현재 학문 건강의 국가 학회 (R01 NS102209)와 클레어 E. 포브스 신뢰에서 기부금에 의해 부분적으로 투자 되었다.

<ol>
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저자는 공개 없다.

주변 kynurenine 관리 후 두뇌에 있는 KYNA의 신뢰할 수 있는 평가, 결합 하 고 생 화 학적 및 기능 실험 해석 중요 하다. 여기, 우리는 새로운 사용자가 플라즈마 kynurenine 및 KYNA 쥐의 뇌를 측정 하기 위한 효과적인 방법을 설정 하도록 허용 하는 상세한 프로토콜 제시. 플라스마에 kynurenine의 측정 확인 정확한 주입 및 KYNA 대사 산물의 측정 확인 두뇌에 de novo 종합. 설명된 fluorometric HPLC 방법에 맞?...

KP는 필수 아미노산 트립토판1의 거의 95% 저하 합니다. 포유류 두뇌에서 kynurenine 이다로 효소 kynurenine aminotransferase (KAT) II2로 주로 neuroactive 작은 분자 KYNA에 대사입니다. KYNA 뇌2,3,4, α7nACh와 NMDA 수용 체에 길 항 근으로 작동 하 고 또한 대상 aryl 탄화수소 수용 체 (a h R) 등 G-단백질 수용 체 신호 결합 수용 체 35 (GPR35)5 ,6. 실험 동물에서 뇌 KYNA 고도 행동 분석 실험2,7,8,,910 의 그들의 인지에 관한 퍼포먼스를 손상 표시 되었습니다. . 신흥 가설 제안 KYNA 따라서 변조 수 면의 신경 생물학에서에 더 사이토 파생 분자의 역할을 지 원하는 수 면-각 성 동작11, 영향에 의해 인지 기능 조절에 필수적인 역할 재생 및 인식12.
임상, KYNA 고도 발견 되었습니다 척수 및 사후 뇌 조직에서 정신 분열 증13,,1415,16, 쇠 약 정신 장애를 가진 환자에서 인지 장애가 특징. 정신 분열 증 환자는 또한 종종 병17을 악화 수 있습니다 수 면 방해에 의해 괴 롭 혀. 이 불 쌍 한 결과 정신 분열 증 및 다른 치료에 대 한 새로운 치료의 발전으로 이어질 수 있습니다 변조 수 면과 인식, 학습 및 메모리, 사이 특히 관계에 KP 신진 대사와 KYNA의 역할을 이해 정신과 질병
KP 대사 산물의 측정에 대 한 안정적이 고 일관 된 방법을 다양 한 기관에서 신흥 연구 KP 생물학의 과학적 이해에 통합 될 수을 보장 하기 위해서 중요 하다. 현재, 우리는 고성능 액체 크로마토그래피 (HPLC)에 의해 쥐 플라스마에서 kynurenine 및 쥐 두뇌에 있는 KYNA를 측정 하는 방법론을 설명 합니다. 현재 프로토콜을 만드는 존재 Zn2 +fluorimetric 검색의 사용, 시바타18 등 최근 적응 하 고 허용 후 열 시 약으로 500 m m 아연 아세테이트와 derivatize을 최적화 된에 의해 처음 개발 되었다 생, nanomolar 양의 KYNA 뇌11탐지 합니다.
현재 프로토콜에 설명 된 대로 드 노 보 생 KYNA 생산을 자극, 직접적인 bioprecursor kynurenine intraperitoneally 주입 (i.p.) 쥐에서. KYNA 생산의 정도 확인 하는 생 화 확 적인 평가 함께, hippocampal 종속 메모리 (수동 회피 패러다임)에 도전 하는 kynurenine의 영향 및 수 면-각 성 건축 (EEG 및 EMG 신호) 이기도 조사11. 이러한 기술 조합은 kynurenine 도전에서 vivo에서 쥐에서의 생 화 학적 및 기능적 영향의 연구에 대 한 수 있습니다.

