이 작품은 973 프로그램 (2014CB943002), 국립 자연 과학 재단의 중국 (11534013, 31500841)에서 교부 금에 의해 지원 되었다.

동물 주제와 관련 된 모든 실험 프로토콜 남부 의과대학의 동물 윤리 위원회에 의해 승인 되었다.
1. 실험에 대 한 솔루션을 준비 합니다.
<ol><li>마 취 준비 ( 재료의 표참조): 1.5 %pentobarbital 나트륨 ddH2오에에서 녹아</li>
	<li>해 부 솔루션 준비 ( 재료의 표참조): 1 M NaOH와 ddH2O. 조절 pH 7.3 1 리터에 Leiboviz의 L-15 분말의 1 개의 부 대를 해산. 300-330 mOsm osmolarity osmometer를 사용 하기 전에 10 mM HEPES 사용 하 여 조정 합니다.</li>
	<li>2 mg/mL 콜라 IV 해산 ( 재료의 표참조) 해 부 솔루션 단계 1.2 준비.</li>
	<li>( 재료의 표참조) immunostaining 솔루션 준비: 버퍼링 하는 인산 염 (PBS)에 4 %paraformaldehyde 해산. 주의: Paraformaldehyde은 독성; 적절 한 보호를 착용 하십시오.</li>
	<li>0.3% 침투성 에이전트 PBS에 희석. 블로킹 버퍼 PBS에 10% 정상 염소 혈 청을 희석. 블로킹 버퍼에서 prestin 항 체 1: 200을 희석. 블로킹 버퍼에 Alexa488 활용 된 항 체 1:600 희석. Phalloidin Tetramethylrhodamine B isothiocyanate 1: 200 PBS에 희석.</li>
	<li>Extracellular 솔루션 준비 ( 재료의 표참조): (1.2 단계) 위에서 설명한 대로 Leiboviz의 L-15 매체를 준비.</li>
	<li>세포내 솔루션 준비 ( 재료의 표참조).</li>
</ol>2. ABR 기록
참고: ABR 녹음 이전 설명 하고있다9우리의 이전 연구 자세히.
<ol><li>Sprague Dawley (SD) 쥐 (1-14 주 오래 된 강아지와 2 개월 된 성인, 남녀) 1.5% 나트륨 pentobarbital (새끼에 대 한 22 mg/kg과 30 mg/kg 성인, 복 (i.p.))의 단일 주사로 anesthetize.</li>
	<li>동물의 신체를 고정 하는 폴 리 에틸렌 거품 형에 마 취 동물을 배치 합니다. 동물 소리 약하게 방에 방진 테이블에 놓습니다. 생리대와 37.5 ° C에서 동물의 체온을 유지.</li>
	<li>70% (vol/vol) 에탄올과 머리 영역을 닦으십시오. 좋은 위를 사용 하 여에 게 1-2 m m 절 개를 ventrolateral 참조 전극 또는 지상에 외부 pinna. 쳇 바늘 전극 (기록 전극)는 두개골 꼭지점 (그림 1A)에 있습니다.</li>
	<li>다양 한 주파수의 보정된 음색 파열 (1 ms 상승/하강, 3 ms 고원) 생성 함수 발생기를 사용 하 여 (2, 4, 8, 16, 24 및 32 kHz)와 강도 (dB 5 단계에서 10 dB SPL 85에서 감소). 주파수와 진폭을 수동으로 다 또는 컴퓨터를 사용 하 여. 동물의 머리 쪽으로 떨어져 10 cm에 있는 정전기 스피커를 통해 소리 자극을 제공 합니다.</li>
	<li>(100-1000 Hz)를 필터링 하 고 증폭 (256 회) 사운드 이끌려 잠재력에 Abr를 다기능 프로세서를 사용 하 여 평균. 온라인 및 오프 라인 분석을 위해 저장 된 ABR 추적 모니터링 됩니다. 그것은 하나의 동물에서 녹음 하는 ABR을 완료 하는 데 약 40 분 걸립니다. 참고: 일반적으로, 3 ~ 7 봉우리 (파 나 파 7 세) 대기 시간은 15 ms 수 보다 적게 식별 (그림 1B). ABR 임계값 어느 파에 I와 II는 검출 될 수 있는 최소 소리 수준으로 정의 됩니다.</li>
	<li>안락사 (0.3 mL 1.5% 나트륨 pentobarbital 복 주사)와 마 취에서 깨어 동물 전에.</li>
</ol>3. 장기의 Corti (OC) 해 부
<ol><li>쥐 새끼 anesthetize 쥐 보다 6 일 이전에 대 한 (< P6), 100 mm 문화 접시에 있는 동물을 유지 하 고 10 분 동안 얼음 접시 커버. 쥐를 위해 > P6, 1.5% 나트륨 pentobarbital (22 mg/kg, i.p.)의 단일 주입으로 동물을 anesthetize. 마 취 후 쥐 새끼를 목을 벨.</li>
	<li>70% (vol/vol) 에탄올을 분사 하 여 머리를 소독.</li>
	<li>가 위; 화살 중간에 따라 두개골을 열으십시오 내가 폭로 뇌를 제거 합니다.</li>
	<li>얼음 처럼 차가운 L-15 (그림 2A)의 3 mL 가득 35 mm 페 트리 접시로 내가 전송 합니다.</li>
