We wish to thank Mr Wabbel for preparing the wires and Mr Tietsch for constructing the plugs and cages according to our plans. This work was supported by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (Sonderforschungsbereich 688). Felix Fluri holds a fellowship of the Interdisziplin&#228;re Zentrum f&#252;r Klinische Forschung (IZKF), University Clinics W&#252;rzburg, Germany.

실험 뇌졸중 연구에 대한 권장 사항에 따라 및 수행 (17)을 연구하고 현재 동물 연구 : 동물 실험은 뷔르츠부르크 대학 및 법적 상태 당국 (54-2531.01-102 / 13 낮은 프랑켄, 승인 번호)에 의해 승인되었다의보고 생체 실험 지침에서 (http://www.nc3rs.org.uk/arrive-guidelines). 1. 마취 <ol><li> 절차의 기간 동안 공급 가스 (산소)와 이소 플루 란의 충분한 양을 보장하기 위해 마취 시스템을 확인합니다. 정위 악기의 앞니 막대로 원추형 두부를 연결 -3.3 mm의 앞니 막대를 넣어. </li><li> 공급 가스 (/ 분 2 패)를 켭니다. 상자에 쥐를 놓고 상단을 밀봉. 3.5 %로 이소 플루 란 기화기를 켭니다. </li><li> 쥐가 누운 때 마취 가스 앞니 막대에 고정 노즈콘 흐른다 있도록 시스템을 전환. </li><li> RA를 제거상자 실에서 T와 귀와 눈 사이의 영역을 면도; Jodosept PVP와 적신 면봉을 사용하여, 느슨한 머리를 제거하는 면도 영역을 닦아. </li><li> 원추형 두부 (그림 1)에서 쥐를 놓고 O 2 (/ 분 1 패)에 이소 플루 란 2.5 %로 마취를 계속합니다. 인터 영역을 곤란하게하여 마취의 수준을 확인합니다. 쥐가 적절하게 마취되면, 방어 반사 신경 (발의 즉, 철수)를 폐지한다. </li><li> 절차를 수행하는 동안 자극에 호흡과 반응을 모니터링하고 필요에 따라 기화기를 조정합니다. </li><li> 마취 동안 건조를 방지하기 위해 눈에 수의사 연고를 적용합니다. 모니터링 및 피드백 제어 시스템에 의해 가열 37 ± 0.5 ℃의 체온을 유지한다. </li></ol> 2. 수술 <ol><li> 전체 수술 중 무균 수술 필드를 유지합니다. surgeon&#39;s 손 멸균 및 운영 필드는 멸균 한 후에 만​​ 이동 carefu에서야 및 불임을 깰하지 기억. 이것은 또한 하나의 악기를 설정할 수있는 멸균 필드 (즉, 멸균 방수 커튼)를 갖는이 포함되어 있습니다. </li><li> 면도 영역의 중심에 0.2 ml를 피하 mepivacaine 주입. Mepivacaine 3 시간까지의 행동의 지속 시간을 갖는 국소 마취제이다. 그것은 더 외과 영역 마취 것이다. </li><li> 메스를 사용하여 중간 선 절개는 귀 사이에 시작하고 2cm으로 연장합니다. 골막 (피부 아래 반짝 막)도 절개되어 있는지 확인합니다. 네 클램프 (그림 2)와 두개골을 노출. </li><li> 관상 및 시상 봉합이 노출 될 때까지 면봉을 사용하여 부드럽게 골막을 제거; 그 후, 탈지면과 피를 막다. </li><li> 프로브 홀더에 고정 바늘을 사용 브레 그마의 좌표를 결정하고 검은 펠트 펜 바늘 끝을 표시한다. 전방 / 후방 (AP)를 사용하여 중간 선 / 측면(ML)와 dorsoventral (DV) 드라이브 나사 직접 브레 그마 위에 바늘의 선단을 위치. </li><li> AP와 ML 버니어 스케일 판독을 가지고 : 오른쪽 STN에 전극을 주입 ML 독서에서 AP 읽기 3.6 mm 및 2.5 mm 빼기, 또는 왼쪽 STN에 전극을 주입 2.5 mm를 추가합니다. 이 위치는, 두개골의 표면에 바늘 끝을 하강 후 펠트 펜의 염료에 의해 표시 될 것이다. </li><li> 정위 악기의 큰 프로브 홀더에 치과 드릴을 클램프. 즉, 두개골에 표시된 지점 - 계산 된 영역에 치과 드릴을 이동합니다. 경질이 보일 때까지 현미경을 통해 보면, (두개골은 약 1mm 두께) 두개골에 구멍 (직경 약 1 mm)를 드릴. 마이크로 해부 포셉 또는 멸균 된 바늘을 사용하여 경질 후퇴. 경질는 전극의 끝을 파괴하기에 충분히 튼튼. </li><li> 각각의 정면 비늘에 치과 드릴 구멍을 드릴 및 INT에전극 구멍 erparietal 비늘 대향. 정위 장비에서 프로브 홀더를 분리합니다. 정맥 혈관이 두개골에서 봉합을 다음과 같이 두개골 봉합 드릴하지 마십시오. </li><li> 다섯 구멍의 각에 뼈 나사를 조이십시오. 너무 깊이에 나사를 스레딩하지 마십시오. 