우리는 우수한 기술 지원에 대 한 Sevil Essig, 스테파니 치유력이, 레나 피셔, 카 차 Prystaz,이 본 Hägele, 및 앤 Subgang 감사합니다. 우리는 또한 독일 연구 재단 (CRC1149, INST40/499-1)와 AO 외상 기초 독일이이 연구 자금에 대 한 감사 합니다.

모든 동물 실험 관리 및 실험 동물의 사용에 대 한 국제 규정을 준수 하 고 (제 1250, Regierungspräsidium 튀빙겐, 독일) 지역 규제 당국에 의해 승인 했다. 모든 마우스 10 h 어두운 circadian 리듬 물과 음식을 제공 광고 libitum 14 h 빛에 감 금 소 당 2 ~ 5 동물의 그룹에서 유지 되었다.
 1. 수술 재료 및 쥐의 치료 전 준비 <ol><li>Sterilize 모든 수술 재료. 120-135 ° C의 압력가 마로 소독 온도 사용 하 여 살 균 시간 20-30 분.</li>
	<li>구매 C57BL/6 마우스 또는 몸 무게의 19-35 g 사이 다른 스트레인에서 쥐. 적절 한 동물 보호 및 조사에 의해 승인 되는 국가 지침 서에 따라 실험 프로토콜에 따라 &#39; s 기관 동물 관리 및 사용 위원회. 절차를 시작 하기 전에 7 일 순응 기간의 최소 허용.</li>
	<li>3 수술 날까지 수술 전에 1 일 식 수를 통해 모든 마우스 진통 제공.</li>
</ol> 2. 수술 절차 및 응용 프로그램의 외부 Fixator <ol><li>장소 5-7 %isoflurane 및 60 mL/min 산소 튜브로 마우스 탑재. 자세 반사의 손실, 후에 마 취 유도 관에서 마우스를 제거 하 고 제공 하는 1-3 %isoflurane 및 60 mL/min의 산소 흡입 마스크를 통해 마 취를 유지 합니다.
	마 취 중의 <ol><li>모니터 호흡 패턴 및 뒷 다리 발 반사 호흡 속도 약 100 사이클/분 하 고 뒷 발 반사 이다 결 석. 
		&#8203; 참고: 필요로 하는 가스의 양을 나이, 성별, 체중, 및 마우스의 변형에 따라 달라 집니다.</li>
	</ol></li> <li>수술 전에 주입 마우스 항생제의 단일 투여와 피하 (clindamycin, 45 mg/kg). 또한, 생리 유체 균형의 유지 보수, 500 µ L 염 분의 피하 유체 디포 마우스 주입 (0.9 %NaCl).</li>
	<li>막 방지 하기 위해 건조, 마우스 눈 눈 연 고를 적용 됩니다. 마 취 동안 37 ° C에서 난방 접시에 마우스를 배치 하 고 생리 유지 하기 위해 수술 신체 온도.</li>
	<li>오른쪽 뒷 다리에서 모피를 제거 하 고 알코올 기반의 소독 제와 수술 영역을 문질러. 오른쪽 뒷 발 unsterile 지역을 피하기 위해 멸 균 장갑의 작은 부분을 커버. 오른쪽 뒷 다리를 세 번 치료. 외과 영역 제외한 전체 마우스 살 균 드 레이프 장소.</li>
	메스와 오른쪽 대 퇴 골의 앞쪽 측에 따라서 경도 <li>절 개 피부 약 1 cm. 별도 퉁 명 스럽게 엠 팔 뚝 femoris와 m. vastus lateralis 마이크로 시저 및 집게. 뼈의 anterolateral 부분에 무료로 액세스할 수 있도록 마이크로 시저와 대 퇴 골 trochanter에 힘 원점 쪽을 잘라. 좌 골 신경 유지 됩니다 있는지 확인 하십시오.</li>
	<li>외부 fixator (3 N/mm, 그림 1 A의 축 강성) 대 퇴 골에 평행 하 게 배치합니다. 수동으로 0.45 m m 드릴 비트와 함께 피 질을 통해 시추공 훈련과 시추공에 핀을 장착 하는 세라믹을 배치. 가장 말 초 핀 뒤 가장 근 위 핀과 2 개의 핀 사이 시작 합니다.
	<ol><li>는 긴장, 압축, 또는 전단 응력에는 fixator 장착 절차 동안 그렇지 않으면 달성된 뼈 격차는 fixator의 이완으로 인해 충분 한 되지 것입니다 있는지 확인 하십시오.</li>
	</ol></li> <li>절단 절차 동안 탈수를 피하기 위해 무 균 NaCl의 작은 양의 뼈 축이다.</li>
	<li>만들 0.4 m m 질 리 와이어 톱을 사용 하 여 두 내부 핀 사이 전체 뼈를 통해 서 0.4 m m 뼈. 
	참고: 필요에 따라, 진동 마이크로 보고 사용할 수 있습니다는 뼈를 만드는 데. 뼈 지역에서 본에서 어떤 금속 칩을 피하기 위해 있는지 확인 하십시오.</li>
	<li>두 골절된 외피가 사이 뼈 칩을 제거 하는 살 균 NaCl의 2 mL와 함께 신중 하 게 뼈 간격 플러시.</li>
	<li>Resorbable 봉합으로 연속 봉합 사를 사용 하 여 근육을 적응 (재료의 표 참조). 다음 중단된 비 resorbable 봉합 (재료의 표 참조)를 사용 하 여 피부를 적응. 상처 물고를 방지 하려면 배치 하지 마십시오 봉합 상처의 두개골 부분에. 
	참고: 피부 접착제를 사용 하지 마십시오 또는 클립 마우스 일반적으로 상처 발생에서 그것을 제거 하는 때문에, 더 피부를 손상.</li>
	<li>살 균 제와 수술 영역을 청소 하 고 마우스의 케이지. 모니터 마우스 그리고 공급 충분 한 열 (예: 적외선 빛) 때까지 완전히 깨어. 물, 음식 섭취 량과 몸 무게를 수술 후 모니터링 동물 통증과 고통을 하지 있는지 확인 합니다. 3 수술 날까지 식 수를 통해 모든 마우스 진통 제공. 
	참고: 마우스 최대 4 개의 동물의 그룹에서 지 내게 될 수 있습니다.</li>
	<li>모니터 마우스 &#39; 수술 후 1 ~ 5 일에 s 활동. 그 시간 과정, 마우스는 운영된 다리에 체중을 부담 한다. 그렇지 않으면, 마우스 추가 분석에서 제외 해야 합니다.</li>
</ol> 3. Mri 검사 절차 및 이미지 분석 <ol><li>이전 절차, 스캔 MRI에 2.1, 2.3, 단계에서 프로토콜에 따라 마우스를 anaesthetize 하 고 계속 호흡 속도 약 100 사이클/분의 오른쪽 뒷 다리에 외부 fixator를 삽입 합니다 주문 품 장착 장치 ( 그림 1 B, C)에 신중 하 게 마우스.
	<ol><li>이후이 골절 치유를 방해할 수 있습니다 절곡 또는이 단계는 fixator의 압축을 피하기 위해 있는지 확인 합니다. 
		참고: MRI 검사는 동물 보호와 실험 프로토콜에 따라 수술 후 3 일 지휘 될 수 있다.</li>
	</ol></li> <li>MRI 장치 도입에 대 한 온도 제어 요람에 마우스를 놓습니다. 4 소자 헤드 코일에 단단하게 장착 장치를 연결.</li>
	<li>11.7 토니에서 전용된 높은 필드 작은 동물 MRI 시스템을 사용 하 여 취득 MRI 데이터 
	&#8203; 참고:는 MRI 데이터 수집 형상을 직교 나사에 대 퇴 골 뼈에 맞춰집니다.
	양성자 밀도 지방 억제 멀티 슬라이스 TSE 시퀀스 (PD-TSE)을 적용 하 여 <ol><li>취득 데이터 수집 매개 변수를 사용 하 여: 에코/반복 시간 테 5.8 ms/TR = 2500 ms, 해상도 Δr = 52 × 52 × 350 µm³, 보기의 필드 (FOV) = = 20 × 20 m m ², 그리고 대역폭 Δω = 150 KHz.</li>
		<li>참고: 22 조각 총 수집 시간은 36 분</li>
	</ol></li> <li>이미지 분석 소프트웨어와 함께 수집 된 데이터를 엽니다. 0.35 m m 3 x 0.05 x 0.05로 복 크기를 입력 합니다. (뼈, 연골, 섬유 조직/골) 골절 굳은 살에 다른 조직 같이 반자동 임계 처리를 가진 그들의 강도에 따라 세그먼트.
	<li>클릭 <ol>는 &#34; 새로운 레이블 필드 편집 &#34;, 클릭 &#34; 추가 자료 &#34;, 자료를 이름을 바꿉니다 &#34; callus &#34;. 사용 하 여과 포 강렬한 신호에 따라 주변 조직에서 굳은 살 지역 구분은 &#34; 올가미 &#34; 도구.</li>
		<li>클릭 &#34; 자료에 추가 &#34;. 클릭 &#34; 추가 자료 &#34; 자료를 이름을 바꿉니다 &#34; 연골 &#34;. 연골을 사용 하 여 세그먼트는 &#34; 임계값 &#34; 도구 및 &#34; 현재 자료만 선택 &#34;에서 &#34; callus &#34;. 클릭 &#34; 연골 &#34; 및 &#34; 물자에 추가 &#34;. 이러한 단계를 반복 하 여 &#34; 뼈 &#34; 및 &#34; 골/섬유 조직 &#34;.</li>
	</ol></li> <li>이미지 분석 소프트웨어를 사용 하 여 조직 세분화 데이터에 따라 골절된 화관의 3D 개조를 생성. 클릭 &#34; 생성 표면 &#34;, 적용 &#34; 없음 &#34; 위한 &#34; 부드럽게 유형 &#34; 클릭 합니다 &#34; 표면 보기 &#34;. 
	참고: 매우 작은, 하이퍼 강렬한 분야는 en을 둘러싼골절된 외피가의 ds 뼈에서 부드러운 조직 전환으로 유물을 될 가능성이 있습니다. 이 지역 추가 분석에서 제외 해야 합니다. 골절 중간 하이퍼 강렬한 지역 callus 대표 연골 조직 치유 골절의 endochondral 단계. Endochondral 나오고 단계에서 뼈 간격에서 골절 굳은 살 원심 hypo-강렬한 지역 및 전체 골절 굳은 살 나중 치유 단계에 걸쳐 동일한 강도 영역 새로 형성된 된 뼈 굳은 살 조직을 나타냅니다. 이 분야는 hypo 강렬한 신호, 성숙한 뼈 (피 질)에서 신호 강도 더 낮은. 임계 처리 후 골절 굳은 살의 연골 조직과 뼈 조직에 대 한 신호 강도 표시 골으로 나머지 조직과 섬유 조직. 조직 세분화에 대 한 값: 뼈 조직 (를 포함 하 여 성숙 피 질, 배수 뼈와 뼈의 굳은 살 조직) 1-3.3 (성숙 피 질 정규화 된 신호 강도)의 범위 내에서 세그먼트는 3.4-5.4의 범위 내에서 골 수/섬유 조직 및 5.5-6.2의 범위 내에서 연골 굳은 살 조직.</li>
	<li>필요한 경우 MRI 스캔 경도 동안 반복 골절 치유 과정. 연골이 굳은 살 개발 모니터링, 10, 14, 그리고 21 일 수술 후에 마우스를 스캔. 
	참고: 시간 포인트 동물 관리 및 실험 프로토콜에 따라 달라질 수 있습니다.</li>
</ol>

