DGG은 NHMRC 피터도 허 티와 다 발성 경화 증 연구 호주 (MSRA) 초기 경력 연구원입니다. JLF는 MSRA 박사 친교에 의해 지원 됩니다. 이 작품은 호주 국민 건강에 의해 지원 되었다 고 의료 연구 위원회 (NHMRC) 프로젝트 JX를 #APP1058647을 부여 합니다.

여기에서 설명한 모든 절차 Florey 연구소 신경 과학 및 정신 건강 (멜버른 두뇌 센터) 동물 윤리 위원회 승인 했다 고 과학에 대 한 동물의 사용에 대 한 호주 코드 연습을 따라 목적.
 1. EAN 유도 참고: EAN 남성 C57BL/6 쥐 세 6-8 주 사이에서 성공적으로 유도 될 수 있다. 유도 프로토콜 총에서 9 일이 걸린다. 0 첫 번째 면역의 날을 말합니다. 이 프로토콜에 대 한 주사 마 취 실시 했다 (단계 1.1.2 아래 참조).
<ol><li>일에-1: <ol><li>백 일 해 독 소를 준비 (재료의 표 참조) 솔루션의 1.6 µ g/mL의 멸 균 0.1 m M 마우스 isotonic 인산 염을 사용 하 여 식 염 수 (MT-PBS) 버퍼링.</li>
		<li>Isoflurane와 anesthetization: <ol><li>anesthetization 챔버에 마우스 (C57BL/6, 남성, 6-8 주)를 놓고 1 L/분에 산소 흐름을 조정</li>
			<li>Isoflurane 기화 기 설정, anesthetization, 및 호흡 하는 모니터에 대 한 2.5%로 조정 하 고 대기 2 분, 또는 때까지 기본 반사 (각 막 및 뒷 다리)는 더 이상 반응</li></ol>
		</li> <li>Anesthetization 상공에서 마우스를 제거 하 고 0.5 mL 주사기를 사용 하 여 30 1/2 G 바늘으로 복 (i.p.) 주사를 통해 위의 백 일 해 독 소 솔루션의 250 µ L 관리.</li>
		<li>면역 주사 inoculum 준비: <ol><li>P0 180-199 펩 티 드의 2 mg/mL 해결책을 사용 하 여 준비 솔루션 (와 함께 &#62; 98% 순도, 시퀀스 S-S-K-R-G-R-Q-T-P-V-L-Y-A-M-L-D-H-S-R-S) 0.9% 염 분에서.</li>
			<li>준비 솔루션 B 결핵균의 20 mg/mL 해결책을 사용 하 여 참조 테이블의 재료 Freund에 &#39; s 완전 한 보조 (FCA, 구성: 15% mannide monoolate + 파라핀 오일 0.5 mg/mL의 85% desiccated 살해와 말린 M 진 균 butyricum)의.</li>
			<li>주입, 최종 inoculum을 비드 때리는에 해결책 A와 B의 동일 볼륨 부분을 결합 하 고 실내 온도에서 1 분 동안 최대 속도로 혼합. 
			참고: 솔루션 A와 B 재고 유지 및 수 최대 한 달에 4 ° C에서 저장 된 있지만 결합 된 최종 inoculum 갓 마우스 주입의 일에 대비해 야 합니다.</li>
		</ol></li></ol></li> <li>Inoculum (준비 단계 1.1.4에서에서 설명)의 50 µ L를 관리 하는 일에 0, 23 G 바늘을 사용 하 여 피하 주사를 통해 마우스에. 
	참고: 주사 수 수 위에 양 어깨 사이 또는 뒷 다리와 꼬리 사이 꼬리 등.</li>
	<li>하루 1에 1.2 µ g/mL의 백 일 해 독 소 솔루션 (MT-PBS)에서 만들고 i.p. 주입 30 1/2 G 바늘으로 0.5 mL 주사기를 사용 하 여 통해 마우스에 250 µ L 관리.</li>
	<li>에 3 일, 반복 단계 위의 1.3. 
	참고: 재고 솔루션 A와 B 구성 고 1 달 최대 4 ˚C에 저장 될 수 있습니다. 그러나, A와 B, 재고 솔루션을 결합 하 여 생산 최종 주사 inoculum 주사의 일에 이루어져야 합니다.</li>
	<li>8 일에 관리 inoculum (준비 단계 1.1.4에서에서 설명)의 50 µ L 피하 주사를 통해 마우스에 (단계 위의 1.2 참조), (각 동물)에 대 한 1.2 단계 에서처럼 동일한 사출 사이트</li></ol>
 2. 임상 점수 <ol><li>하루 0에 시작 하는 매일 밖으로 임상 점수 수행.</li>
	<li>각 마우스의 0, 1, 2, 3, 또는 4 4 게시 된 기준 따라 점수를 제공합니다. EAN 임상 점수 표 1을 참조 하십시오. 
	참고: 일관성을 위해 노력 하 여야 한다 동시에 쥐를 매일 같은 연구원에 의해.</li>
</ol> 3. 기능 평가 모터 참고: 동물의 동일한 코 호트에 대 한 임상 점수와 병렬로 모터 성능 평가. 모터 기능 평가 기구는 걸음 걸이 기능 이미징 시스템 (재료의 표 참조) 설치 되어 있는지 컴퓨터에 연결 되어야 합니다. 또한 평가 될 모든 쥐를 EAN 유도 전에 실행 중인 작업 익숙해져 한다는 것이 좋습니다. 이렇게 하려면 연습 실행 (마우스 당 2 테스트 실행) 3 일전 질병 유도 (하루-3) 수행 됩니다.
<ol><li>모터 기능 평가 장치 및 조명 버튼 스위치 설정.</li>
	<li>아저씨 마우스 단단히 고 꼬리를 잡고 빨간 잉크 가득 컨테이너에 그것을 낮추는 방법으로 발 잉크. 
	참고:이 단계는 C57BL/6 스트레인에 대 한 필요 하지만 마우스 스트레인 흰색 코트 색상으로 사용 하는 경우 건너뛸 수 있습니다.</li>
	<li>걷는 구획에 마우스 고 15 cm에서 디딜 방 아의 속도 설정/미</li>
	<li>디딜 방 아와 클릭은 &#34; 기록 &#34; 이미징 시스템 걸음 걸이 기능을 사용 하 여 마우스의 실행 모션 캡처 버튼 (재료의 표 참조).</li>
	<li>타이머를 사용 하 고 36 각 실행 측정 s. 36 s, 정지 녹음 및 중지 디딜 방 아 후. 
	참고: 성공적으로이 36 s 간격에 실행 중인 작업을 완료할 수 없는 쥐 실패 한 것으로 간주 됩니다.</li>
	<li>지정 된 폴더에 비디오 파일을 저장.</li>
	<li>평가를 각 마우스에 대 한 위의 단계를 반복 합니다. 3 일 마다 같은 실행 작업 마우스 테스트.</li>
	<li>걸음 걸이 함수 매개 변수 (자료의 표 참조)에 대 한 소프트웨어를 사용 하 여 편집 된 비디오 파일을 분석. 
	참고: 다른 모터 매개 변수를 분석 하는 방법의 세부 사항을 다 소프트웨어 사이 그렇게 제조 업체를 참조 하십시오 &#39; 분석 전에 s 지시. Axonal의 조직학 증거를 얻기 위해 immunohistochemistry 또는 전자 현미경 검사 법, 동물 조직 어떤 단계 게시물 모터 기능 평가 특정 목표에 따라 연구에 반입할 수 있습니다 통해 수 초 손상.</li>
</ol>