	<li>해 부 현미경 미세 집게를 사용 하 여 달팽이 관 (그림 2B)의 뼈 캡슐을 제거 하.</li>
	<li>OC를 풀 다 및 관련 흔 vascularis (SV)는 modiolus에서.</li>
	<li>개최 하 여 집게와 SV의 기저 부분 구분 OC SV에서 완전히 기지에 정점 (그림 2C)에서 천천히 해제 합니다.</li>
	<li>잘라 OC 균등 하 게 3 개의 조각으로 고급가 위 (그림 2D)를 사용 하 여.</li>
</ol>4. 면역 형광 염색
<ol><li>200 µ L 피 펫 팁을 사용 하 여 유리 슬라이드에 OC (3.8 단계)의 세그먼트를 전송 하 고 적어도 4 h 4 ° c.에 대 한 4 %paraformaldehyde 100 µ L로 수정 주의: Paraformaldehyde은 독성; 적절 한 보호를 착용 하십시오.</li>
	<li>신선한 PBS의 100 µ L로 paraformaldehyde 여 조직을 씻어. 워시 3 시간 10 분 대 한 조직.</li>
	<li>실 온에서 30 분 PBS에 0.3% 침투성 에이전트 조직 품 어.</li>
	<li>PBS에 침투성 에이전트를 삭제 하 고 세 번 PBS 가진 조직 씻어.</li>
	<li>10% 정상 염소 혈 청 PBS에 실 온에서 1 h와 함께 차단 합니다.</li>
	<li>하룻밤 실 온에서 또는 4 ° C에서 2 시간에 대 한 솔루션을 차단에 안티-prestin-C-말단 항 체 (1: 200)로 품 어.</li>
	<li>5 분에 대 한 PBS 세 번 씻어.</li>
	<li>Alexa488 활용 된 이차 항 체 (1:600)와 함께 어둠 속에서 실 온에서 1 h에 대 한 차단 솔루션에서 품 어.</li>
	<li>어둠 속에서 5 분에 대 한 PBS 세 번 씻어.</li>
	<li>어둠 속에서 실 온에서 10 분 동안 rhodamine-phalloidin (1: 200)으로 품 어.</li>
	<li>어둠 속에서 5 분에 대 한 PBS 세 번 씻어.</li>
	<li>장착 매체 (DAPI 포함) 유리 슬라이드에 탑재 합니다. Confocal 현미경 검사 법 405를 사용 하 여 이미지 nm, 488 nm, 그리고 594 nm 레이저. 0.1-0.5에서 레이저 전원 설정 mW 및 스캔 속도 0.5 프레임/s에서.</li>
</ol>5. 패치 클램프 격리 OHCs의 기록
<ol><li>피펫은 끌어당기는 사람을 사용 하 고 마이크로-위조 패치를 pipettes 팁 직경 2-3 µ m. 다시 채우기 세포내 솔루션 펫. 일반적으로, 패치 피 펫의 초기 저항 2.5-3.5 m ω 목욕 솔루션에서 이었다.</li>
	<li>200 µ L 피 펫 팁을 사용 하 여 (단계 3.8)에서 OC의 조각 35 mm 페 트리 접시에 전송 합니다. 소화 효소 소화 매체의 100 µ L와 조직 (콜라 4, 참조 테이블의 재료) 실 온에서 5 분.</li>
	<li>효소 소화 매체 L-15의 100 µ L로 치환 조직에서 세포를 분리 하는 마이크로 메스를 사용 하 여 작은 조각으로 잘라.</li>
	<li>부드러운 pipetting 후 만든 작은 플라스틱 챔버로 셀 전송 (직경 ~ 1.5 c m) 효소 무료 목욕 솔루션으로 가득 (~ 1.5 mL 재료의 표참조).</li>
	<li>챔버는 거꾸로 한 현미경의 스테이지에 배치 합니다. 건강 한 나타나는 독방 OHCs 찾아.</li>
	<li>700B 앰프의 헤드 단계에 패치 피 펫을 로드 합니다. micromanipulator에 의해 패치 피 펫을 신중 하 게 이동 하 고 외부 머리 세포 (그림 3A)의 바닥의 주위에 위치.</li>
	<li>전체 셀 패치 클램프 세포 체의 측면 벽을 씰링 하 여 OHC 세포 막 파열까지 가벼운 흡입을 적용 합니다. 개최 잠재적인 설정-70 mV. 셀 액세스 저항 10에서 17 m ω에 배열 했다와 막 저항 500 m ω, 100에서 배열 했다 그리고 성공적인 전체 셀 구성으로 간주 됩니다.</li>
	<li>Hyperpolarizing 및 depolarizing 전압 적용 컴퓨터 제어를 사용 하 여 (250 ms 기간 및 −140에서 +94에 이르기까지 13 mV 단계에 mV) 전체 셀 전류를 유도 하는 셀.</li>
	<li>전체 셀 전류를 증폭, 700B 증폭기 (5 kHz의 코너 주파수) 필터링. 1440A 컨버터 및 오프 라인 분석에 대 한 저장소로 데이터를 변환 합니다.</li>
	<li>패치 클램프 소프트웨어에 의해 제어 하는 두 개의 사인파 전압 자극 프로토콜을 사용 하 여 OHCs의 막 커패시턴스를 측정 합니다. 110-140에서 stimulate 전압 범위 설정 mV. 오프 라인 분석을 위해 데이터를 저장 합니다.</li>
</ol>