<table><tbody><tr><td>Wistar rats</td><td>Charles River Laboratories</td><td></td><td>adult male, 250-350 g</td></tr><tr><td>L-kynurenine sulfate</td><td>Sai Advantium</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>ReproSil-Pur C18 column (4 mm x 150 mm)</td><td>Dr. Maisch GmbH</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>EZ Clips</td><td>Stoelting Co.</td><td>59022</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Mounting materials screws</td><td>PlasticsOne</td><td>00-96 X 1/16</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Nonabsorbable Sutures</td><td>MedRep Express</td><td>699B</td><td>CP Medical Monomid Black Nylon Sutures, 4-0, P-3, 18&quot;, BOX of 12</td></tr><tr><td>Absorbable Sutures</td><td>Ethicon</td><td>J310H</td><td>4-0 Coated Vicryl Violet 1X27&#039;&#039; SH-1</td></tr><tr><td>Dental Cement</td><td>Stoelting Co.</td><td>51458</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Drill Bit</td><td>Stoelting Co.</td><td>514551</td><td>0.45 mm</td></tr><tr><td>&lt;strong&gt;Name&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td>&lt;strong&gt;Company&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td>&lt;strong&gt;Catalog Number&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td>&lt;strong&gt;Comments&lt;/strong&gt;</td></tr><tr><td>&lt;strong&gt;Alliance HPLC system&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>E2695 separation module</td><td>Waters</td><td>176269503</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>2475 fluorescence detector</td><td>Waters</td><td>186247500</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>post-column reagent manager</td><td>Waters</td><td>725000556</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Lenovo computer</td><td>Waters</td><td>668000249</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Empower software</td><td>Waters</td><td>176706100</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>&lt;strong&gt;Name&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td>&lt;strong&gt;Company&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td>&lt;strong&gt;Catalog Number&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td>&lt;strong&gt;Comments&lt;/strong&gt;</td></tr><tr><td>&lt;strong&gt;Passive avoidance box for rat&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Extra tall MDF sound attenuating cubicle</td><td>MedAssociates</td><td>ENV-018MD</td><td>Interior: 22&quot; (W) x 22&quot; (H) x 16&quot; (D)</td></tr><tr><td>Center channel modulator shuttle box chamber</td><td>MedAssociates</td><td>ENV-010MC</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Stainless steel grid floor for rat</td><td>MedAssociates</td><td>ENV-010MB-GF</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Auto guillotine door</td><td>MedAssociates</td><td>ENV-010B-S</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Quick disconnect shuttle grid floor harness for rat</td><td>MedAssociates</td><td>ENV-010MB-QD</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Stimulus light, 1&quot; white lens, mounted on modular panel</td><td>MedAssociates</td><td>ENV-221M</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Sonalert module with volume control for rat chamber</td><td>MedAssociates</td><td>ENV-223AM</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>SmartCtrl 8 input/16 output package</td><td>MedAssociates</td><td>DIG-716P2</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>8 Channel IR control for shuttle boxes</td><td>MedAssociates</td><td>ENV-253C</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Infrared source and dectector array strips</td><td>MedAssociates</td><td>ENV-256</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Tabletop interface cabinet, 120 V 60 Hz</td><td>MedAssociates</td><td>SG-6080C</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Dual range constant current aversive stimulation module</td><td>MedAssociates</td><td>ENV-410B</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Solid state grid floor scrambler module</td><td>MedAssociates</td><td>ENV-412</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Dual A/B shock control module</td><td>MedAssociates</td><td>ENV-415</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>2&#039; 3-Pin mini-molex extension</td><td>MedAssociates</td><td>SG-216A-2</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>10&#039; Shock output cable, DB-9 M/F</td><td>MedAssociates</td><td>SG-219G-10</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Shuttle shock control cable 15&#039;, 6</td><td>MedAssociates</td><td>SG-219SA</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Small tabletop cabinet and power supply, 120 V 60 Hz</td><td>MedAssociates</td><td>SG-6080D</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>PCI interface package</td><td>MedAssociates</td><td>DIG-700P2-R2</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Shuttle box avoidance utility package</td><td>MedAssociates</td><td>SOF-700RA-7</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>&lt;strong&gt;Name&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td>&lt;strong&gt;Company&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td>&lt;strong&gt;Catalog Number&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td>&lt;strong&gt;Comments&lt;/strong&gt;</td></tr><tr><td>&lt;strong&gt;Sleep-Wake Monitoring Equipment&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Ponehmah software</td><td>Data Sciences International (DSI)</td><td>PNP-P3P-610</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>MX2 8 Source Acquisition interface</td><td>Data Sciences International (DSI)</td><td>PNM-P3P-MX204</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Dell computer, Optiplex 7020, Windows 7, 64 bit</td><td>Data Sciences International (DSI)</td><td>271-0112-013</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Dell 19&quot; computer monitor</td><td>Data Sciences International (DSI)</td><td>271-0113-001</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Receivers for plastic cages, 8x</td><td>Data Sciences International (DSI)</td><td>272-6001-001</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Cisco RV130 VPN router</td><td>Data Sciences International (DSI)</td><td>RV130</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Matrix 2.0</td><td>Data Sciences International (DSI)</td><td>271-0119-001</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Network switch</td><td>Data Sciences International (DSI)</td><td>SG200-08P</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Neuroscore software</td><td>Data Sciences International (DSI)</td><td>271-0171-CFG</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Two biopotential channels transmitter, model TL11M2-F40-EET</td><td>Data Sciences International (DSI)</td><td>270-0134-001</td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

