우리 우리의 연구 프로젝트 중 수 의사, 간호사, 그리고 동물 계에는 센터의 생물 의학 연구의 지속적인 지원에 대 한 감사합니다. 저자는이 프로토콜의 모든 검토자의 중요 한 입력을 인정합니다. 연구의 일부는 오스트리아 사회 위장 및 간장 학과 (ÖGGH) ps의 "젊은 과학 상"와 "스코다 수상"는 오스트리아 사회의 내과 TR에 의해 투자 되었다.

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저자는 공개 없다.

PP 포털 고혈압 증후군의 평가 대 한 주요 결과 매개 변수 이며 기본 경 변 증의 심각도 반영 합니다. 매트릭스 증 착 (즉, 섬유 증)와 (로 인해 간장 표현의 vasoconstrictors 증가 및 vasodilators 응답을 감소) 정현파 vasoconstriction 증가 IHVR 발생할. PP와 만성 간 질환에 미치는 영향의 중요성은 여러 전 임상11,12,,13<sup class="x...

PHT variceal 출혈과 복수1등 간 경 변 환자에서 심각한 합병증을 일으킬 수 있는 포털 정 맥 시스템에 병리학으로 증가 한 혈압으로 정의 됩니다. 사전 키 모 (예를 들어, 포털 정 맥 혈전 증)와 후 키 모 (예를 들어, 버드-Chiari 증후군) PHT 드물다, 간 경 변 증으로 인해 intrahepatic PHT PHT2의 가장 일반적인 원인을 나타냅니다.
간 경 변 증, PP는 주로 높은 IHVR3의 결과로 증가 했다. 고급 단계에서 PHT 증가 심장 출력 인해 증가 PVBF에 의해 악화 됩니다 및 조직의 splanchnic 혈관 저항 감소-포털 고혈압 증후군4정의. 옴의 법칙 (ΔP = Q * R) IHVR 및 혈액 흐름 PP5비례입니다 의미. 환자에서 PP의 직접 측정은 위험 하 고 정기적으로 수행; 대신, 간 정 맥 압력 기온 변화도 (HVPG) PP6,7을 간접적으로 측정 하는 사용 됩니다. HVPG 근육된 간 정 맥 압력 (WHVP), 간 정 맥8에 배치 하는 풍선 카 테 터를 사용 하 여 측정 되는에서 무료 간 정 맥 압력 (FHVP)을 빼서 계산 됩니다. 생리 적 HVPG HVPG ≥10 mmHg 임상적으로 중요 한 문맥 고혈압 (CSPH)를 정의 하 고 나타냅니다 variceal 출혈, 복수, 간 뇌9 등 PHT 관련 합병증에 대 한 위험이 증가 하는 동안 1-5 mmHg 사이 범위 . PP (즉, HVPG)는 PHT 심각도, PHT의 다른 구성 요소에 대 한 정보에 대 한 가장 관련성이 높은 매개 변수 (시간, 지도), hyperdynamic 순환의 심각도 포함 하 여 splanchnic/mesenteric 동맥 혈액 흐름과 IHVR는에 중요 한 PHT의 독특한 기본 메커니즘에 대 한 포괄적인 이해를 얻을.
따라서, 인 간에 있는 PP의 간접 측정, 달리 쥐에 대 한 도입된 방법론 PP의 직접 측정의 이점을 제공 하며 추가 hemodynamic 매개 변수 포털 고혈압 증후군 특성화의 기록 또한, PP의 직접 측정 간 섬유 증 (IHVR의 주요 결정)의 금액의 우수한 통합 판독 이며 간 조직 샘플링 오류와 관련 된 섬유 증 정량화의 특정 한계를 극복 합니다.
Cirrhotic PHT의 가장 일반적으로 사용 되는 설치류 모델 등 수술 담 관 결 찰 (BDL), 독 소 유발 간 손상 (즉, 사염화 탄소, thioacetamide, 또는 dimethylnitrosamine 관리), 다이어트 유발 대사 간 질병 모델입니다. Prehepatic (비 cirrhotic) PHT 부분 포털 정 맥 결 찰 (PPVL)10에 의해 유도 될 수 있다.
작은 설치류 쥐, 햄스터, 쥐, 또는 토끼를 포함 하 여 제시 방법에 적합 하 고 관련 된 상대적으로 낮은 유지 보수 비용. 그럼에도 불구 하 고 hemodynamic 평가 마우스, 더 나은 정확성과 결과의 재현성에 수행 가능한 모든 쥐 또는 더 큰 설치류 동물 크기의 명백한 이점 때문으로 볼 수 있습니다. 또한, 특정 마이크로-악기와 장치 쥐에 있는 유사한 hemodynamic 매개 변수를 얻기 위해 필요 합니다. 마지막으로, 쥐는 낮은 관련된 병 적 상태와 사망률 보다 강력한 고 따라서, 드롭 아웃 요금 가능성이 낮은 쥐에서 보다 쥐에.
제시 하는 방법론은 간 질환 (즉, 반대로 거리 또는 항 염증 성 약물)의 특정 치료를 평가 하는 데 적합 또는 소설 약리학 접근 그 영향 혈관 음색 및 내 피 생물학; 그리고 따라서, 가능성이 효과 hemodynamic 매개 변수 PHT에.