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저자는 공개 없다.

쥐 날 11 미만, 청각 피 질6,7소리 자극에 대 한 응답에서 행동 잠재력을 관찰 수 있었다. 따라서, 출생 후 하루 11 "청각 발병"10로 설명 되어 있습니다. 청각 기능 공부 하기 전에 청력 발병은 하지 잘 아직 개발. 성인 ABR 녹음에 대 한 유사한 방법을 사용 하 여, Abr P11 보다 젊은 쥐 새끼에서 순수한 톤 버스트 여 elicited 될 수 보여 줍니다 (<...

달팽이 관의 감각 세포의 두 가지 기능 포유류 청각을 위해 필수적입니다: mechanoelectric 변환 (메트로) 및 electromotility1,2. 메트로 채널 머리 번들, IHCs (IHCs) 및 막 잠재적인 변경으로 OHCs 변환 사운드 진동 뿐만 아니라 innervated 나선형 ganglion 신경의 전기 신호에 의해 OHCs 막 잠재력과 셀 길이 변경 하 고 낮은 수준의 소리의 진동 증폭. Electromotility 나이 활동 OHCs3의 측면 벽에 있는 모터 단백질 prestin에 의해 파생 됩니다.
많은 종의 설치류를 포함 하 여, 청각 기능 초기 산 후 신 기원4,5에 성숙 하지 않습니다. 사운드 신호에 대응에서 행동 잠재력 심리 발병6,7전에 청각 피 질에서 검출 될 수 있습니다. 형태학의 개발 및 달팽이 관의 기능 마우스, 햄스터, 쥐4,5,8에서 널리 공부 되었습니다 했다. Mechanotransduction 및 electromotility 세포의 또한 개발 초기 생명 시대5.
다른 산 후 나가에 쥐의 청각 감도 평가 하기 위해 청각 brainstem 응답 (ABR) 쥐 새끼에 기록 하는 방법을 개발 했습니다. 전체 셀 패치 클램프 electrophysiologically는 OHCs를 조사 하는 이상적인 기술입니다. 그러나, 전체 셀 씰링의 저속 절연된 OHCs의 electromotility의 조사 제한 된 신경 세포와 다른 상피 세포에서 수행 하는 패치 클램프와 비교.
여기는 산 후 쥐에서 심하게 천연된 달팽이 관에 형태학 상으로 electrophysiologically는 OHCs을 조사 하는 절차에 설명 합니다. 이 메서드는 내부 머리 전지 개발 및 기능을 조절 하는 분자 메커니즘 연구를 수정할 수 있습니다.

