이 간행물에 보고 된 연구는 국립 연구소의 치과 Craniofacial 연구 (NIDCR)와 보너스 번호 R56 DE025098, UG3 DE027695, 및 CA206296 F30 국립 보건원의 국립 암 연구소 (NCI)에 의해 지원 되었다. 내용은 전적으로 저자의 책임 이며 반드시 국립 보건원의 공식 의견을 대표 하지 않는다. 이 작품 또한 NSF DMR 1206219와 IADR 혁신 구강 케어 상 (2016)에 의해 지원 되었다.
우리는 제인 Gavrity IVIS 실험 수행에 그녀의 도움에 감사 하 고 싶습니다. 우리는 그들에 그녀의 지원과 입력 카 렌 벤틀리 감사 하 고 싶습니다. 우리는 페이 Lun Weng IHC와 그의 지원에 대 한 감사 하 고 싶습니다. 우리는 매튜 잉 그림 준비에 그의 원조에 대 한 감사 하 고 싶습니다. 우리는이 논문의 중요 한 읽기 박사 Elaine Smolock, 에밀리 우 감사 하 고 싶습니다.

아래에 설명 된 모든 vivo에서 절차는 로체스터의 대학, 로체스터, 뉴욕에서 동물 자원에 대학 위원회에 의해 승인 되었다.
1입니다. 준비
<ol><li>와이어 삽입과 32 G intracranial 카 테 테 르 튜브를 사용 하 여, 3 cm 긴 축에 약 45 ° 경사진된 끝을 형성 하 고 튜브의 컷. 와이어 튜브 보다 1 cm 이상 되는지 확인 합니다.</li>
	<li>해밀턴 주사기를 50 µ L PSMA 나노 솔루션 (그림 1), 또는 다른 주입 재료를 로드 합니다. 주입 동안 barotrauma의 확률을 줄이기 위해, 주사기를 제거 stylet와 카 테 테 르 튜브를 연결 하 고 죽은 볼륨을 추방.</li>
	<li>나노는 완벽 하 게 관리 다음 ductal 방해를 방지 하기 위해 solvated 되도록 주입 솔루션을 검사 합니다.</li>
	<li>0.1 mg/mL에서 아트로핀 솔루션을 준비 합니다. 참고: 아트로핀은 빛에 민감한 시간이 지남에 저하 됩니다 때문에이 솔루션 주입의 하루와 있어야 관리까지 빛 으로부터 보호 합니다.</li>
</ol>2. 액세스 및 Ductal 진입점을 시각화
<ol><li>C57/BL6 마우스 사용 하 여 분석 균형 무게.</li>
	<li>29G x ½"바늘 0.5 mL 주사기를 사용 하 여, 100 mg/kg 케 타 민 고 10 mg/kg xylazine의 intraperitoneally 주입 된 살 균 염 분 솔루션 마우스 anesthetize. 마우스 이상에 응답 자극, 일반적으로 주사를 따라 5 ~ 10 분 이내 발생 하는 경우 다음 단계로 진행 합니다. 참고:이 절차 또한 isoflurane, 아래 수행 될 수 있습니다 하지만 구강에 대 한 액세스를 허용 하는 사용자 지정 코 콘이 필요 합니다.</li>
	<li>절차 동안 건조를 방지 하기 위해 눈에 윤활제를 적용 하 고 사용자 지정 단계에 발생 하기 쉬운 위치에 마우스를 놓습니다. 참고: 내 구두 절차에 대 한 적절 한 조건을 유지, 도구 해야 될 소독 하거나 각 사용 전에 소독 합니다.</li>
	<li>금속 빔에 상 악 앞 니를 확보 하 여 구강을 열고 신축성 밴드를 사용 하 여 악의 앞 니 (그림 2A) 뒤에 아래 긴장을 적용 합니다.</li>
	<li>턱의 시각화 되도록 해 현미경 아래 마우스를 맞춥니다.</li>
	<li>입 확대, 양측 뺨 점 막에 긴장을 적용할 사용자 지정 곡선된 강철 견인을 사용 합니다.</li>
	<li>Submandibular 용의자를 시각화 하려면 파악 하 고 부드럽게 혀 무뚝뚝한 집게를 사용 하 여 입의 바닥에서 들어올립니다. 참고:은 papillae 혀 (그림 2B) 아래 두 창백 돌출으로 표시 됩니다.</li>
	<li>구강 내에서 시각화 및 조작 추가 완화, 면 혀와 볼 점 막 사이 배치 합니다.</li>
</ol>3. ductal Cannulation 및 선 배치
<ol><li>잘 사용 하 여, 곡선된 겸 자, 와이어 삽입 된 카 테 테 르 튜브 파악. Cannulation 동안 최적의 수동 제어를 위한 겸 자 (그림 3A)의 곡률으로 튜브를 맞춥니다.</li>
	<li>보기의 필드에 집게와 와이어를 이동 해 현미경을 사용 하 여. 참고: 와이어 튜브에서 돌기 한다.</li>