<table><tbody><tr><td>&lt;strong&gt;Instruments&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>LabChart 7 Pro software</td><td>ADInstruments, Colorado Springs, CO, USA</td><td>&amp;nbsp;-</td><td>&lt;em&gt;Software&lt;/em&gt;</td></tr><tr><td>ML870 PowerLab 8/30</td><td>ADInstruments, Colorado Springs, CO, USA</td><td>&amp;nbsp;-</td><td>&lt;em&gt;Electronic multichannel recorder&lt;/em&gt;</td></tr><tr><td>MLT0380/D</td><td>ADInstruments, Colorado Springs, CO, USA</td><td>&amp;nbsp;-</td><td>&lt;em&gt;Pressure transducer (x2: for Portal Pressure and Arterial Pressure)&lt;/em&gt;</td></tr><tr><td>ML112 Quad Bridge Amplifier</td><td>ADInstruments, Colorado Springs, CO, USA</td><td>&amp;nbsp;-</td><td>&lt;em&gt;Bridge amplifier&lt;/em&gt;</td></tr><tr><td>TS420</td><td>Transonic Systems Inc., Ithaca, NY, USA</td><td>&amp;nbsp;-</td><td>&lt;em&gt;Flowmeter module&lt;/em&gt;</td></tr><tr><td>Biological Research Apparatus 7025</td><td>UGO BASILE S.R.L., Comerio, Italy</td><td>&amp;nbsp;-</td><td>&lt;em&gt;Ventilator&lt;/em&gt;</td></tr><tr><td>Vapor 2000</td><td>Dr&amp;auml;ger Medical AG &amp;amp; Co. KG, L&amp;uuml;beck, Germany</td><td>&amp;nbsp;-</td><td>&lt;em&gt;Isofluran Vaporizer&lt;/em&gt;</td></tr><tr><td>Perivascular probes (rat) for Transonic systems (Superior Mesenteric Artery)</td><td>Transonic Systems Inc., Ithaca, NY, USA</td><td>#MA1PRB</td><td>&lt;em&gt;Ultrasonic flow probe (1mm)&lt;/em&gt;</td></tr><tr><td>Perivascular probes (rat) for Transonic systems (Portal Vein)</td><td>Transonic Systems Inc., Ithaca, NY, USA</td><td>#MA2PSB</td><td>&lt;em&gt;Ultrasonic flow probe (2mm)&lt;/em&gt;</td></tr><tr><td>1st for intubation &amp;amp; 2nd for clean skin incisions</td><td>&amp;nbsp;-</td><td>&amp;nbsp;-</td><td>&lt;em&gt;Mayo scissor [x2]&lt;/em&gt;</td></tr><tr><td>&lt;em&gt;Metzenbaum scissor&lt;/em&gt;</td><td>&amp;nbsp;-</td><td>&amp;nbsp;-</td><td>&amp;nbsp;-</td></tr><tr><td>&lt;em&gt;Cuticle scissor&lt;/em&gt;</td><td>&amp;nbsp;-</td><td>&amp;nbsp;-</td><td>&amp;nbsp;-</td></tr><tr><td>e.g. Adson Brown tissue forceps</td><td>&amp;nbsp;-</td><td>&amp;nbsp;-</td><td>&lt;em&gt;Tissue Forceps&lt;/em&gt;</td></tr><tr><td>&lt;em&gt;High precision 45&amp;deg; angle broad point forceps [x2]&lt;/em&gt;</td><td>&amp;nbsp;-</td><td>&amp;nbsp;-</td><td>&amp;nbsp;-</td></tr><tr><td>&lt;em&gt;Hemostat [x4]&lt;/em&gt;</td><td>&amp;nbsp;-</td><td>&amp;nbsp;-</td><td>&amp;nbsp;-</td></tr><tr><td>e.g. Mikulicz peritoneal clamp</td><td>&amp;nbsp;-</td><td>&amp;nbsp;-</td><td>&lt;em&gt;Curved clamp&lt;/em&gt;</td></tr><tr><td>e.g. Dieffenbach clamp</td><td>&amp;nbsp;-</td><td>&amp;nbsp;-</td><td>&lt;em&gt;Micro clamp&lt;/em&gt;</td></tr><tr><td>e.g. micro spatula with flat ends, width 4 mm,</td><td>&amp;nbsp;-</td><td>&amp;nbsp;-</td><td>&lt;em&gt;Micro metal spatula&lt;/em&gt;</td></tr><tr><td>for transbuccal suture at intubation</td><td>&amp;nbsp;-</td><td>&amp;nbsp;-</td><td>&lt;em&gt;Needle holder&lt;/em&gt;</td></tr><tr><td>&lt;em&gt;Scalpel grip&lt;/em&gt;</td><td>&amp;nbsp;-</td><td>&amp;nbsp;-</td><td>&amp;nbsp;-</td></tr><tr><td>selfmade</td><td>&amp;nbsp;-</td><td>&amp;nbsp;-</td><td>&lt;em&gt;Intubation desk&lt;/em&gt;</td></tr><tr><td>blut, flexible and with a suitable diameter for arterial cannula and venflow</td><td>&amp;nbsp;-</td><td>&amp;nbsp;-</td><td>&lt;em&gt;Blunt steel wire&lt;/em&gt;</td></tr><tr><td>modified arterial line 20G with Flowstich</td><td>Becton Dickinson, Farady Road, Swindon, UK</td><td>#682245</td><td>&lt;em&gt;Arterial line&lt;/em&gt;</td></tr><tr><td>&lt;em&gt;Heating pad&lt;/em&gt;</td><td>&amp;nbsp;-</td><td>&amp;nbsp;-</td><td>&amp;nbsp;-</td></tr><tr><td>&lt;em&gt;Rectal temerature probe&lt;/em&gt;</td><td>&amp;nbsp;-</td><td>&amp;nbsp;-</td><td>&amp;nbsp;-</td></tr><tr><td>&lt;em&gt;Saline heater&lt;/em&gt;</td><td>&amp;nbsp;-</td><td>&amp;nbsp;-</td><td>&amp;nbsp;-</td></tr><tr><td>&lt;em&gt;Laryngoscope (specific for animal size, e.g. rat)&lt;/em&gt;</td><td>&amp;nbsp;-</td><td>&amp;nbsp;-</td><td>&amp;nbsp;-</td></tr><tr><td>&lt;em&gt;Inductionbox for inhalation anesthesia&lt;/em&gt;</td><td>&amp;nbsp;-</td><td>&amp;nbsp;-</td><td>&amp;nbsp;-</td></tr><tr><td>&lt;em&gt;Scale (able to measure mg)&lt;/em&gt;</td><td>&amp;nbsp;-</td><td>&amp;nbsp;-</td><td>&amp;nbsp;-</td></tr><tr><td>&lt;em&gt;Hair