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E., Ignatius, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mouse+Models+in+Bone+Fracture+Healing+Research.">Mouse Models in Bone Fracture Healing Research.</a> Current Molecular Biology Reports. 2 (2), 101-111 (2016).</li><li>Garcia, P., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Rodent+animal+models+of+delayed+bone+healing+and+non-union+formation:+a+comprehensive+review.">Rodent animal models of delayed bone healing and non-union formation: a comprehensive review.</a> Eur Cell Mater. 26, 1-14 (2013).</li><li>Histing, T., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Small+animal+bone+healing+models:+standards,+tips,+and+pitfalls+results+of+a+consensus+meeting.">Small animal bone healing models: standards, tips, and pitfalls results of a consensus meeting.</a> Bone. 49 (4), 591-599 (2011).</li><li>Zachos, T. 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A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Assessment+of+the+efficacy+of+MRI+for+detection+of+changes+in+bone+morphology+in+a+mouse+model+of+bone+injury.">Assessment of the efficacy of MRI for detection of changes in bone morphology in a mouse model of bone injury.</a> J Magn Reson Imaging. 38 (1), 231-237 (2013).</li><li>Haffner-Luntzer, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Evaluation+of+high-resolution+In+Vivo+MRI+for+longitudinal+analysis+of+endochondral+fracture+healing+in+mice.">Evaluation of high-resolution In Vivo MRI for longitudinal analysis of endochondral fracture healing in mice.</a> PLoS One. 12 (3), 0174283 (2017).</li><li>Beckmann, N., Falk, R., Zurbrugg, S., Dawson, J., Engelhardt, P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Macrophage+infiltration+into+the+rat+knee+detected+by+MRI+in+a+model+of+antigen-induced+arthritis.">Macrophage infiltration into the rat knee detected by MRI in a model of antigen-induced arthritis.</a> Magn Reson Med. 49 (6), 1047-1055 (2003).</li><li>Al Faraj, ., Shaik A, S. u. l. t. a. n. a., Pureza, A., A, M., Alnafea, M., Halwani, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Preferential+macrophage+recruitment+and+polarization+in+LPS-induced+animal+model+for+COPD:+noninvasive+tracking+using+MRI.">Preferential macrophage recruitment and polarization in LPS-induced animal model for COPD: noninvasive tracking using MRI.</a> PLoS One. 9 (3), 90829 (2014).</li><li>Rolle, A. M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=ImmunoPET/MR+imaging+allows+specific+detection+of+Aspergillus+fumigatus+lung+infection+in+vivo.">ImmunoPET/MR imaging allows specific detection of Aspergillus fumigatus lung infection in vivo.</a> Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 113 (8), 1026-1033 (2016).</li><li>Niemeyer, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Non-invasive+tracking+of+human+haemopoietic+CD34(+)+stem+cells+in+vivo+in+immunodeficient+mice+by+using+magnetic+resonance+imaging.">Non-invasive tracking of human haemopoietic CD34(+) stem cells in vivo in immunodeficient mice by using magnetic resonance imaging.</a> Eur Radiol. 20 (9), 2184-2193 (2010).</li></ol>