	<li>부드럽게 작은, 표면, 점 막 펑크 (0.076 m m 직경) 카 테 테 르 튜브 (0.25 m m 직경)의 최신 항목을 촉진 합니다 생성 하는 삽입 된 와이어를 사용 하 여 하나의 submandibular 시의 기지에 압력을 적용. 저항을 발생 하는 경우 날카로운가 위를 해 튜브 및 와이어 삽입에 신선한 경사진된 끝을 잘라.</li>
	<li>항목에 따라는 stylet을 철회 하 고 펑크 사이트에서 타 액의 존재를 확인 해 현미경을 사용 하 여. 강력한 또는 갑자기 (철수 또는 삽입)의 움직임을 stylet 출혈이 발생할 수 있습니다 또는 ductal 무결성을 손상 하지 마십시오.</li>
	<li>(그림 3B) 배관 내 stylet을 철회.</li>
	<li>주입 튜브 여 튼의 덕트에 맞는 것을 보장 하기 위해, 이전 만든된 펑크 (그림 2 C)으로 딱딱한 가이드로는 stylet을 포함 하는 튜브를 삽입 합니다. 참고: 경우에 신속 하 게 수행 하지 로컬 붓기 다시 삽입을 방지할 수 있습니다.</li>
	<li>장기간된 ductal 방해에서 다시 압력을 방지 하기 위해 튜브를 철회 한다. 개방, 현미경, 아래 보이는 submandibular 시에서 볼 수 있습니다 확인 하려면 검사 합니다. 보이는 출혈이 발생 하는 경우는 stylet을 제거 하 고 반대 submandibular 용의자에 3.2 단계에서 다시 시도.</li>
	<li>마우스를 이동 하지 않고 절차 동안 타 액 분 비를 줄이기 위해 1 mg/kg 아트로핀 솔루션의 복 주입을 관리 합니다. 5-10 분을 기다립니다.</li>
	<li>주사기 튜브의 끝을 잡고 고 해 현미경 (그림 3C)를 사용 하 여 구멍에 삽입 합니다. 저항을 발생 하는 경우 튜브를 reattempt 신선한 경사진된 끝을 잘라.</li>
	<li>일단 튜브 submandibular 시 내에, 덕트에 3-5 m m 진행 천천히. 릴리스는 집게에서 튜브입니다.</li>
	<li>관과 submandibular 시 사이 물개를 개선 하기 위해 부드럽게 1 분 거 즈와 blotting에 의해 인터페이스를 건조.</li>
	<li>튜브의 위치는 건조 하는 동안 이동 하지 확인 하려면 검사 합니다.</li>
</ol>4입니다. 주입
<ol><li>자료는 마우스 sedated 있고 (그림 2D) 고통의 표시 표시 되지 않는 확인 하는 검사 약 10 µ L/분의 속도로 주입. 참고: 15-50 µ L의 주사는 잘 용납입니다. 더 큰 볼륨의 주입 barotrauma 발생할 수 있습니다.</li>
	<li>주입, 따라와 튼의 덕트와 SMG (그림 4) 자료의 보존을 향상 시키기 위해 5 분 동안 주사기 압력을 유지 합니다. Submandibular 시 튜브 ductal 구멍을 종료 하지 않습니다 보장 하기 위해 정기적으로 검사 합니다.</li>
	<li>미세 집게를 사용 하 여 파악 하 고 부드럽게 submandibular 용의자에서 튜브를 철회. 참고: 그것은 용의자에서 일부 유체 출구를 관찰 정상입니다.</li>
	<li>스테이지에서 마우스를 이동 하기 전에 견인 및 코 튼 구강에서 제거 합니다. 참고: 동물 하지 맡겨야 한다 무인 sternal recumbency를 유지 하기 위해 충분 한 의식 회복 될 때까지. 또한, 마우스 하지 완전히 복구 될 때까지 다른 마우스와 보관 되어 있는지 확인 합니다.</li>
</ol>5. 확인 및 분석
참고:는 vivo에서 이미징 시스템 (IVIS) 사용할 수 있습니다 (으로 표시 된 1 시간 그리고 그림 5에서 주사 후 24 h) 주입 다음 붙일 레이블된 나노 입자의 보존을 평가 하기 위해.
<ol><li>피부를 통해 서울시 내의 형광 신호를 더 나은 시각화 하려면 overlying SMGs 하거나 면도 하거나 화학 탈모를 사용 하 여 복 부 털을 제거 합니다. 참고: 안락사, 다음 서울시 조직 또한 수확 수 있습니다, 고정 (4 %paraformaldehyde)에서 1 박, 그리고 붙일 레이블된 NP의 지 속성 주사 (그림 6)에 따라 1 일 것인지 immunohistochemistry를 사용 하 여 스테인드.</li>
</ol>