<table>
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Anesthetic</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Pentobarbital sodium</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>P3761</td>
			<td>1.5% in water</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Name</td>
			<td>Company</td>
			<td>Catalog Number</td>
			<td>Comments</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Dissection solution</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Leiboviz&#39;s L-15 Medium</td>
			<td>Life Technologies</td>
			<td>41300-039</td>
			<td>1 pack in 1 L water</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Collagenase IV</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>C5138</td>
			<td>2 mg/mL in L-15</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>HEPES</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>7365-45-9</td>
			<td>10 mM</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Name</td>
			<td>Company</td>
			<td>Catalog Number</td>
			<td>Comments</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Immunostaining solutions</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>PBS</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>10010023</td>
			<td>PH 7.3</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Paraformaldehyde</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>158127</td>
			<td>4% in PBS</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Triton X-100</td>
			<td>Amresco</td>
			<td>ZS-0694</td>
			<td>0.3% in PBS</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Normal goat serum</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>10000C</td>
			<td>10% in PBS</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>prestin antibody</td>
			<td>Santa Cruz</td>
			<td>SC-22694</td>
			<td>dil 1:200</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Alexa Fluor 488-conjugated antibody</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>A-11055</td>
			<td>dil 1:600</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Phalloidin-Tetramethylrhodamine B isothiocyanate</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>P1951</td>
			<td>dil 1:200</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>DAPI</td>
			<td>Solarbio</td>
			<td>C0060</td>
			<td>dil 1:20</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Name</td>
			<td>Company</td>
			<td>Catalog Number</td>
			<td>Comments</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Extracellular solution</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Leiboviz&#39;s L-15 Medium</td>
			<td>Life Technologies</td>
			<td>41300-039</td>
			<td>1 pack in 1 L water</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>HEPES</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>7365-45-9</td>
			<td>10 mM</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Name</td>
			<td>Company</td>
			<td>Catalog Number</td>
			<td>Comments</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Intracellular solution</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>CsCl</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>7647-17-8</td>
			<td>140 mM</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>MgCl2</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>7791-18-6</td>
			<td>2 mM</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>EGTA</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>67-42-5</td>
			<td>10 mM</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>HEPES</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>7365-45-9</td>
			<td>10 mM</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Name</td>
			<td>Company</td>
			<td>Catalog Number</td>
			<td>Comments</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Equipment</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Osmometer</td>
			<td>Gonotec</td>
			<td>OSMOMAT 3000 basic</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Forcep</td>
			<td>WPI</td>
			<td>14095</td>
			<td>Tweezers dumont</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Micropipette puller</td>
			<td>Sutter Instrument</td>
			<td>MODLE-P97</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Micro Forge</td>
			<td>Narishigen</td>
			<td>MF-830</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Mini Operating System</td>
			<td>Sutter Instrument</td>
			<td>MP-285</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>MultiClamp</td>
			<td>Axon</td>
			<td>700B</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Low-Noise Data Acquisition System</td>
			<td>Axon</td>
			<td>1440A</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>ES1 speaker</td>
			<td>Tucker-Davis Technologies</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>TDT system 3</td>
			<td>Tucker-Davis Technologies</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Name</td>
			<td>Company</td>
			<td>Catalog Number</td>
			<td>Comments</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Software</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>SigGenRP software</td>
			<td>Tucker-Davis Technologies</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>BioSigRP software</td>
			<td>Tucker-Davis Technologies</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>jClamp</td>
			<td>Scientific Solutions</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Name</td>
			<td>Company</td>
			<td>Catalog Number</td>
			<td>Comments</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Animal</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>SD rat</td>
			<td>Experimental Animal Center of Southern Medical University</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

auditory brainstem response and outer hair cell whole-cell patch clamp recording in postnatal rats

외부 머리 세포 포유류 달팽이 관의 감각 세포의 두 종류 중 하나입니다. 그들은 약한 진동의 저수준 사운드 신호를 증폭 하는 잠재적인 수용 체와 그들의 셀 길이 변경 합니다. 형태학 및 electrophysiological 속성 외부 머리 세포 (OHCs)의 이른 출생 후 년에 발전 한다. 외부 머리 세포의 성숙 청각 시스템의 발전에 기여할 수 있습니다. 그러나, OHCs 개발의 과정은 잘 공부 하지. 이 부분적으로 electrophysiological 접근 하 여 그들의 기능을 측정 하는 데 어려움입니다. 위의 문제를 해결 하는 간단한 방법을 개발, 목적 여기 우리가 출생 후 쥐에서 심하게 천연된 달팽이 관에서 OHCs의 기능을 공부 하는 단계별로 프로토콜을 설명 합니다. 이 방법으로 순수 톤 자극에 인공 응답을 평가 하 고 식 수준 및 OHCs에 모터 단백질 prestin의 기능 검사 수 있습니다. 이 메서드는 또한 내부 세포 (IHCs) 조사를 사용할 수 있습니다.