<ol>
	<li>Newswanger, D. L., Warren, C. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Guillain-Barre+syndrome.">Guillain-Barre syndrome.</a> Am Fam Physician. 69 (10), 2405-2410 (2004).</li><li>Ruiz, E., Ramalle-Gomara, E., Quinones, C., Martinez-Ochoa, E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Trends+in+Guillain-Barre+syndrome+mortality+in+Spain+from+1999+to+2013.">Trends in Guillain-Barre syndrome mortality in Spain from 1999 to 2013.</a> Int J Neurosci. 126 (11), 985-988 (2016).</li><li>Walling, A. D., Dickson, G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Guillain-Barre+syndrome.">Guillain-Barre syndrome.</a> Am Fam Physician. 87 (3), 191-197 (2013).</li><li>Gonsalvez, D. G., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+Functional+and+Neuropathological+Testing+Paradigm+Reveals+New+Disability-Based+Parameters+and+Histological+Features+for+P0180-199-Induced+Experimental+Autoimmune+Neuritis+in+C57BL/6+Mice.">A Functional and Neuropathological Testing Paradigm Reveals New Disability-Based Parameters and Histological Features for P0180-199-Induced Experimental Autoimmune Neuritis in C57BL/6 Mice.</a> J Neuropathol Exp Neurol. 76 (2), 89-100 (2017).</li><li>Berg, B., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Guillain-Barre+syndrome:+pathogenesis,+diagnosis,+treatment+and+prognosis.">Guillain-Barre syndrome: pathogenesis, diagnosis, treatment and prognosis.</a> Nat Rev Neurol. 10 (8), 469-482 (2014).</li><li>Koller, H., Schroeter, M., Kieseier, B. C., Hartung, H. P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Chronic+inflammatory+demyelinating+polyneuropathy--update+on+pathogenesis,+diagnostic+criteria+and+therapy.">Chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy--update on pathogenesis, diagnostic criteria and therapy.</a> Curr Opin Neurol. 18 (3), 273-278 (2005).</li><li>Griffin, J. W., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Pathology+of+the+motor-sensory+axonal+Guillain-Barre+syndrome.">Pathology of the motor-sensory axonal Guillain-Barre syndrome.</a> Ann Neurol. 39 (1), 17-28 (1996).</li><li>Taylor, W. A., Hughes, R. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Experimental+allergic+neuritis+induced+in+SJL+mice+by+bovine+P2.">Experimental allergic neuritis induced in SJL mice by bovine P2.</a> J Neuroimmunol. 8 (2-3), 153-157 (1985).</li><li>Zou, L. P., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=P0+protein+peptide+180-199+together+with+pertussis+toxin+induces+experimental+autoimmune+neuritis+in+resistant+C57BL/6+mice.">P0 protein peptide 180-199 together with pertussis toxin induces experimental autoimmune neuritis in resistant C57BL/6 mice.</a> J Neurosci Res. 62 (5), 717-721 (2000).</li><li>Miletic, H., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=P0(106-125)+is+a+neuritogenic+epitope+of+the+peripheral+myelin+protein+P0+and+induces+autoimmune+neuritis+in+C57BL/6+mice.">P0(106-125) is a neuritogenic epitope of the peripheral myelin protein P0 and induces autoimmune neuritis in C57BL/6 mice.</a> J Neuropathol Exp Neurol. 64 (1), 66-73 (2005).</li><li>Hafer-Macko, C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Acute+motor+axonal+neuropathy:+an+antibody-mediated+attack+on+axolemma.">Acute motor axonal neuropathy: an antibody-mediated attack on axolemma.</a> Ann Neurol. 40 (4), 635-644 (1996).</li><li>Griffin, J. W., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Early+nodal+changes+in+the+acute+motor+axonal+neuropathy+pattern+of+the+Guillain-Barre+syndrome.">Early nodal changes in the acute motor axonal neuropathy pattern of the Guillain-Barre syndrome.</a> J Neurocytol. 25 (1), 33-51 (1996).</li></ol>

저자는이 작품에 대 한 관심의 없습니다 충돌 있다.