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S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Poly(styrene-alt-maleic+anhydride)-based+diblock+copolymer+micelles+exhibit+versatile+hydrophobic+drug+loading,+drug-dependent+release,+and+internalization+by+multidrug+resistant+ovarian+cancer+cells.">Poly(styrene-alt-maleic anhydride)-based diblock copolymer micelles exhibit versatile hydrophobic drug loading, drug-dependent release, and internalization by multidrug resistant ovarian cancer cells.</a> Biomacromolecules. 15 (7), 2629-2641 (2014).</li><li>Wang, Y., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Fracture-Targeted+Delivery+of+&#946;-Catenin+Agonists+via+Peptide-Functionalized+Nanoparticles+Augments+Fracture+Healing.">Fracture-Targeted Delivery of &#946;-Catenin Agonists via Peptide-Functionalized Nanoparticles Augments Fracture Healing.</a> ACS Nano. 11 (9), 9445-9458 (2017).</li><li>Baranello, M. P., Bauer, L., Jordan, C. T., Benoit, D. S. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Micelle+Delivery+of+Parthenolide+to+Acute+Myeloid+Leukemia+Cells.">Micelle Delivery of Parthenolide to Acute Myeloid Leukemia Cells.</a> Cellular and Molecular Bioengineering. 8 (3), 455-470 (2015).</li><li>Kuriki, Y., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cannulation+of+the+Mouse+Submandibular+Salivary+Gland+via+the+Wharton's+Duct.">Cannulation of the Mouse Submandibular Salivary Gland via the Wharton's Duct.</a> Journal of Visualized Experiments. (51), e3074 (2011).</li><li>Nair, R. P., Zheng, C., Sunavala-Dossabhoy, G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Retroductal+Submandibular+Gland+Instillation+and+Localized+Fractionated+Irradiation+in+a+Rat+Model+of+Salivary+Hypofunction.">Retroductal Submandibular Gland Instillation and Localized Fractionated Irradiation in a Rat Model of Salivary Hypofunction.</a> Journal of Visualized Experiments. (110), (2016).</li><li>Wang, Y., Malcolm, D. W., Benoit, D. S. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Controlled+and+sustained+delivery+of+siRNA/NPs+from+hydrogels+expedites+bone+fracture+healing.">Controlled and sustained delivery of siRNA/NPs from hydrogels expedites bone fracture healing.</a> Biomaterials. 139 (Supplement C), 127-138 (2017).</li><li>Hoffman, M. D., Van Hove, A. H., Benoit, D. S. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Degradable+hydrogels+for+spatiotemporal+control+of+mesenchymal+stem+cells+localized+at+decellularized+bone+allografts.">Degradable hydrogels for spatiotemporal control of mesenchymal stem cells localized at decellularized bone allografts.</a> Acta Biomaterialia. 10 (8), 3431-3441 (2014).</li><li>Nguyen, C. Q., Yin, H., Lee, B. H., Chiorini, J. A., Peck, A. B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=IL17:+potential+therapeutic+target+in+Sjogren's+syndrome+using+adenovirus-mediated+gene+transfer.">IL17: potential therapeutic target in Sjogren's syndrome using adenovirus-mediated gene transfer.</a> Laboratory Investigation. 91 (1), 54-62 (2011).</li></ol>

저자는 공개 없다.

Retroductal 주사 침 샘에 지역화 된 약물 전달에 대 한 중요 하다. 이 기술은 응용 프로그램 Sjogren 증후군 및 RIH9,,1028를 포함 하 여 조건에 대 한 치료제를 심사에 있다. Retroductal 주입을 통해 서울시에 직접 약물 전달 주요 이점이 그것의 잠재력을 줄이기 위해 오프 대상 효과, 면역 활성화11를 포함 하 여 조직의 ?...