ABR에서 마 취 쥐 새끼 산 후 제 7 일 보다 오래 된 (P7) 순수한 톤 버스트 (그림 1A)를 사용 하 여 elicited 될 수 있습니다. 그림 1B같이 ABR 파형 쥐 새끼만 3 ~ 4 가지 파도 작은 진폭 보여준에서 얻은. 일반적으로, 7 개의 봉우리까지 성인 동물 (그림 1B)의 ABR 파형에서 관찰 되었다.
<p class="jove_content" fo:keep-togethe...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Auditory Brainstem Response and Outer Hair Cell Whole-cell Patch Clamp Recording in Postnatal Rats at JoVE.com

Auditory Brainstem Response and Outer Hair Cell Whole-cell Patch Clamp Recording in Postnatal Rats

이 프로토콜에는 출생 후 쥐 새끼에서 청각 brainstem 응답을 기록 하는 방법을 설명 합니다. 외부 머리 세포의 기능 개발 조사, 고립 된 외부 머리 세포에 기록 하는 전체 셀 패치 클램프 실험 절차 단계별 설명 합니다.

청각 Brainstem 응답 및 출생 후 쥐에 외부 머리 세포 전체 셀 패치 클램프 기록

The outer hair cell is one of the two types of sensory hair cells in the mammalian cochlea. They alter their cell length with the receptor potential to ...

auditory-brainstem-response-outer-hair-cell-whole-cell-patch-clamp

Research

JoVE Journal

Neuroscience

9.4K 조회수.  Southern Medical University. 이 프로토콜에는 출생 후 쥐 새끼에서 청각 brainstem 응답을 기록 하는 방법을 설명 합니다. 외부 머리 세포의 기능 개발 조사, 고립 된 외부 머리 세포에 기록 하는 전체 셀 패치 클램프 실험 절차 단계별 설명 합니다.

비디오: Auditory Brainstem Response and Outer Hair Cell Whole-cell Patch Clamp Recording in Postnatal Rats

Preparation and Culture of Chicken Auditory Brainstem Slices

The chicken auditory brainstem is a well-established model system that has been widely used to study the anatomy and physiology of auditory processing at discreet periods of development 1-4 as well as mechanisms for temporal coding in the central nervous system 5-7.
Here we present a method to prepare chicken auditory brainstem slices that can be used for acute experimental procedures or to culture organotypic slices for long-term experimental manipulations.
The chicken auditory brainstem is composed of nucleus angularis, magnocellularis, laminaris and superior olive. These nuclei are responsible for binaural sound processing and single coronal slice preparations preserve the entire circuitry. Ultimately, organotypic slice cultures can provide the opportunity to manipulate several developmental parameters such as synaptic activity, expression of pre and postsynaptic components, expression of aspects controlling excitability and differential gene expression
This approach can be used to broaden general knowledge about neural circuit development, refinement and maturation.

The chicken auditory brainstem is comprised of nuclei responsible for binaural sound processing. A single coronal slice preparation maintains the entire circuitry while the cultured approach provides a unique preparation to study the development of neuronal structure and auditory function at the molecular, cellular and network levels.

치킨 청각 Brainstem 슬라이스의 준비 및 문화

The chicken auditory brainstem is a well-established model system that has been widely used to study the anatomy and physiology of auditory processing at ...

연구

신경과학

Patch Clamp Recordings in Inner Ear Hair Cells Isolated from Zebrafish

Patch clamp analyses of the voltage-gated channels in sensory hair cells isolated from a variety of species have been described previously1-4 but this video represents the first application of those techniques to hair cells from zebrafish. Here we demonstrate a method to isolate healthy, intact hair cells from all of the inner ear end-organs: saccule, lagena, utricle and semicircular canals. Further, we demonstrate the diversity in hair cell size and morphology and give an example of the kinds of patch clamp recordings that can be obtained. The advantage of the use of this zebrafish model system over others stems from the availability of zebrafish mutants that affect both hearing and balance. In combination with the use of transgenic lines and other techniques that utilize genetic analysis and manipulation, the cell isolation and electrophysiological methods introduced here should facilitate greater insight into the roles hair cells play in mediating these sensory modalities.

The purpose of this video is to demonstrate procedures for obtaining healthy, intact hair cells from the inner ear organs of adult zebrafish and then using them for patch clamp studies aimed at characterizing the biophysical properties of their voltage-gated channels.

귀에 세포의 패치 클램프 녹음 절연 Zebrafish에서

Patch  clamp analyses of the voltage-gated channels in sensory hair cells isolated  from a variety of species have been described previously1-4 but this  ...

