Name: synthesis and evaluation of a ruthenium-based mitochondrial calcium uptake inhibitor
Uploaded: 2017-10-26T15:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Synthesis and Evaluation of a Ruthenium-based Mitochondrial Calcium Uptake Inhibitor at JoVE.com

This research was supported by Cornell University. This work made use of the Cornell Center for Materials Research Shared Facilities, which are supported through the NSF MRSEC program (Grant DMR-1120296). S.R.N. acknowledges support by an NSF Graduate Research Fellowship (Grant DGE- 1650441) and Dr. Dave Holowka for assistance with the calcium experiments. Any opinion, findings, and conclusions or recommendations expressed in this material are those of the authors(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views of the National Science Foundation.

NOTE: Concentrated acids and bases are used in this synthesis. Use all appropriate safety practices when performing the reaction including the use of engineering controls (fume hood) and personal protective equipment (PPE) including safety glasses, gloves, lab coat, full length pants, and closed-toe shoes.
1. Preparation of [(OH2)(NH3)4Ru(&#181;-O)Ru(NH3)4(OH2)]Cl5
<ol>
	<li>Synthesis of [Ru(NH3)5Cl]Cl...

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M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Integrative+genomics+identifies+MCU+as+an+essential+component+of+the+mitochondrial+calcium+uniporter.">Integrative genomics identifies MCU as an essential component of the mitochondrial calcium uniporter.</a> Nature. 476 (7360), 341-356 (2011).</li><li>Kamer, K. J., Mootha, V. K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+molecular+era+of+the+mitochondrial+calcium+uniporter.">The molecular era of the mitochondrial calcium uniporter.</a> Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell Biol. 16 (9), 545-553 (2015).</li><li>Ying, W. -. L., Emerson, J., Clarke, M. J., Sanadi, D. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Inhibition+of+mitochondrial+calcium+ion+transport+by+an+oxo-bridged+dinuclear+ruthenium+ammine+complex.">Inhibition of mitochondrial calcium ion transport by an oxo-bridged dinuclear ruthenium ammine complex.</a> Biochemistry. 30 (20), 4949-4952 (1991).</li><li>Emerson, J., Clarke, M. J., Ying, W. -. L., Sanadi, D. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+component+of+"ruthenium+red"+responsible+for+inhibition+of+mitochondrial+calcium+ion+transport.+Spectra,+electrochemistry,+and+aquation+kinetics.+Crystal+structure+of+&#181;-O-[(HCO2)(NH3)4Ru]2Cl3.">The component of "ruthenium red" responsible for inhibition of mitochondrial calcium ion transport. Spectra, electrochemistry, and aquation kinetics. 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The mitochondrial calcium uptake inhibitor [(OH2)(NH3)4Ru(&#181;-O)Ru(NH3)4(OH2)]Cl5 can be synthesized from [Ru(NH3)5Cl]Cl2, a well known ruthenium(III) starting material, as described in this procedure. The synthesis of [Ru(NH3)5Cl]Cl2 is readily achieved with little difficulty. After stirring RuCl3 for 16 h in hydrazine hydrate, the pH of the solution should be adjus...

Mitochondrial calcium is a key regulator for a number of processes that are critical to normal cell function, including energy production and apoptosis.1,2,3 The mitochondrial calcium uniporter (MCU), an ion transporter protein that resides on the inner mitochondrial membrane, regulates the influx of calcium ions into the mitochondria.4,5,6 Chemical inhibitors of the MCU are valuable tools for continuing efforts to study the function and cellular roles of this transport protein and mitochondrial calcium. The compound [(HCO2)(NH3)4Ru(&#181;-O)Ru(NH3)4(O2CH)]3+, Ru360, is one of the only known selective inhibitors for the MCU with a reported Kd value of 24 &#181;M.7,8,9,10 This complex is a common impurity found in commercial formulations of ruthenium red (RuRed), a triruthenium di-&#181;-oxo bridged hexacation of the formula [(NH3)5Ru(&#181;-O)Ru(NH3)4(&#181;-O)Ru(NH3)5)]6+, which has also been used as a calcium uptake inhibitor. Although Ru360 is commercially available, it is very costly. Moreover, the synthesis and isolation of Ru360 is challenged by difficult purification procedures and ambiguous characterization methods.
We have recently reported alternative procedures to access a Ru360 analogue, [(OH2)(NH3)4Ru(&#181;-O)Ru(NH3)4(OH2)]Cl5.11 This compound inhibits the MCU with high affinity, similar to Ru360. In this protocol, we will describe our most effective synthesis of this compound, which commences from [Ru(NH3)5Cl]Cl2. Purification of the product using strongly acidic cation-exchange resin is detailed, along with common pitfalls for this procedure. We also present methods for characterization and assessment of compound purity, and delineate a simple approach to test its efficacy in blocking mitochondrial calcium uptake.