clipper&lt;/em&gt;</td><td>&amp;nbsp;-</td><td>&amp;nbsp;-</td><td>&amp;nbsp;-</td></tr><tr><td>&lt;strong&gt;Name &lt;/strong&gt;</td><td>&lt;strong&gt;Company &lt;/strong&gt;</td><td>&lt;strong&gt;Catalog Number&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td>&lt;strong&gt;Comments&lt;/strong&gt;</td></tr><tr><td>&lt;strong&gt;Consumables &lt;/strong&gt;</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>e.g. modified BD Venflon Pro Safety 14GA</td><td>Becton Dickinson Infusion Therapy, AB, SE251 06 Helsingborg, Sweden</td><td>#393230</td><td>&lt;em&gt;Peripheral venous catheter (14G)&lt;/em&gt;</td></tr><tr><td>Fine-Bore Polyethylene Tubing, ID 0.58mm, OD 0.96mm, Portex,</td><td>Smiths Medical International Ltd., Kent, UK</td><td>#800/100/200</td><td>&lt;em&gt;Catheter tube (PE-50)&lt;/em&gt;</td></tr><tr><td>e.g. Omnifix-F Solo</td><td>B. Braun Melsungen AG, Melsungen, Germany</td><td>#9161406V</td><td>&lt;em&gt;Syringe 1mL&lt;/em&gt;</td></tr><tr><td>e.g. Injekt Solo</td><td>B. Braun Melsungen AG, Melsungen, Germany</td><td>#4606051V</td><td>&lt;em&gt;Syringe 5mL&lt;/em&gt;</td></tr><tr><td>e.g. Injekt Solo</td><td>B. Braun Melsungen AG, Melsungen, Germany</td><td>#4606205V</td><td>&lt;em&gt;Syringe 20mL&lt;/em&gt;</td></tr><tr><td>e.g. BD Microlance 3, 18G - 1 1/2&quot;</td><td>Becton Dickinson S.A., Fraga, Spain</td><td>#304622</td><td>&lt;em&gt;Cannula (18G)&lt;/em&gt;</td></tr><tr><td>e.g. BD Microlance 3, 23G - 1&quot;</td><td>Becton Dickinson S.A., Fraga, Spain</td><td>#300800</td><td>&lt;em&gt;Cannula (23G)&lt;/em&gt;</td></tr><tr><td>e.g. BD Microlance 3, 30G - 1/2&quot;</td><td>Becton Dickinson S.A., Fraga, Spain</td><td>#304000</td><td>&lt;em&gt;Cannula (30G) &lt;/em&gt;</td></tr><tr><td>e.g. Leukoplast S</td><td>BSN medical GmbH, Hamburg,&amp;nbsp; Germany</td><td>#47619-00</td><td>&lt;em&gt;Adhesive tape&lt;/em&gt;</td></tr><tr><td>e.g. Gazin RK Mullkompressen (18x8cm)</td><td>Lohmann &amp;amp; Rauscher, Vienna, Austria</td><td>#10972</td><td>&lt;em&gt;Gauze compress (small)&lt;/em&gt;</td></tr><tr><td>e.g. Gazin RK Mullkompressen (5x5cm)</td><td>Lohmann &amp;amp; Rauscher, Vienna, Austria</td><td>#10961</td><td>&lt;em&gt;Gauze compress (big)&lt;/em&gt;</td></tr><tr><td>Silk Braided black, USP 4/0, EP 1.5</td><td>SMI AG, St. Vith, Belgium</td><td>#2021-04</td><td>&lt;em&gt;Suture (Silk 4/0, EP 1.5)&lt;/em&gt;</td></tr><tr><td>e.g. Mersilk, 2-0 (3 Ph. Eur.), PS-1 Prime</td><td>Johnson &amp;amp; Johnson Medical GmbH - Ethicon Deutschland, Germany</td><td>#EH7552</td><td>&lt;em&gt;Transbuccal suture&lt;/em&gt;</td></tr><tr><td>e.g. Cottonbuds (2.2mm, 15cm)</td><td>Paul Hartmann AG, Heidenheim, Germany</td><td>#967936</td><td>&lt;em&gt;Cotton buds&lt;/em&gt;</td></tr><tr><td>e.g. Vue Ultrasoundgel</td><td>Optimum Medical Limited, UK</td><td>#1157</td><td>&lt;em&gt;Ultrasound gel&lt;/em&gt;</td></tr><tr><td>e.g. Glubran 2</td><td>Gem srl, Viareggio, Italy</td><td>#G-NB2-50</td><td>&lt;em&gt;Tissue glue&lt;/em&gt;</td></tr><tr><td>e.g. Surgical scalpell knife Nr. 10 - carbon steel</td><td>Swann-Morton, England, B.S.</td><td>#202</td><td>&lt;em&gt;Scalpel Knife&lt;/em&gt;</td></tr><tr><td>Heparin, 5000 i.E./mL (Natriumheparin)</td><td>Medicamentum Pharma GmbH, Allerheiligen im M&amp;uuml;rztal, Austria</td><td>&amp;nbsp;-</td><td>&lt;em&gt;Heparin&lt;/em&gt;</td></tr><tr><td>Florane</td><td>Aesica Queenborough Ltd., Queenborough, UK</td><td>&amp;nbsp;-</td><td>&lt;em&gt;Isoflurane&lt;/em&gt;</td></tr><tr><td>OeloVital (5g)</td><td>Fresenius Kabi Austira Gmbh, Graz, Austria</td><td>&amp;nbsp;-</td><td>&lt;em&gt;Eye gel&lt;/em&gt;</td></tr><tr><td>Ketasol</td><td>aniMedica GmbH, Senden-B&amp;ouml;sensell, Germany</td><td>&amp;nbsp;-</td><td>&lt;em&gt;Ketamine&lt;/em&gt;</td></tr><tr><td>Rompun</td><td>Bayer Austria Ges.m.b.H., Vienna, Austria</td><td>&amp;nbsp;-</td><td>&lt;em&gt;Xylazine&lt;/em&gt;</td></tr><tr><td>Xylocain 10% Pumpspray</td><td>AstraZeneca &amp;Ouml;sterreich GmbH, Vienna, Austria</td><td>&amp;nbsp;-</td><td>&lt;em&gt;Lidocaine pump spray&lt;/em&gt;</td></tr><tr><td>Dipidolor</td><td>Jansen-Cilag Pharma GmbH, Vienna, Austria</td><td>&amp;nbsp;-</td><td>&lt;em&gt;Piritramide&lt;/em&gt;</td></tr><tr><td>NaCl 0.9% Fresenius, 1L</td><td>Fresenius Kabi Austira GmbH, Graz, Austria</td><td>#13LIP132</td><td>&lt;em&gt;Physiological saline solution&lt;/em&gt;</td></tr></tbody></table>