저자 로마노 Matthys RISystem AG 다보스, 스위스는 임 플 란 트를 생산 하 고이 문서에서 사용 되는 특정 악기 임 플 란 트의 직원입니다. 다른 모든 저자 아무 경쟁 금융 관심사 있다.

수정 및 문제 해결:
이 연구의 주요 목표를 사용 하 여 MRI 호환 외부 fixator의 마우스에 대 퇴 골 뼈에 대 한 경도 endochondral 골절 치유 과정 동안 굳은 살 조직 개발을 모니터링 하는 기능에 대 한 프로토콜을 설명 했다. 외부 fixator의 삽입에 대 한 주문 품 장착 장치 디자인 반복된 검사 하는 동안 표준된 위치를 보장합니다. 자동 조직 세분화 골절 굳은 살에 섬유, 연...

2 차 골절 치유 뼈 치유의 가장 일반적인 형태입니다. Ontogenic endochondral 나오고1,2,3의 특정 측면을 흉내 낸 복잡 한 과정 이다. 주로 초기 골절 혈은 면역 세포과 립 및 섬유 조직 구성 됩니다. 낮은 산소 긴장 및 높은 biomechanical 긴장 골절 간격에서 osteoblast 차별화를 방해 하지만 chondrocytes4,,56으로 조상 세포의 분화를 촉진. 이러한 셀 골절된 뼈의 초기 안정성을 제공 하는 연골 매트릭스를 형성 하는 상해의 사이트에 확산 하기 시작 합니다. 굳은 살 성숙 동안 chondrocytes hypertrophic, 되 받을 apoptosis, 또는 트랜스-osteoblasts로 분화. 연골 뼈 전이 영역에서 Neovascularization 제공 높은 산소 수준, 뼈 조직7의 형성. 뼈 분쇄 갭의 다리, 후 biomechanical 안정성 증가 하 고 외부 골절 굳은 살의 osteoclastic 개장 생리 뼈 윤곽 및 구조3을 얻을 수 발생 합니다. 따라서, 골절 굳은 살에 섬유, 연골, 뼈 조직 양의 뼈 치유 과정에 대 한 중요 한 정보를 제공 합니다. 굳은 살 조직 개발 모두 인간과 쥐8,9,,1011의 변경에 의해 방해 또는 지연 치유 표시 됩니다. 경도 연구 작은 동물을 사용 하 여 치료 전 임상 골절에 굳은 살 조직 개발 모니터링 기술을 사용할 수 비보에 디지털 방사선 및 µCT12,13이미징 포함 됩니다. 그러나, 두 기법 및 비 mineralized 광물 화 된 조직 사이 차별 수만 있습니다. 반면, MRI 우수한 연부 조직 대조를 제공 하 고 따라서 부드러운 조직과 연골 골절 굳은 살에 확인할 수 있을 수 있습니다.
이전 작업 intramembranous 뼈-결함 치유15동안 쥐에 사후 MRI 쥐에서 관절 골절14 그리고 vivo에서 MRI를 위한 유망한 결과 보여주었다. 그러나, 두 연구는 또한 제한 된 공간 해상도 조직 대비를 밝혔다. 우리는 이전 murine endochondral 골절 치유16동안 부드러운 굳은 살 형성의 경도 평가 대 한 고해상도 vivo에서 MRI의 타당성을 설명 했다. 여기, 우리는 굳은 살 조직 개발 endochondral 골절 치유 과정 동안 경도 모니터 하기 위해 쥐의 대 퇴 골 뼈에 대 한 MRI 호환 외부 fixator를 사용 하기 위한 프로토콜을 보고 합니다. 외부 fixator의 삽입에 대 한 주문 품 장착 장치 디자인 반복된 검사 하는 동안 표준된 위치를 보장합니다.

