저자 (그랜트 DDF-1335-00282) 프로젝트 자금에 대 한 독립적인 연구를 위한 덴마크 위원회를 감사 하 고 싶습니다. COWIfonden 원유 가연성 기구 및 덕트 삽입을 포함 하 여 가스 분석기의 건설 자금. Maersk 기름과 Statoil 원유 오일 대표 결과에 사용 된를 제공 합니다. 어떤 스폰서는 프로토콜 또는이 문서의 결과에 참여 했습니다. 저자 또한 Ulises 로하스 알바 수정된 콘 샘플 홀더 건설에 대해 감사 하 고 싶습니다.

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<li><a target="_blank" href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar?hl=en&safe=off&q=%22ISO+17554%3A2014%28E%29+Reaction+to+fire+tests+%E2%80%93+Mass+loss+measurement%22">ISO 17554:2014(E) Reaction to fire tests – Mass loss measurement</a>. , International Organization for Standardization. Geneva. 28(2014).</li>
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</ol>

저자는 공개 없다.

이 문서에서 설명 하는 두 가지 풍 화 방법에는 물에 엎지른된 기름은17를 받게 하는 풍 화 프로세스의 비교적 간단한 근사. 다른, 더 정교한 풍 화 방법은 순환 수조 Brandvik와 Faksness35에 의해 설명 같은 풍 화 원유 샘플을 제공 하기 위해 사용할 수 있습니다. 제시 방법의 장점은 간단한 장비를 필요로 하 고 실험실 환경에서 쉽게 수행할 수 있습니다. 결과 풍 화 ?...

현장에서 물에 유출된 원유의 불타 레코딩과 매연 및 가스 연소 제품에 그것을 변환 하 여 물 표면에서 유출된 기름 제거 해양 기름 유출 응답 방법입니다. 이 응답 엑손 발데즈1 과 심해의 지평선2 기름 유출 동안 성공적으로 적용 된 방법과 정기적으로 북극3,4,5에 대 한 잠재적인 기름 유출 응답 방법으로 언급 한 ,6. 제자리에서 기름의 불타 유출 응답 방법으로 성공적 될 것입니다 여부를 결정 하는 핵심 매개 변수에 두는 가연성 및 석유의 연소 효율성입니다. 첫 번째 매개 변수, 가연성, 얼마나 쉽게 연료 발 화 될 수 있는 및 완전 개발된 불 귀 착될 연료 표면 확산 화 염으로 이어질 수 있습니다 설명 합니다. 불타는 효율성, 두 번째 매개 변수 (wt %)에 불에 의해 물 표면에서 효과적으로 제거 하는 석유의 양을 표현 한다. 그것은 따라서 이해는 가연성 및 현장에서 레코딩 조건 아래 다른 원유 오일의 예상된 레코딩 효율성 관련이 있다.
제자리에서 레코딩 목적 점화 시스템5,7,,89에 대 한 질적 논의와 실제적인 문제 해결 일반적으로 대 한 석유의 점화 물에 slicks. 실용적인 접근의 점화에 쏟 이진 문제로 오일 그리고 "화성" 또는 "하지 요령" 오일 라벨 (예: Brandvik, Fritt-라 스무 센, 외 알. 하지만 10)은,, 근본적인 관점에서 올바른. 이론에서는, 어떤 연료 주어진 적절 한 점화 소스를 붙 였을까 될 수 있습니다. 그것은 그러므로 더 나은 이해 "하지 요령"으로 레이블 것이 원유의 속성을 다른 원유 종류의 넓은 범위에 대 한 점화 요구 계량 관련이 있다. 이 목적을 위해 개발 된 방법 사건 열 유 속, 기름 및 그것의 열 관성, 즉 얼마나 어려운 그것은 기름을 열 하는 중요 한 열 플럭스의 기능으로 오일의 점화 지연 시간을 공부 하 사용할 수 있습니다.
이전 연구에서 우리는 레코딩 효율성을 관리 하는 주요 매개 변수는 수영장 직경의 기능 연료 표면11, 열 피드백은 가정. 실험실 연구 보고 낮은 레코딩 효율성 (32-80%)8,,1213 및 대규모 연구 (풀 직경 ≥2 m)에 따라 레코딩 효율성의 명백한 풀 크기 종속성을 설명 하는 이론 높은 연소 효율 (90 ~ 99%)14,15,16보고. 여기에 설명 된 메서드는 제안 된 이론을 테스트 하도록 설계 되었습니다. 외부 열 플럭스를 소규모 실험실 실험을 쓰는 하 여 대규모 수영장 화재에 대 한 높은 열 피드백 제어 실험실 조건 하에서 시뮬레이션할 수 있습니다. 따라서, 개발된 메서드 외부 열 플럭스 변화 하 여 직경의 기능으로 효과적으로 연소 효율을 공부 하는 수 있습니다.
현장에서 의 더 큰 규모를 시뮬레이션 하는 외부 열 플럭스 뿐만 아니라 레코딩 작업, 오일 슬 릭의 차 물 흐름에 의해 냉각, 현재 바다의 냉각 효과 시뮬레이션 실험 설정 기능. 설명한 방법은 또한 신선 하 고 풍 화 원유 오일와 호환 됩니다. 원유의 풍 화는 휘발성 구성 요소 및 양식 물에서 기름 유화 액 (예를 들어, 확장17)을 물으로 혼합의 손실 등 물에 유출은 일단 한 원유에 영향을 주는 물리적, 화학적 과정을 설명 합니다. 증발 및 유화 원유 오일18 의 가연성에 영향을 주는 주요 풍 화 프로세스의 두 있으며 이러한 풍 화 프로세스를 시뮬레이션을 위한 프로토콜 따라서 논의 방법에 포함 됩니다.
여기, 우리는 가연성 및 현장에서 불타는 바다에 대 한 작업을 시뮬레이션 하는 조건 하에서 원유의 레코딩 효율성 결정 하는 새로운 실험실 방법 제시. 가연성 및 원유 오일의 연소 효율에 대 한 이전 연구 기능 비교 및 다른 방법. 외부 열 플럭스의 기능으로 신선 하 고 풍 화 원유 오일의 가연성 물19 및 북극 온도20에서 연구 했다. 레코딩 효율성 연구 일반적으로 신선한의 종류에 집중 하 고 극복 한 원유 오일 및 고정 규모 환경 조건 (예를 들어, Fritt-라 스무 센, 외. 8Bech, Sveum, 외 알. 21). 원유 오일 화학 목 축 업에 포함 된의 대 한 최근 연구는, 저자, 지식 첫 번째 작은, 중간, 대 한 레코딩 효율성 연구와 비슷한 조건13에서 대규모 실험. 그러나 대규모 실험은,, 파라메트릭 연구 시간과 같은 실험 수행에 필요한 자원의 광범위 한 금액으로 인해 쉽게 사용할 수 없습니다. 앞에서 언급 한 연구를 통해 제시 방법의 주요 장점은 동시에 모두는 가연성을 공부 하 고 불타는 세미 현실적인 조건에서 원유의 효율성에 대 한 수 것입니다. 원유 오일에 대 한 이러한 두 매개 변수 모두 다른 기름 종류와 쉽게 반복 실험을 통해 (시뮬레이션된) 풀 직경의 기능으로 공부의 조합 이전 연습에서 실현 되지 않았습니다.