invasive hemodynamic characterization of the portal-hypertensive syndrome in cirrhotic rats

이것은 침략 hemodynamic 측정 cirrhotic 쥐 포털 고혈압 증후군의 특성을 설명 하는 상세한 프로토콜 이다. 문맥 고혈압 (PHT) 때문에 간 경 변은 간 질환 환자에서 가장 심각한 합병증에 대 한 책임. 포털 고혈압 증후군의 전체 그림 증가 intrahepatic 혈관 저항 (IHVR), hyperdynamic 순환, 및 증가 splanchnic 혈액 흐름 증가 포털 압력 (PP)에 의해 특징입니다. 진보적인 splanchnic 동맥 혈관 확장 그리고 증가 심장 출력 높은 심 박수 (HR) 하지만 낮은 동맥 압력 포털 고혈압 증후군 특징.
새로운 치료는 현재 개발 되 고 PP 감소 하는 목표 중 대상 IHVR에 의해 또는 splanchnic 혈액 흐름을 증가-조직의 hemodynamics에 부작용이 발생할 수 있습니다. 따라서, 정 맥, splanchnic, 포털 및 조직의 hemodynamic 매개 변수의 상세한 특성화에 필요한 PP, 포털 정 맥 혈 (PVBF), mesenteric 동맥 혈, 평균 동맥 압력 (지도), 그리고 HR의 측정을 포함 하 여 전 임상 PHT에 대 한 새로운 치료의 효능 평가. 우리의 비디오 문서 cirrhotic 쥐에서 침략 hemodynamic 측정을 수행 하기 위한 체계적인 프로토콜 리더를 제공 합니다. 특히, 포털 정 맥의 측정 및 대 퇴 동맥 및 ileocolic 정 맥을 통해 포털 정 맥 도관 법 설명 및 splanchnic 혈액 혈관 도플러 초음파 주위 흐름 프로브를 통해 흐름. PHT의 다른 쥐 모델의 대표적인 결과 표시 됩니다.