스테인레스 스틸 나사 (M1.6)의 경우, 2-3 적절하게 뇌에 압력을주지 않고 나사를 보유 할 나사의 회전. 권수는 나사의 피치에 의존 할 것이다. 미세 조작기의 전극 (그림 3)와 프로브 홀더를 클램프. </li><li> 끝이 거의 브레 그마에 접촉 될 때까지 AP, ML 및 DV 드라이브 나사를 사용하여 전극과 프로브 홀더를 이동합니다. 브레 그마에서 AP, ML 및 DV 버니어 스케일 판독을합니다. 판독이 이루어질 경우, 이동하는 동안 두개골을 긁어에서 전극을 방지하기 위해 전극을 몇 mm를 올립니다. 이 전극으로 삽입되어야하는 곳의 좌표 위치를 결정구멍, ML 독서에 2.5 mm의 AP 독서에 3.6 mm를 추가하고 추가 (또는 빼기). </li><li> AP 및 ML 드라이브 나사를 사용하여, 계산 된 위치에 전극을 이동. 이 시점에서, 전극 팁 드릴 전극 구멍 바로 위에 위치하고해야합니다. 그런 다음, 현미경을 통해 보면, 경질 (그림 4)의 수준에 전극을 낮 춥니 다. 이 레벨은 DV 방향 제로 레벨로서 기능한다. 그 후, 부드럽게 현미경을 통해 보면 뇌에 전극의 끝 부분을 삽입합니다. </li><li> 기록 시스템의 커넥터 전극 핀을 연결한다. 패러데이 케이지를 착용 할 것 (또는 알루미늄 호일로 대체) 정위기구의 쥐 (그림 5)를 통해. 에서 근무하는 공간의 카운터 포이즈와 정위 장비를 접지합니다. </li><li> 기록 시스템을 시작한다. 가능하다면, 또한 방전시 advancin / 단일 유닛 고약의 음향 신호를 얻는 스피커를 사용G 전극. </li><li> 천천히 전극을 진행하는 동안 전기 활동을 기록하여 뇌에 전극을 삽입합니다. 경질로부터 7.5 내지 8.1 mm의 깊이, STN의 특정 전기 활동은 일반적으로 검출 (도 6)이다. 18 : STN 뉴런의 전형적인 활동이 불규칙한 발사 패턴과 높은 발사 속도를 특징으로한다 (40.9 ± 12.9 Hz의 주파수를 의미한다). </li><li> 기록시, (0.8~1.0 %로, 예) 최대한 마취를 감소; 저 마취 동물은 명확 전기 두뇌 활동을 보여줍니다. </li><li> 전극을 내릴 때 두개골의 표면에서 변위 된 모든 혈액이나 뇌척수액을 얻어 면봉. </li><li> 소량의 치과 용 시멘트를 혼합하고 전극 주위와 작은 주걱 (도 7)을 사용하여 나사 5의 네 주위를 적용한다. 다섯째 스크류 플러그의 접지 와이어를 고정하는 데 사용될. </li><li> 치과 용 시멘트가 고정 될 때, 기록 장치의 전극 홀더 및 커넥터 핀을 전극 분리. </li><li> 치과 용 시멘트로 고정되지 않은 나사를 풉니 다. 전극 핀 플러그를 넣습니다. 다섯 번째 나사 (그림 8)와 플러그의 접지선을 고정합니다. </li><li> 치과 용 시멘트를 혼합하고 플러그 주위를 적용 할 수 있습니다. 시멘트가 두꺼워 같이, 캡을 형성하기 위해 플러그 주위 금형. 동물에 해 (그림 9a 및 B)를 강화하는 동안 그들을 제거 할 수 있습니다 치과 시멘트의 날카로운 모서리를 피하십시오. </li><li> 상처 가장자리를 괴사 조직을 제거하고 전면과 캡 뒤에 봉합을 닫습니다. 상처 가장자리를 소독. </li><li> 회전에 고정 된 와이어에 머리 플러그를 연결합니다. 정위 악기에서 쥐를 제거합니다. </li><li> 2-3 일 동안은 하루에 한 번씩 다음 개입의 끝에서 트라마돌 (12.5 ㎎ / ㎏, 복강)를 적용합니다. 화력 깨끗한 케이지에 쥐를 놓습니다L 지원이 케이지 (그림 10)에 회전을 수정하고 1 시간 동안주의 깊게 검사합니다. </li><li> 이 흉골 드러 누움을 유지하기 위해 충분한 의식을 회복 할 때까지 무인 동물을 두지 마십시오. 완전히 회복 될 때까지 다른 동물의 회사에 수술을 한 동물을 반환하지 않습니다. </li></ol> 3. 자극 <ol><li> 임피던스 측정기를 사용하여 자극 전에 동물의 저항을 결정한다. </li><li> 와이어 및 전류 출력 와이어의 타 단부에 플러그와 자극의 접지선에 대한 출력 회전의 플러그를 연결한다. 자극을 프로그래밍하기 위해 컴퓨터와 함께 자극기를 연결합니다. </li><li> 프로그램의 자극 파라미터를 선택; 예를 들면, 파킨슨 병에 사용되는 파라미터는 펄스 길이이다 : 60 마이크로 초; 주파수 : 130 Hz에서. 운동 장애 인식 될 때까지 증가하는 현재의 진폭 쥐를 자극한다. 일을 줄일 수운동 이상증을 유발 강도 아래 10~20%하거나 신경 학적 징후가 사라지고 동물이 편안 할 때까지 전자 전기 강도. 단상 직사각형 펄스가 본 연구에 사용 하였다. </li><li> 실험을 완료 한 후 이소 플루 란 동물을 안락사 : 5 % 이상으로 isofurane 유량이나 농도를 조정한다. 정지 호흡 후 1 분까지 이소 플루 란 노출을 계속합니다. </li></ol>