Whole Cell Patch Clamp for Investigating the Mechanisms of Infrared Neural Stimulation

It has been demonstrated in recent years that pulsed, infrared laser light can be used to elicit electrical responses in neural tissue, independent of any further modification of the target tissue. Infrared neural stimulation has been reported in a variety of peripheral and sensory neural tissue in vivo, with particular interest shown in stimulation of neurons in the auditory nerve. However, while INS has been shown to work in these settings, the mechanism (or mechanisms) by which infrared light causes neural excitation is currently not well understood. The protocol presented here describes a whole cell patch clamp method designed to facilitate the investigation of infrared neural stimulation in cultured primary auditory neurons. By thoroughly characterizing the response of these cells to infrared laser illumination in vitro under controlled conditions, it may be possible to gain an improved understanding of the fundamental physical and biochemical processes underlying infrared neural stimulation.

Infrared nerve stimulation has been proposed as an alternative to electrical stimulation in a range of nerve types, including those associated with the auditory system. This protocol describes a patch clamp method for studying the mechanism of infrared nerve stimulation in a culture of primary auditory neurons.

적외선 신경 자극의 메커니즘을 조사하는 전체 세포 패치 클램프

It has been  demonstrated in recent years that pulsed, infrared laser light can be used to  elicit electrical responses in neural tissue, independent of ...

Whole-cell Patch-clamp Recordings from Morphologically- and Neurochemically-identified Hippocampal Interneurons

GABAergic inhibitory interneurons play a central role within neuronal circuits of the brain. Interneurons comprise a small subset of the neuronal population (10-20%), but show a high level of physiological, morphological, and neurochemical heterogeneity, reflecting their diverse functions. Therefore, investigation of interneurons provides important insights into the organization principles and function of neuronal circuits. This, however, requires an integrated physiological and neuroanatomical approach for the selection and identification of individual interneuron types. Whole-cell patch-clamp recording from acute brain slices of transgenic animals, expressing fluorescent proteins under the promoters of interneuron-specific markers, provides an efficient method to target and electrophysiologically characterize intrinsic and synaptic properties of specific interneuron types. Combined with intracellular dye labeling, this approach can be extended with post-hoc morphological and immunocytochemical analysis, enabling systematic identification of recorded neurons. These methods can be tailored to suit a broad range of scientific questions regarding functional properties of diverse types of cortical neurons.

Cortical networks are controlled by a small, but diverse set of inhibitory interneurons. Functional investigation of interneurons therefore requires targeted recording and rigorous identification. Described here is a combined approach involving whole-cell recordings from single or synaptically-coupled pairs of neurons with intracellular labeling, post-hoc morphological and immunocytochemical analysis.

Morphologically- 및 Neurochemically 확인 된 해마의 interneurons에서 전체 세포 패치 클램프 녹음

GABAergic inhibitory interneurons play a central role within neuronal circuits of the brain. Interneurons comprise a small subset of the neuronal ...

Recording Light-evoked Postsynaptic Responses in Neurons in Dark-adapted, Mouse Retinal Slice Preparations Using Patch Clamp Techniques

The retina is the gateway to the visual system. To understand visual signal processing mechanisms, we investigate retinal neural network functions. Retinal neurons in the network comprise of numerous subtypes. More than 10 subtypes of bipolar cells, ganglion cells, and amacrine cells have been identified by morphological studies. Multiple subtypes of retinal neurons are thought to encode distinct features of visual signaling, such as motion and color, and form multiple neural pathways. However, the functional roles of each neuron in visual signal processing are not fully understood. The patch clamp method is useful to address this fundamental question. Here, a protocol to record light-evoked synaptic responses in mouse retinal neurons using patch clamp recordings in dark-adapted conditions is provided. The mouse eyes are dark-adapted O/N, and retinal slice preparations are dissected in a dark room using infrared illumination and viewers. Infrared light does not activate mouse photoreceptors and thus preserves their light responsiveness. Patch clamp is used to record light-evoked responses in retinal neurons. A fluorescent dye is injected during recordings to characterize neuronal morphological subtypes. This procedure enables us to determine the physiological functions of each neuron in the mouse retina.

We will demonstrate how to prepare retinal slices from the mouse eye and record light responses in retinal neurons. The entire procedure is conducted in dark-adapted conditions.

녹화 패치 클램프 기술을 사용하여 어두운 적응 마우스 망막 슬라이스 준비에 신경 세포의 시냅스 응답 빛-유발

The retina is the gateway to the visual system. To understand visual signal processing mechanisms, we investigate retinal neural network functions. ...