동물 모델 및 간 질환의 심각도 따라 PHT 정도와 포털 고혈압 증후군의 엄격은 다른 (그림 7).
BDL 모델 cholestasis 인해 담 즙 경 변 증을 발생합니다. 따라서, PP 시간 이상과 hyperdynamic 증가 순환 개발, HR의 증가 감소의 지도 의해 보이는 것과 같이. Cirrhotic 동물, SMABF, PVBF 및 IHVR 또한 증가 concordantly 좋고 hemodynam...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Invasive Hemodynamic Characterization of the Portal-hypertensive Syndrome in Cirrhotic Rats at JoVE.com

Invasive Hemodynamic Characterization of the Portal-hypertensive Syndrome in Cirrhotic Rats

여기는 등 포털 압력, splanchnic 혈액 흐름, 조직의 hemodynamics 포털 고혈압 증후군 쥐에 성격을 나타내기 위하여 hemodynamic 매개 변수의 침략 적인 측정을 위한 상세한 프로토콜에 설명 합니다.

포털-고혈압 증후군 Cirrhotic 쥐에서의 침입 Hemodynamic 특성화

This is a detailed protocol describing invasive hemodynamic measurements in cirrhotic rats for the characterization of portal hypertensive syndrome. ...

invasive-hemodynamic-characterization-portal-hypertensive-syndrome

Research

JoVE Journal

Medicine

14.9K 조회수.  Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria. 여기는 등 포털 압력, splanchnic 혈액 흐름, 조직의 hemodynamics 포털 고혈압 증후군 쥐에 성격을 나타내기 위하여 hemodynamic 매개 변수의 침략 적인 측정을 위한 상세한 프로토콜에 설명 합니다.

비디오: Invasive Hemodynamic Characterization of the Portal-hypertensive Syndrome in Cirrhotic Rats

Heterotopic Auxiliary Rat Liver Transplantation With Flow-regulated Portal Vein Arterialization in Acute Hepatic Failure

In acute hepatic failure auxiliary liver transplantation is an interesting alternative approach. The aim is to provide a temporary support until the failing native liver has regenerated.1-3 The APOLT-method, the orthotopic implantation of auxiliary segments- averts most of the technical problems. However this method necessitates extensive resections of both the native liver and the graft.4 In 1998, Erhard developed the heterotopic auxiliary liver transplantation (HALT) utilizing portal vein arterialization (PVA) (Figure 1). This technique showed promising initial clinical results.5-6 We developed a HALT-technique with flow-regulated PVA in the rat to examine the influence of flow-regulated PVA on graft morphology and function (Figure 2).
A liver graft reduced to 30 % of its original size, was heterotopically implanted in the right renal region of the recipient after explantation of the right kidney.&#160; The infra-hepatic caval vein of the graft was anastomosed with the infrahepatic caval vein of the recipient. The arterialization of the donor&#8217;s portal vein was carried out via the recipient&#8217;s right renal artery with the stent technique. The blood-flow regulation of the arterialized portal vein was achieved with the use of a stent with an internal diameter of 0.3 mm. The celiac trunk of the graft was end-to-side anastomosed with the recipient&#8217;s aorta and the bile duct was implanted into the duodenum. A subtotal resection of the native liver was performed to induce acute hepatic failure. 7
In this manner 112 transplantations were performed. The perioperative survival rate was 90% and the 6-week survival rate was 80%. Six weeks after operation, the native liver regenerated, showing an increase in weight from 2.3&#177;0.8 g to 9.8&#177;1 g. At this time, the graft&#8217;s weight decreased from 3.3&#177;0.8 g to 2.3&#177;0.8 g.
We were able to obtain promising long-term results in terms of graft morphology and function. HALT with flow-regulated PVA reliably bridges acute hepatic failure until the native liver regenerates.

Auxiliary liver transplantation provides a temporary support in acute hepatic failure, until regeneration of the failing liver. The heterotopic auxiliary liver transplantation (HALT) with portal vein arterialization (PVA) renders sufficient liver function. We developed an analogous technique in the rat, to examine the influence of the portal vein arterialization on the morphology and function of the graft.

이소성 보조 쥐 간 이식 급성 간 장애에 포털 정맥 Arterialization를 유량 조절

In acute hepatic failure auxiliary liver transplantation is an interesting alternative approach. The aim is to provide a temporary support until the ...