<table><tbody><tr><td>DUC Crude Oil</td><td>Maersk</td><td>N/A</td><td>Light crude oil with r = 0.853 g/ml and h = 6.750 mPa*s.</td></tr><tr><td>Grane Crude Oil</td><td>Statoil</td><td>N/A</td><td>Heavy crude oil with r = 0.925 g/ml and h = 133.6 mPa*s.</td></tr><tr><td>SVM 3000 Stabinger Viscometer</td><td>Anton Paar</td><td>C18IP007EN-P</td><td>Viscosity and density meter for the fresh and weathered crude oils.</td></tr><tr><td>Laboshake RO500</td><td>Gerhardt</td><td>11-0002</td><td>Rotary shaking table for emulsifying water and oil mixtures.</td></tr><tr><td>Jebao Wave Maker RW-4</td><td>Jebao</td><td>N/A</td><td>Propeller (flow of 500-4000 L/h) used in the COFA setup to generate a current.</td></tr><tr><td>Aquabee UP 3000</td><td>Aquabee</td><td>UP 3000</td><td>Aquarium pump for cooling of heat flux gauge.</td></tr><tr><td>Adventurer Precision Electronic Balance</td><td>OHAUS</td><td>AX5205</td><td>Load scale used to weigh the oil for the COFA experiments and in the custom-made cone sample holder for the cone setup.</td></tr><tr><td>3M Oil Sorbent Pads</td><td>VWR</td><td>MMMAHP156</td><td>Hydrophobic absorption pads used to collect oil residues to determine the burning efficiency of the fire.</td></tr><tr><td>Mass Loss Calorimeter</td><td>Fire Testing Technology (FTT)</td><td>B11325-650-1-1608</td><td>A custom-made, circular holder was used for the testing of crude oil rather than the standard square sample holder. Includes a heat flux gauge with a range up to 100 kW/m&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;.</td></tr><tr><td>34972A Data Acquisition / Data Logger Switch Unit</td><td>RS Components Ltd.</td><td>702-7958</td><td>Produced by Keysight Technologies. Operated by Keysight benchLink data logger 3 software and equipped with a 20-channel multiplexer.</td></tr><tr><td>Keysight Technologies 34901A 20-channel multiplexer</td><td>RS Components Ltd.</td><td>702-7939</td><td>Produced by Keysight Technologies.</td></tr><tr><td>Bellows-Sealed Valve</td><td>Swagelok</td><td>SS-1GS6MM</td><td>Toggle valve to open/close the water in- and outlet of the custom-made cone sample holder for the cone setup.</td></tr><tr><td>Kronos 50 Peristaltic Pump</td><td>SEKO</td><td>KRFM0210M6000</td><td>Peristaltic pump used to cool the custom-made cone sample holder for the cone setup.</td></tr><tr><td>ARCTIC A28 Refrigerated Circulater</td><td>ThermoFisher Scientific</td><td>152-5281</td><td>Water cooling reservoir used to cool the cooling water that flows through the custom-made cone sample holder for the cone setup. Includes a SC 100 Immersion Circulator controller.</td></tr><tr><td>Gas Analysis Instrumentation Console with Duct Insert</td><td>Fire Testing Technology (FTT)</td><td>B11328-650-1-1609</td><td>Gas analyzer for O&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;, CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; and CO. Uses a 34972A Data Acquisition / Data Logger Switch Unit.</td></tr><tr><td>Ceramic &amp;amp; Stainless Steel 2.5mm Electrode</td><td>Fire Testing Technology (FTT)</td><td>M015-4</td><td>Spark igniter from the Mass Loss Calorimeter. Used in the COFA setup to measure the surface temperature upon ignition.</td></tr><tr><td>Infrared Emitter-Module M110/348</td><td>Heraeus</td><td>80046199</td><td>Original Infrared heaters on which the new design with a water-cooled holder for the heating elements was based. Includes two short wave twin tube emitters (09751751). Operated by a type CB1x25 P power controller.</td></tr><tr><td>Power Controller Heratron&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Heraeus</td><td>80055836</td><td>Type CB1x25 P power controller for the infrared heaters.</td></tr></tbody></table>