침 샘 기능 장애는 많은 etiologies, Sjögren의 증후군, 기능성 분 비 조직, 그리고 방사선 유발 hyposalivation (RIH), 머리와 목 암 방사선 치료1의 일반적인 sequella의 자기 면역 중재 손실을 포함 하 여 있다. 어느 조건 때문에 침 기능 손실 구두 및 조직의 감염, 충 치, 소화 하 고 삼 키는 기능 장애, 언어 장애, 그리고 주요 우울증1,2,3에 개인을 걸리기. 결과적으로, 삶의 질 크게 겪고 있다, 중재 치료4보다는 증상의 일시적 완화에 국한. Vivo에서새로운 치료 조사, 침 샘에 직접 생리 활성 화합물을 관리 하는 관심입니다.
Retroductal 주사 침 샘에 직접 생리 활성 화합물을 제공 하 고 질병, 부상, 또는 정상 조직의 항상성에서 효능을 테스트 하는 귀중 한 방법입니다. 3 개의 주요 침 샘은 귀 밑 (PG), submandibular (서울시), 그리고 삶의 (SLG), 배설 덕트를 통해 구강에는 빈의 모든. murine의 해부학 SMG cannulation 혀5아래 입의 바닥에 있는 왓슨의 덕트를 통해 직접 액세스를 허용 합니다. Cannulation, solvated 마약 SMG에 직접 관리할 수 있습니다. Retroductal 배달, 다음 외 선의 확산 구조6주위 물자의 교류를 통제 하는 주변 조직 캡슐에 의해 제한 됩니다. SMG와 그 덕트 마찬가지로 인간에서는, 구조는 SMG 수술 및 sialoendoscopy7중에 정기적으로 액세스. 인간과 쥐에서 PG는 마찬가지로 볼 점 막8에서 Stensen의 덕트를 통해 액세스할 수 있습니다.
RIH murine 모델, SMG retroductal 주입 치료제 등 성장 요인, 일차 전지, adenoviral 벡터, cytokines, 부상, 세포질 응답을 조절 하 고 그 결과 감소 하는 항 산화 화합물을 제공 하는 데 사용 되었습니다. 조직 손상5,9,10,11,12,13,14,,1516. Retroductal 주입의 가장 주목할 만한 임상 성공이 이다 (Aquaporin 1; 물 채널의 표현을 직접 adenoviral vector의 관리 AQP1) 머리와 목 암17방사선 환자에.
이전에 우리는 개발과 RIH11,18,,1920에서 침 샘 기능을 보호 하기 위해 retroductally 주입 고분자 나노-siRNA 시스템의 효능 표시. 우리의 과거 작품의 확장, 여기, 우리 우리의 프로토콜 로드 하 고 그렇지 않으면 가난 하 게 녹는 제공 붙일 레이블된 나노 (NP)를 사용 하 여 retroductal 서울시 주입 약21,22, 설명 23.
우리 diblock 공중 합체 폴 리 (스 티 렌-alt-maleic anhydride)-b-poly(styrene) 가역 추가 체인 조각화 (뗏목) 중 합, 앞에서 설명한21통해 (PSMA)의 구성에서 NP를 합성 할. 솔벤트 교류를 통해 이러한 고분자 자발적으로 자기 조립 micelle NP 구조는 소수 성 내부와 친수성 외부21에. NPs는 동물을 희생 하지 않고도 동맥에 NP 배달의 확인을 허용 하도록 텍사스 레드 fluorophore와 함께 표시 됩니다. 동물 영상 라이브와 SMG immunohistochemistry 1 시간 그리고 1 일 주사를 다음에 표시 됩니다.
이 업데이트 하 고 재현할 수 cannulation 프로토콜 retroductal 주입을 달성 하기 위해 다른 사람을 사용 해야 합니다. 우리는이 세련 된 기술을 vivo에서 연구 및 치료 개발24,25에 대 한 중요 한 될 것입니다 기대 합니다.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="690">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:219px;">Pilocarpine hydrochloride</td>
			<td style="width:128px;">Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">P6503</td>
			<td style="width:225px;">Pilocarpine</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:219px;">Student Vannas Spring Scissors</td>
			<td style="width:128px;">Fine Science Tools</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">91500-9</td>
			<td>Spring Scissors for Tracheostomy</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:219px;">Sterile Saline Solution</td>
			<td style="width:128px;">Medline</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">RDI30296H</td>
			<td>Saline</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="19">
			<td height="19" style="height:19px;width:219px;">Dumont #7 Forceps</td>
			<td style="width:128px;">Fine Science Tools</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">11274-20</td>
			<td>Curved Forceps</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;width:219px;">Dumont #5 Forceps</td>
			<td style="width:128px;">Fine Science Tools</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">11251-10</td>
			<td>Straight Forceps</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="17">
			<td height="17" style="height:17px;width:219px;">Standard Pattern Forceps</td>
			<td style="width:128px;">Fine Science Tools</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">11000-12</td>
			<td>Blunt Forceps</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:219px;">Fine Scissors- Tungsten Carbide</td>
			<td style="width:128px;">Fine Science Tools</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">14568-09</td>
			<td>Dissection Scissors</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:219px;">Microhematocrit Heparinized Capillary Tubes</td>
			<td style="width:128px;">Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">22362566</td>
			<td>Capillary tubes</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:219px;">Lubricant Eye Ointment</td>
			<td style="width:128px;">Refresh</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">N/A</td>
			<td>Refresh Lacri-Lube</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:219px;">Goat polyclonal anti-Nkcc1</td>
			<td style="width:128px;">Santa Cruz Biotech</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">SC-21545</td>
			<td>Nkcc1 Antibody</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:219px;">DAPI (4&#39;,6-Diamidino-2-Phenylindole, Dihydrochloride)</td>
			<td style="width:128px;">Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">D1306</td>
			<td>DAPI</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:219px;">GraphPad Prism</td>
			<td style="width:128px;">GraphPad</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">ver6.0</td>
			<td>Statistical Software</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:219px;">Cotton tipped applicator</td>
			<td style="width:128px;">Medline</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">MDS202000</td>
			<td>Applicator for eye ointment</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:219px;">0.5cc Insulin Syringe, 29G x 1/2&#34;</td>
			<td style="width:128px;">BD</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">7629</td>
			<td>Syringe for intraperitoneal injection</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