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M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Comparison+of+the+basal+ganglia+in+rats,+marmosets,+macaques,+baboons,+and+humans:+Volume+and+neuronal+number+for+the+output,+internal+relay,+and+striatal+modulating+nuclei.">Comparison of the basal ganglia in rats, marmosets, macaques, baboons, and humans: Volume and neuronal number for the output, internal relay, and striatal modulating nuclei.</a> The Journal of Comparative Neurology. 445 (3), 238-255 (2002).</li><li>Paxinos, G., Watson, C. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> The rat brain in stereotaxic coordinates. , (2007).</li><li>Dirnagl, U. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Bench+to+bedside:+the+quest+for+quality+in+experimental+stroke+research.">Bench to bedside: the quest for quality in experimental stroke research.</a> Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow, &amp; Metabolism. 26 (12), 1465-1478 (2006).</li><li>Maesawa, S., Kaneoke, Y., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Long-term+stimulation+of+the+subthalamic+nucleus+in+hemiparkinsonian+rats:+neuroprotection+of+dopaminergic+neurons.">Long-term stimulation of the subthalamic nucleus in hemiparkinsonian rats: neuroprotection of dopaminergic neurons.</a> Journal of Neurosurgery. 100 (4), 679-687 (2004).</li><li>Spieles-Engemann, A. L., Behbehani, M. M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Stimulation+of+the+rat+subthalamic+nucleus+is+neuroprotective+following+significant+nigral+dopamine+neuron+loss.">Stimulation of the rat subthalamic nucleus is neuroprotective following significant nigral dopamine neuron loss.</a> Neurobiology of disease. 39 (1), 105-115 (2010).</li><li>Agnew, W. F., Yuen, T. G. H., McCreery, D. B., Bullara, L. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Histopathologic+evaluation+of+prolonged+intracortical+electrical+stimulation.">Histopathologic evaluation of prolonged intracortical electrical stimulation.</a> Experimental Neurology. 92 (1), 162-185 (1986).</li><li>Harnack, D., Winter, C., Meissner, W., Reum, T., Kupsch, A., Morgenstern, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+effects+of+electrode+material,+charge+density+and+stimulation+duration+on+the+safety+of+high-frequency+stimulation+of+the+subthalamic+nucleus+in+rats.">The effects of electrode material, charge density and stimulation duration on the safety of high-frequency stimulation of the subthalamic nucleus in rats.</a> Journal of Neuroscience Methods. 138 (1-2), 207-216 (2004).</li><li>Groothuis, J., Ramsey, N. F., Ramakers, G. M. J., van der Plasse, G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Physiological+Challenges+for+Intracortical+Electrodes.">Physiological Challenges for Intracortical Electrodes.</a> Brain Stimulation. 7 (1), 1-6 (2014).</li><li>Li, Q., Ke, Y., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Therapeutic+Deep+Brain+Stimulation+in+Parkinsonian+Rats+Directly+Influences+Motor+Cortex.">Therapeutic Deep Brain Stimulation in Parkinsonian Rats Directly Influences Motor Cortex.</a> Neuron. 76 (5), 1030-1041 (2012).</li></ol>

