue constructs analogous to those experienced in vivo. This is based on the premise that the mechanical environment, in part, regulates the development and maintenance of native tissue1,2. The most commonly applied form of mechanical stimulation in cartilage tissue engineering is dynamic compression at physiologic strains of approximately 5-20% at a frequency of 1 Hz1,3. Several studies have investigated the effects of dynamic compression and have shown it to have a positive effect on chondrocyte metabolism and biosynthesis, ultimately affecting the functional properties of the developed tissue4-8. In this paper, we illustrate the method to mechanically stimulate chondrocyte-agarose hydrogel constructs under dynamic compression and analyze changes in biosynthesis through biochemical and radioisotope assays. This method can also be readily modified to assess any potentially induced changes in cellular response as a result of mechanical stimuli.

The biosynthesis of cartilaginous extracellular matrix by chondrocytes can be affected by application of mechanical stimuli. This method describes the technique of applying dynamic compressive strains to chondrocytes encapsulated in 3D constructs and the evaluation of induced changes in chondrocyte metabolism.

Chondrocyte - 아가로 오스 Hydrogels의 기계적 자극

Articular cartilage suffers from a limited repair capacity when damaged by mechanical insult or degraded by disease, such as osteoarthritis. To remedy ...

Mechanical Stimulation-induced Calcium Wave Propagation in Cell Monolayers: The Example of Bovine Corneal Endothelial Cells

Intercellular communication is essential for the coordination of physiological processes between cells in a variety of organs and tissues, including the brain, liver, retina, cochlea and vasculature. In experimental settings, intercellular Ca2+-waves can be elicited by applying a mechanical stimulus to a single cell. This leads to the release of the intracellular signaling molecules IP3 and Ca2+ that initiate the propagation of the Ca2+-wave concentrically from the mechanically stimulated cell to the neighboring cells. The main molecular pathways that control intercellular Ca2+-wave propagation are provided by gap junction channels through the direct transfer of IP3 and by hemichannels through the release of ATP. Identification and characterization of the properties and regulation of different connexin and pannexin isoforms as gap junction channels and hemichannels are allowed by the quantification of the spread of the intercellular Ca2+-wave, siRNA, and the use of inhibitors of gap junction channels and hemichannels. Here, we describe a method to measure intercellular Ca2+-wave in monolayers of primary corneal endothelial cells loaded with Fluo4-AM in response to a controlled and localized mechanical stimulus provoked by an acute, short-lasting deformation of the cell as a result of touching the cell membrane with a micromanipulator-controlled glass micropipette with a tip diameter of less than 1 &mu;m. We also describe the isolation of primary bovine corneal endothelial cells and its use as model system to assess Cx43-hemichannel activity as the driven force for intercellular Ca2+-waves through the release of ATP. Finally, we discuss the use, advantages, limitations and alternatives of this method in the context of gap junction channel and hemichannel research.

Intercellular Ca2+-waves are driven by gap junction channels and hemichannels. Here, we describe a method to measure intercellular Ca2+-waves in cell monolayers in response to a local single-cell mechanical stimulus and its application to investigate the properties and regulation of gap junction channels and hemichannels.

세포 단일 층의 기계적 자극에 의​​한 칼슘 웨이브 전파 : 소 각막 내피 세포의 예

Intercellular communication is essential for the coordination of physiological processes between cells in a variety of organs and tissues, including the ...

Investigating the Function of Coronin A in the Early Starvation Response of Dictyostelium discoideum by Aggregation Assays

Dictyostelium discoideum amoeba are found in soil, feeding on bacteria. When food sources become scarce, they secrete factors to initiate a multicellular development program, during which single cells chemotax towards aggregation centers1-4. This process is dependent on the release of cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP)5. cAMP is produced in waves through the concerted action of adenylate cyclase and phosphodiesterases, and binds to G protein-coupled cAMP receptors6,7. A widely used assay to analyze the mechanisms involved in the developmental cycle of the lower eukaryote Dictyostelium discoideum is based on the observation of cell aggregation in submerged conditions8,9. This protocol describes the analysis of the role of coronin A in the developmental cycle by starvation in tissue-culture plates submerged in balanced salt solution (BSS)10. Coronin A is a member of the widely conserved protein family of coronins that have been implicated in a wide variety of activities11,12. Dictyostelium cells lacking coronin A are unable to form multicellular aggregates, and this defect can be rescued by supplying pulses of cAMP, suggesting that coronin A acts upstream of the cAMP cascade10. The techniques described in these studies provide robust tools to investigate functions of proteins during the initial stages of the developmental cycle of Dictyostelium discoideum upstream of the cAMP cascade. Therefore, utilizing this aggregation assay may allow the further study of coronin A function and advance our understanding of coronin biology.