retroductal nanoparticle injection to the murine submandibular gland

침 샘 치료의 두 가지 일반적인 목표는 조직 장애 중 다음의 예방 및 치료 면역 또는 방사선 상해. 로컬 침 샘에 생리 활성 화합물을 함으로써, 큰 조직 농도 조직의 관리 대 안전 하 게 구현할 수 있습니다. 또한, 대상 조직에서 물자의 여분 선 축적 효과 수 극적으로 감소 될. 이와 관련, retroductal 주사 침 샘 생물학과 이상 조사를 위해 널리 사용 되는 방법입니다. Retroductal 관리 성장 요인, 일차 전지, adenoviral 벡터, 그리고 작은 분자 약물의 상해의 설정에서 기능을 지원 하기 위해 표시 되었습니다. 우리는 이전 조사를 다음과 같은 기능을 유지 하기 위해 주입 retroductally 나노 siRNA 전략의 효능을 보여주었다. 여기, 왓슨의 덕트를 통해 murine submandibular 동맥에 나노 소재를 관리 하는 매우 효과적이 고 재현 방법에 대 한 자세한 (그림 1). 우리 구강 접근을 설명 하 고 더 관측 절차에 걸쳐 품질 검사로 재직 cannulate와 튼의 덕트, 하는 데 필요한 단계를 개요.

Retroductal 주입 murine SMG (그림 1)에 NPs를 관리를 사용할 수 있습니다. 여기, 우리는 50 µ g PSMA NPs 텍사스 레드 fluorophore와 함께 표시를 제공 합니다.
마우스의 적절 한 배치는 손쉬운 액세스와 입 (그림 2A-B)의 바닥의 시각화 수 있습니다. Submandibular papillae 혀 아래 두 살 돌출...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Retroductal Nanoparticle Injection to the Murine Submandibular Gland at JoVE.com

Retroductal Nanoparticle Injection to the Murine Submandibular Gland

Submandibular 동맥을 지역 약물 전달 및 새로운 치료제의 개발에 대 한 이해 침 샘 생물학에서입니다. 선물이 배달 정확성과 실험의 재현성을 향상 시키는 업데이트 및 상세한 retroductal 주입 프로토콜. 여기에 소개 하는 응용 프로그램은 고분자 나노 입자의 배달.

Retroductal 나노 Murine Submandibular 동맥에 주입

Two common goals of salivary gland therapeutics are prevention and cure of tissue dysfunction following either autoimmune or radiation injury. By locally ...

retroductal-nanoparticle-injection-to-the-murine-submandibular-gland

Research

JoVE Journal

Bioengineering

9.9K 조회수.  University of Rochester. Submandibular 동맥을 지역 약물 전달 및 새로운 치료제의 개발에 대 한 이해 침 샘 생물학에서입니다. 선물이 배달 정확성과 실험의 재현성을 향상 시키는 업데이트 및 상세한 retroductal 주입 프로토콜. 여기에 소개 하는 응용 프로그램은 고분자 나노 입자의 배달.

비디오: Retroductal Nanoparticle Injection to the Murine Submandibular Gland

Design of a Cyclic Pressure Bioreactor for the Ex Vivo Study of Aortic Heart Valves

The aortic valve, located between the left ventricle and the aorta, allows for unidirectional blood flow, preventing backflow into the ventricle. Aortic valve leaflets are composed of interstitial cells suspended within an extracellular matrix (ECM) and are lined with an endothelial cell monolayer. The valve withstands a harsh, dynamic environment and is constantly exposed to shear, flexion, tension, and compression. Research has shown calcific lesions in diseased valves occur in areas of high mechanical stress as a result of endothelial disruption or interstitial matrix damage1-3. Hence, it is not surprising that epidemiological studies have shown high blood pressure to be a leading risk factor in the onset of aortic valve disease4. 
The only treatment option currently available for valve disease is surgical replacement of the diseased valve with a bioprosthetic or mechanical valve5. Improved understanding of valve biology in response to physical stresses would help elucidate the mechanisms of valve pathogenesis. In turn, this could help in the development of non-invasive therapies such as pharmaceutical intervention or prevention. Several bioreactors have been previously developed to study the mechanobiology of native or engineered heart valves6-9. Pulsatile bioreactors have also been developed to study a range of tissues including cartilage10, bone11 and bladder12. The aim of this work was to develop a cyclic pressure system that could be used to elucidate the biological response of aortic valve leaflets to increased pressure loads. 
The system consisted of an acrylic chamber in which to place samples and produce cyclic pressure, viton diaphragm solenoid valves to control the timing of the pressure cycle, and a computer to control electrical devices. The pressure was monitored using a pressure transducer, and the signal was conditioned using a load cell conditioner. A LabVIEW program regulated the pressure using an analog device to pump compressed air into the system at the appropriate rate. The system mimicked the dynamic transvalvular pressure levels associated with the aortic valve; a saw tooth wave produced a gradual increase in pressure, typical of the transvalvular pressure gradient that is present across the valve during diastole, followed by a sharp pressure drop depicting valve opening in systole. The LabVIEW program allowed users to control the magnitude and frequency of cyclic pressure. The system was able to subject tissue samples to physiological and pathological pressure conditions. This device can be used to increase our understanding of how heart valves respond to changes in the local mechanical environment.

Design of a Cyclic Pressure Bioreactor for the Ex Vivo Study of Aortic Heart Valves

A cyclic pressure bioreactor capable of subjecting heart valve tissue to physiological and pathological pressure conditions has been designed. A LabVIEW program allows users to control pressure magnitude, amplitude and frequency. This device can be used to study the mechanobiology of heart valve tissue or isolated cells.