Whole-cell Patch-clamp Recordings in Brain Slices

Whole-cell patch-clamp recording is an electrophysiological technique that allows the study of the&#160;electrical properties of a substantial part of the neuron. In this configuration, the micropipette is in tight contact with the cell membrane, which prevents current leakage and thereby provides more accurate ionic current measurements than the previously used intracellular sharp electrode recording method. Classically, whole-cell recording can be performed on neurons in various types of preparations, including cell culture models, dissociated neurons, neurons in brain slices, and in intact anesthetized or awake animals. In summary, this technique has immensely contributed to the understanding of passive and active biophysical properties of excitable cells. A major advantage of this technique is that it provides information on how specific manipulations (e.g., pharmacological, experimenter-induced plasticity) may alter specific neuronal functions or channels in real-time. Additionally, significant opening of the plasma membrane allows the internal pipette solution to freely diffuse into the cytoplasm, providing means for introducing drugs, e.g., agonists or antagonists of specific intracellular proteins, and manipulating these targets without altering their functions in neighboring cells. This article will focus on whole-cell recording performed on neurons in brain slices,&#160;a preparation that has the advantage of recording neurons in relatively well preserved brain circuits, i.e., in a physiologically relevant context. In particular,&#160;when combined with appropriate pharmacology, this technique is a powerful tool allowing identification of specific neuroadaptations that occurred following any type of experiences, such as learning, exposure to drugs of abuse, and stress. In summary, whole-cell patch-clamp recordings in brain slices provide means to measure in ex vivo preparation long-lasting changes in neuronal functions that have developed in intact awake animals.

This protocol describes basic procedural steps for performing whole-cell patch-clamp recordings. This technique allows the study of&#160;the electrical behavior of neurons, and when performed in brain slices, allows the assessment of various neuronal functions from neurons that are still integrated in relatively well preserved brain circuits.

뇌 조각에서 전체 셀 패치 클램프 녹음

Whole-cell patch-clamp recording is an electrophysiological technique that allows the study of the&#160;electrical properties of a substantial part of the ...

Whole-cell Patch-clamp Recordings for Electrophysiological Determination of Ion Selectivity in Channelrhodopsins

Over the past decade, channelrhodopsins became indispensable in neuroscientific research where they are used as tools to non-invasively manipulate electrical processes in target cells. In this context, ion selectivity of a channelrhodopsin is of particular importance. This article describes the investigation of chloride selectivity for a recently identified anion-conducting channelrhodopsin of Proteomonas sulcata via electrophysiological patch-clamp recordings on HEK293 cells. The experimental procedure for measuring light-gated photocurrents demands a fast switchable &#8211; ideally monochromatic &#8211; light source coupled into the microscope of an otherwise conventional patch-clamp setup. Preparative procedures prior to the experiment are outlined involving preparation of buffered solutions, considerations on liquid junction potentials, seeding and transfection of cells, and pulling of patch pipettes. The actual recording of current-voltage relations to determine the reversal potentials for different chloride concentrations takes place 24 h to 48 h after transfection. Finally, electrophysiological data are analyzed with respect to theoretical considerations of chloride conduction.

This article describes how the ion selectivity of channelrhodopsin is determined with electrophysiological whole-cell patch-clamp recordings using HEK293 cells. Here, the experimental procedure for investigating chloride selectivity of an anion-selective channelrhodopsin is demonstrated. However, the procedure is transferable to other channelrhodopsins of distinct selectivity.

Channelrhodopsins에서 이온 선택성의 전기 생리 학적 결정을위한 전체 셀 패치 - 클램프 기록

Over the past decade, channelrhodopsins became indispensable in neuroscientific research where they are used as tools to non-invasively manipulate ...

Electrophysiological Method for Whole-cell Voltage Clamp Recordings from Drosophila Photoreceptors

Whole-cell voltage clamp recordings from Drosophila melanogaster photoreceptors have revolutionized the field of invertebrate visual transduction, enabling the use of D. melanogaster molecular genetics to study inositol-lipid signaling and Transient Receptor Potential (TRP) channels at the single-molecule level. A handful of labs have mastered this powerful technique, which enables the analysis of the physiological responses to light under highly controlled conditions. This technique allows control over the intracellular and extracellular media; the membrane voltage; and the fast application of pharmacological compounds, such as a variety of ionic or pH indicators, to the intra- and extracellular media. With an exceptionally high signal-to-noise ratio, this method enables the measurement of dark spontaneous and light-induced unitary currents (i.e.&#160;spontaneous and quantum bumps) and macroscopic Light-induced Currents (LIC) from single D. melanogaster photoreceptors. This protocol outlines, in great detail, all the key steps necessary to perform this technique, which includes both electrophysiological and optical recordings. The fly retina dissection procedure for the attainment of intact and viable ex vivo isolated ommatidia in the bath chamber is described. The equipment needed to perform whole-cell and fluorescence imaging measurements are also detailed. Finally, the pitfalls in using this delicate preparation during extended experiments are explained.