이 보고서는 EAN C57BL/6 마우스에 P0180-199 펩 티 드를 사용 하 여, EAN으로 유도 된 쥐에 있는 주요 neuropathological 및 기능적인 적자의 정량화를 활성화를 유도 하는 간단한 방법을 설명 합니다. 여기에 설명 된 EAN 유도 프로토콜에 고유한 면역 주사를 수행 하는 동안 마 취를 사용 하 여가입니다. Isoflurane 마 취의 사용은 크게 inoculum의 총 볼륨 최소한의 오류 및 스트레스 동물을 원하는 위치에 피...

주변 neuropathies 일 수 있다 근원에서 유전 인수, 인수 neuropathies 있는 어느 대사, ischaemic, 염증, 또는 독성 침. 이 질병도 유용 하 게 axonal 또는 근원에서 demyelinative로 분류 됩니다. 가장 일반적인 주변 neuropathies는 급성 염증 성 Demyelinating 증 (AIDP, Guillain-바레 증후군, GBS 라고도) demyelinating 인수 및 만성 염증 Demyelinating 증 (CIDP)1, 2 , 3 , 4. 둘 다 pathogenetically의 주변 신경 demyelination 일으키는 myelin 칼 집에 대 한 지시 자가 면역 반응에 의해 특징 이다. 이 질병에서 활성화 된 T 세포 혈액 신경 방 벽을 교차 하 고 PNS 내 면역 반응을 생성. 다음은 신경 내에서 대 식 세포의 활성화 demyelination phagocytic 공격을 통해 직접 또는 간접적으로 통해 분 비 염증 성 중재자, 마비 및 감각 부전5등 임상 장애의 결과로 발생 합니다. Demyelinated 축 삭 demyelination 다음 remyelinated 수 있는 능력을 유지 하는 동안 remyelination 자주 지연 또는 불완전, 돌이킬 수 없는 손상을, 벌 거 벗은 axons의 민감성에 따른 임상 영구의 주요 원인 장애입니다. 현재 가장 효과적인 치료는 immunomodulatory, 하지만 그들의 효 험에도 불구 하 고 많은 경우에는 복구는 종종 느린 고 25% 환자 크게 줄일 그들의 삶의 질6, 잔여 기능적인 적자를 경험할 것 이다 7.
EAN demyelinating pathogenesis 및 비 발한 치료 대리인4를 평가 하는 수단으로 귀중 한 통찰력을 제공 하고있다 주변 신경 병의 널리 사용 되는 동물 모델 이다. 이 모델은 토끼, 다른 종에서 유도 될 수 있다 쥐, 쥐 및 기니 피그와 neurogenic 항 원 가진 면역에 의해 유발 됩니다. 그러나, 궁극적으로 성공적인 EAN 유도 발생 하는 질병에 대 한 적절 한 면역 반응에 따라 다릅니다. 면역 기능에 종 (및 남북 species/스트레인) 변화를 감안할 때, 항 원 및 adjuvants의 여러 조합은 성공적으로 EAN을 유도 하기 위해 개발 되었습니다. Murine 유전 도구 점에서 C57BL/6은 가장 널리 사용 되 고; 그러나, 전통적인 P2 단백질 펩타이드 57-81 (P257-81) 취약 SJL 마우스 스트레인8 질병에서 발생 하는 불법 pathogenesis C57BL/6 스트레인에 기능적인 적자를 선도를 수 없습니다. 보조 결합에 민감 화 패러다임 P0106-125 또는 P0180-199 펩 티 드를 사용 하 여 전달 하는 다행히도, 백 일 해 주사와 함께 독 소 정교한 유전자 도구에 활용 될 수 있도록이 장애물을 극복할 수 있는 murine EAN 모델입니다.
여기, C57BL/6 쥐에 EAN의 감 응 작용을 위한 간단한 방법을 제시 합니다. 또한, 질병과 관련 된 기능 및 neuropathological 적자를 평가 하는 포괄적인 상세한 접근 제공 됩니다. P0180-199 펩 티 드9 P057-81 대체10우선 선정 되었다. P0180-199 모델 생산 P057-81 대체10에 비해 덜 심각한 임상 증상을 설명 및의 소개를 잠재적으로 견딜 것 이므로 해로운 유전자 섭, (와 같은 삼 투 펌프 이식) 수술에서 회복 이며 의무가 디딜 방 아 걸음 걸이 기능 테스트4. 그러나, 디딜 방 아 걸음 걸이 기능 테스트 및 여기서 설명 하는 조직학 프로토콜 수 쉽게 적용할 P057-81 유발 변종에 질병을 공부 하는 때.