<table style="border-collapse:collapse;width:663pt" width="884">
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		<col style="width:125pt" width="167" />
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	<tbody>
		<tr height="23" style="height:17.25pt">
			<td class="xl69" height="23" style="width:182pt;height:17.25pt" width="243">Ruthenium Trichloride hydrate</td>
			<td class="xl69" style="width:227pt" width="302">Pressure Chemical</td>
			<td class="xl69" style="width:129pt" width="172">3750</td>
			<td class="xl70" style="width:125pt" width="167"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21" style="height:15.75pt">
			<td class="xl69" height="21" style="width:182pt;height:15.75pt" width="243">Concentrated hydrochloric acid</td>
			<td class="xl69" style="width:227pt" width="302">J.T. Baker</td>
			<td class="xl69" style="width:129pt" width="172">9535</td>
			<td class="xl70"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22" style="height:16.5pt">
			<td class="xl69" height="22" style="width:182pt;height:16.5pt" width="243">Concentrated ammonium hydroxide</td>
			<td class="xl71" style="width:227pt" width="302">Mallinckrodt Chemical Works</td>
			<td class="xl71" style="width:129pt" width="172">A669C-2 1</td>
			<td class="xl70"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="24" style="height:18.0pt">
			<td class="xl69" height="24" style="width:182pt;height:18.0pt" width="243">Dowex 50 WX2 200-400 Mesh</td>
			<td class="xl69" style="width:227pt" width="302">Alfa Aesar</td>
			<td class="xl69" style="width:129pt" width="172">13945</td>
			<td class="xl70"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="25" style="height:18.75pt">
			<td class="xl69" height="25" style="width:182pt;height:18.75pt" width="243">Calcium Green 5N</td>
			<td class="xl69" style="width:227pt" width="302">Invitrogen</td>
			<td class="xl69" style="width:129pt" width="172">C3737</td>
			<td class="xl70"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21" style="height:15.75pt">
			<td class="xl69" height="21" style="width:182pt;height:15.75pt" width="243">Digitonin</td>
			<td class="xl69" style="width:227pt" width="302">Aldrich</td>
			<td class="xl71" style="width:129pt" width="172">260746</td>
			<td class="xl70"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21" style="height:15.75pt">
			<td class="xl69" height="21" style="width:182pt;height:15.75pt" width="243">DMSO</td>
			<td class="xl69" style="width:227pt" width="302">Aldrich</td>
			<td class="xl69" style="width:129pt" width="172">471267</td>
			<td class="xl70"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21" style="height:15.75pt">
			<td class="xl69" height="21" style="width:182pt;height:15.75pt" width="243">EGTA</td>
			<td class="xl69" style="width:227pt" width="302">Aldrich</td>
			<td class="xl69" style="width:129pt" width="172">E3889</td>
			<td class="xl70"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21" style="height:15.75pt">
			<td class="xl69" height="21" style="width:182pt;height:15.75pt" width="243">KCl</td>
			<td class="xl69" style="width:227pt" width="302">USB</td>
			<td class="xl69" style="width:129pt" width="172">20598</td>
			<td class="xl70"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21" style="height:15.75pt">
			<td class="xl69" height="21" style="width:182pt;height:15.75pt" width="243">KH2PO4</td>
			<td class="xl69" style="width:227pt" width="302">Aldrich</td>
			<td class="xl69" style="width:129pt" width="172">P3786</td>
			<td class="xl70"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21" style="height:15.75pt">
			<td class="xl69" height="21" style="width:182pt;height:15.75pt" width="243">MgCl2</td>
			<td class="xl77" style="width:227pt" width="302">Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td class="xl69" style="width:129pt" width="172">M33-500</td>
			<td class="xl70"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21" style="height:15.75pt">
			<td class="xl69" height="21" style="width:182pt;height:15.75pt" width="243">HEPES</td>
			<td class="xl69" style="width:227pt" width="302">Fluka</td>
			<td class="xl69" style="width:129pt" width="172">54466</td>
			<td class="xl70"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22" style="height:16.5pt">
			<td class="xl69" height="22" style="width:182pt;height:16.5pt" width="243">Sodium Succinate</td>
			<td class="xl69" style="width:227pt" width="302">Alfa Aesar</td>
			<td class="xl69" style="width:129pt" width="172">33386</td>
			<td class="xl70"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22" style="height:16.5pt">
			<td class="xl69" height="22" style="width:182pt;height:16.5pt" width="243">EDTA</td>
			<td class="xl69" style="width:227pt" width="302">J.T. Baker</td>
			<td class="xl69" style="width:129pt" width="172">8993-01</td>
			<td class="xl70"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21" style="height:15.75pt">
			<td class="xl69" height="21" style="width:182pt;height:15.75pt" width="243">Glucose</td>
			<td class="xl69" style="width:227pt" width="302">Aldrich</td>
			<td class="xl69" style="width:129pt" width="172">G5000</td>
			<td class="xl70"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21" style="height:15.75pt">