Electrophysiological Method for Whole-cell Voltage Clamp Recordings from Drosophila Photoreceptors

Whole-cell recordings from Drosophila melanogaster photoreceptors enable the measurement of spontaneous dark bumps, quantum bumps, macroscopic responses to light, and current-voltage relationships under various conditions. In combination with D. melanogaster genetic manipulation tools, this method enables the study of the ubiquitous inositol-lipid signaling pathway and its target, the TRP channel.

전 세포 전압 클램프 기록을위한 전기 생리 학적 방법<em&gt; Drosophila</em&gt; 광 수용체

Whole-cell voltage clamp recordings from Drosophila melanogaster photoreceptors have revolutionized the field of invertebrate visual transduction, ...

Preparations and Protocols for Whole Cell Patch Clamp Recording of Xenopus laevis Tectal Neurons

The Xenopus tadpole retinotectal circuit, comprised of the retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) in the eye which form synapses directly onto neurons in the optic tectum, is a popular model to study how neural circuits self-assemble. The ability to carry out whole cell patch clamp recordings from tectal neurons and to record RGC-evoked responses, either in vivo or using a whole brain preparation, has generated a large body of high-resolution data about the mechanisms underlying normal, and abnormal, circuit formation and function. Here we describe how to perform the in vivo preparation, the original whole brain preparation, and a more recently developed horizontal brain slice preparation for obtaining whole cell patch clamp recordings from tectal neurons. Each preparation has unique experimental advantages. The in vivo preparation enables the recording of the direct response of tectal neurons to visual stimuli projected onto the eye. The whole brain preparation allows for the RGC axons to be activated in a highly controlled manner, and the horizontal brain slice preparation allows recording from across all layers of the tectum.

Preparations and Protocols for Whole Cell Patch Clamp Recording of Xenopus laevis Tectal Neurons

In this paper, we discuss three brain preparations used for whole cell patch clamp recording to study the retinotectal circuit of Xenopus laevis tadpoles. Each preparation, with its own specific advantages, contributes to the experimental tractability of the Xenopus tadpole as a model to study neural circuit function.

준비 및 Xenopus laevis Tectal 신경의 전체 셀 패치 클램프 기록에 대 한 프로토콜

The Xenopus tadpole retinotectal circuit, comprised of the retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) in the eye which form synapses directly onto neurons in the optic ...

Cochlear Implant Surgery and Electrically-evoked Auditory Brainstem Response Recordings in C57BL/6 Mice

Cochlear implants (CIs) are neuroprosthetic devices that can provide a sense of hearing to deaf people. However, a CI cannot restore all aspects of hearing. Improvement of the implant technology is needed if CI users are to perceive music and perform in more natural environments, such as hearing out a voice with competing talkers, reflections, and other sounds. Such improvement requires experimental animals to better understand the mechanisms of electric stimulation in the cochlea and its responses in the whole auditory system. The mouse is an increasingly attractive model due to the many genetic models available. However, the limited use of this species as a CI model is mainly due to the difficulty of implanting small electrode arrays. More details about the surgical procedure are therefore of great interest to expand the use of mice in CI research.
In this report, we describe in detail the protocol for acute deafening and cochlear implantation of an electrode array in the C57BL/6 mouse strain. We demonstrate the functional efficacy of this procedure with electrically-evoked auditory brainstem response (eABR) and show examples of facial nerve stimulation. Finally, we also discuss the importance of including a deafening procedure when using a normally hearing animal. This mouse model provides a powerful opportunity to study genetic and neurobiological mechanisms that would be of relevance for CI users.

Animal models of cochlear implants can advance knowledge of the technological bases of treating permanent sensorineural hearing loss with electrical stimulation. This study presents a surgical protocol for acute deafening and cochlear implantation of an electrode array in mice as well as the functional assessment with auditory brainstem response.

인공 와우 수술 및 C57BL/6 마우스에 전기 evoked 청각 Brainstem 응답 기록

Cochlear implants (CIs) are neuroprosthetic devices that can provide a sense of hearing to deaf people. However, a CI cannot restore all aspects of ...