<table>
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>C57BL/6, male, 6-8 weeks old</td>
			<td>Australian Bioresources Cenre, WA, Australia</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Pertussis toxin</td>
			<td>List Biological Laboratories, Inc., CA, USA</td>
			<td>#181</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>0.1M mouse-isotonic phosphated buffered salined (MT-PBS)</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Laboratories will have their own protocol.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Isoflurane</td>
			<td>Pharmachem, QLD, Australia</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Laboratories will have their own protocol for administration.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>P0180&#8211;199 peptide</td>
			<td>Wuxi Nordisk Biotech Co. Lt. SHG, CHN</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>P0180&#8211;199, sequence S&#8211;S&#8211;K&#8211;R&#8211;G&#8211;R&#8211; Q&#8211;T&#8211;P&#8211;V&#8211;L&#8211;Y&#8211;A&#8211;M&#8211;L&#8211;D&#8211;H&#8211;S&#8211;R&#8211;S</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Heat killed Mycobacterium tuberculosis (strain H37RA)</td>
			<td>Difco, MI, USA</td>
			<td>#231141</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Freund&#39;s complete adjuvant (FCA)</td>
			<td>Difco, MI, USA</td>
			<td>#263910</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>16% Paraformaldehyde (PFA)</td>
			<td>Electron Microscopy Services</td>
			<td>#15710</td>
			<td>Dilute to 4% PFA day of tissue collection.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>25% glutaraldheyde</td>
			<td>ProSciTech Pty Ltd, QLD, Australia</td>
			<td>#11-30-8</td>
			<td>Dilute to 2.5% glutaraldehyde day of fixation.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sodium azide</td>
			<td>Chem-Supply Pty Ltd, SA, Australia</td>
			<td>SL189</td>
			<td>Create 10% (w/v) stock in 0.1M MT-PBS. Use at 0.03% (v/v).</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sucrose</td>
			<td>Chem-Supply Pty Ltd, SA, Australia</td>
			<td>SA030</td>
			<td>Use at 30% (w/v).</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Optimum cutting temperature (OCT) medium</td>
			<td>Sakura Finetek, CA, USA</td>
			<td>#4583</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Normal donkey serum</td>
			<td>Merck Millipore, MA, USA</td>
			<td>#S30-100</td>
			<td>Use as antibody diluent at 10% (v/v) or other concentration determined by own laboratory.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Triton-X 100</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich, MI, USA</td>
			<td>#90o2-31-1</td>
			<td>Use in antibody diluent at 0.3% (v/v) or other concentration determined by own laboratory.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>rabbit anti-amyloid precursor protein (APP)</td>
			<td>Invitrogen (Life Technologies), CA, USA</td>
			<td>S12700</td>
			<td>Used at 1:400 or titrate in own lab.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>rabbit anti-contactin-associated protein-1 (Caspr)</td>
			<td>Gift from Prof Elior Peles, Wiezmann Institute of Science, Israel</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Used at 1:500 or titrate in own lab.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Appropriate Alexa Fluor conjugated secondary antibodies</td>
			<td>Molecular Probes (Life Technologies), OR, USA</td>
			<td>Various</td>
			<td>Use at 1:200 or titrate in own lab. Choice of species the antibody was raised in and Alexa Fluor chosen is at the discretion of each laboratory.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Aqueous mounting solution</td>
			<td>Dako (Agilent), CA, USA</td>
			<td>#S3023</td>
			<td>Each laboratory will have their own preference.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Name</td>
			<td>Company</td>
			<td>Catalog Number</td>
			<td>Comments</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Equipment</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>0.5 mL syringe with 301/2 g needles</td>
			<td>BD</td>
			<td>#326105</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>23 g needles</td>
			<td>BD</td>
			<td>#305143</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Red ink pad</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Any red ink pad or red food dye could be used to mark the animals&#39; feet.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>DigiGate apparatus (includes treadmill)</td>
			<td>eMouse Specifics Inc. Framingham, MA</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>DigiGate Imaging System</td>
			<td>eMouse Specifics Inc. Framingham, MA</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Stopwatch</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Any timer may be used.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>DigiGait 8 Software</td>
			<td>eMouse Specifics Inc. Framingham, MA</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Dissecting microscope</td>
			<td>Zeiss</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Any appropriate dissecting microscope may be used.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Charged slides</td>
			<td>Superfrost Plus, Lomb Scientific Pty Ltd</td>
			<td>SF41296SP</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Cyrostat</td>
			<td>Leica</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Any suitable cyrostat may be used.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Perfusion equipment and dissecting instruments</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Labs will have their own perfusion protoctols.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Opaque humified chamber</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Labs may produce their own using an opaque plastic container.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>PAP pene</td>
			<td>GeneTex (USA)</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Wax pencil, or surface tension may also be used to create a well around the tissue section.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Confocal microscope</td>
			<td>Zeis LSM780</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Any confocal microscope with appropriate laser lines may be used.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>FIJI/Image J</td>
			<td>National Institues of Health</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Available from www.fiji.sc</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

a simple approach to induce experimental autoimmune neuritis in c57bl/6 mice for functional and neuropathological assessments

실험적인 자기 면역 신경 염 (EAN) 자기 면역 주변 demyelinating 질병의 잘 평가 실험 모델 이다. EAN 질환 말 초 신 경계 (PNS)의 구성 요소에 대 한 선 동적인 공격을 직접 neurogenic 펩 티 드와 마우스를 면역에 의해 유발 됩니다. 최근 발전은 myelin 단백질 제로 (P0)106-125 또는 P0180-199 펩 티 드 백 일 해 독 소의 주사 함께 보조 제공을 사용 하 여 상대적으로 내성 C57BL/6 마우스 라인에서 EAN의 유도 활성화 했습니다. C57BL/6 스트레인에 EAN을 유도 하는 능력이 마우스 배경에 존재 하는 수많은 유전 도구 사용에 대 한 허용 하 고 따라서 질병 병의 정교한 연구 및 심문에 새로운 치료제의 기계 작업의 수 유전자 변형 접근 조합입니다. 이 연구에서는 EAN C57BL/6 쥐에 P0180-199 펩 티 드를 사용 하 여 성공적으로 유도 하는 간단한 방법을 보여 줍니다. 우리는 또한 neuropathological 기능의 배열과 함께,이 모델에서 발생 하는 기능적인 적자의 평가 대 한 프로토콜을 설명 합니다. 따라서,이 모델은 인간의 주변 demyelinating neuropathies의 병 인을 공부 하 고 myelin 복구를 촉진 하 고 면역에 신경 손상 으로부터 보호 하는 것을 목표로 하는 잠재적인 치료의 효능을 결정 하는 강력한 실험 모델 신경 염입니다.