<table style="border-collapse:collapse;width:823pt" width="1097">
	<colgroup>
		<col style="width:254pt" width="338" />
		<col style="width:295pt" width="393" />
		<col style="width:149pt" width="199" />
		<col style="width:125pt" width="167" />
	</colgroup>
	<tbody>
		<tr height="21" style="height:15.75pt">
			<td class="xl65" height="21" style="width:254pt;height:15.75pt" width="338">Anaesthesia tube</td>
			<td class="xl65" style="width:295pt" width="393">FMI, Seeheim, Germany</td>
			<td class="xl64" style="width:149pt" width="199">ZUA-82-ANA-TUB-Mouse</td>
			<td class="xl67" style="width:125pt" width="167"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21" style="height:15.75pt">
			<td class="xl65" height="21" style="height:15.75pt">Anaesthetic machine&#160;</td>
			<td class="xl65">FMI, Seeheim, Germany</td>
			<td class="xl64" style="width:149pt" width="199">ZUA-82-GME-MA</td>
			<td class="xl67"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21" style="height:15.75pt">
			<td class="xl65" height="21" style="height:15.75pt">Artery forceps&#160;</td>
			<td class="xl65">Aesculap, Tuttlingen, Germany</td>
			<td class="xl64" style="width:149pt" width="199">BH104R</td>
			<td class="xl67"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21" style="height:15.75pt">
			<td class="xl65" height="21" style="height:15.75pt">Autoclave</td>
			<td class="xl65">Systec, Wettenberg, Germany</td>
			<td class="xl64" style="width:149pt" width="199">DX-150</td>
			<td class="xl67"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21" style="height:15.75pt">
			<td class="xl65" height="21" style="height:15.75pt">Autoclaving packaging</td>
			<td class="xl65">Stericlin, Feuchtwangen, Germany</td>
			<td class="xl64" style="width:149pt" width="199">2301-04/06/10/12/16</td>
			<td class="xl67"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21" style="height:15.75pt">
			<td class="xl65" height="21" style="height:15.75pt">Avizo software</td>
			<td class="xl65">FEI, Burlington, USA</td>
			<td class="xl64" style="width:149pt" width="199">-</td>
			<td class="xl67">Version 8.0.1</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21" style="height:15.75pt">
			<td class="xl65" height="21" style="height:15.75pt">BioSpec 117/16 magnetic resonance imaging system</td>
			<td class="xl65">Bruker Biospin, Ettlingen, Germany</td>
			<td class="xl64" style="width:149pt" width="199">117/16</td>
			<td class="xl67"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21" style="height:15.75pt">
			<td class="xl65" height="21" style="height:15.75pt">Bulldog clamp&#160;</td>
			<td class="xl65">Aesculap, Tuttlingen, Germany</td>
			<td class="xl64" style="width:149pt" width="199">BH 021R</td>
			<td class="xl67"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21" style="height:15.75pt">
			<td class="xl65" height="21" style="height:15.75pt">Carbon steel scalpel no. 11/15</td>
			<td class="xl65">Aesculap, Tuttlingen, Germany</td>
			<td class="xl64" style="width:149pt" width="199">BA211/215</td>
			<td class="xl67"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21" style="height:15.75pt">
			<td class="xl65" height="21" style="height:15.75pt">Ceramic mounting pin 0.45 mm&#160;</td>
			<td class="xl65">RISystem, Davos, Switzerland</td>
			<td class="xl64" style="width:149pt" width="199">HS691490</td>
			<td class="xl67"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21" style="height:15.75pt">
			<td class="xl65" height="21" style="height:15.75pt">Clindamycin (300 mg / 2ml)</td>
			<td class="xl65">Ratiopharm, Ulm, Germany</td>
			<td class="xl64" style="width:149pt" width="199">-</td>
			<td class="xl67"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21" style="height:15.75pt">
			<td class="xl65" height="21" style="height:15.75pt">Dressing forceps 115 mm&#160;</td>
			<td class="xl65">Aesculap, Tuttlingen, Germany</td>
			<td class="xl64" style="width:149pt" width="199">BD210R</td>
			<td class="xl67"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21" style="height:15.75pt">
			<td class="xl65" height="21" style="height:15.75pt">Dressing forceps 130 mm&#160;</td>
			<td class="xl65">Aesculap, Tuttlingen, Germany</td>
			<td class="xl64" style="width:149pt" width="199">BD025R</td>
			<td class="xl67"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21" style="height:15.75pt">
			<td class="xl65" height="21" style="height:15.75pt">Drill bit coated 0.45 mm&#160;</td>
			<td class="xl65">RISystem, Davos, Switzerland</td>
			<td class="xl64" style="width:149pt" width="199">HS820420</td>
			<td class="xl67"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21" style="height:15.75pt">
			<td class="xl65" height="21" style="height:15.75pt">Durogrip needle holder 125 mm&#160;</td>
			<td class="xl65">Aesculap, Tuttlingen, Germany</td>
			<td class="xl64" style="width:149pt" width="199">BM024R</td>
			<td class="xl67"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21" style="height:15.75pt">
			<td class="xl65" height="21" style="height:15.75pt">Foliodrape&#160;</td>
			<td class="xl65">Hartmann, Heidenheim, Germany</td>
			<td class="xl64" style="width:149pt" width="199">2513026</td>
			<td class="xl67"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21" style="height:15.75pt">
			<td class="xl65" height="21" style="height:15.75pt">Frekaderm</td>
			<td class="xl65">Fresenius, Bad Homburg, Germany</td>
			<td class="xl64" style="width:149pt" width="199">4928211</td>
			<td class="xl67"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21" style="height:15.75pt">
			<td class="xl65" height="21" style="height:15.75pt">Gigli saw 0.44 mm&#160;</td>
			<td class="xl65">RISystem, Davos, Switzerland</td>
			<td class="xl64" style="width:149pt" width="199">RIS.590.110.25</td>
			<td class="xl67"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21" style="height:15.75pt">
			<td class="xl65" height="21" style="height:15.75pt">Hand drill</td>
			<td class="xl65">RISystem, Davos, Switzerland</td>
			<td class="xl64" style="width:149pt" width="199">RIS.390.130-01</td>
			<td class="xl67"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21" style="height:15.75pt">
			<td class="xl65" height="21" style="height:15.75pt">Heating plate&#160;</td>
			<td class="xl65">FMI, Seeheim, Germany</td>
			<td class="xl64" style="width:149pt" width="199">IOW-3704</td>
			<td class="xl67"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21" style="height:15.75pt">
			<td class="xl65" height="21" style="height:15.75pt">Hygonorm gloves&#160;</td>
			<td class="xl65">Hygi, Telgte, Germany</td>
			<td class="xl64" style="width:149pt" width="199">2706</td>
			<td class="xl67"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21" style="height:15.75pt">
			<td class="xl65" height="21" style="height:15.75pt">Isoflurane</td>
			<td class="xl65">Abbot, London, UK</td>
			<td class="xl64" style="width:149pt" width="199">Forene</td>
			<td class="xl67"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21" style="height:15.75pt">
			<td class="xl65" height="21" style="height:15.75pt">Micro forceps 155 mm&#160;</td>
			<td class="xl65">Aesculap, Tuttlingen, Germany</td>
			<td class="xl64" style="width:149pt" width="199">BD343R</td>
			<td class="xl67"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21" style="height:15.75pt">
			<td class="xl65" height="21" style="height:15.75pt">Micro scissors 120 mm&#160;</td>
			<td class="xl65">Aesculap, Tuttlingen, Germany</td>
			<td class="xl64" style="width:149pt" width="199">FD013R</td>
			<td class="xl67"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21" style="height:15.75pt">
			<td class="xl65" height="21" style="height:15.75pt">Mouse FixEx L 0.7 mm&#160;</td>
			<td class="xl65">RISystem, Davos, Switzerland</td>
			<td class="xl64" style="width:149pt" width="199">RIS.611.300-10</td>
			<td class="xl67"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21" style="height:15.75pt">
			<td class="xl65" height="21" style="height:15.75pt">Needle case for drills&#160;</td>
			<td class="xl65">Aesculap, Tuttlingen, Germany</td>
			<td class="xl64" style="width:149pt" width="199">BL911R</td>
			<td class="xl67"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21" style="height:15.75pt">
			<td class="xl65" height="21" style="height:15.75pt">Needle holder</td>
			<td class="xl65">Aesculap, Tuttlingen, Germany</td>
			<td class="xl64" style="width:149pt" width="199">BB078R</td>
			<td class="xl67"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21" style="height:15.75pt">
			<td class="xl65" height="21" style="height:15.75pt">Octenisept</td>
			<td class="xl65">Sch&#252;lke, Norderstedt, Germany</td>
			<td class="xl64" style="width:149pt" width="199">121403</td>
			<td class="xl67"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21" style="height:15.75pt">
			<td class="xl65" height="21" style="height:15.75pt">Osirix software</td>
			<td class="xl65">Pixmeo SARL, Bernex, Switzerland</td>
			<td class="xl64" style="width:149pt" width="199">-</td>
			<td class="xl67">Version 4.0</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21" style="height:15.75pt">
			<td class="xl65" height="21" style="height:15.75pt">Oxygen, medical grade</td>
			<td class="xl65">MTI, Ulm, Germany</td>
			<td class="xl64" style="width:149pt" width="199">-</td>
			<td class="xl67"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21" style="height:15.75pt">
			<td class="xl65" height="21" style="height:15.75pt">Resolon 5/0</td>
			<td class="xl65">Resorba, N&#252;rnberg, Germany</td>
			<td class="xl64" style="width:149pt" width="199">88143</td>
			<td class="xl67"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21" style="height:15.75pt">
			<td class="xl65" height="21" style="height:15.75pt">Saline 0.9%</td>
			<td class="xl65">Braun, Melsungen, Germany</td>
			<td class="xl64" style="width:149pt" width="199">3570350</td>
			<td class="xl67"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21" style="height:15.75pt">
			<td class="xl65" height="21" style="height:15.75pt">Scalpel handle 125 mm</td>
			<td class="xl65">Aesculap, Tuttlingen, Germany</td>
			<td class="xl64" style="width:149pt" width="199">BB073R</td>
			<td class="xl67"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21" style="height:15.75pt">
			<td class="xl65" height="21" style="height:15.75pt">Scissors 150 mm&#160;</td>
			<td class="xl65">Aesculap, Tuttlingen, Germany</td>
			<td class="xl64" style="width:149pt" width="199">BC006R</td>
			<td class="xl67"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21" style="height:15.75pt">
			<td class="xl65" height="21" style="height:15.75pt">Sealer for autoclave packaging&#160;</td>
			<td class="xl65">Hawo GmbH, Obrigheim, Germany</td>
			<td class="xl64" style="width:149pt" width="199">HM500</td>
			<td class="xl67"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21" style="height:15.75pt">
			<td class="xl65" height="21" style="height:15.75pt">Sterican 27 G&#160;</td>
			<td class="xl65">Braun, Melsungen, Germany</td>
			<td class="xl64" style="width:149pt" width="199">4657705</td>
			<td class="xl67"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21" style="height:15.75pt">
			<td class="xl65" height="21" style="height:15.75pt">Sterile surgical blades no. 11/15&#160;</td>
			<td class="xl65">Aesculap, Tuttlingen, Germany</td>
			<td class="xl64" style="width:149pt" width="199">BB511/515</td>
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in vivo evaluation of fracture callus development during bone healing in mice using an mri-compatible osteosynthesis device for the mouse femur