experimental procedure for laboratory studies of in situ burning : flammability and burning efficiency of crude oil

가연성의 동시 연구 및 2 개의 실험적인 실험실 설정을 통해 신선 하 고 풍 화 원유의 레코딩 효율성에 대 한 새로운 방법을 제시 합니다. 실험 운영 규모 실험 (풀 직경 ≥2 m), 여전히 꽤 현실 갖춘 현장에서 불타는 물에 원유의 조건 비교 쉽게 반복 있습니다. 실험 조건 냉각 오일 슬 릭 및 운영 규모 원유 풀 화재에 연료 표면에 높은 열 피드백을 시뮬레이션 하는 외부 열 플럭스 (최대 50 원/m2) 흐르는 물 하위 레이어를 포함 합니다. 이러한 조건에 해당 운영 규모 실험 하는 원유 풀 화재의 레코딩 효율성의 제어 실험실 연구 가능 메서드는 또한 임계 열 유 속에서 원유 오일 점화, 사건 열 플럭스, 점화, 시 표면 온도 및 열 관성의 기능으로 점화 지연 시간에 대 한 요구 사항에 정량적 데이터를 제공합니다. 이러한 유형의 데이터는 필요한 힘과 신선한 또는 풍 화 오일의 특정 종류를 점화 하는 점화 소스의 기간 결정 하 사용할 수 있습니다. 방법의 주요 한계는 흐르는 물의 냉각 효과 하위 레이어 레코딩 원유로 외부 열 플럭스의 기능 완벽 하 게 계량 하지는 이다. 실험 결과 명확 하 게 흐르는 물 하위 레이어 레코딩 조건 제자리에서 어떻게 대표이 설치는 개선지 않습니다 하지만 어느 정도이 표현은 정확 하지 않습니다 현재 불확실 했다. 메서드는 가장 현실적인 현장에서 불타는 동시에 가연성을 공부 하 고 불타는 물에 오일의 효율성에 대 한 현재 사용 가능한 실험실 조건 역시 갖추고 있습니다.