P0180-199 펩 티 드에서 monophasic 질병 임상 점수 C57BL/6 마우스 리드 EAN 유도 첫 예방접종 (dpi), 그리고 최대한 점수 심각도 25에서 관찰은 6 일 게시물에서 발병 뒤 일부 임상 점수 40에서 개선 기간 (그림 1)4,9. 걸음 걸이 기능 측면에서 마우스 빠르면 6 dpi, 간단한 실행 중인 작업에 실패 35 dpi 마우스에 의...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about A Simple Approach to Induce Experimental Autoimmune Neuritis in C57BL/6 Mice for Functional and Neuropathological Assessments at JoVE.com

A Simple Approach to Induce Experimental Autoimmune Neuritis in C57BL/6 Mice for Functional and Neuropathological Assessments

이 보고서는 성공적으로 유도 실험 자가 면역 신경 염 (EAN) myelin 단백질을 사용 하 여 0 (P0)180-199 펩타이드 Freund의 완전 한 보조 및 백 일 해 독 소와 함께 하는 간단한 방법을 설명 합니다. 우리는 정확 하 게 기능적인 적자와이 상품에서 발생 하는 neuropathology의 정도 평가 정교한 패러다임 제시.

기능과 Neuropathological 평가 대 한 C57BL/6 쥐에 실험 자가 면역 신경 염을 유발 하는 간단한 방법

Experimental autoimmune neuritis (EAN) is a well-appreciated experimental model of autoimmune peripheral demyelinating diseases. EAN disease is induced by ...

a-simple-approach-to-induce-experimental-autoimmune-neuritis-c57bl6

Research

JoVE Journal

Neuroscience

9.2K 조회수.  The University of Melbourne. 이 보고서는 성공적으로 유도 실험 자가 면역 신경 염 (EAN) myelin 단백질을 사용 하 여 0 (P0)180-199 펩타이드 Freund의 완전 한 보조 및 백 일 해 독 소와 함께 하는 간단한 방법을 설명 합니다. 우리는 정확 하 게 기능적인 적자와이 상품에서 발생 하는 neuropathology의 정도 평가 정교한 패러다임 제시.

비디오: A Simple Approach to Induce Experimental Autoimmune Neuritis in C57BL/6 Mice for Functional and Neuropathological Assessments

The Vermicelli and Capellini Handling Tests: Simple quantitative measures of dexterous forepaw function in rats and mice

Previous characterizations of rodent eating behavior have revealed that they use coordinated forepaw movements to manipulate food pieces. We have extended upon this work to develop a simple quantitative measure of forepaw dexterity that is sensitive to lateralized impairments and age-dependent changes. Rodents learn skillful forepaw and digit movements to manage thin pasta pieces, which they eagerly consume. We have previously described methods for quantifying vermicelli handling in rats and showed that the measures are very sensitive to forelimb impairments resulting from unilateral ischemic lesions, middle cerebral artery occlusions and unilateral striatal dopamine depletion [Allred, R.P., Adkins, D.L., Woodlee, M.T., Husbands, L.C., Maldonado M.A., Kane, J.R., Schallert, T. &amp; Jones, T.A. The Vermicelli Handling Test: a simple quantitative measure of dexterous forepaw function in rats. J. Neurosci. Methods 170, 229-244 (2008)]. Here we present a more detailed protocol for this test in rats and compare it with a newly developed version for mice, the Capellini Handling Test. Rats and mice are videotaped while handling short lengths of uncooked vermicelli or capellini pasta, respectively, with a camera positioned to optimize the view of paw movements. Slow motion video playback allows for the identification of forepaw adjustments, defined as any distinct removal and replacement of the paw, or of any number of digits, on the pasta piece after eating commences. Forepaw adjustments per piece are averaged over trials per each testing session. Repeated testing permits sensitive quantitative analysis of changes in forepaw dexterity over time. Protocols for pre-testing habituation and handling practice, as well as procedures for characterizing atypical handling patterns, are described. Because rats and mice perform the pasta handling tests slightly differently, species-specific differences in administration and scoring of these tests are highlighted. All animal use was in accordance with protocols approved by the University of Texas at Austin Animal Care and Use Committee.

The Vermicelli and Capellini Handling Tests of forepaw dexterity take advantage of the natural inclination of rodents to manipulate food items using skillful forepaw and digit movements. Animals are videotaped while handling short strands of uncooked dry pasta. Slow motion video playback allows for the quantification of forepaw adjustments.

베르 미 첼리와 Capellini 처리 시험 : 쥐 및 생쥐의 손재주가 앞발 기능의 단순 양적 측정

Previous characterizations of rodent eating behavior have revealed that they use coordinated forepaw movements to manipulate food pieces. We have extended ...

연구

신경과학

Assessment of Cerebral Lateralization in Children using Functional Transcranial Doppler Ultrasound (fTCD)

There are many unanswered questions about cerebral lateralization. In particular, it remains unclear which aspects of language and nonverbal ability are lateralized, whether there are any disadvantages associated with atypical patterns of cerebral lateralization, and whether cerebral lateralization develops with age. In the past, researchers interested in these questions tended to use handedness as a proxy measure for cerebral lateralization, but this is unsatisfactory because handedness is only a weak and indirect indicator of laterality of cognitive functions1. Other methods, such as fMRI, are expensive for large-scale studies, and not always feasible with children2.
Here we will describe the use of functional transcranial Doppler ultrasound (fTCD) as a cost-effective, non-invasive and reliable method for assessing cerebral lateralization. The procedure involves measuring blood flow in the middle cerebral artery via an ultrasound probe placed just in front of the ear. Our work builds on work by Rune Aaslid, who co-introduced TCD in 1982, and Stefan Knecht, Michael Deppe and their colleagues at the University of M&uuml;nster, who pioneered the use of simultaneous measurements of left- and right middle cerebral artery blood flow, and devised a method of correcting for heart beat activity. This made it possible to see a clear increase in left-sided blood flow during language generation, with lateralization agreeing well with that obtained using other methods3.
The middle cerebral artery has a very wide vascular territory (see Figure 1) and the method does not provide useful information about localization within a hemisphere. Our experience suggests it is particularly sensitive to tasks that involve explicit or implicit speech production. The 'gold standard' task is a word generation task (e.g. think of as many words as you can that begin with the letter 'B') 4, but this is not suitable for young children and others with limited literacy skills. Compared with other brain imaging methods, fTCD is relatively unaffected by movement artefacts from speaking, and so we are able to get a reliable result from tasks that involve describing pictures aloud5,6. Accordingly, we have developed a child-friendly task that involves looking at video-clips that tell a story, and then describing what was seen.