Endochondral 골절 치유 골절 굳은 살에 섬유, 연골, 뼈가 있는 직물의 개발을 포함 하는 복잡 한 공정 이다. 다른 조직에는 굳은 살의 금액 골절 치료 진행에 중요 한 정보를 제공 합니다. 경도 작은 동물을 사용 하 여 전 임상 골절 치유 연구에 굳은 살 조직 개발 모니터링 기술을 사용할 수 비보에 디지털 방사선 및 µCT 이미징 포함 됩니다. 그러나, 두 기법과 비 mineralized 광물 화 된 직물을 구별 수만 있습니다. 따라서, 섬유 조직에서 연골을 차별 수 아니다. 대조적으로, 자기 공명 영상 (MRI) 그들의 함량에 따라 해 부 구조를 시각화 하 고 따라서 noninvasively 부드러운 조직과 연골 골절 굳은 살에 확인할 수 있을 수 있습니다. 여기, 우리는 MRI 호환 외부 fixator 마우스 대 퇴 골에 대 한 쥐에서 뼈 재생 중 MRI 검사를 허용 하도록 사용을 보고 합니다. 실험 그는 fixator와 주문 품 장착 장치 수 있도록 반복적인 MRI 검사, 골절-굳은 살 조직 개발의 경도 분석 활성화 설명 했다.

첫째, 수술의 성공 ( 그림 2에서 예제 참조)는 MRI 검사의 분석에 의해 확인할 수 있습니다. 모든 4 개의 핀 대 퇴 축 가운데 위치 해야 합니다. 뼈 간격의 크기는 0.3-0.5 사이 여야 m m. 뼈 간격의 크기는이 값에서 크게 차이가, 마우스 추가 분석에서 제외 해야 합니다.
둘째, 골절 치유 같은 동물에서 과정 동안...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about In Vivo Evaluation of Fracture Callus Development During Bone Healing in Mice Using an MRI-compatible Osteosynthesis Device for the Mouse Femur at JoVE.com

In Vivo Evaluation of Fracture Callus Development During Bone Healing in Mice Using an MRI-compatible Osteosynthesis Device for the Mouse Femur

Vivo에서 골절 뼈 쥐 마우스 대 퇴 골에 대 한 MRI-호환 Osteosynthesis 장치를 사용 하 여 치료 기간 동안 굳은 살 개발의 평가

Endochondral 뼈 치유 하는 동안 골절 굳은 살에 조직 개발의 평가 치료 과정을 모니터링 하는 데 필수적 이다. 여기, 우리는 자기 공명 영상 (MRI)의 사용을 보고-MRI 있도록 마우스 대 퇴 골에 대 한 호환 외부 fixator 쥐에서 뼈 재생 동안 검색.