연구

의학

Monitoring of Systemic and Hepatic Hemodynamic Parameters in Mice

The use of mouse models in experimental research is of enormous importance for the study of hepatic physiology and pathophysiological disturbances. However, due to the small size of the mouse, technical details of the intraoperative monitoring procedure suitable for the mouse were rarely described. Previously we have reported a monitoring procedure to obtain hemodynamic parameters for rats. Now, we adapted the procedure to acquire systemic and hepatic hemodynamic parameters in mice, a species ten-fold smaller than rats. This film demonstrates the instrumentation of the animals as well as the data acquisition process needed to assess systemic and hepatic hemodynamics in mice. Vital parameters, including body temperature, respiratory&#160;rate&#160;and heart&#160;rate were recorded throughout the whole procedure. Systemic hemodynamic parameters consist of carotid artery pressure (CAP) and central venous pressure (CVP). Hepatic perfusion parameters include portal vein pressure (PVP), portal flow rate as well as the flow rate of the common hepatic artery (table 1). Instrumentation and data acquisition to record the normal values was completed within 1.5 h. Systemic and hepatic hemodynamic parameters remained within normal ranges during this procedure.
This procedure is challenging but feasible. We have already applied this procedure to assess hepatic hemodynamics in normal mice as well as during 70% partial hepatectomy and in liver lobe clamping experiments. Mean PVP after resection (n= 20), was 11.41&#177;2.94 cmH2O which was significantly higher (P&#60;0.05) than before resection (6.87&#177;2.39 cmH2O). The results of liver lobe clamping experiment indicated that this monitoring procedure is sensitive and suitable for detecting small changes in portal pressure and portal flow rate. In conclusion, this procedure is reliable in the hands of an experienced micro-surgeon but should be limited to experiments where mice are absolutely needed.

This film demonstrates how to acquire systemic and hepatic hemodynamics in mice. The whole monitoring includes acquisition of vital parameters, systemic blood pressure, central venous pressure, common hepatic artery flow rate, and portal vein pressure as well as the portal flow rate in mice.

마우스의 전신과 간장 혈 역동 학적 파라미터의 모니터링

The use of mouse models in experimental research is of enormous importance for the study of hepatic physiology and pathophysiological disturbances. ...

Hemodynamic Characterization of Rodent Models of Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension

Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is a rare disease of the pulmonary vasculature characterized by endothelial cell apoptosis, smooth muscle proliferation and obliteration of pulmonary arterioles. This in turn results in right ventricular (RV) failure, with significant morbidity and mortality. Rodent models of PAH, in the mouse and the rat, are important for understanding the pathophysiology underlying this rare disease. Notably, different models of PAH may be associated with different degrees of pulmonary hypertension, RV hypertrophy and RV failure. Therefore, a complete hemodynamic characterization of mice and rats with PAH is critical in determining the effects of drugs or genetic modifications on the disease. 
Here we demonstrate standard procedures for assessment of right ventricular function and hemodynamics in both rat and mouse PAH models. Echocardiography is useful in determining RV function in rats, although obtaining standard views of the right ventricle is challenging in the awake mouse. Access for right heart catheterization is obtained by the internal jugular vein in closed-chest mice and rats. Pressures can be measured using polyethylene tubing with a fluid pressure transducer or a miniature micromanometer pressure catheter. Pressure-volume loop analysis can be performed in the open chest. After obtaining hemodynamics, the rodent is euthanized. The heart can be dissected to separate the RV free wall from the left ventricle (LV) and septum, allowing an assessment of RV hypertrophy using the Fulton index (RV/(LV+S)). Then samples can be harvested from the heart, lungs and other tissues as needed.

Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is a disease of pulmonary arterioles that leads to their obliteration and the development of right ventricular failure. Rodent models of PAH are critical in understanding the pathophysiology of PAH. Here we demonstrate hemodynamic characterization, with right heart catheterization and echocardiography, in the mouse and rat.

폐동맥 고혈압의 설치류 모델의 혈역학 특성

Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is a rare disease of the pulmonary vasculature characterized by endothelial cell apoptosis, smooth muscle ...

Shunt Surgery, Right Heart Catheterization, and Vascular Morphometry in a Rat Model for Flow-induced Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension

In this protocol, PAH is induced by combining a 60 mg/kg monocrotalin (MCT) injection with increased pulmonary blood flow through an aorto-caval shunt (MCT+Flow). The shunt is created by inserting an 18-G needle from the abdominal aorta into the adjacent caval vein. Increased pulmonary flow has been demonstrated as an essential trigger for a severe form of PAH with distinct phases of disease progression, characterized by early medial hypertrophy followed by neointimal lesions and the progressive occlusion of the small pulmonary vessels. To measure the right heart and pulmonary hemodynamics in this model, right heart catheterization is performed by inserting a rigid cannula containing a flexible ball-tip catheter via the right jugular vein into the right ventricle. The catheter is then advanced into the main and the more distal pulmonary arteries. The histopathology of the pulmonary vasculature is assessed qualitatively, by scoring the pre- and intra-acinar vessels on the degree of muscularization and the presence of a neointima, and quantitatively, by measuring the wall thickness, the wall-lumen ratios, and the occlusion score.