Assessment of Cerebral Lateralization in Children using Functional Transcranial Doppler Ultrasound fTCD

Functional transcranial Doppler sonography (fTCD) is a simple and non-invasive ultrasound technique which can be used to assess the lateralization of cognitive functions, especially language, and is suitable for use with children.

기능 Transcranial 도플러 초음파를 사용하여 어린이의 대뇌 Lateralization 평가 (fTCD)

There are many unanswered questions about cerebral lateralization.  In particular, it remains unclear which aspects of language and nonverbal ability are ...

Assessing Burrowing, Nest Construction, and Hoarding in Mice

Deterioration in the ability to perform "Activities of daily living" (ADL) is an early sign of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Preclinical behavioural screening of possible treatments for AD currently largely focuses on cognitive testing, which frequently demands expensive equipment and lots of experimenter time. However, human episodic memory (the most severely affected aspect of memory in AD) is different to rodent memory, which seems to be largely non-episodic. Therefore the present ways of screening for new AD treatments for AD in rodents are intrinsically unlikely to succeed. A new approach to preclinical screening would be to characterise the ADL of mice. Fortuitously, several such assays have recently been developed at Oxford, and here the three most sensitive and well-characterised are presented.
Burrowing was first developed in Oxford13. It evolved from a need to develop a mouse hoarding paradigm. Most published rodent hoarding paradigms required a distant food source to be linked to the home cage by a connecting passage. This would involve modifying the home cage as well as making a mouse-proof connecting passage and food source. So it was considered whether it would be possible to put the food source inside the cage. It was found that if a container was placed on the floor it was emptied by the next morning., The food pellets were, however, simply deposited in a heap at the container entrance, rather than placed in a discrete place away from the container, as might be expected if the mice were truly hoarding them. Close inspection showed that the mice were performing digging ("burrowing") movements, not carrying the pellets in their mouths to a selected place as they would if truly hoarding them.6



Food pellets are not an essential substrate for burrowing; mice will empty tubes filled with sand, gravel, even soiled bedding from their own cage. Moreover, they will empty a full tube even if an empty one is placed next to it8.



Several nesting protocols exist in the literature. The present Oxford one simplifies the procedure and has a well-defined scoring system for nest quality5. 



A hoarding paradigm was later developed in which the mice, rather than hoarding back to the real home cage, were adapted to living in the "home base" of a hoarding apparatus. This home base was connected to a tube made of wire mesh, the distal end of which contained the food source. This arrangement proved to yield good hoarding behaviour, as long as the mice were adapted to living in the "home base" during the day and only allowed to enter the hoarding tube at night.

Burrowing, nesting, and hoarding are species-typical activities that mice readily perform in the laboratory. This article describes how they can be easily and cheaply assessed. These protocols are extremely sensitive to mouse strain, brain lesions and diseases. Moreover they constitute &#x201C;environmental enrichment&#x201D; for the mice, and embody the &#x201C;Refinement&#x201D; aspect of the &#x201C;3 Rs&#x201D;18.

평가는 마우스에 둥지 건설, 그리고 비장을내는

Deterioration in the ability to perform "Activities of daily living" (ADL) is an early sign of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Preclinical behavioural screening ...

Experimental Methods for Testing the Effects of Neurotrophic Peptide, ADNF-9, Against Alcohol-induced Apoptosis during Pregnancy in C57BL/6 Mice

Experimental designs for investigating the effects of prenatal alcohol exposure during early embryonic stages in fetal brain growth are challenging. This is mostly due to the difficulty of microdissection of fetal brains and their sectioning for determination of apoptotic cells caused by prenatal exposure to alcohol. The experiments described here provide visualized techniques from mice breeding to the identification of cell death in fetal brain tissue. This study used C57BL/6 mice as the animal model for studying fetal alcohol exposure and the role of trophic peptide against alcohol-induced apoptosis. The breeding consists of a 2-hr matting window to determine the exact stage of embryonic age. An established fetal alcohol exposure model has been used in this study to determine the effects of prenatal alcohol exposure in fetal brains. This involves free access to alcohol or pair-fed liquid diets as the sole source of nutrients for the pregnant mice.
The techniques involving dissection of fetuses and microdissection of fetal brains are described carefully, since the latter can be challenging. Microdissection requires a stereomicroscope and ultra-fine forceps. Step-by-step procedures for dissecting the fetal brains are provided visually. The fetal brains are dissected from the base of the primordium olfactory bulb to the base of the metencephalon.
For investigating apoptosis, fetal brains are first embedded in gelatin using a peel-away mold to facilitate their sectioning with a vibratome apparatus. Fetal brains embedded and fixed in paraformaldehyde are easily sectioned, and the free floating sections can be mounted in superfrost plus slides for determination of apoptosis or cell death.
TUNEL (TdT-mediated dUTP Nick End Labeling; TdT: terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase) assay has been used to identify cell death or apoptotic cells. It is noteworthy that apoptosis and cell-mediated cytotoxicity are characterized by DNA fragmentation. Thus, the visualized TUNEL-positive cells are indicative of cell death or apoptotic cells.
The experimental designs here provide information about the use of an established liquid diet for studying the effects of alcohol and the role of neurotrophic peptides during pregnancy in fetal brains. This involves breeding and feeding pregnant mice, microdissecting fetal brains, and determining apoptosis. Together, these visual and textual techniques might be a source for investigating prenatal exposure of harmful agents in fetal brains.