Endochondral fracture healing is a complex process involving the development of fibrous, cartilaginous, and osseous tissue in the fracture callus. The ...

in-vivo-evaluation-fracture-callus-development-during-bone-healing

Research

JoVE Journal

Medicine

In Vivo Evaluation of Fracture Callus Development During Bone Healing in Mice Using an MRI-compatible Osteosynthesis Device for the Mouse Femur

9.5K 조회수.  University Medical Center Ulm. Endochondral 뼈 치유 하는 동안 골절 굳은 살에 조직 개발의 평가 치료 과정을 모니터링 하는 데 필수적 이다. 여기, 우리는 자기 공명 영상 (MRI)의 사용을 보고-MRI 있도록 마우스 대 퇴 골에 대 한 호환 외부 fixator 쥐에서 뼈 재생 동안 검색.

비디오: In Vivo Evaluation of Fracture Callus Development During Bone Healing in Mice Using an MRI-compatible Osteosynthesis Device for the Mouse Femur

Longitudinal Evaluation of Mouse Hind Limb Bone Loss After Spinal Cord Injury using Novel, in vivo, Methodology

Spinal cord injury (SCI) is often accompanied by osteoporosis in the sublesional regions of the pelvis and lower extremities, leading to a higher frequency of fractures 1. As these fractures often occur in regions that have lost normal sensory function, the patient is at a greater risk of fracture-dependent pathologies, including death. SCI-dependent loss in both bone mineral density (BMD, grams/cm2) and bone mineral content (BMC, grams) has been attributed to mechanical disuse 2, aberrant neuronal signaling 3 and hormonal changes 4. The use of rodent models of SCI-induced osteoporosis can provide invaluable information regarding the mechanisms underlying the development of osteoporosis following SCI as well as a test environment for the generation of new therapies 5-7 (and reviewed in 8). Mouse models of SCI are of great interest as they permit a reductionist approach to mechanism-based assessment through the use of null and transgenic mice. While such models have provided important data, there is still a need for minimally-invasive, reliable, reproducible, and quantifiable methods in determining the extent of bone loss following SCI, particularly over time and within the same cohort of experimental animals, to improve diagnosis, treatment methods, and/or prevention of SCI-induced osteoporosis.
An ideal method for measuring bone density in rodents would allow multiple, sequential (over time) exposures to low-levels of X-ray radiation. This study describes the use of a new whole-animal scanner, the IVIS Lumina XR (Caliper Instruments) that can be used to provide low-energy (1-3 milligray (mGy)) high-resolution, high-magnification X-ray images of mouse hind limb bones over time following SCI. Significant bone density loss was seen in the tibiae of mice by 10 days post-spinal transection when compared to uninjured, age-matched control (na&iuml;ve) mice (13% decrease, p&lt;0.0005). Loss of bone density in the distal femur was also detectable by day 10 post-SCI, while a loss of density in the proximal femur was not detectable until 40 days post injury (7% decrease, p&lt;0.05). SCI-dependent loss of mouse femur density was confirmed post-mortem through the use of Dual-energy X-ray Absorptiometry (DXA), the current "gold standard" for bone density measurements. We detect a 12% loss of BMC in the femurs of mice at 40 days post-SCI using the IVIS Lumina XR. This compares favorably with a previously reported BMC loss of 13.5% by Picard and colleagues who used DXA analysis on mouse femurs post-mortem 30 days post-SCI 9. Our results suggest that the IVIS Lumina XR provides a novel, high-resolution/high-magnification method for performing long-term, longitudinal measurements of hind limb bone density in the mouse following SCI.

Longitudinal Evaluation of Mouse Hind Limb Bone Loss After Spinal Cord Injury using Novel, in vivo, Methodology

A longitudinal examination of bone loss in the femurs and tibiae of adult mice was performed following spinal cord injury using sequential low-dose X-ray scans. Tibia bone loss was detected throughout the study, while bone loss in the femur was not detected until 40 days post injury.

소설을 사용하여 척수 상해 후에 마우스 뒷다리 뼈 손실의 세로 평가, 생체내에 방법론

Spinal cord injury (SCI) is often accompanied by osteoporosis in the sublesional regions of the pelvis and lower extremities, leading to a higher ...

연구

의학

Development of an Audio-based Virtual Gaming Environment to Assist with Navigation Skills in the Blind

Audio-based Environment Simulator (AbES) is virtual environment software designed to improve real world navigation skills in the blind. Using only audio based cues and set within the context of a video game metaphor, users gather relevant spatial information regarding a building's layout. This allows the user to develop an accurate spatial cognitive map of a large-scale three-dimensional space that can be manipulated for the purposes of a real indoor navigation task. After game play, participants are then assessed on their ability to navigate within the target physical building represented in the game. Preliminary results suggest that early blind users were able to acquire relevant information regarding the spatial layout of a previously unfamiliar building as indexed by their performance on a series of navigation tasks. These tasks included path finding through the virtual and physical building, as well as a series of drop off tasks. We find that the immersive and highly interactive nature of the AbES software appears to greatly engage the blind user to actively explore the virtual environment. Applications of this approach may extend to larger populations of visually impaired individuals.

Audio-based Environment Simulator (AbES) is virtual environment software designed to improve real world navigation skills in the blind.

오디오 기반의 가상 게임 환경의 개발은 맹인의 탐색 기술을 지원하는

Audio-based Environment Simulator (AbES) is virtual environment software designed to improve real world navigation skills in the blind. Using only audio ...