This protocol describes a surgical procedure to create a model for flow-induced pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) in rats and the procedures to analyze the principle hemodynamic and histological end-points in this model.

흐름 유도 된 폐동맥 고혈압에 대한 쥐 모델에서 션트 수술, 오른쪽 심장 도관 및 혈관 형태 계측

In this protocol, PAH is induced by combining a 60 mg/kg monocrotalin (MCT) injection with increased pulmonary blood flow through an aorto-caval shunt ...

Rat Model of the Associating Liver Partition and Portal Vein Ligation for Staged Hepatectomy (ALPPS) Procedure

Recent clinical data support an aggressive surgical approach to both primary and metastatic liver tumors. For some indications, like colorectal liver metastases, the amount of liver tissue left behind after liver resection has become the main limiting factor of resectability of large or multiple liver tumors. A minimal amount of functional tissue is required to avoid the severe complication of post-hepatectomy liver failure, which has high morbidity and mortality. Inducing liver growth of the prospective remnant prior to resection has become more established in liver surgery, either in the form of portal vein embolization by interventional radiologists or in the form of portal vein ligation several weeks prior to resection. Recently, it was shown that liver regeneration is more extensive and rapid, when the parenchymal transection is added to portal vein ligation in a first stage and then, after only one week of waiting, resection performed in a second stage (Associating Liver Partition and Portal vein ligation for Staged hepatectomy = ALPPS). ALPPS has rapidly become popular across the world, but has been criticized for its high perioperative mortality. The mechanism of accelerated and extensive growth induced by this procedure has not been well understood. Animal models have been developed to explore both the physiological and molecular mechanisms of accelerated liver regeneration in ALPPS. This protocol presents a rat model that allows mechanistic exploration of accelerated regeneration.

Rat Model of the Associating Liver Partition and Portal Vein Ligation for Staged Hepatectomy ALPPS Procedure

Inducing rapid liver hypertrophy using Associating Liver Partition and Portal vein ligation for a Staged hepatectomy (ALPPS) has been proposed for resection of borderline resectable liver tumors. This model may elucidate mechanisms involved in rapid hypertrophy and allows testing of drugs that promote or block the acceleration of regeneration.

연결 간 파티션과 무대 Hepatectomy (ALPPS) 절차에 대 한 포털 정 맥 결 찰의 쥐 모델

Recent clinical data support an aggressive surgical approach to both primary and metastatic liver tumors. For some indications, like colorectal liver ...

Measurement of the Hepatic Venous Pressure Gradient and Transjugular Liver Biopsy

Here we provide a detailed protocol describing the clinical procedure of hepatic venous pressure gradient (HVPG) measurement in patients with advanced chronic liver disease followed by an instruction for transjugular biopsy. Under local anesthesia and ultrasound guidance, a catheter introducer sheath is placed in the right internal jugular vein. Using&#160;fluoroscopic guidance, a balloon catheter is advanced into the inferior vena cava (IVC) and inserted into a large hepatic vein. Correct and sufficient wedge position of the catheter is ensured by injecting contrast media while the balloon is blocking the outflow of the cannulated hepatic vein. After calibrating the external pressure transducer, continuous pressure recordings are obtained with triplicate recordings of the wedged hepatic venous pressure (WHVP) and free hepatic venous pressure (FHVP). The difference between FHVP and WHVP is referred to as HVPG, with values &#8805;10 mm Hg indicating clinically significant portal hypertension (CSPH). Before removing the catheter, pressure readings obtained in the IVC at the same level, as well as the right atrial pressure are recorded.
Finally, a transjugular liver biopsy can be obtained via the same vascular route. Different systems are available; however, core biopsy needles are preferred over aspiration needles, especially for cirrhotic livers. Again, under fluoroscopic guidance a biopsy needle introducer sheath is advanced into an hepatic vein. Next, the transjugular biopsy needle is gently advanced through the introducer sheath: (i) in case of aspiration biopsy, the needle is advanced into the liver parenchyma under aspiration and then removed quickly, or (ii) in case of a core biopsy, the cutting-mechanism is triggered inside the parenchyma. Several separate passages can be safely performed to obtain sufficient liver specimens via transjugular biopsy. In experienced hands, the combination of these procedures takes about 30-45 min.

Here, we present a protocol for measurement of hepatic venous pressure gradient (HVPG),the gold standard to diagnose clinically significant portal hypertension. Moreover, we describe how to perform a transjugular liver biopsy within the same session.

간 정맥 압력 그라데이션 및 경정맥 간 생검의 측정

Here we provide a detailed protocol describing the clinical procedure of hepatic venous pressure gradient (HVPG) measurement in patients with advanced ...