The authors declare that they have no competing financial interests.

<html> 이 연구는 쥐의 STN에 극성 만성 전극을 이식하기위한 지침의 단계별 세트를 제공합니다. 낮은 임피던스와 텅스텐 전극은 종종 DBS 18, 19, 백금 / 이리듐 백금 (Pt / IR) 약 1 MΩ의 임피던스를 한 것으로 사용되었다 만든 극성 전극에 사용하고 있지만. PT / IR 전극도 그들의 유리한 성질 파킨슨 병 환자에서 사용된다 : 그들은 최소한의 부식 (20)을 보여 더 높은 전하 밀도를 사용하지 ?...

4 또는 복부 중간 시상 5 - 깊은 뇌 자극 (DBS)은 예컨대 내부 글로 버스 창백 1 subthalamic 핵 (STN) 2와 같은 특정 뇌 구조로 주입 전극을 통해 전기 신호의 전달에 기초한 처리이다. 지난 20 년,이 치료는 파킨슨 병 1에 대한 강력한 치료 도구로 설립되었습니다 - 4, 근육 긴장 이상 (6)과 떨림 (7), 또한 만성 통증 (7), 정신 질환 (조절하는 데 사용됩니다 즉, 강박 장애 8, 주요 우울증 9) 또는 난치성 간질 (10, 11). 또한, DBS는, 장래에, 내화성 동맥 고혈압 기립 성 저혈압 (12) 또는 (13)에 대한 치료 방법이 될 수있다. 효과의 기초가되는 생리적 메커니즘DBS의 이해 가난하게 남아있다. 마취 설치류의 연구는 임상 DBS (14) 적용 모방 고주파 자극에 신경 반응에 대한 통찰력을 제공하고 있습니다. 그러나, 이들 연구는 DBS 효과 행동 확증 부족뿐만 아니라, 14인가 자극 파라미터에 따라 상당한 변동을 초래할. 더 간결 의식 설치류에서 DBS의 행동 효과 및 기본 메커니즘을 조사하기 위해, 자극 설정은 특정 요구 사항을 충족이 필요하다. DBS는 주로 장기간의 치료로서 사용된다 (예를 들면, 파킨슨 병, 만성 통증). 부는 플러그뿐만 아니라, 외부 자극에 플러그에서 와이어 전극으로 구성되도록 따라서, 설치류에서 자극 설정이 설계되어야한다; 두개골에 고정 할 때이 장치는 경량하지만 깨지지해야한다. 또한, 이동의 자유는 stimula 동안 쥐에 불가결오랜 기간에 걸쳐 기. DBS의 타겟 구조는 소형이고; 예를 들어, 래트에서 STN 1.2 mm의 길이와 0.8 mm 3,15의 체적을 갖는다. 따라서, 전극은 핵 병변 중에 삽입되지 않고, 필요에 타겟팅하는 것은 정확한 것으로되도록 설계되어야한다. 설치류에서 수행 가장 DBS 연구 대상 구조의 전극 랜드 마크 기반 정위 삽입을 사용한 바와 같이, 에러율 Paxinos 왓슨 (16)에 따라 좌표를 사용하는 경우에도, 상대적으로 높을 수있다. 이는 통계적으로 의미있는 결과를 달성하기 위해 필요한 동물보다 많은 초래한다. 전극 주입 기술이 도입되어, 본 연구에서, 그 전극을 전진하면서 microrecording 시스템을 사용하여 높은 정확도로 STN을 목표로하고있다. 또한, 자극 시스템은 자극에 대한 동물의 이동성을 허용 고도뿐만 아니라 연속 stimulati을 보장하지 않는 제시쥐의 머리에 (스테인레스 스틸 스프링에 의해 보호됩니다) 자극 와이어의 안전한 고정을 통해에.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Pt/Ir electrode</td>
			<td>FHC Inc.</td>
			<td>UE</td>
			<td>Custom-made: Specification: UEPSEGSECN1M</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Plugs</td>
			<td>GT Labortechnik (Arnstein/Germany)</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Custom-made</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Pin header</td>
			<td>DISTRELEC</td>
			<td>143-95-324</td>
			<td>single-row, 90&#176; 1x3 datamate, Type M80-8420342</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Socket</td>
			<td>DISTRELEC</td>
			<td>143-95-621</td>