그림 5 에서는 2 단계에서 설명한 방법을 사용 하 여 30 wt %의 손실에 여러 일 동안 증발 했다 빛 원유의 증발 곡선. 그림은 명확 하 게 그 증발 풍의 첫 날 (19 h), 후 증발 속도 크게 감소, 프로토콜에서 설명 했 듯이 일시 중지에 대 한 수 있습니다 보여줍니다.
그림 6 신선한 Grane (무거?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Experimental Procedure for Laboratory Studies of In Situ Burning : Flammability and Burning Efficiency of Crude Oil at JoVE.com

Experimental Procedure for Laboratory Studies of In Situ Burning : Flammability and Burning Efficiency of Crude Oil

여기, 선물이 동시에 가연성 및 현장에서 불타는 바다에 대 한 작업을 시뮬레이션 하는 조건 하에서 신선 하 고 풍 화 원유의 레코딩 효율성 연구 프로토콜.

현장에서 불타의 실험실 연구에 대 한 실험 절차: 가연성 및 원유의 점화 효율성

A new method for the simultaneous study of the flammability and burning efficiency of fresh and weathered crude oil through two experimental laboratory ...

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Experimental Procedure for Laboratory Studies of In Situ Burning : Flammability and Burning Efficiency of Crude Oil

Chemical Quantities and Aqueous Reactions

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12.4K 조회수.  Technical University of Denmark. 여기, 선물이 동시에 가연성 및 현장에서 불타는 바다에 대 한 작업을 시뮬레이션 하는 조건 하에서 신선 하 고 풍 화 원유의 레코딩 효율성 연구 프로토콜.

비디오: Experimental Procedure for Laboratory Studies of In Situ Burning : Flammability and Burning Efficiency of Crude Oil

Biomass Conversion to Produce Hydrocarbon Liquid Fuel Via Hot-vapor Filtered Fast Pyrolysis and Catalytic Hydrotreating

Lignocellulosic biomass conversion to produce biofuels has received significant attention because of the quest for a replacement for fossil fuels. Among the various thermochemical and biochemical routes, fast pyrolysis followed by catalytic hydrotreating is considered to be a promising near-term opportunity. This paper reports on experimental methods used 1) at the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) for fast pyrolysis of lignocellulosic biomass to produce bio-oils in a fluidized-bed reactor and 2) at Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL) for catalytic hydrotreating of bio-oils in a two-stage, fixed-bed, continuous-flow catalytic reactor. The configurations of the reactor systems, the operating procedures, and the processing and analysis of feedstocks, bio-oils, and biofuels are described in detail in this paper. We also demonstrate hot-vapor filtration during fast pyrolysis to remove fine char particles and inorganic contaminants from bio-oil. Representative results showed successful conversion of biomass feedstocks to fuel-range hydrocarbon biofuels and, specifically, the effect of hot-vapor filtration on bio-oil production and upgrading. The protocols provided in this report could help to generate rigorous and reliable data for biomass pyrolysis and bio-oil hydrotreating research.

Experimental methods for fast pyrolysis of lignocellulosic biomass to produce bio-oils and for the catalytic hydrotreating of bio-oils to produce fuel range hydrocarbons are presented. Hot-vapor filtration during fast pyrolysis to remove fine char particles and inorganic contaminants from bio-oil was also assessed.

바이오 매스 변환 빠른 열분해 및 촉매 수소 처리 필터링 탄화수소 액체 연료 통해 뜨거운 증기를 생산하는

Lignocellulosic biomass conversion to produce biofuels has received significant attention because of the quest for a replacement for fossil fuels. Among ...

연구

생화학

Flame Experiments at the Advanced Light Source: New Insights into Soot Formation Processes

The following experimental protocols and the accompanying video are concerned with the flame experiments that are performed at the Chemical Dynamics Beamline of the Advanced Light Source (ALS) of the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory1-4. This video demonstrates how the complex chemical structures of laboratory-based model flames are analyzed using flame-sampling mass spectrometry with tunable synchrotron-generated vacuum-ultraviolet (VUV) radiation. This experimental approach combines isomer-resolving capabilities with high sensitivity and a large dynamic range5,6. The first part of the video describes experiments involving burner-stabilized, reduced-pressure (20-80 mbar) laminar premixed flames. A small hydrocarbon fuel was used for the selected flame to demonstrate the general experimental approach. It is shown how species&#8217; profiles are acquired as a function of distance from the burner surface and how the tunability of the VUV photon energy is used advantageously to identify many combustion intermediates based on their ionization energies. For example, this technique has been used to study gas-phase aspects of the soot-formation processes, and the video shows how the resonance-stabilized radicals, such as C3H3, C3H5, and i-C4H5, are identified as important intermediates7. The work has been focused on soot formation processes, and, from the chemical point of view, this process is very intriguing because chemical structures containing millions of carbon atoms are assembled from a fuel molecule possessing only a few carbon atoms in just milliseconds. The second part of the video highlights a new experiment, in which an opposed-flow diffusion flame and synchrotron-based aerosol mass spectrometry are used to study the chemical composition of the combustion-generated soot particles4. The experimental results indicate that the widely accepted H-abstraction-C2H2-addition (HACA) mechanism is not the sole molecular growth process responsible for the formation of the observed large polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs).