a high-performance liquid chromatography measurement of kynurenine and kynurenic acid: relating biochemistry to cognition and sleep in rats

트립토판 저하의 kynurenine 통로 (KP) 정신 장애에 연루 되었습니다. 특히, 사이토 파생 된 대사 산물 kynurenic 산 (KYNA), 두 N에 적-메 틸-d-aspartate (NMDA)와 α7 nicotinic 아 세 틸 콜린 (α7nACh) 수용 체, 건강과 질병에 있는 인지 과정에 연루 되어 있다. KYNA 레벨은 정신 분열 증을 가진 환자의 두뇌에서 상승로 glutamatergic 및 해 수용 체에서 오작동 인지 기능 장애, 질병의 병리학의 핵심 도메인 관련 원인이 될 여겨진다. KYNA는 정신 분열 증을 가진 개인에서 pathophysiologically 중요 한 역할을 재생할 수 있습니다. 그것은 직접 bioprecursor kynurenine와 동물을 치료 하 여 설치류 두뇌에 내 인 성 KYNA 상승 수 그리고 쥐에 전 임상 연구는 급성 고도 KYNA에 그들의 학습 및 메모리 프로세스 영향을 미칠 수 증명. 현재 프로토콜이 실험 방법을 자세히 설명 하 고 혈액 kynurenine 수준 및 뇌 KYNA 형성 (를 사용 하 여 고성능 액체 크로마토그래피), a)는 생 화 확 적인 분석을 결합 하 여 b) 행동 테스트를 조사 하는 hippocampal 종속 컨텍스트 메모리 (수동 회피 패러다임), 그리고 c) 수 면-각 성 행동 [뇌 파 (EEG)와 치십시오 (EMG) 신호를 결합 하는 telemetric 녹음]의 평가 쥐에서. 함께 찍은, 높은 KYNA, 수 면, 그리고 인식 사이의 관계를 공부 했다, 그리고이 프로토콜 kynurenine 상승 및 KYNA 형성에서 vivo에서 쥐에서의 함수 결과 이해 하는 실험적인 접근 방식을 자세하게에서 설명 합니다. 이 프로토콜의 변화를 통해 얻은 결과 KP와 KYNA 수 면과 건강 및 질병 상태에서 인식 변조에 중추적인 역할을 봉사 하는 가설을 테스트 합니다.

KYNA 뇌를 높이 방법으로 복 kynurenine 주사를 사용 하 여 유효성을 검사 하려면 조직의 HPLC 분석 수행 되었다. 표준 곡선 (그림 1) 관련된 소프트웨어를 사용 하 고 조직 샘플의 정량화에 대 한 허용에 건설 되었다. Kynurenine 및 KYNA에 대 한 대표 chromatograms는 그림 2에 표시 됩니다. Kynurenine 6 분의 보존 기간에 관찰 되었다 그리고 KYNA 11...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about A High-performance Liquid Chromatography Measurement of Kynurenine and Kynurenic Acid: Relating Biochemistry to Cognition and Sleep in Rats at JoVE.com

A High-performance Liquid Chromatography Measurement of Kynurenine and Kynurenic Acid: Relating Biochemistry to Cognition and Sleep in Rats

Kynurenine 및 Kynurenic 산의 고성능 액체 크로마토그래피 측정: 생화학 인식 및 쥐에 수 면에 관한

Kynurenine 통로 (KP) neuroactive metabolites 변경 정신 질병에 연루 됩니다. 변경 된 kynurenine 통로 신진 대사에서 vivo에서 설치류에서의 기능적인 결과 조사 하 고 새로운 치료 접근을 명료 하 게 하는 것을 도울 수 있다. 현재 프로토콜 쥐에 심각한 kynurenine 도전의 영향을 조사 하기 위해 생 화 학적 및 행동 접근을 결합 합니다.