의 순환 압력 생물 반응기 설계 예 VIVO</em대동맥 심장 밸브> 학습

The aortic valve, located between the left ventricle and the aorta, allows for unidirectional blood flow, preventing backflow into the ventricle. Aortic ...

연구

생체공학

Synthesis, Assembly, and Characterization of Monolayer Protected Gold Nanoparticle Films for Protein Monolayer Electrochemistry

Colloidal gold nanoparticles protected with alkanethiolate ligands called monolayer protected gold clusters (MPCs) are synthesized and subsequently incorporated into film assemblies that serve as adsorption platforms for protein monolayer electrochemistry (PME). PME is utilized as the model system for studying electrochemical properties of redox proteins by confining them to an adsorption platform at a modified electrode, which also serves as a redox partner for electron transfer (ET) reactions. Studies have shown that gold nanoparticle film assemblies of this nature provide for a more homogeneous protein adsorption environment and promote ET without distance dependence compared to the more traditional systems modified with alkanethiol self-assembled monolayers (SAM).1-3 In this paper, MPCs functionalized with hexanethiolate ligands are synthesized using a modified Brust reaction4 and characterized with ultraviolet visible (UV-Vis) spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and proton (1H) nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). MPC films are assembled on SAM modified gold electrode interfaces by using a "dip cycle" method of alternating MPC layers and dithiol linking molecules. Film growth at gold electrode is tracked electrochemically by measuring changes to the double layer charging current of the system. Analogous films assembled on silane modified glass slides allow for optical monitoring of film growth and cross-sectional TEM analysis provides an estimated film thickness. During film assembly, manipulation of the MPC ligand protection as well as the interparticle linkage mechanism allow for networked films, that are readily adaptable, to interface with redox protein having different adsorption mechanism. For example, Pseudomonas aeruginosa azurin (AZ) can be adsorbed hydrophobically to dithiol-linked films of hexanethiolate MPCs and cytochrome c (cyt c) can be immobilized electrostatically at a carboxylic acid modified MPC interfacial layer. In this report, we focus on the film protocol for the AZ system exclusively. Investigations involving the adsorption of proteins on MPC modified synthetic platforms could further the understanding of interactions between biomolecules and man-made materials, and consequently aid the development of biosensor schemes, ET modeling systems, and synthetic biocompatible materials.5-8

Alkanethiolate stabilized gold colloids known as monolayer protected clusters (MPCs) are synthesized, characterized, and assembled into thin films as an adsorption interface for protein monolayer electrochemistry of simple redox protein like Pseudomonas aeruginosa azurin (AZ) and cytochrome c (cyt c).

Monolayer의 합성, 조립, 그리고 특성화는 단백질 Monolayer의 전기에 대한 골드 Nanoparticle 필름을 보호

Colloidal gold nanoparticles protected with alkanethiolate ligands called monolayer protected gold clusters (MPCs) are synthesized and subsequently ...

Tissue Engineering of the Intestine in a Murine Model

Tissue-engineered small intestine (TESI) has successfully been used to rescue Lewis rats after massive small bowel resection, resulting in return to preoperative weights within 40 days.1 In humans, massive small bowel resection can result in short bowel syndrome, a functional malabsorptive state that confers significant morbidity, mortality, and healthcare costs including parenteral nutrition dependence, liver failure and cirrhosis, and the need for multivisceral organ transplantation.2 In this paper, we describe and document our protocol for creating tissue-engineered intestine in a mouse model with a multicellular organoid units-on-scaffold approach. Organoid units are multicellular aggregates derived from the intestine that contain both mucosal and mesenchymal elements,3 the relationship between which preserves the intestinal stem cell niche.4 In ongoing and future research, the transition of our technique into the mouse will allow for investigation of the processes involved during TESI formation by utilizing the transgenic tools available in this species.5The availability of immunocompromised mouse strains will also permit us to apply the technique to human intestinal tissue and optimize the formation of human TESI as a mouse xenograft before its transition into humans. Our method employs good manufacturing practice (GMP) reagents and materials that have already been approved for use in human patients, and therefore offers a significant advantage over approaches that rely upon decellularized animal tissues. The ultimate goal of this method is its translation to humans as a regenerative medicine therapeutic strategy for short bowel syndrome.

This article and the accompanying video present our protocol for generating tissue-engineered intestine in the mouse, using an organoid units-on-scaffold approach.

손쥐 모델에서 창자의 조직 공학

Tissue-engineered small intestine (TESI) has successfully been used to rescue Lewis rats after massive small bowel resection, resulting in return to ...