Gas sampling from laboratory-scale flames with online analysis of all species by mass spectrometry is a powerful method to investigate the complex mixture of chemical compounds occurring during combustion processes. Coupled with tunable soft ionization via synchrotron-generated vacuum-ultraviolet radiation, this technique provides isomer-resolved information and potentially fragment-free mass spectra.

고급 광원 불꽃 실험 : 그을음 형성 프로세스에 새로운 통찰력

The following experimental protocols and the accompanying video are concerned with the flame experiments that are performed at the Chemical Dynamics ...

공학

Chemical Analysis of Water-accommodated Fractions of Crude Oil Spills Using TIMS-FT-ICR MS

Multiple chemical processes control how crude oil is incorporated into seawater and also the chemical reactions that occur overtime. Studying this system requires the careful preparation of the sample in order to accurately replicate the natural formation of the water-accommodated fraction that occurs in nature. Low-energy water-accommodated fractions (LEWAF) are carefully prepared by mixing crude oil and water at a set ratio. Aspirator bottles are then irradiated, and at set time points, the water is sampled and extracted using standard techniques. A second challenge is the representative characterization of the sample, which must take into consideration the chemical changes that occur over time. A targeted analysis of the aromatic fraction of the LEWAF can be performed using an atmospheric-pressure laser ionization source coupled to a custom-built trapped ion mobility spectrometry&#8211;Fourier transform&#8211;ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometer (TIMS-FT-ICR MS). The TIMS-FT-ICR MS analysis provides high-resolution ion mobility and ultrahigh-resolution MS analysis, which further allow the identification of isomeric components by their collision cross-sections (CCS) and chemical formula. Results show that as the oil-water mixture is exposed to light, there is significant photo-solubilization of the surface oil into the water. Over time, the chemical transformation of the solubilized molecules takes place, with a decrease in the number of identifications of nitrogen- and sulfur-bearing species in favor of those with a greater oxygen content than were typically observed in the base oil.

The low-energy water-accommodated fraction (LEWAF) of crude oil is a challenging system to analyze, because over time, this complex mixture undergoes chemical transformations. This protocol illustrates methods for the preparation of the LEWAF sample and for performing photo-irradiation and chemical analysis by trapped ion mobility spectrometry&#8211;FT-ICR MS.

원유의 물 수용 분수의 화학 분석은 TIMS-FT-ICR MS를 사용하여 유출

Multiple chemical processes control how crude oil is incorporated into seawater and also the chemical reactions that occur overtime. Studying this system ...

환경과학

Original Experimental Approach for Assessing Transport Fuel Stability

The study of fuel oxidation stability is an important issue for the development of future fuels. Diesel and kerosene fuel systems have undergone several technological changes to fulfill environmental and economic requirements. These developments have resulted in increasingly severe operating conditions whose suitability for conventional and alternative fuels needs to be addressed. For example, fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs) introduced as biodiesel are more prone to oxidation and may lead to deposit formation. Although several methods exist to evaluate fuel stability (induction period, peroxides, acids, and insolubles), no technique allows one to monitor the real-time oxidation mechanism and to measure the formation of oxidation intermediates that may lead to deposit formation. In this article, we developed an advanced oxidation procedure (AOP) based on two existing reactors. This procedure allows the simulation of different oxidation conditions and the monitoring of the oxidation progress by the means of macroscopic parameters, such as total acid number (TAN) and advanced analytical methods like gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and Fourier Transform Infrared - Attenuated Total Reflection (FTIR-ATR). We successfully applied AOP to gain an in-depth understanding of the oxidation kinetics of a model molecule (methyl oleate) and commercial diesel and biodiesel fuels. These developments represent a key strategy for fuel quality monitoring during logistics and on-board utilization.

Oxidation stability of transport fuels has become a concern for future fuel development. This work presents an original methodology developed by IFP Energies Nouvelles for assessing fuel stability using two different reactors. This methodology was successfully applied to gain an in-depth understanding of the oxidation kinetics and pathways of model molecules and commercial fuels.

운송 연료 안정성 평가에 대한 기존 실험 접근

The study of fuel oxidation stability is an important issue for the development of future fuels. Diesel and kerosene fuel systems have undergone several ...