The experimental designs proposed here focus on studying the effects of alcohol exposure in apoptosis and the application of neurotrophic peptide during pregnancy in fetal brain. A detailed description from the breeding to the collection of fetal brains is described. Techniques for determination of apoptosis are also described in detail.

알코올에 의한 C57BL 임신 중 세포 자멸사 / 6 마​​우스에 대하여, 신경 친 화성 펩타이드, ADNF-9의 효과를 테스트하기위한 실험 방법

Experimental designs for investigating the effects of prenatal alcohol exposure during early embryonic stages in fetal brain growth are challenging. This ...

Ex utero Electroporation and Whole Hemisphere Explants: A Simple Experimental Method for Studies of Early Cortical Development

Cortical development involves complex interactions between neurons and non-neuronal elements including precursor cells, blood vessels, meninges and associated extracellular matrix. Because they provide a suitable organotypic environment, cortical slice explants are often used to investigate those interactions that control neuronal differentiation and development. Although beneficial, the slice explant model can suffer from drawbacks including aberrant cellular lamination and migration. Here we report a whole cerebral hemisphere explant system for studies of early cortical development that is easier to prepare than cortical slices and shows consistent organotypic migration and lamination. In this model system, early lamination and migration patterns proceed normally for a period of two days in vitro, including the period of preplate splitting, during which prospective cortical layer six forms. We then developed an ex utero electroporation (EUEP) approach that achieves ~80% success in targeting GFP expression to neurons developing in the dorsal medial cortex.
The whole hemisphere explant model makes early cortical development accessible for electroporation, pharmacological intervention and live imaging approaches. This method avoids the survival surgery required of in utero electroporation (IUEP) approaches while improving both transfection and areal targeting consistency. This method will facilitate experimental studies of neuronal proliferation, migration and differentiation.

Ex utero Electroporation and Whole Hemisphere Explants: A Simple Experimental Method for Studies of Early Cortical Development

This protocol describes an improved explant procedure that involves ex utero electroporation, dissection and culture of entire cerebral hemispheres from the embryonic mouse. The preparation facilitates pharmacological studies and assays of gene function during early cortical development.

예 자궁 Electroporation 및 전체 반구의 Explants : 초기 두피 개발 연구 간단한 실험 방법

Cortical development involves complex interactions between neurons and non-neuronal elements including precursor cells, blood vessels, meninges and ...

A Simple and Inexpensive Method for Determining Cold Sensitivity and Adaptation in Mice

Cold hypersensitivity is a serious clinical problem, affecting a broad subset of patients and causing significant decreases in quality of life. The cold plantar assay allows the objective and inexpensive assessment of cold sensitivity in mice, and can quantify both analgesia and hypersensitivity. Mice are acclimated on a glass plate, and a compressed dry ice pellet is held against the glass surface underneath the hindpaw. The latency to withdrawal from the cooling glass is used as a measure of cold sensitivity.
Cold sensation is also important for survival in regions with seasonal temperature shifts, and in order to maintain sensitivity animals must be able to adjust their thermal response thresholds to match the ambient temperature. The Cold Plantar Assay (CPA) also allows the study of adaptation to changes in ambient temperature by testing the cold sensitivity of mice at temperatures ranging from 30 &#176;C to 5 &#176;C. Mice are acclimated as described above, but the glass plate is cooled to the desired starting temperature using aluminum boxes (or aluminum foil packets) filled with hot water, wet ice, or dry ice. The temperature of the plate is measured at the center using a filament T-type thermocouple probe. Once the plate has reached the desired starting temperature, the animals are tested as described above.
This assay allows testing of mice at temperatures ranging from innocuous to noxious. The CPA yields unambiguous and consistent behavioral responses in uninjured mice and can be used to quantify both hypersensitivity and analgesia. This protocol describes how to use the CPA to measure cold hypersensitivity, analgesia, and adaptation in mice.

The Cold Plantar Assay (CPA) measures cold responsiveness between 30 &#176;C and 5 &#176;C, and can also measure cold adaptation. This protocol describes how to use the CPA to measure cold hypersensitivity, analgesia, and adaptation in mice.

마우스에 콜드 민감도 및 적응을 결정하기위한 간단하고 저렴한 방법

Cold hypersensitivity is a serious clinical problem, affecting a broad subset of patients and causing significant decreases in quality of life.  The cold ...

Cortex-, Hippocampus-, Thalamus-, Hypothalamus-, Lateral Septal Nucleus- and Striatum-specific In Utero Electroporation in the C57BL/6 Mouse

In utero electroporation is a widely used technique for fast and efficient spatiotemporal manipulation of various genes in the rodent central nervous system. Overexpression of desired genes is just as possible as shRNA mediated loss-of-function studies. Therefore it offers a wide range of applications. The feasibility to target particular cells in a distinct area further increases the range of potential applications of this very useful method. For efficiently targeting specific regions knowledge about the subtleties, such as the embryonic stage, the voltage to apply and most importantly the position of the electrodes, is indispensable.
Here, we provide a detailed protocol that allows for specific and efficient in utero electroporation of several regions of the C57BL/6 mouse central nervous system. In particular it is shown how to transfect regions the develop into the retrosplenial cortex, the motor cortex, the somatosensory cortex, the piriform cortex, the cornu ammonis 1-3, the dentate gyrus, the striatum, the lateral septal nucleus, the thalamus and the hypothalamus. For this information about the appropriate embryonic stage, the appropriate voltage for the corresponding embryonic stage is provided. Most importantly an angle-map, which indicates the appropriate position of the positive pole, is depicted. This standardized protocol helps to facilitate efficient in utero electroporation, which might also lead to a reduced number of animals.

Cortex-, Hippocampus-, Thalamus-, Hypothalamus-, Lateral Septal Nucleus- and Striatum-specific In Utero Electroporation in the C57BL/6 Mouse

This protocol describes in detail how to specifically transfect different regions in the C57BL/6 central nervous system via in utero electroporation. Included in this protocol are detailed instructions for transfections of regions that develop into the cortex, hippocampus, thalamus, hypothalamus, lateral septal nucleus and striatum.