			<td>single-row,straight 2 mm pole no.1x3 datamate, Type M80-8400342</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Stainless steel spring</td>
			<td>Plastics ONE</td>
			<td>SS0102</td>
			<td>Part-#: .120 X .156 Spring ID (mm): 3.0&#160; Spring OD (mm): 4.0</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Dental cement/Paladur</td>
			<td>Heraeus Kulzer</td>
			<td>64707938</td>
			<td>Liquid, 500 ml</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Dental cement/Paladur</td>
			<td>Heraeus Kulzer</td>
			<td>64707954</td>
			<td>Powder, rose, 500g</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Head screw</td>
			<td>Hummer &#38; Reiss</td>
			<td>V2ADIN84 M1.6x3</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Jodosept PVP</td>
			<td>Vetoquinol</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>435678/E04</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Mepivacain 1%</td>
			<td>AstraZeneca</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>PZN03338515</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Epinephrine</td>
			<td>Sanofi-Aventis</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>PZN00176118</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Tramadolhydrochloride</td>
			<td>Rotexmedica</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>38449.00.00</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

microelectrode guided implantation of electrodes into the subthalamic nucleus of rats for long-term deep brain stimulation

깊은 뇌 자극 (DBS)은 예컨대 특발성 파킨슨 병, 근긴장 또는 떨림 등의 여러 신경 학적 장애에 대한 널리 사용하고 효과적인 치료이다. DBS는 중추 신경계의 특정 해부학 적 구조에 대한 깊은 전기 자극의 전달에 기초한다. 그러나, DBS의 효과의 기초가되는 메카니즘은 수수께끼 남아있다. 이것은 특히 쥐 동물 모델에서 DBS의 영향을 조사하는 관심을 이끌었다. DBS는 장기 치료법이기 때문에, 연구는 DBS 후 몇 주 발생할 신경 회로의 분자 유전 학적 변화에 집중되어야한다. 쥐가 제자리에 자극에 동물의 머리에서 선도적 인 와이어를 유지에 문제가 발생 자신의 케이지에서 이동하기 때문에 쥐의 장기 DBS는 도전이다. 또한, 래트 뇌에서 자극 타겟 구조는 작고, 따라서 전극을 용이하게 필요한 위치에 위치 될 수 없다. 따라서, 오래 지속 stimula에 대한 설정약 1MΩ의 임피던스와 백금 / 이리듐 전극을 사용하여 쥐의 기 본 연구를 위해 개발되었다. 이러한 사양은 적절한 자극 전극 아니라 DBS위한 대상 영역을 식별하기 위해 깊은 뇌 구조의 기록이 아니라 허용한다. 우리의 셋업에서, 와이어 플러그 전극이 두개골에 고정 네 개의 고정 나사 치과 시멘트에 포함되었다. 자극에 플러그에서 와이어는 스테인리스 스틸 스프링에 의해 보호되었다. 스위블 엉킴되는 것을 방지하기 위해 와이어를 회로에 연결되었다. 전반적으로,이 자극 셋업 쥐 자유로운 이동도의 높은 정도를 제공하며 오래 지속되는 강도를 유지하는 헤드 플러그뿐만 아니라, 플러그와 자극 사이의 와이어 연결을 가능하게한다.