The kynurenine pathway (KP) of tryptophan degradation has been implicated in psychiatric disorders. Specifically, the astrocyte-derived metabolite ...

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10.4K 조회수.  University of Maryland School of Medicine. Kynurenine 통로 (KP) neuroactive metabolites 변경 정신 질병에 연루 됩니다. 변경 된 kynurenine 통로 신진 대사에서 vivo에서 설치류에서의 기능적인 결과 조사 하 고 새로운 치료 접근을 명료 하 게 하는 것을 도울 수 있다. 현재 프로토콜 쥐에 심각한 kynurenine 도전의 영향을 조사 하기 위해 생 화 학적 및 행동 접근을 결합 합니다.

비디오: A High-performance Liquid Chromatography Measurement of Kynurenine and Kynurenic Acid: Relating Biochemistry to Cognition and Sleep in Rats

A Convenient Method for Extraction and Analysis with High-Pressure Liquid Chromatography of Catecholamine Neurotransmitters and Their Metabolites

The extraction and analysis of catecholamine neurotransmitters in biological fluids is of great importance in assessing nervous system function and related diseases, but their precise measurement is still a challenge. Many protocols have been described for neurotransmitter measurement by a variety of instruments, including high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC). However, there are shortcomings, such as complicated operation or hard-to-detect multiple targets, which cannot be avoided, and presently, the dominant analysis technique is still HPLC coupled with sensitive electrochemical or fluorimetric detection, due to its high sensitivity and good selectivity. Here, a detailed protocol is described for the pretreatment and detection of catecholamines with high pressure liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection (HPLC-ECD) in real urine samples of infants, using electrospun composite nanofibers composed of polymeric crown ether with polystyrene as adsorbent, also known as the packed-fiber solid phase extraction (PFSPE) method. We show how urine samples can be easily precleaned by a nanofiber-packed solid phase column, and how the analytes in the sample can be rapidly enriched, desorbed, and detected on an ECD system. PFSPE greatly simplifies the pretreatment procedures for biological samples, allowing for decreased time, expense, and reduction of the loss of targets. 
Overall, this work illustrates a simple and convenient protocol for solid-phase extraction coupled to an HPLC-ECD system for simultaneous determination of three monoamine neurotransmitters (norepinephrine (NE), epinephrine (E), dopamine (DA)) and two of their metabolites (3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenylglycol (MHPG) and 3,4-dihydroxy-phenylacetic acid (DOPAC)) in infants' urine. The established protocol was applied to assess the differences of urinary catecholamines and their metabolites between high-risk infants with perinatal brain damage and healthy controls. Comparative analysis revealed a significant difference in urinary MHPG between the two groups, indicating that the catecholamine metabolites may be an important candidate marker for early diagnosis of cases at risk for brain damage in infants.

We present a convenient solid-phase extraction coupled to high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection (ECD) for simultaneous determination of three monoamine neurotransmitters and two of their metabolites in infants' urine. We also identify the metabolite MHPG as a potential biomarker for the early diagnosis of brain damage for infants.

추출 및 카 테 콜 아민 신경 전달 물질과 그들의 대사 산물의 고압 액체 크로마토그래피로 분석 하는 편리한 방법

The extraction and analysis of catecholamine neurotransmitters in biological fluids is of great importance in assessing nervous system function and ...

연구

화학

Noninvasive, High-throughput Determination of Sleep Duration in Rodents

Traditionally, sleep is monitored by an electroencephalogram (EEG). EEG studies in rodents require surgical implantation of the electrodes followed by a long recovery period. To perform an EEG recording, the animal is connected to a receiver, creating an unnatural tether to the head-mount. EEG monitoring is time consuming, carries risk to the animal, and is not a completely natural setting for the measurement of sleep. Alternative methods to detect sleep, particularly in a high-throughput fashion, would greatly advance the field of sleep research. Here, we describe a validated method for detecting sleep via activity-based home-cage monitoring. Previous studies have shown that sleep assessed via this method has a high degree of agreement with sleep defined by traditional EEG-based measures. Whereas this method is validated for total sleep time, it is important to note that sleep bout duration should be assessed by an EEG which has better temporal resolution. The EEG can also differentiate rapid eye movement (REM) and non-REM sleep, giving more detail about the exact nature of sleep. Nevertheless, activity-based sleep determination can be used to analyze multiple days of undisturbed sleep and to assess sleep as a response to an acute event (like stress). Here, we show the power of this system to detect the response of mice to daily intraperitoneal injections.