Investigating the Function of Coronin A in the Early Starvation Response of Dictyostelium discoideum by Aggregation Assays

The social amoeba Dictyostelium discoideum undergoes a developmental transition into a multicellular organism when starved. The evolutionary conserved protein coronin A plays a crucial role in the initiation of development. Using aggregation assays as our main method, we aim to elucidate the role of coronin A in early development.

의 조기 기아 응답에 Coronin (A)의 기능 조사<em&gt; Dictyostelium의 discoideum</em&gt; 집계 분석 실험에 의해

Dictyostelium discoideum amoeba are found in soil, feeding on bacteria. When food sources become scarce, they secrete factors to initiate a multicellular ...

Analyzing Cell Surface Adhesion Remodeling in Response to Mechanical Tension Using Magnetic Beads

Mechanosensitive cell surface adhesion complexes allow cells to sense the mechanical properties of their surroundings. Recent studies have identified both force-sensing molecules at adhesion sites, and force-dependent transcription factors that regulate lineage-specific gene expression and drive phenotypic outputs. However, the signaling networks converting mechanical tension into biochemical pathways have remained elusive. To explore the signaling pathways engaged upon mechanical tension applied to cell surface receptor, superparamagnetic microbeads can be used. Here we present a protocol for using magnetic beads to apply forces to cell surface adhesion proteins. Using this approach, it is possible to investigate not only force-dependent cytoplasmic signaling pathways by various biochemical approaches, but also adhesion remodeling by magnetic isolation of adhesion complexes attached to the ligand-coated beads. This protocol includes the preparation of ligand-coated superparamagnetic beads, and the application of define tensile forces followed by biochemical analyses. Additionally, we provide a representative sample of data demonstrating that tension applied to integrin-based adhesion triggers adhesion remodeling and alters protein tyrosine phosphorylation.

Cell surface adhesions are central in mechanotransduction, as they transmit mechanical tension and initiate the signaling pathways involved in tissue homeostasis and development. Here, we present a protocol for dissecting the biochemical pathways that are activated in response to tension, using ligand-coated magnetic microbeads and force application to adhesion receptors.

자석 구슬을 사용하여 기계 인장에 대한 응답으로 세포 표면 접착 리모델링 분석

Mechanosensitive cell surface adhesion complexes allow cells to sense the mechanical properties of their surroundings. Recent studies have identified both ...

Dictyostelium discoideum 응답 심각한 기계적인 자극의 평가

요약

더 많은 비디오 탐색

이 비디오의 챕터

순환 Uniaxial 스트레인을 사용하여 줄기 세포의 기계적 자극

zebrafish의 시각 기능을 연구하기 위해 optokinetic 응답을 사용하여

Ionising 방사선에 대한 응답으로 γH2AX Foci의 부량

기계 자극에 라이브 세포 응답 통합 광학과 원자 힘 현미경에 의해 연구

급성 신장 상해를 공부하기 위해 Zebrafish 애벌레의 정맥 Microinjections

이미징 G - 단백질 결합 수용체 (GPCR) - 중재 신호 행사 그 제어 Chemotaxis Dictyostelium Discoideum

Chondrocyte - 아가로 오스 Hydrogels의 기계적 자극

세포 단일 층의 기계적 자극에 의한 칼슘 웨이브 전파 : 소 각막 내피 세포의 예

의 조기 기아 응답에 Coronin (A)의 기능 조사

자석 구슬을 사용하여 기계 인장에 대한 응답으로 세포 표면 접착 리모델링 분석

Dictyostelium discoideum 응답 심각한 기계적인 자극의 평가

요약

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zebrafish의 시각 기능을 연구하기 위해 optokinetic 응답을 사용하여

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이미징 G - 단백질 결합 수용체 (GPCR) - 중재 신호 행사 그 제어 Chemotaxis Dictyostelium Discoideum

Chondrocyte - 아가로 오스 Hydrogels의 기계적 자극

세포 단일 층의 기계적 자극에 의​​한 칼슘 웨이브 전파 : 소 각막 내피 세포의 예

의 조기 기아 응답에 Coronin (A)의 기능 조사

자석 구슬을 사용하여 기계 인장에 대한 응답으로 세포 표면 접착 리모델링 분석

세포 단일 층의 기계적 자극에 의한 칼슘 웨이브 전파 : 소 각막 내피 세포의 예