화학

Laboratory Production of Biofuels and Biochemicals from a Rapeseed Oil through Catalytic Cracking Conversion

The work is based on a reported study which investigates the processability of canola oil (bio-feed) in the presence of bitumen-derived heavy gas oil (HGO) for production of transportation fuels through a fluid catalytic cracking (FCC) route. Cracking experiments are performed with a fully automated reaction unit at a fixed weight hourly space velocity (WHSV) of 8 hr-1, 490-530 &#176;C, and catalyst/oil ratios of 4-12 g/g. When a feed is in contact with catalyst in the fluid-bed reactor, cracking takes place generating gaseous, liquid, and solid products. The vapor produced is condensed and collected in a liquid receiver at -15 &#176;C. The non-condensable effluent is first directed to a vessel and is sent, after homogenization, to an on-line gas chromatograph (GC) for refinery gas analysis. The coke deposited on the catalyst is determined in situ by burning the spent catalyst in air at high temperatures. Levels of CO2 are measured quantitatively via an infrared (IR) cell, and are converted to coke yield. Liquid samples in the receivers are analyzed by GC for simulated distillation to determine the amounts in different boiling ranges, i.e., IBP-221 &#176;C (gasoline), 221-343 &#176;C (light cycle oil), and 343 &#176;C+ (heavy cycle oil). Cracking of a feed containing canola oil generates water, which appears at the bottom of a liquid receiver and on its inner wall. Recovery of water on the wall is achieved through washing with methanol followed by Karl Fischer titration for water content. Basic results reported include conversion (the portion of the feed converted to gas and liquid product with a boiling point below 221 &#176;C, coke, and water, if present) and yields of dry gas (H2-C2's, CO, and CO2), liquefied petroleum gas (C3-C4), gasoline, light cycle oil, heavy cycle oil, coke, and water, if present.

This paper presents an experimental method to produce biofuels and biochemicals from canola oil mixed with a fossil-based feed in the presence of a catalyst at mild temperatures. Gaseous, liquid, and solid products from a reaction unit are quantified and characterized. Conversion and individual product yields are calculated and reported.

접촉 분해 변환을 통해 유채 기름에서 바이오 연료와 바이오 케미컬의 실험실 생산

The work is based on a reported study which investigates the processability of canola oil (bio-feed) in the presence of bitumen-derived heavy gas oil ...

Experimental Methodology for Estimation of Local Heat Fluxes and Burning Rates in Steady Laminar Boundary Layer Diffusion Flames

Modeling the realistic burning behavior of condensed-phase fuels has remained out of reach, in part because of an inability to resolve the complex interactions occurring at the interface between gas-phase flames and condensed-phase fuels. The current research provides a technique to explore the dynamic relationship between a combustible condensed fuel surface and gas-phase flames in laminar boundary layers. Experiments have previously been conducted in both forced and free convective environments over both solid and liquid fuels. A unique methodology, based on the Reynolds Analogy, was used to estimate local mass burning rates and flame heat fluxes for these laminar boundary layer diffusion flames utilizing local temperature gradients at the fuel surface. Local mass burning rates and convective and radiative heat feedback from the flames were measured in both the pyrolysis and plume regions by using temperature gradients mapped near the wall by a two-axis traverse system. These experiments are time-consuming and can be challenging to design as the condensed fuel surface burns steadily for only a limited period of time following ignition. The temperature profiles near the fuel surface need to be mapped during steady burning of a condensed fuel surface at a very high spatial resolution in order to capture reasonable estimates of local temperature gradients. Careful corrections for radiative heat losses from the thermocouples are also essential for accurate measurements. For these reasons, the whole experimental setup needs to be automated with a computer-controlled traverse mechanism, eliminating most errors due to positioning of a micro-thermocouple. An outline of steps to reproducibly capture near-wall temperature gradients and use them to assess local burning rates and heat fluxes is provided.

We describe the use of micro-thermocouples to estimate local temperature gradients in steady laminar boundary layer diffusion flames. By extension of the Reynolds Analogy, local temperature gradients can be further used to estimate the local mass burning rates and heat fluxes in such flames with high accuracy.

정상 층류 경계층 확산 불길에 지역 열 플럭스와 불타는 환율의 평​​가에 대한 실험 방법론

Modeling the realistic burning behavior of condensed-phase fuels has remained out of reach, in part because of an inability to resolve the complex ...