We describe a high-throughput method of measuring sleep by means of activity-based home-cage monitoring. This method offers advantages over traditional EEG-based methods. It is well validated for the determination of total sleep duration and can be a powerful tool to monitor sleep in rodent models of human disease.

수 면 기간 설치류의 비 침범 성, 높은 처리량 결정

Traditionally, sleep is monitored by an electroencephalogram (EEG). EEG studies in rodents require surgical implantation of the electrodes followed by a ...

행동분석학

Direct Measurement of KDM1A Target Engagement Using Chemoprobe-based Immunoassays

The assessment of the target engagement, defined as the interaction of a drug with the protein it was designed for, is a basic requirement for the interpretation of the biological activity of any compound in drug development or in basic research projects. In epigenetics, target engagement is most often assessed by the analysis of proxy markers instead of measuring the union of the compound to the target. Downstream biological readouts that have been analyzed include the histone mark modulation or gene expression changes. KDM1A is a lysine demethylase that removes methyl groups from mono- and dimethylated H3K4, a modification associated with the silencing of gene expression. Modulation of the proxy markers is dependent on the cell type and function of the genetic make-up of the cells investigated, which can make interpretation and cross-case comparison quite difficult. To circumvent these problems, a versatile protocol is presented to assess the dose effects and dynamics of the direct KDM1A target engagement. The assay described makes use of a KDM1A chemoprobe to capture and quantify uninhibited enzyme, can be broadly applied to cells or tissue samples without the need for genetic modification, has an excellent window of detection, and can be used both for basic research and analysis of clinical samples.

Here, we present a protocol to measure KDM1A target engagement in a human or animal cell, tissue or blood samples treated with KDM1A inhibitors. The protocol employs chemoprobe tagging of the free KDM1A enzyme and direct quantification of the target occupation using chemoprobe-based immunoassays and can be used in preclinical and clinical studies.

화학 프로브 기반 면역 분석제사용 KDM1A 표적 결합의 직접 측정

The assessment of the target engagement, defined as the interaction of a drug with the protein it was designed for, is a basic requirement for the ...

생화학

Simultaneous Electroencephalography, Real-time Measurement of Lactate Concentration and Optogenetic Manipulation of Neuronal Activity in the Rodent Cerebral Cortex

Although the brain represents less than 5% of the body by mass, it utilizes approximately one quarter of the glucose used by the body at rest1. The function of non rapid eye movement sleep (NREMS), the largest portion of sleep by time, is uncertain. However, one salient feature of NREMS is a significant reduction in the rate of cerebral glucose utilization relative to wakefulness2-4. This and other findings have led to the widely held belief that sleep serves a function related to cerebral metabolism. Yet, the mechanisms underlying the reduction in cerebral glucose metabolism during NREMS remain to be elucidated.
	One phenomenon associated with NREMS that might impact cerebral metabolic rate is the occurrence of slow waves, oscillations at frequencies less than 4 Hz, in the electroencephalogram5,6. These slow waves detected at the level of the skull or cerebral cortical surface reflect the oscillations of underlying neurons between a depolarized/up state and a hyperpolarized/down state7. During the down state, cells do not undergo action potentials for intervals of up to several hundred milliseconds. Restoration of ionic concentration gradients subsequent to action potentials represents a significant metabolic load on the cell8; absence of action potentials during down states associated with NREMS may contribute to reduced metabolism relative to wake.
	Two technical challenges had to be addressed in order for this hypothetical relationship to be tested. First, it was necessary to measure cerebral glycolytic metabolism with a temporal resolution reflective of the dynamics of the cerebral EEG (that is, over seconds rather than minutes). To do so, we measured the concentration of lactate, the product of aerobic glycolysis, and therefore a readout of the rate of glucose metabolism in the brains of mice. Lactate was measured using a lactate oxidase based real time sensor embedded in the frontal cortex. The sensing mechanism consists of a platinum-iridium electrode surrounded by a layer of lactate oxidase molecules. Metabolism of lactate by lactate oxidase produces hydrogen peroxide, which produces a current in the platinum-iridium electrode. So a ramping up of cerebral glycolysis provides an increase in the concentration of substrate for lactate oxidase, which then is reflected in increased current at the sensing electrode. It was additionally necessary to measure these variables while manipulating the excitability of the cerebral cortex, in order to isolate this variable from other facets of NREMS.
	We devised an experimental system for simultaneous measurement of neuronal activity via the elecetroencephalogram, measurement of glycolytic flux via a lactate biosensor, and manipulation of cerebral cortical neuronal activity via optogenetic activation of pyramidal neurons. We have utilized this system to document the relationship between sleep-related electroencephalographic waveforms and the moment-to-moment dynamics of lactate concentration in the cerebral cortex. The protocol may be useful for any individual interested in studying, in freely behaving rodents, the relationship between neuronal activity measured at the electroencephalographic level and cellular energetics within the brain.