코어 텍스, Hippocampus-, Thalamus-, Hypothalamus-, 횡 중격 Nucleus-과 줄무늬 별<em&gt; 자궁 내</em&gt; C57BL / 6 마​​우스에서 Electroporation에

In utero electroporation is a widely used technique for fast and efficient spatiotemporal manipulation of various genes in the rodent central nervous ...

Intracerebroventricular Injection of Amyloid-&#946; Peptides in Normal Mice to Acutely Induce Alzheimer-like Cognitive Deficits

Amyloid-&#946; (A&#946;) is a major pathological mediator of both familial and sporadic Alzheimer's disease (AD). In the brains of AD patients, progressive accumulation of A&#946; oligomers and plaques is observed. Such A&#946; abnormalities are believed to block long-term potentiation, impair synaptic function, and induce cognitive deficits. Clinical and experimental evidences have revealed that the acute increase of A&#946; levels in the brain allows development of Alzheimer-like phenotypes. Hence, a detailed protocol describing how to acutely generate an AD mouse model via the intracerebroventricular (ICV) injection of A&#946; is necessary in many cases. In this protocol, the steps of the experiment with an A&#946;-injected mouse are included, from the preparation of peptides to the testing of behavioral abnormalities. The process of preparing the tools and animal subjects before the injection, of injecting the A&#946; into the mouse brain via ICV injection, and of assessing the degree of cognitive impairment are easily explained throughout the protocol, with an emphasis on tips for effective ICV injection of A&#946;. By mimicking certain aspects of AD with a designated injection of A&#946;, researchers can bypass the aging process and focus on the downstream pathology of A&#946; abnormalities.

The amyloid-&#946; (A&#946;)-injected animal model enables the administration of a defined quantity and species of A&#946; fragments and reduces individual differences within each study group. This protocol describes the intracerebroventricular (ICV) injection of A&#946; without stereotactic instruments, enabling the production of Alzheimer-like behavioral abnormalities in normal mice.

일반 마우스의 아밀로이드-β의 펩티드의 뇌 실내 주사는 급성 치매와 같은인지 적자를 유도합니다

Amyloid-&#946; (A&#946;) is a major pathological mediator of both familial and sporadic Alzheimer's disease (AD). In the brains of AD patients, ...

Sagittal Plane Kinematic Gait Analysis in C57BL/6 Mice Subjected to MOG35-55 Induced Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis

Kinematic gait analysis in the sagittal plane has frequently been used to characterize motor deficits in multiple sclerosis (MS). We describe the application of these techniques to identify gait deficits in a mouse model of MS, known as experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). Paralysis and motor deficits in mice subjected to EAE are typically assessed using a clinical scoring scale. However, this scale yields only ordinal data that provides little information about the precise nature of the motor deficits. EAE disease severity has also been assessed by rotarod performance, which provides a measure of general motor coordination. By contrast, kinematic gait analysis of the hind limb in the sagittal plane generates highly precise information about how movement is impaired. To perform this procedure, reflective markers are placed on a hind limb to detect joint movement while a mouse is walking on a treadmill. Motion analysis software is used to measure movement of the markers during walking. Kinematic gait parameters are then derived from the resultant data. We show how these gait parameters can be used to quantify impaired movements of the hip, knee, and ankle joints in EAE. These techniques may be used to better understand disease mechanisms and identify potential treatments for MS and other neurodegenerative disorders that impair mobility.

Kinematic gait analysis in the sagittal plane yields highly precise information about how movement is executed. We describe the application of these techniques to identify gait deficits for mice subjected to autoimmune-mediated demyelination. These methods may also be used to characterize gait deficits for other mouse models featuring impaired locomotion.

MOG35-55를 받게 하는 C57BL/6 쥐에 화살 평면 운동학 걸음 걸이 분석 실험적인 자기 면역 뇌 유발

Kinematic gait analysis in the sagittal plane has frequently been used to characterize motor deficits in multiple sclerosis (MS). We describe the ...

Cochlear Implant Surgery and Electrically-evoked Auditory Brainstem Response Recordings in C57BL/6 Mice

Cochlear implants (CIs) are neuroprosthetic devices that can provide a sense of hearing to deaf people. However, a CI cannot restore all aspects of hearing. Improvement of the implant technology is needed if CI users are to perceive music and perform in more natural environments, such as hearing out a voice with competing talkers, reflections, and other sounds. Such improvement requires experimental animals to better understand the mechanisms of electric stimulation in the cochlea and its responses in the whole auditory system. The mouse is an increasingly attractive model due to the many genetic models available. However, the limited use of this species as a CI model is mainly due to the difficulty of implanting small electrode arrays. More details about the surgical procedure are therefore of great interest to expand the use of mice in CI research.
In this report, we describe in detail the protocol for acute deafening and cochlear implantation of an electrode array in the C57BL/6 mouse strain. We demonstrate the functional efficacy of this procedure with electrically-evoked auditory brainstem response (eABR) and show examples of facial nerve stimulation. Finally, we also discuss the importance of including a deafening procedure when using a normally hearing animal. This mouse model provides a powerful opportunity to study genetic and neurobiological mechanisms that would be of relevance for CI users.

Animal models of cochlear implants can advance knowledge of the technological bases of treating permanent sensorineural hearing loss with electrical stimulation. This study presents a surgical protocol for acute deafening and cochlear implantation of an electrode array in mice as well as the functional assessment with auditory brainstem response.

인공 와우 수술 및 C57BL/6 마우스에 전기 evoked 청각 Brainstem 응답 기록

Cochlear implants (CIs) are neuroprosthetic devices that can provide a sense of hearing to deaf people. However, a CI cannot restore all aspects of ...