In Situ Visualization of the Phase Behavior of Oil Samples Under Refinery Process Conditions

To help address production issues in refineries caused by the fouling of process units and lines, we have developed a setup as well as a method to visualize the behavior of petroleum samples under process conditions. The experimental setup relies on a custom-built micro-reactor fitted with a sapphire window at the bottom, which is placed over the objective of an inverted microscope equipped with a cross-polarizer module. Using reflection microscopy enables the visualization of opaque samples, such as petroleum vacuum residues, or asphaltenes. The combination of the sapphire window from the micro-reactor with the cross-polarizer module of the microscope on the light path allows high-contrast imaging of isotropic and anisotropic media. While observations are carried out, the micro-reactor can be heated to the temperature range of cracking reactions (up to 450 &#176;C), can be subjected to H2 pressure relevant to hydroconversion reactions (up to 16 MPa), and can stir the sample by magnetic coupling. 
Observations are typically carried out by taking snapshots of the sample under cross-polarized light at regular time intervals. Image analyses may not only provide information on the temperature, pressure, and reactive conditions yielding phase separation, but may also give an estimate of the evolution of the chemical (absorption/reflection spectra) and physical (refractive index) properties of the sample before the onset of phase separation.

In Situ Visualization of the Phase Behavior of Oil Samples Under Refinery Process Conditions

This article describes a setup and method for the in situ visualization of oil samples under a variety of temperature and pressure conditions that aim to emulate refining and upgrading processes. It is primarily used for studying isotropic and anisotropic media involved in the fouling behavior of petroleum feeds.

정유 공정 조건에서 오일 샘플의 위상 행동 제자리 시각화에서

To help address production issues in refineries caused by the fouling of process units and lines, we have developed a setup as well as a method to ...

Minimum Burning Pressures of Water-based Emulsion Explosives

This manuscript describes a protocol to measure the minimum pressure required for sustained burning of water-based emulsion explosives. Pumping water-based emulsion explosives for blasting applications can be very hazardous, as demonstrated by a number of pump accidents around the globe in the last decades, including some that resulted in fatalities. In Canada, the recognition of this hazard has led to the development of pumping guidelines that were endorsed by both the explosives industry and the Explosive Regulatory Division of the Canadian government. In these guidelines, it was noted that the minimum burning pressures (MBP) measured in a laboratory would provide a good guide to characterize the behaviour of these products in pumping systems. The same guidelines also call for the design of pump systems that prevent, whenever possible, pressures from exceeding the MBP of the product being pumped. At the time of publication of these guidelines, a methodology existed for measuring such MBP values but it had never been validated to measure the MBP of ammonium nitrate water-based emulsions (AWEs). AWEs are now used much more widely than any other water-based explosives and precursors in on-site bulk loading operations.
The Canadian Explosives Research Laboratory (CanmetCERL) has been conducting research over the last ten years to develop a validated testing protocol to measure and interpret representative MBP values for AWEs. The test, as it is performed today, will be described and the critical components will be justified by reference to recent published data. Results of MBP measurements, for a range of AWE products, will be presented. Inclusion of the MBP test in the test standards for the authorization of high explosives in Canada will also be discussed.

We present an apparatus based on hot-wire ignition in a pressurized enclosure and an associated methodology to measure the minimum pressure required to induce sustained combustion in water-based emulsion explosives. This method improves product characterization to allow one to use them more safely during pumping and mixing operations.

최소 물 유화 액 폭발물의 점화

This manuscript describes a protocol to measure the minimum pressure required for sustained burning of water-based emulsion explosives. Pumping ...

Combustion Chemistry of Fuels: Quantitative Speciation Data Obtained from an Atmospheric High-temperature Flow Reactor with Coupled Molecular-beam Mass Spectrometer

This manuscript describes a high-temperature flow reactor experiment coupled to the powerful molecular beam mass spectrometry (MBMS) technique. This flexible tool offers a detailed observation of chemical gas-phase kinetics in reacting flows under well-controlled conditions. The vast range of operating conditions available in a laminar flow reactor enables access to extraordinary combustion applications that are typically not achievable by flame experiments. These include rich conditions at high temperatures relevant for gasification processes, the peroxy chemistry governing the low temperature oxidation regime or investigations of complex technical fuels. The presented setup allows measurements of quantitative speciation data for reaction model validation of combustion, gasification and pyrolysis processes, while enabling a systematic general understanding of the reaction chemistry. Validation of kinetic reaction models is generally performed by investigating combustion processes of pure compounds. The flow reactor has been enhanced to be suitable for technical fuels (e.g. multi-component mixtures like Jet A-1) to allow for phenomenological analysis of occurring combustion intermediates like soot precursors or pollutants. The controlled and comparable boundary conditions provided by the experimental design allow for predictions of pollutant formation tendencies. Cold reactants are fed premixed into the reactor that are highly diluted (in around 99 vol% in Ar) in order to suppress self-sustaining combustion reactions. The laminar flowing reactant mixture passes through a known temperature field, while the gas composition is determined at the reactors exhaust as a function of the oven temperature. The flow reactor is operated at atmospheric pressures with temperatures up to 1,800 K. The measurements themselves are performed by decreasing the temperature monotonically at a rate of -200 K/h. With the sensitive MBMS technique, detailed speciation data is acquired and quantified for almost all chemical species in the reactive process, including radical species.