기록 시스템을 이용하여 쥐의 STN에 전극을 주입 - 여기서 제시하는 바와 같이 - 동물 당 약 1 시간 소요 DBS 대한 효율적이고 정확한 방법이다. 이 모델은 매우 사소한 절차 : 수술 대상 10 쥐에서, 모든 개입을 살아 남았다. 스물 네 시간의 개입 후, 각 쥐의 상태를 모니터링하고, 어떤 동물은 심각도 코드에 따라 1 개 이상의 3 점 달성하지 않습니다. 지속적인 자극의 기간 (십사일, 24 시간 일) 동안, 분...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Microelectrode Guided Implantation of Electrodes into the Subthalamic Nucleus of Rats for Long-term Deep Brain Stimulation at JoVE.com

Microelectrode Guided Implantation of Electrodes into the Subthalamic Nucleus of Rats for Long-term Deep Brain Stimulation

A method for implanting electrodes into the subthalamic nucleus (STN) of rats is described. Better localization of the STN was achieved by using a microrecording system. Furthermore, a stimulation set-up is presented that is characterized by long-lasting connections between the head of the animal and the stimulator.

미세 전극은 장기 깊은 뇌 자극 쥐의 Subthalamic 핵에 전극의 주입을 가이드

Deep brain stimulation (DBS) is a widely used and effective therapy for several neurologic disorders, such as idiopathic Parkinson&#8217;s disease, ...

microelectrode-guided-implantation-electrodes-into-subthalamic

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Neuroscience

19.4K 조회수.  University Hospital Wuerzburg. A method for implanting electrodes into the subthalamic nucleus (STN) of rats is described. Better localization of the STN was achieved by using a microrecording system. Furthermore, a stimulation set-up is presented that is characterized by long-lasting connections between the head of the animal and the stimulator.

비디오: Microelectrode Guided Implantation of Electrodes into the Subthalamic Nucleus of Rats for Long-term Deep Brain Stimulation

TMS: Using the Theta-Burst Protocol to Explore Mechanism of Plasticity in Individuals with Fragile X Syndrome and Autism

Fragile X Syndrome (FXS), also known as Martin-Bell Syndrome, is a genetic abnormality found on the X chromosome.1,2 Individuals suffering from FXS display abnormalities in the expression of FMR1 - a protein required for typical, healthy neural development.3 Recent data has suggested that the loss of this protein can cause the cortex to be hyperexcitable thereby affecting overall patterns of neural plasticity.4,5
In addition, Fragile X shows a strong comorbidity with autism: in fact, 30% of children with FXS are diagnosed with autism, and 2 - 5% of autistic children suffer from FXS.6
Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (a non-invasive neurostimulatory and neuromodulatory technique that can transiently or lastingly modulate cortical excitability via the application of localized magnetic field pulses 7,8) represents a unique method of exploring plasticity and the manifestations of FXS within affected individuals. More specifically, Theta-Burst Stimulation (TBS), a specific stimulatory protocol shown to modulate cortical plasticity for a duration up to 30 minutes after stimulation cessation in healthy populations, has already proven an efficacious tool in the exploration of abnormal plasticity.9,10 
Recent studies have shown the effects of TBS last considerably longer in individuals on the autistic spectrum - up to 90 minutes.11 This extended effect-duration suggests an underlying abnormality in the brain's natural plasticity state in autistic individuals - similar to the hyperexcitability induced by Fragile X Syndrome.
In this experiment, utilizing single-pulse motor-evoked potentials (MEPs) as our benchmark, we will explore the effects of both intermittent and continuous TBS on cortical plasticity in individuals suffering from FXS and individuals on the Autistic Spectrum.