A procedure is described for manipulating the activity of cerebral cortical pyramidal neurons optogenetically while the electroencephalogram, electromyogram, and cerebral lactate concentration are monitored. Experimental recordings are performed on cable-tethered mice while they undergo spontaneous sleep/wake cycles. Optogenetic equipment is assembled in our laboratory; recording equipment is commercially available.

동시 Electroencephalography, 설치류 대뇌 피질의 젖산 농도와 Neuronal 활동 Optogenetic 조작의 실시간 측정

Although the brain represents less than 5% of the body  by mass, it utilizes approximately one quarter of the glucose used by the body  at rest1. The ...

신경과학

Collecting Sleep, Circadian, Fatigue, and Performance Data in Complex Operational Environments

Sleep loss and circadian misalignment contribute to a meaningful proportion of operational accidents and incidents. Countermeasures and work scheduling designs aimed at mitigating fatigue are typically evaluated in controlled laboratory environments, but the effectiveness of translating such strategies to operational environments can be challenging to assess. This manuscript summarizes an approach for collecting sleep, circadian, fatigue, and performance data in a complex operational environment. We studied 44 airline pilots over 34 days while they flew a fixed schedule, which included a baseline data collection with 5 days of mid-morning flights, four early flights, four high-workload mid-day flights, and four late flights that landed after midnight. Each work block was separated by 3&#8211;4 days of rest. To assess sleep, participants wore a wrist-worn research-validated activity monitor continuously and completed daily sleep diaries. To assess the circadian phase, pilots were asked to collect all urine produced in four or eight hourly bins during the 24 h after each duty block for the assessment of 6-sulfatoxymelatonin (aMT6s), which is a biomarker of the circadian rhythm. To assess subjective fatigue and objective performance, participants were provided with a touch-screen device used to complete the Samn-Perelli Fatigue Scale and Psychomotor Vigilance Task (PVT) during and after each flight, and at waketime, mid-day, and bedtime. Using these methods, it was found that sleep duration was reduced during early starts and late finishes relative to baseline. Circadian phase shifted according to duty schedule, but there was a wide range in the aMT6s peak between individuals on each schedule. PVT performance was worse on the early, high-workload, and late schedules relative to baseline. Overall, the combination of these methods was practical and effective for assessing the influence of sleep loss and circadian phase on fatigue and performance in a complex operational environment.

Sleep loss and circadian misalignment contribute to numerous operational accidents and incidents. The effectiveness of countermeasures and work scheduling designs aimed at mitigating fatigue can be challenging to evaluate in operational environments. This manuscript summarizes an approach for collecting sleep, circadian, fatigue, and performance data in complex operational environments.

복잡한 운영 환경에서 절전, 일주기, 피로 및 성능 데이터 수집

Sleep loss and circadian misalignment contribute to a meaningful proportion of operational accidents and incidents. Countermeasures and work scheduling ...

Human Circadian Phenotyping and Diurnal Performance Testing in the Real World

In our continuously developing &#39;around the clock&#39; society, there is a need to increase our understanding of how changes in biology, physiology and psychology influence our health and performance. Embedded within this challenge, is the increasing need to account for individual differences in sleep and circadian rhythms, as well as to explore the impact of time of day on performance in the real world. There are a number of ways to measure sleep and circadian rhythms from subjective questionnaire-based methods to objective sleep/wake monitoring, actigraphy and analysis of biological samples. This paper proposes a protocol that combines multiple techniques to categorize individuals into Early, Intermediate or Late circadian phenotype groups (ECPs/ICPs/LCPs) and recommends how to conduct diurnal performance testing in the field. Representative results show large differences in rest-activity patterns derived from actigraphy, circadian phase (dim light melatonin onset and peak time of cortisol awakening response) between circadian phenotypes. In addition, significant differences in diurnal performance rhythms between ECPs and LCPs emphasizes the need to account for circadian phenotype. In summary, despite the difficulties in controlling influencing factors, this protocol allows a real-world assessment of the impact of circadian phenotype on performance. This paper presents a simple method to assess circadian phenotype in the field and supports the need to consider time of day when designing performance studies.