An investigation of the oxidative combustion chemistry of novel biofuels, fuel components, or jet fuels by comparison of quantitative speciation data is presented. The data can be used for kinetic model validation and enables fuel assessment strategies.This manuscript describes the atmospheric high-temperature flow reactor and demonstrates its capabilities.

연료의 연소 화학: 양적 Speciation 데이터와 대기 고 열 흐름 반응 기에서 얻은 결합 분자 빔 질량 분석기

This manuscript describes a high-temperature flow reactor experiment coupled to the powerful molecular beam mass spectrometry (MBMS) technique. This ...

Wind Tunnel Experiments to Study Chaparral Crown Fires

The present protocol presents a laboratory technique designed to study chaparral crown fire ignition and spread. Experiments were conducted in a low velocity fire wind tunnel where two distinct layers of fuel were constructed to represent surface and crown fuels in chaparral. Chamise, a common chaparral shrub, comprised the live crown layer. The dead fuel surface layer was constructed with excelsior (shredded wood). We developed a methodology to measure mass loss, temperature, and flame height for both fuel layers. Thermocouples placed in each layer estimated temperature. A video camera captured the visible flame. Post-processing of digital imagery yielded flame characteristics including height and flame tilt. A custom crown mass loss instrument developed in-house measured the evolution of the mass of the crown layer during the burn. Mass loss and temperature trends obtained using the technique matched theory and other empirical studies. In this study, we present detailed experimental procedures and information about the instrumentation used. The representative results for the fuel mass loss rate and temperature filed within the fuel bed are also included and discussed.

This protocol describes wind tunnel experiments designed to study the transition of a fire from the ground to the canopy of chaparral shrubs.

카파 랄 크라운 화재 공부 바람 터널 실험

The present protocol presents a laboratory technique designed to study chaparral crown fire ignition and spread. Experiments were conducted in a low ...

현장에서 불타의 실험실 연구에 대 한 실험 절차: 가연성 및 원유의 점화 효율성

요약

더 많은 비디오 탐색

바이오 매스 변환 빠른 열분해 및 촉매 수소 처리 필터링 탄화수소 액체 연료 통해 뜨거운 증기를 생산하는

고급 광원 불꽃 실험 : 그을음 형성 프로세스에 새로운 통찰력

원유의 물 수용 분수의 화학 분석은 TIMS-FT-ICR MS를 사용하여 유출

운송 연료 안정성 평가에 대한 기존 실험 접근

접촉 분해 변환을 통해 유채 기름에서 바이오 연료와 바이오 케미컬의 실험실 생산

정상 층류 경계층 확산 불길에 지역 열 플럭스와 불타는 환율의 평가에 대한 실험 방법론

정유 공정 조건에서 오일 샘플의 위상 행동 제자리 시각화에서

최소 물 유화 액 폭발물의 점화

연료의 연소 화학: 양적 Speciation 데이터와 대기 고 열 흐름 반응 기에서 얻은 결합 분자 빔 질량 분석기

카파 랄 크라운 화재 공부 바람 터널 실험

현장에서 불타의 실험실 연구에 대 한 실험 절차: 가연성 및 원유의 점화 효율성

요약

더 많은 비디오 탐색

바이오 매스 변환 빠른 열분해 및 촉매 수소 처리 필터링 탄화수소 액체 연료 통해 뜨거운 증기를 생산하는

고급 광원 불꽃 실험 : 그을음 형성 프로세스에 새로운 통찰력

원유의 물 수용 분수의 화학 분석은 TIMS-FT-ICR MS를 사용하여 유출

운송 연료 안정성 평가에 대한 기존 실험 접근

접촉 분해 변환을 통해 유채 기름에서 바이오 연료와 바이오 케미컬의 실험실 생산

정상 층류 경계층 확산 불길에 지역 열 플럭스와 불타는 환율의 평​​가에 대한 실험 방법론

정유 공정 조건에서 오일 샘플의 위상 행동 제자리 시각화에서

최소 물 유화 액 폭발물의 점화

연료의 연소 화학: 양적 Speciation 데이터와 대기 고 열 흐름 반응 기에서 얻은 결합 분자 빔 질량 분석기

카파 랄 크라운 화재 공부 바람 터널 실험

정상 층류 경계층 확산 불길에 지역 열 플럭스와 불타는 환율의 평가에 대한 실험 방법론