Sequential In vivo Imaging of Osteogenic Stem/Progenitor Cells During Fracture Repair

Bone turns over continuously and is highly regenerative following injury. Osteogenic stem/progenitor cells have long been hypothesized to exist, but in vivo demonstration of such cells has only recently been attained. Here, in vivo imaging techniques to investigate the role of endogenous osteogenic stem/progenitor cells (OSPCs) and their progeny in bone repair are provided. Using osteo-lineage cell tracing models and intravital imaging of induced microfractures in calvarial bone, OSPCs can be directly observed during the first few days after injury, in which critical events in the early repair process occur. Injury sites can be sequentially imaged revealing that OSPCs relocate to the injury, increase in number and differentiate into bone forming osteoblasts. These methods offer a means of investigating the role of stem cell-intrinsic and extrinsic molecular regulators for bone regeneration and repair.

Sequential In vivo Imaging of Osteogenic Stem/Progenitor Cells During Fracture Repair

Quantitative measurement of bone progenitor function in fracture healing requires high resolution serial imaging technology. Here, protocols are provided for using intravital microscopy and osteo-lineage tracking to sequentially image and quantify the migration, proliferation and differentiation of endogenous osteogenic stem/progenitor cells in the process of repairing bone fracture.

순차<em&gt; 생체 내</em&gt; 골절 치료시 골 형성 줄기 / 전구 세포의 이미징

Bone turns over continuously and is highly regenerative following injury. Osteogenic stem/progenitor cells have long been hypothesized to exist, but in ...

An Improved Method for Rapid Intubation of the Trachea in Mice

Despite some anatomical and physiological differences, mouse models continue to be an essential tool for studying human lung disease. Bleomycin toxicity is a commonly used model to study both acute lung injury and fibrosis, and multiple methods have been developed for administering bleomycin (and other toxic agents) into the lungs. However, many of these approaches, such as transtracheal instillation, have inherent drawbacks, including the need for strong anesthetics and survival surgery. This paper reports a quick, reproducible method of intratracheal intubation that involves mild inhaled anesthesia, visualization of the trachea, and the use of a surrogate spirometer to confirm exposure. As a proof of concept, 8-12 week old C57BL/6 mice were administered either 2.0 U/kg of bleomycin or an equivalent volume of PBS, and both damage and fibrotic endpoints were measured post-exposure. This procedure allows researchers to treat a large cohort of mice in a relatively short period with little expense and minimal post-procedure care.

This article presents a rapid and simple method for administering bleomycin directly into the mouse trachea via intubation. Key advantages of this method are that it is highly reproducible, easy to master, and does not require specialized equipment or lengthy recovery times.

마우스의기도 신속 삽관 용 개선 된 방법

Despite some anatomical and physiological differences, mouse models continue to be an essential tool for studying human lung disease. Bleomycin toxicity ...

Depletion of Mouse Cells from Human Tumor Xenografts Significantly Improves Downstream Analysis of Target Cells

The use of in vitro cell line models for cancer research has been a useful tool. However, it has been shown that these models fail to reliably mimic patient tumors in different assays1. Human tumor xenografts represent the gold standard with respect to tumor biology, drug discovery, and metastasis research 2-4. Tumor xenografts can be derived from different types of material like tumor cell lines, tumor tissue from primary patient tumors4 or serially transplanted tumors. When propagated in vivo, xenografted tissue is infiltrated and vascularized by cells of mouse origin. Multiple factors such as the tumor entity, the origin of xenografted material, growth rate and region of transplantation influence the composition and the amount of mouse cells present in tumor xenografts. However, even when these factors are kept constant, the degree of mouse cell contamination is highly variable.
Contaminating mouse cells significantly impair downstream analyses of human tumor xenografts. As mouse fibroblasts show high plating efficacies and proliferation rates, they tend to overgrow cultures of human tumor cells, especially slowly proliferating subpopulations. Mouse cell derived DNA, mRNA, and protein components can bias downstream gene expression analysis, next-generation sequencing, as well as proteome analysis 5. To overcome these limitations, we have developed a fast and easy method to isolate untouched human tumor cells from xenografted tumor tissue. This procedure is based on the comprehensive depletion of cells of mouse origin by combining automated tissue dissociation with the benchtop tissue dissociator and magnetic cell sorting. Here, we demonstrate that human target cells can be can be obtained with purities higher than 96% within less than 20 min independent of the tumor type.

Human tumor xenografts are vascularized and infiltrated by cells of mouse origin during the growth phase in vivo. To circumvent the bias caused by these contaminating cells during downstream analysis, we developed a method allowing for comprehensive depletion of all mouse cells by magnetic cell sorting.

인간 종양 이종 이식에서 마우스 세포의 고갈은 크게 대상 세포의 다운 스트림 분석을 향상

The use of in vitro cell line models for cancer research has been a useful tool. However, it has been shown that these models fail to reliably mimic ...

An Intramedullary Locking Nail for Standardized Fixation of Femur Osteotomies to Analyze Normal and Defective Bone Healing in Mice

Bone healing models are essential to the development of new therapeutic strategies for clinical fracture treatment. Furthermore, mouse models are becoming more commonly used in trauma research. They offer a large number of mutant strains and antibodies for the analysis of the molecular mechanisms behind the highly differentiated process of bone healing. To control the biomechanical environment, standardized and well-characterized osteosynthesis techniques are mandatory in mice. Here, we report on the design and use of an intramedullary nail to stabilize open femur osteotomies in mice. The nail, made of medical-grade stainless steel, provides high axial and rotational stiffness. The implant further allows the creation of defined, constant osteotomy gap sizes from 0.00 mm to 2.00 mm. Intramedullary locking nail stabilization of femur osteotomies with gap sizes of 0.00 mm and 0.25 mm result in adequate bone healing through endochondral and intramembranous ossification. Stabilization of femur osteotomies with a gap size of 2.00 mm results in atrophic non-union. Thus, the intramedullary locking nail can be used in healing and non-healing models. A further advantage of the use of the nail compared to other open bone healing models is the possibility to adequately fix bone substitutes and scaffolds in order to study the process of osseous integration. A disadvantage of the use of the intramedullary nail is the more invasive surgical procedure, inherent to all open procedures compared to closed models. A further disadvantage may be the induction of some damage to the intramedullary cavity, inherent to all intramedullary stabilization techniques compared to extramedullary stabilization procedures.

This protocol describes an osteosynthesis technique using an intramedullary locking nail for standardized fixation of femur osteotomies, which can be used to analyze normal and defective bone healing in mice.

대퇴골 절골술의 표준화 된 고정을위한 골수 내 잠금 네일은 마우스에 정상 및 결함 뼈 치유를 분석하기

Bone healing models are essential to the development of new therapeutic strategies for clinical fracture treatment. Furthermore, mouse models are becoming ...