			<td class="xl69" height="21" style="width:182pt;height:15.75pt" width="243">200 Round bottom flask</td>
			<td class="xl69" style="width:227pt" width="302">ChemGlass</td>
			<td class="xl75">CG-1506-14</td>
			<td class="xl74" style="width:125pt" width="167"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21" style="height:15.75pt">
			<td class="xl65" height="21" style="width:182pt;height:15.75pt" width="243">Glass stopper</td>
			<td class="xl65" style="width:227pt" width="302">ChemGlass</td>
			<td class="xl65" style="width:129pt" width="172">CG-3000-05</td>
			<td class="xl68"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42" style="height:31.5pt">
			<td class="xl65" height="42" style="width:182pt;height:31.5pt" width="243">10 mm x 15 cm glass column with reservoirs</td>
			<td class="xl77" style="width:227pt" width="302">Custom - similar to Chemglass columns</td>
			<td class="xl77" style="width:129pt" width="172">Similar to CG-1203-20</td>
			<td class="xl68"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20" style="height:15.0pt">
			<td class="xl65" height="20" style="width:182pt;height:15.0pt" width="243">DMEM</td>
			<td class="xl77" style="width:227pt" width="302">Corning</td>
			<td class="xl77" style="width:129pt" width="172">10-017-CV</td>
			<td class="xl68"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21" style="height:15.75pt">
			<td class="xl65" height="21" style="width:182pt;height:15.75pt" width="243">FBS</td>
			<td class="xl77" style="width:227pt" width="302">Gibco</td>
			<td class="xl69" style="width:129pt" width="172">10437028</td>
			<td class="xl68"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21" style="height:15.75pt">
			<td class="xl65" height="21" style="width:182pt;height:15.75pt" width="243">PBS</td>
			<td class="xl77" style="width:227pt" width="302">Corning</td>
			<td class="xl69" style="width:129pt" width="172">21-040-CV</td>
			<td class="xl68"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21" style="height:15.75pt">
			<td class="xl65" height="21" style="width:182pt;height:15.75pt" width="243">Round bottom Falcon tubes</td>
			<td class="xl77" style="width:227pt" width="302">Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td class="xl69" style="width:129pt" width="172">14-959-11B&#160;</td>
			<td class="xl68"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21" style="height:15.75pt">
			<td class="xl65" height="21" style="width:182pt;height:15.75pt" width="243">500 cm2 petri dishes</td>
			<td class="xl65" style="width:227pt" width="302">Corning</td>
			<td class="xl76" style="width:129pt" width="172">431110</td>
			<td class="xl68"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21" style="height:15.75pt">
			<td class="xl65" height="21" style="width:182pt;height:15.75pt" width="243">Trypan blue</td>
			<td class="xl65" style="width:227pt" width="302">ThermoFisher Scientific</td>
			<td class="xl76" style="width:129pt" width="172">15250061</td>
			<td class="xl68"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21" style="height:15.75pt">
			<td class="xl65" height="21" style="width:182pt;height:15.75pt" width="243">Hemacytometer</td>
			<td class="xl65" style="width:227pt" width="302">Aldrich</td>
			<td class="xl76" style="width:129pt" width="172">Z359629</td>
			<td class="xl68"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21" style="height:15.75pt">
			<td class="xl65" height="21" style="width:182pt;height:15.75pt" width="243">Acrylic Cuvettes</td>
			<td class="xl65" style="width:227pt" width="302">VWR&#160;</td>
			<td class="xl76" style="width:129pt" width="172">58017-875</td>
			<td class="xl68"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21" style="height:15.75pt">
			<td class="xl72" height="21" style="width:182pt;height:15.75pt" width="243">UV-Vis spectrometer</td>
			<td class="xl68">Agilent Model Cary 8454&#160;</td>
			<td class="xl65" style="width:129pt" width="172"></td>
			<td class="xl68"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21" style="height:15.75pt">
			<td class="xl72" height="21" style="width:182pt;height:15.75pt" width="243">Spectrofluorimeter</td>
			<td class="xl68">SLM Model 8100C</td>
			<td class="xl65" style="width:129pt" width="172"></td>
			<td class="xl68"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21" style="height:15.75pt">
			<td class="xl72" height="21" style="width:182pt;height:15.75pt" width="243">IR spectrometer</td>
			<td class="xl68">Bruker Hyprion FTIR with ATR attachment</td>
			<td class="xl65" style="width:129pt" width="172"></td>
			<td class="xl68"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21" style="height:15.75pt">
			<td class="xl65" height="21" style="width:182pt;height:15.75pt" width="243">Centrifuge</td>
			<td class="xl65" style="width:227pt" width="302">ALC Model PM140R</td>
			<td class="xl65" style="width:129pt" width="172"></td>
			<td class="xl68"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21" style="height:15.75pt">
			<td class="xl65" height="21" style="width:182pt;height:15.75pt" width="243">Inverted light microscope</td>
			<td class="xl65" style="width:227pt" width="302">VWR&#160;</td>
			<td class="xl65" style="width:129pt" width="172">89404-462</td>
			<td class="xl68"></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