Simultaneous Electrocardiography Recording and Invasive Blood Pressure Measurement in Rats

For studies related to cardiovascular physiology or pathophysiology, blood pressure (BP) and electrocardiography are basic observational parameters. Research focusing on cardiovascular disease models, potential cardiovascular therapeutic targets or pharmaceutical agents requires assessment of systemic arterial pressure and heart rhythm changes. In situations where radio telemetry systems are not available or affordable, the technique of femoral artery cannulation is an alternative way to obtain intra-arterial pressure waveform recordings and systemic BP measurements. This technique is economical and can be performed with standard equipment in animal facilities. However, invasive arterial pressure recording requires cannulation of small arteries, which can be a challenging surgical skill. Here, we present step-by-step protocols for femoral artery cannulation procedures. Key procedures include the calibration of the data acquisition system, tissue dissection and femoral artery cannulation, and setup of the arterial cannulation system for pressure recording. Surface electrocardiography recording procedures are also included. We also present examples of BP recordings from normotensive and hypertensive rats. This protocol allows reliable direct recordings of systemic BP with simultaneous electrocardiography.

Here, we describe a setup for simultaneous recording of electrocardiography and intra-arterial blood pressure (BP) in experimental rats, which can be done with standard equipment in animal facilities and can be applied to physiological or pharmacological studies to investigate pathogenic or therapeutic mechanisms in cardiovascular medicine.

동시 심전도 기록 및 침략 적 혈액 압력 측정 쥐에

For studies related to cardiovascular physiology or pathophysiology, blood pressure (BP) and electrocardiography are basic observational parameters. ...

Invasive Hemodynamic Assessment for the Right Ventricular System and Hypoxia-Induced Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension in Mice

Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is a chronic and severe cardiopulmonary disorder. Mice are a popular animal model used to mimic this disease. However, the evaluation of right ventricular pressure (RVP) and pulmonary artery pressure (PAP) remains technically challenging in mice. RVP and PAP are more difficult to measure than left ventricular pressure because of the anatomical differences between the left and right heart systems. In this paper, we describe a stable right heart hemodynamic measurement method and its validation using healthy and PAH mice. This method is based on open-chest surgery and mechanical ventilation support. It is a complicated procedure compared to closed chest procedures. While a well-trained surgeon is required for this surgery, the advantage of this procedure is that it can generate both RVP and PAP parameters at the same time, so it is a preferable procedure for the evaluation of PAH models.

Here, we present a protocol to perform an invasive hemodynamic assessment of the right ventricle and pulmonary artery in mice using an open-chest surgery approach.

마우스에 있는 우심실 시스템 및 저산소증 유도된 폐 동맥 고혈압을 위한 침략적인 혈역학 평가

Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is a chronic and severe cardiopulmonary disorder. Mice are a popular animal model used to mimic this disease. ...

Evaluation of Cerebral Blood Flow Autoregulation in the Rat Using Laser Doppler Flowmetry

When investigating the body&#39;s mechanisms for regulating cerebral blood flow, a relative measurement of microcirculatory blood flow can be obtained using laser Doppler flowmetry (LDF). This paper demonstrates a closed skull preparation that allows cerebral blood flow to be assessed without penetrating the skull or installing a chamber or cerebral window. To evaluate autoregulatory mechanisms, a model of controlled blood pressure reduction via graded hemorrhage can be utilized while simultaneously employing LDF. This enables the real time tracking of the relative changes in the blood flow in response to reductions in arterial blood pressure produced by the withdrawal of circulating blood volume. This paradigm is a valuable approach to study cerebral blood flow autoregulation during reductions in arterial blood pressure and, with minor modifications in the protocol, is also valuable as an experimental model of hemorrhagic shock. In addition to evaluating autoregulatory responses, LDF can be used to monitor the cortical blood flow when investigating metabolic, myogenic, endothelial, humoral, or neural mechanisms that regulate cerebral blood flow and the impact of various experimental interventions and pathological conditions on cerebral blood flow.

This article demonstrates the use of laser Doppler flowmetry to evaluate the ability of the cerebral circulation to autoregulate its blood flow during reductions in arterial blood pressure.

레이저 도플러 흐름 측정을 사용하여 쥐에 대뇌 혈액 흐름 자동 조절의 평가

When investigating the body&#39;s mechanisms for regulating cerebral blood flow, a relative measurement of microcirculatory blood flow can be obtained ...

Organ Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury by Simulating Hemodynamic Changes in Rat Liver Transplant Model

Orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT) in rats is a tried and proven animal model used for preoperative, intraoperative, and postoperative studies, including ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI) of extrahepatic organs. This model requires numerous experiments and devices. The duration of anhepatic phase is closely related to the time to develop IRI after transplantation. In this experiment, we used hemodynamic changes to induce extrahepatic organ damage in rats and determined the maximum tolerance time. The time until the most severe organ injury varied for different organs. This method can easily be replicated and can also be used to study IRI of the extrahepatic organs after liver transplantation.

This paper provides a detailed description of how to build an animal model of the anhepatic phase (liver ischemia) in rats to facilitate basic research into ischemia-reperfusion injury after liver transplantation.

쥐 간 이식 모형에 있는 혈역학적인 변경을 시뮬레이션하여 기관 허혈-재관류 상해

Orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT) in rats is a tried and proven animal model used for preoperative, intraoperative, and postoperative studies, ...