A Hormone-responsive 3D Culture Model of the Human Mammary Gland Epithelium

The process of mammary epithelial morphogenesis is influenced by hormones. The study of hormone action on the breast epithelium using 2D cultures is limited to cell proliferation and gene expression endpoints. However, in the organism, mammary morphogenesis occurs in a 3D environment. 3D culture systems help bridge the gap between monolayer cell culture (2D) and the complexity of the organism. Herein, we describe a 3D culture model of the human breast epithelium that is suitable to study hormone action. It uses the commercially available hormone-responsive human breast epithelial cell line, T47D, and rat tail collagen type 1 as a matrix. This 3D culture model responds to the main mammotropic hormones: estradiol, progestins and prolactin. The influence of these hormones on epithelial morphogenesis can be observed after 1- or 2-week treatment according to the endpoint. The 3D cultures can be harvested for analysis of epithelial morphogenesis, cell proliferation and gene expression.

We describe a 3D culture model of the human breast epithelium that is suitable to study hormone action.

인간의 유선 상피의 호르몬 응답 3D 문화 모델

The process of mammary epithelial morphogenesis is influenced by hormones. The study of hormone action on the breast epithelium using 2D cultures is ...

Microfluidic Buffer Exchange for Interference-free Micro/Nanoparticle Cell Engineering

Engineering cells with active-ingredient-loaded micro/nanoparticles (NPs) is becoming an increasingly popular method to enhance native therapeutic properties, enable bio imaging and control cell phenotype. A critical yet inadequately addressed issue is the significant number of particles that remain unbound after cell labeling which cannot be readily removed by conventional centrifugation. This leads to an increase in bio imaging background noise and can impart transformative effects onto neighboring non-target cells. In this protocol, we present an inertial microfluidics-based buffer exchange strategy termed as Dean Flow Fractionation (DFF) to efficiently separate labeled cells from free NPs in a high throughput manner. The developed spiral microdevice facilitates continuous collection (&#62;90% cell recovery) of purified cells (THP-1 and MSCs) suspended in new buffer solution, while achieving &#62;95% depletion of unbound fluorescent dye or dye-loaded NPs (silica or PLGA). This single-step, size-based cell purification strategy enables high cell processing throughput (106 cells/min) and is highly useful for large-volume cell purification of micro/nanoparticle engineered cells to achieve interference-free clinical application.

This protocol describes the use of an inertial microfluidics-based buffer exchange strategy to purify micro/nanoparticle engineered cells with efficient depletion of unbound particles.

간섭이없는 마이크로 / 나노 입자의 세포 공학을위한 미세 유체 버퍼 교환

Engineering cells with active-ingredient-loaded micro/nanoparticles (NPs) is becoming an increasingly popular method to enhance native therapeutic ...

Determination of Zeta Potential via Nanoparticle Translocation Velocities through a Tunable Nanopore: Using DNA-modified Particles as an Example

Nanopore technologies, known collectively as Resistive Pulse Sensors (RPS), are being used to detect, quantify and characterize proteins, molecules and nanoparticles. Tunable resistive pulse sensing (TRPS) is a relatively recent adaptation to RPS that incorporates a tunable pore that can be altered in real time. Here, we use TRPS to monitor the translocation times of DNA-modified nanoparticles as they traverse the tunable pore membrane as a function of DNA concentration and structure (i.e., single-stranded to double-stranded DNA).
TRPS is based on two Ag/AgCl electrodes, separated by an elastomeric pore membrane that establishes a stable ionic current upon an applied electric field. Unlike various optical-based particle characterization technologies, TRPS can characterize individual particles amongst a sample population, allowing for multimodal samples to be analyzed with ease. Here, we demonstrate zeta potential measurements via particle translocation velocities of known standards and apply these to sample analyte translocation times, thus resulting in measuring the zeta potential of those analytes.
As well as acquiring mean zeta potential values, the samples are all measured using a particle-by-particle perspective exhibiting more information on a given sample through sample population distributions, for example. Of such, this method demonstrates potential within sensing applications for both medical and environmental fields.

Here we use a polyurethane tunable nanopore integrated into a resistive pulse sensing technique to characterize nanoparticles surface chemistry via the measurement of particle translocation velocities, which can be used to determine the zeta potential of individual nanoparticles.

조정 나노 기공을 통해 나노 입자 전좌 속도를 통해 제타 전위의 측정 : 예를 들어 DNA 변성 입자를 사용하여

Nanopore technologies, known collectively as Resistive Pulse Sensors (RPS), are being used to detect, quantify and characterize proteins, molecules and ...

Intraductal Delivery to the Rabbit Mammary Gland

Localized intraductal treatments for breast cancer offer potential advantages, including efficient delivery to the tumor and reduced systemic toxicity and adverse effects1,2,3,4,5,6,7. However, several challenges remain before these treatments can be applied more widely. The development and validation of intraductal therapeutics in an appropriate animal model facilitate the development of intraductal therapeutic strategies for patients. While the mouse mammary gland has been widely used as a model system of mammary development and tumorigenesis, the anatomy is distinct from the human gland. A larger animal model, such as the rabbit, may serve as a better model for mammary gland structure and intraductal therapeutic development. In contrast to mice, in which ten ductal trees are spatially distributed along the body axis, each terminating in a separate teat, the rabbit mammary gland more closely resembles the human gland, with multiple overlapping ductal systems that exit through separate openings in one teat. Here, we present minimally invasive methods for the delivery of reagents directly into the rabbit mammary duct and for visualization of the delivery itself with high-resolution ultrasound imaging.