Here, we present a method to investigate diurnal rhythms in performance following accurate categorization of participants into circadian phenotype groups based on the Munich ChronoType Questionnaire, gold standard circadian phase biomarkers and actigraphic measures.

실제 세계에서 인간 Circadian 현상형 및 일주 성능 테스트

In our continuously developing &#39;around the clock&#39; society, there is a need to increase our understanding of how changes in biology, physiology and ...

Polygraphic Recording Procedure for Measuring Sleep in Mice

Recording of the epidural electroencephalogram (EEG) and electromyogram (EMG) in small animals, like mice and rats, has been pivotal to study the homeodynamics and circuitry of sleep-wake regulation. In many laboratories, a cable-based sleep recording system is used to monitor the EEG and EMG in freely behaving mice in combination with computer software for automatic scoring of the vigilance states on the basis of power spectrum analysis of EEG data. A description of this system is detailed herein. Steel screws are implanted over the frontal cortical area and the parietal area of 1 hemisphere for monitoring EEG signals. In addition, EMG activity is monitored by the bilateral placement of wires in both neck muscles. Non-rapid eye movement (Non-REM; NREM) sleep is characterized by large, slow brain waves with delta activity below 4 Hz in the EEG, whereas a shift from low-frequency delta activity to a rapid low-voltage EEG in the theta range between 6 and 10 Hz can be observed at the transition from NREM to REM sleep. By contrast, wakefulness is identified by low- to moderate-voltage brain waves in the EEG trace and significant EMG activity.

The recording of electroencephalogram (EEG) and electromyogram (EMG) in freely behaving mice is a critical step to correlate behavior and physiology with sleep and wakefulness. The experimental protocol described herein provides a cable-based system for acquiring EEG and EMG recordings in mice.

Recording of the epidural electroencephalogram (EEG) and electromyogram (EMG) in small animals, like mice and rats, has been pivotal to study the ...

Assessment of Dopaminergic Homeostasis in Mice by Use of High-performance Liquid Chromatography Analysis and Synaptosomal Dopamine Uptake

Dopamine (DA) is a modulatory neurotransmitter controlling motor activity, reward processes and cognitive function. Impairment of dopaminergic (DAergic) neurotransmission is strongly associated with several central nervous system-associated diseases such as Parkinson&#39;s disease, attention-deficit-hyperactivity disorder and drug addiction1,2,3,4. Delineating disease mechanisms involving DA imbalance is critically dependent on animal models to mimic aspects of the diseases, and thus protocols that assess specific parts of the DA homeostasis are important to provide novel insights and possible therapeutic targets for these diseases.
Here, we present two useful experimental protocols that when combined provide a functional read-out of the DAergic system in mice. Biochemical and functional parameters on DA homeostasis are obtained through assessment of DA levels and dopamine transporter (DAT) functionality5. When investigating the DA system, the ability to reliably measure endogenous levels of DA from adult brain is essential. Therefore, we present how to perform high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) on brain tissue from mice to determine levels of DA. We perform the experiment on tissue from dorsal striatum (dStr) and nucleus accumbens (NAc), but the method is also suitable for other DA-innervated brain areas.
DAT is essential for reuptake of DA into the presynaptic terminal, thereby controlling the temporal and spatial activity of released DA. Knowing the levels and functionality of DAT in the striatum is of major importance when assessing DA homeostasis. Here, we provide a protocol that allows to simultaneously deduce information on surface levels and function using a synaptosomal6 DA uptake assay.
Current methods combined with standard immunoblotting protocols provide the researcher with relevant tools to characterize the DAergic system.

Synaptosomal dopamine uptake and high-performance liquid chromatography analysis represent experimental tools to investigate dopamine homeostasis in mice by assessing the function of the dopamine transporter and levels of dopamine in striatal tissue, respectively. Here we present protocols to measure dopamine tissue content and assess the functionality of the dopamine transporter.

고성능 액체 크로마토그래피 분석 및 Synaptosomal 도파민 통풍 관의 사용에 의해 쥐에서 Dopaminergic 항상성의 평가

Dopamine (DA) is a modulatory neurotransmitter controlling motor activity, reward processes and cognitive function. Impairment of dopaminergic (DAergic) ...