In this article, we examine the effects of Theta-Burst TMS stimulation on cortical plasticity in individuals suffering from Fragile X syndrome and individuals on the autistic spectrum.

TMS : 연약한 X 증후군 및 자폐증과 개인의 소성의 Mechasnism를 탐험하는 세타 - 버스트 프로토콜을 사용하여

Fragile X Syndrome (FXS), also known as Martin-Bell Syndrome, is a genetic abnormality found on the X chromosome.1,2 Individuals suffering from FXS ...

연구

신경과학

The NeuroStar TMS Device: Conducting the FDA Approved Protocol for Treatment of Depression

The Neuronetics NeuroStar Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS) System is a class II medical device that produces brief duration, pulsed magnetic fields. These rapidly alternating fields induce electrical currents within localized, targeted regions of the cortex which are associated with various physiological and functional brain changes.1,2,3
In 2007, O'Reardon et al., utilizing the NeuroStar device, published the results of an industry-sponsored, multisite, randomized, sham-stimulation controlled clinical trial in which 301 patients with major depression, who had previously failed to respond to at least one adequate antidepressant treatment trial, underwent either active or sham TMS over the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC). The patients, who were medication-free at the time of the study, received TMS five times per week over 4-6 weeks.4
The results demonstrated that a sub-population of patients (those who were relatively less resistant to medication, having failed not more than two good pharmacologic trials) showed a statistically significant improvement on the Montgomery-Asberg Depression Scale (MADRS), the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HAMD), and various other outcome measures. In October 2008, supported by these and other similar results5,6,7, Neuronetics obtained the first and only Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approval for the clinical treatment of a specific form of medication-refractory depression using a TMS Therapy device (FDA approval K061053).
In this paper, we will explore the specified FDA approved NeuroStar depression treatment protocol (to be administered only under prescription and by a licensed medical profession in either an in- or outpatient setting).

In this article, we examine the methodology and considerations relevant to the FDA approved depression treatment protocol using the Neuronetics NeuroStar TMS device.

NeuroStar TMS 장치 : FDA를 실시는 우울증 치료 프로토콜을 승인

The Neuronetics NeuroStar Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS) System is a class II medical device that produces brief duration, pulsed magnetic ...

A Polished and Reinforced Thinned-skull Window for Long-term Imaging of the Mouse Brain

In vivo imaging of cortical function requires optical access to the brain without disruption of the intracranial environment. We present a method to form a polished and reinforced thinned skull (PoRTS) window in the mouse skull that spans several millimeters in diameter and is stable for months. The skull is thinned to 10 to 15 &mu;m in thickness with a hand held drill to achieve optical clarity, and is then overlaid with cyanoacrylate glue and a cover glass to: 1) provide rigidity, 2) inhibit bone regrowth and 3) reduce light scattering from irregularities on the bone surface. Since the skull is not breached, any inflammation that could affect the process being studied is greatly reduced. Imaging depths of up to 250 &mu;m below the cortical surface can be achieved using two-photon laser scanning microscopy. This window is well suited to study cerebral blood flow and cellular function in both anesthetized and awake preparations. It further offers the opportunity to manipulate cell activity using optogenetics or to disrupt blood flow in targeted vessels by irradiation of circulating photosensitizers.

We present a method to form an imaging window in the mouse skull that spans millimeters and is stable for months without inflammation of the brain. This method is well suited for longitudinal studies of blood flow, cellular dynamics, and cell/vascular structure using two-photon microscopy.

마우스 뇌의 장기 이미징을위한 세련된와 철근 Thinned-해골 창

In vivo imaging of cortical function requires optical access to the brain without disruption of the intracranial environment. We present a method to form ...