Development of a Direct Pulp-capping Model for the Evaluation of Pulpal Wound Healing and Reparative Dentin Formation in Mice

Dental pulp is a vital organ of a tooth fully protected by enamel and dentin. When the pulp is exposed due to cariogenic or iatrogenic injuries, it is often capped with biocompatible materials in order to expedite pulpal wound healing. The ultimate goal is to regenerate reparative dentin, a physical barrier that functions as a "biological seal" and protects the underlying pulp tissue. Although this direct pulp-capping procedure has long been used in dentistry, the underlying molecular mechanism of pulpal wound healing and reparative dentin formation is still poorly understood. To induce reparative dentin, pulp capping has been performed experimentally in large animals, but less so in mice, presumably due to their small sizes and the ensuing technical difficulties. Here, we present a detailed, step-by-step method of performing a pulp-capping procedure in mice, including the preparation of a Class-I-like cavity, the placement of pulp-capping materials, and the restoration procedure using dental composite. Our pulp-capping mouse model will be instrumental in investigating the fundamental molecular mechanisms of pulpal wound healing in the context of reparative dentin in vivo by enabling the use of transgenic or knockout mice that are widely available in the research community.

We describe a step-by-step method of performing direct pulp capping on mice teeth for the evaluation of pulpal wound healing and reparative dentin formation in vivo.

치수의의 평가에 대한 직접 펄프 캐핑 모델의 개발 상처 치유와 마우스의 수복 상아질 형성

Dental pulp is a vital organ of a tooth fully protected by enamel and dentin. When the pulp is exposed due to cariogenic or iatrogenic injuries, it is ...

An Anesthesia, Surgery, and Harvest Method for the Evaluation of Transpedicular Screws Using an In Vivo Porcine Lumbar Spine Model

Pedicle screw fixation is the gold standard for the treatment of spinal diseases. However, many studies have reported the issue of loosening pedicle screws after spinal surgery, which is a serious concern. To address this problem, diverse types of pedicle screws have been examined to identify those with good fixation strength and osseointegration in spine bone. The porcine spine is a good alternative for the human spine in the evaluation of pedicle screws due to the anatomical size, mechanical characteristics, and cost. Although several studies have reported that pedicle screws are efficient in the porcine model, no study has described detailed protocols for the evaluation of a pedicle screw using the porcine model. Here, we describe a detailed method for evaluating transpedicular screws using an in vivo porcine lumbar spine model. The technical details for anesthesia, spine surgery, and harvest provided here will facilitate with the evaluation of the transpedicular screw fixation model.

An Anesthesia, Surgery, and Harvest Method for the Evaluation of Transpedicular Screws Using an In Vivo Porcine Lumbar Spine Model

Here, we introduce a method to evaluate transpedicular screws by using an in vivo porcine lumbar spine model.

수술 용 나사를 이용한 마취, 수술 및 수확 방법<em&gt; In Vivo</em&gt; 돼지의 허리 척추 모델

Pedicle screw fixation is the gold standard for the treatment of spinal diseases. However, many studies have reported the issue of loosening pedicle ...

A Minimally Invasive Model to Analyze Endochondral Fracture Healing in Mice Under Standardized Biomechanical Conditions

Bone healing models are necessary to analyze the complex mechanisms of fracture healing to improve clinical fracture treatment. During the last decade, an increased use of mouse models in orthopedic research was noted, most probably because mouse models offer a large number of genetically-modified strains and special antibodies for the analysis of molecular mechanisms of fracture healing. To control the biomechanical conditions, well-characterized osteosynthesis techniques are mandatory, also in mice. Here, we report on the design and use of a closed bone healing model to stabilize femur fractures in mice. The intramedullary screw, made of medical-grade stainless steel, provides through fracture compression an axial and rotational stability compared to the mostly used simple intramedullary pins, which show a complete lack of axial and rotational stability. The stability achieved by the intramedullary screw allows the analysis of endochondral healing. A large amount of callus tissue, received after stabilization with the screw, offers ideal conditions to harvest tissue for biochemical and molecular analyses. A further advantage of the use of the screw is the fact that the screw can be inserted into the femur with a minimally invasive technique without inducing damage to the soft tissue. In conclusion, the screw is a unique implant that can ideally be used in closed fracture healing models offering standardized biomechanical conditions.

This protocol describes a minimally invasive osteosynthesis technique using an intramedullary screw for standardized stabilization of femur fractures, which can be used to analyze endochondral bone healing in mice.

Endochondral 골절 표준화 된 Biomechanical 조건 하에서 쥐에서 치유를 분석 하는 최소 침 습 모델

Bone healing models are necessary to analyze the complex mechanisms of fracture healing to improve clinical fracture treatment. During the last decade, an ...

The Generation of Closed Femoral Fractures in Mice: A Model to Study Bone Healing

Bone fractures impose a tremendous socio-economic burden on patients, in addition to significantly affecting their quality of life. Therapeutic strategies that promote efficient bone healing are non-existent and in high demand. Effective and reproducible animal models of fractures healing are needed to understand the complex biological processes associated with bone regeneration. Many animal models of fracture healing have been generated over the years; however, murine fracture models have recently emerged as powerful tools to study bone healing. A variety of open and closed models have been developed, but the closed femoral fracture model stands out as a simple method for generating rapid and reproducible results in a physiologically relevant manner. The goal of this surgical protocol is to generate unilateral closed femoral fractures in mice and facilitate a post-fracture stabilization of the femur by inserting an intramedullary steel rod. Although devices such as a nail or a screw offer greater axial and rotational stability, the use of an intramedullary rod provides a sufficient stabilization for consistent healing outcomes without producing new defects in the bone tissue or damaging nearby soft tissue. Radiographic imaging is used to monitor the progression of callus formation, bony union, and subsequent remodeling of the bony callus. Bone healing outcomes are typically associated with the strength of the healed bone and measured with torsional testing. Still, understanding the early cellular and molecular events associated with fracture repair is critical in the study of bone tissue regeneration. The closed femoral fracture model in mice with intramedullary fixation serves as an attractive platform to study bone fracture healing and evaluate therapeutic strategies to accelerate healing.

The murine closed femoral fracture model is a powerful platform to study fracture healing and novel therapeutic strategies to accelerate bone regeneration. The goal of this surgical protocol is to generate unilateral closed femoral fractures in mice using an intramedullary steel rod to stabilize the femur.

Bone fractures impose a tremendous socio-economic burden on patients, in addition to significantly affecting their quality of life. Therapeutic strategies ...