synthesis and evaluation of a ruthenium-based mitochondrial calcium uptake inhibitor

We detail the synthesis and purification of a mitochondrial calcium uptake inhibitor, [(OH2)(NH3)4Ru(&#181;-O)Ru(NH3)4(OH2)]5+. The optimized synthesis of this compound commences from [Ru(NH3)5Cl]Cl2 in 1 M NH4OH in a closed container, yielding a green solution. Purification is accomplished with cation-exchange chromatography. This compound is characterized and verified to be pure by UV-vis and IR spectroscopy. The mitochondrial calcium uptake inhibitory properties are assessed in permeabilized HeLa cells by fluorescence spectroscopy.

This method describes a synthesis of the mitochondrial calcium uptake inhibitor [(OH2)(NH3)4Ru(&#181;-O)Ru(NH3)4(OH2)]Cl5 starting from [Ru(NH3)5Cl]Cl2, a well known ruthenium(III) starting material. [Ru(NH3)5Cl]Cl2 is characterized by IR spectroscopy, with vibrational modes at 3200 cm-1, 1608 cm-1, 1298 cm-1, and 7...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Synthesis and Evaluation of a Ruthenium-based Mitochondrial Calcium Uptake Inhibitor at JoVE.com

Synthesis and Evaluation of a Ruthenium-based Mitochondrial Calcium Uptake Inhibitor

A protocol for the synthesis, purification, and characterization of a ruthenium-based inhibitor of mitochondrial calcium uptake is presented. A procedure to evaluate its efficacy in permeabilized mammalian cells is demonstrated.

We detail the synthesis and purification of a mitochondrial calcium uptake inhibitor, [(OH2)(NH3)4Ru(&#181;-O)Ru(NH3)4(OH2)]5+. The optimized synthesis of ...

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Synthesis and Structure Determination of ÃƒÆ’Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ãƒâ€šÃ‚Âµ-Conotoxin PIIIA Isomers with Different Disulfide Connectivities

Peptides with a high number of cysteines are usually influenced regarding the three-dimensional structure by their disulfide connectivity. It is thus ...

Solid-phase Synthesis of [4.4] Spirocyclic Oximes

A convenient synthetic route for spirocyclic heterocycles is well sought after due to the molecule&#39;s potential use in biological systems. By means of ...

Synthesis of Esters Via a Greener Steglich Esterification in Acetonitrile

The Steglich esterification is a widely-used reaction for the synthesis of esters from carboxylic acids and alcohols. While efficient and mild, the ...

Synthesis Method for Cellulose Nanofiber Biotemplated Palladium Composite Aerogels

Here, a method to synthesize cellulose nanofiber biotemplated palladium composite aerogels is presented. Noble metal aerogel synthesis methods often ...