Simultaneous Quantification of Selected Kynurenines Analyzed by Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry in Medium Collected from Cancer Cell Cultures

The kynurenine pathway and the tryptophan catabolites called kynurenines have received increased attention for their involvement in immune regulation and cancer biology. An in vitro cell culture assay is often used to learn about the contribution of different tryptophan catabolites in a disease mechanism and for testing therapeutic strategies. Cell culture medium that is rich in secreted metabolites and signaling molecules reflects the status of tryptophan metabolism and other cellular events. New protocols for the reliable quantification of multiple kynurenines in the complex cell culture medium are desired to allow for a reliable and quick analysis of multiple samples. This can be accomplished with liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry. This powerful technique is employed in many clinical and research laboratories for the quantification of metabolites and can be used for measuring kynurenines.
Presented here is the use of liquid chromatography coupled with single quadrupole mass spectrometry (LC-SQ) for the simultaneous determination of four kynurenines, i.e., kynurenine, 3-hydroxykynurenine, 3-hydroxyanthranilic, and xanthurenic acid in the medium collected from in vitro cultured cancer cells. SQ detector is simple to use and less expensive compared to other mass spectrometers. In the SQ-MS analysis, multiple ions from the sample are generated and separated according to their specific mass-to-charge ratio (m/z), followed by the detection using a Single Ion Monitoring (SIM) mode.
This paper draws the attention on the advantages of the reported method and indicates some weak points. It is focused on critical elements of LC-SQ analysis including sample preparation along with chromatography and mass spectrometry analysis. The quality control, method calibration conditions and matrix effect issues are also discussed. We described a simple application of 3-nitrotyrosine as one analog standard for all target analytes. As confirmed by experiments with human ovary and breast cancer cells, the proposed LC-SQ method&#160;generates reliable results and can be further applied to other in vitro cellular models.

Described here is a protocol for the determination of four different tryptophan metabolites generated in the kynurenine pathway (kynurenine, 3-hydroxykynurenine, xanthurenic acid, 3-hydroxyanthranilic acid) in the medium collected from cancer cell cultures analyzed by liquid chromatography coupled with a single quadrupole mass spectrometry.

암 세포 배양에서 수집된 매체에서 액체 크로마토그래피 질량 분광법에 의해 분석된 선택된 Kynurenines의 동시 정량화

The kynurenine pathway and the tryptophan catabolites called kynurenines have received increased attention for their involvement in immune regulation and ...

생체공학

Microdialysis of Excitatory Amino Acids During EEG Recordings in Freely Moving Rats

Microdialysis is a well-established neuroscience technique that correlates the changes of neurologically active substances diffusing into the brain interstitial space with the behavior and/or with the specific outcome of a pathology (e.g., seizures for epilepsy). When studying epilepsy, the microdialysis technique is often combined with short-term or even long-term video-electroencephalography (EEG) monitoring to assess spontaneous seizure frequency, severity, progression and clustering. The combined microdialysis-EEG is based on the use of several methods and instruments. Here, we performed in vivo microdialysis and continuous video-EEG recording to monitor glutamate and aspartate outflow over time, in different phases of the natural history of epilepsy in a rat model. This combined approach allows the pairing of changes in the neurotransmitter release with specific stages of the disease development and progression. The amino acid concentration in the dialysate was determined by liquid chromatography. Here, we describe the methods and outline the principal precautionary measures one should take during in vivo microdialysis-EEG, with particular attention to the stereotaxic surgery, basal and high potassium stimulation during microdialysis, depth electrode EEG recording and high-performance liquid chromatography analysis of aspartate and glutamate in the dialysate. This approach may be adapted to test a variety of drug or disease induced changes of the physiological concentrations of aspartate and glutamate in the brain. Depending on the availability of an appropriate analytical assay, it may be further used to test different soluble molecules when employing EEG recording at the same time.

Here, we describe a method for in vivo microdialysis to analyze aspartate and glutamate release in the ventral hippocampus of epileptic and non-epileptic rats, in combination with EEG recordings. Extracellular concentrations of aspartate and glutamate may be correlated with the different phases of the disease.

자유롭게 이동 하는 쥐에서 뇌 파 기록 하는 동안 흥분 성의 아미노산의 Microdialysis

Microdialysis is a well-established neuroscience technique that correlates the changes of neurologically active substances diffusing into the brain ...