Here, we describe a technique for the localized delivery of reagents to the rabbit mammary gland via an intraductal injection. In addition, we describe a protocol for visualization and the confirmation of delivery by high-resolution ultrasound imaging of contrast agents.

토끼 유선으로 관내 배달

Localized intraductal treatments for breast cancer offer potential advantages, including efficient delivery to the tumor and reduced systemic toxicity and ...

An Integrated System to Remotely Trigger Intracellular Signal Transduction by Upconversion Nanoparticle-mediated Kinase Photoactivation

Upconversion nanoparticle (UCNP)-mediated photoactivation is a new approach to remotely control bioeffectors with much less phototoxicity and with deeper tissue penetration. However, the existing instrumentation on the market is not readily compatible with upconversion application. Therefore, modifying the commercially available instrument is essential for this research. In this paper, we first illustrate the modifications of a conventional fluorimeter and fluorescence microscope to make them compatible for photon upconversion experiments. We then describe the synthesis of a near-infrared (NIR)-triggered caged protein kinase A catalytic subunit (PKA) immobilized on a UCNP complex. Parameters for microinjection and NIR photoactivation procedures are also reported. After the caged PKA-UCNP is microinjected into REF52 fibroblast cells, the NIR irradiation, which is significantly superior to conventional UV irradiation, efficiently triggers the PKA signal transduction pathway in living cells. In addition, positive and negative control experiments confirm that the PKA-induced pathway leading to the disintegration of stress fibers is specifically triggered by NIR irradiation. Thus, the use of protein-modified UCNP provides an innovative approach to remotely control light-modulated cellular experiments, in which direct exposure to UV light must be avoided.

In this protocol, caged protein kinase A (PKA), a cellular signal transduction bioeffector, was immobilized on a nanoparticle surface, microinjected into the cytosol, and activated by the upconverted UV light from near-infrared (NIR) irradiation, inducing downstream stress fiber disintegration in the cytosol.

원격으로 업 컨버전 나노 중재 니 Photoactivation에 의해 세포내 신호 변환 하는 통합된 시스템

Upconversion nanoparticle (UCNP)-mediated photoactivation is a new approach to remotely control bioeffectors with much less phototoxicity and with deeper ...

Light-sheet Fluorescence Microscopy for the Study of the Murine Heart

Light-sheet fluorescence microscopy has been widely used for rapid image acquisition with a high axial resolution from micrometer to millimeter scale. Traditional light-sheet techniques involve the use of a single illumination beam directed orthogonally at sample tissue. Images of large samples that are produced using a single illumination beam contain stripes or artifacts and suffer from a reduced resolution due to the scattering and absorption of light by the tissue. This study uses a dual-sided illumination beam and a simplified CLARITY optical clearing technique for the murine heart. These techniques allow for deeper imaging by removing lipids from the heart and produce a large field of imaging, greater than 10 x 10 x 10 mm3. As a result, this strategy enables us to quantify the ventricular dimensions, track the cardiac lineage, and localize the spatial distribution of cardiac-specific proteins and ion-channels from the post-natal to adult mouse hearts with sufficient contrast and resolution.

This study uses a dual-sided illumination light-sheet fluorescence microscopy (LSFM) technique combined with optical clearing to study the murine heart.

Murine 심장 연구에 대 한 빛-시트 형광 현미경 검사 법

Light-sheet fluorescence microscopy has been widely used for rapid image acquisition with a high axial resolution from micrometer to millimeter scale. ...

Optical Imaging of Isolated Murine Ventricular Myocytes

The ability to isolate adult cardiac myocytes has permitted researchers to study a variety of cardiac pathologies at the single cell level. While advances in calcium sensitive dyes have permitted the robust optical recording of single cell calcium dynamics, recording of robust transmembrane optical voltage signals has remained difficult. Arguably, this is because of the low single to noise ratio, phototoxicity, and photobleaching of traditional potentiometric dyes. Therefore, single cell voltage measurements have long been confined to the patch clamp technique which while the gold standard, is technically demanding and low throughput. However, with the development of novel potentiometric dyes, large, fast optical responses to changes in voltage can be obtained with little to no phototoxicity and photobleaching. This protocol describes in detail how to isolate adult murine myocytes which can be used for cellular shortening, calcium, and optical voltage measurements. Specifically, the protocol describes how to use a ratiometric calcium dye, a single-excitation calcium dye, and a single excitation voltage dye. This approach can be used to assess the cardiotoxicity and arrhythmogenicity of various chemical agents. While phototoxicity is still an issue at the single cell level, methodology is discussed on how to reduce it.

We present the methodology for the isolation of murine myocytes and how to obtain voltage or calcium traces simultaneously with sarcomere shortening traces using fluorescence photometry with simultaneous digital cell geometry measurements.

고립 된 뮤린 심실 근세포의 광학 이미징

The ability to isolate adult cardiac myocytes has permitted researchers to study a variety of cardiac pathologies at the single cell level. While advances ...