Fiber-optic Implantation for Chronic Optogenetic Stimulation of Brain Tissue

Elucidating patterns of neuronal connectivity has been a challenge for both clinical and basic neuroscience. Electrophysiology has been the gold standard for analyzing patterns of synaptic connectivity, but paired electrophysiological recordings can be both cumbersome and experimentally limiting. The development of optogenetics has introduced an elegant method to stimulate neurons and circuits, both in vitro1 and in vivo2,3. By exploiting cell-type specific promoter activity to drive opsin expression in discrete neuronal populations, one can precisely stimulate genetically defined neuronal subtypes in distinct circuits4-6. Well described methods to stimulate neurons, including electrical stimulation and/or pharmacological manipulations, are often cell-type indiscriminate, invasive, and can damage surrounding tissues. These limitations could alter normal synaptic function and/or circuit behavior. In addition, due to the nature of the manipulation, the current methods are often acute and terminal. Optogenetics affords the ability to stimulate neurons in a relatively innocuous manner, and in genetically targeted neurons. The majority of studies involving in vivo optogenetics currently use a optical fiber guided through an implanted cannula6,7; however, limitations of this method include damaged brain tissue with repeated insertion of an optical fiber, and potential breakage of the fiber inside the cannula. Given the burgeoning field of optogenetics, a more reliable method of chronic stimulation is necessary to facilitate long-term studies with minimal collateral tissue damage. Here we provide our modified protocol as a video article to complement the method effectively and elegantly described in Sparta et al.8 for the fabrication of a fiber optic implant and its permanent fixation onto the cranium of anesthetized mice, as well as the assembly of the fiber optic coupler connecting the implant to a light source. The implant, connected with optical fibers to a solid-state laser, allows for an efficient method to chronically photostimulate functional neuronal circuitry with less tissue damage9 using small, detachable, tethers. Permanent fixation of the fiber optic implants provides consistent, long-term in vivo optogenetic studies of neuronal circuits in awake, behaving mice10 with minimal tissue damage.

The development of optogenetics now provides the means to precisely stimulate genetically defined neurons and circuits, both in vitro and in vivo. Here we describe the assembly and implantation of a fiber optic for chronic photostimulation of brain tissue.

뇌 조직의 만성 Optogenetic의 자극을위한 광섬유 주입

Elucidating patterns of neuronal connectivity has been a challenge for both clinical and basic neuroscience. Electrophysiology has been the gold standard ...

Deep Brain Stimulation with Simultaneous fMRI in Rodents

In order to visualize the global and downstream neuronal responses to deep brain stimulation (DBS) at various targets, we have developed a protocol for using blood oxygen level dependent (BOLD) functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to image rodents with simultaneous DBS. DBS fMRI presents a number of technical challenges, including accuracy of electrode implantation, MR artifacts created by the electrode, choice of anesthesia and paralytic to minimize any neuronal effects while simultaneously eliminating animal motion, and maintenance of physiological parameters, deviation from which can confound the BOLD signal.&#160;Our laboratory has developed a set of procedures that are capable of overcoming most of these possible issues. For electrical stimulation, a homemade tungsten bipolar microelectrode is used, inserted stereotactically at the stimulation site in the anesthetized subject. In preparation for imaging, rodents are fixed on a plastic headpiece and transferred to the magnet bore. For sedation and paralysis during scanning, a cocktail of dexmedetomidine and pancuronium is continuously infused, along with a minimal dose of isoflurane; this preparation minimizes the BOLD ceiling effect of volatile anesthetics. In this example experiment, stimulation of the subthalamic nucleus (STN) produces BOLD responses which are observed primarily in ipsilateral cortical regions, centered in motor cortex. Simultaneous DBS and fMRI allows the unambiguous modulation of neural circuits dependent on stimulation location and stimulation parameters, and permits observation of neuronal modulations free of regional bias. This technique may be used to explore the downstream effects of modulating neural circuitry at nearly any brain region, with implications for both experimental and clinical DBS.

This protocol describes a standard method for simultaneous functional magnetic resonance imaging and deep brain stimulation in the rodent. The combined use of these experimental tools allows for the exploration of global downstream activity in response to electrical stimulation at virtually any brain target.

설치류에 동시 fMRI를 깊은 뇌 자극

In order to visualize the global and downstream neuronal responses to deep brain stimulation (DBS) at various targets, we have developed a protocol for ...

Analysis of Gene Expression Changes in the Rat Hippocampus After Deep Brain Stimulation of the Anterior Thalamic Nucleus

Deep brain stimulation (DBS) surgery, targeting various regions of the brain such as the basal ganglia, thalamus, and subthalamic regions, is an effective treatment for several movement disorders that have failed to respond to medication. Recent progress in the field of DBS surgery has begun to extend the application of this surgical technique to other conditions as diverse as morbid obesity, depression and obsessive compulsive disorder. Despite these expanding indications, little is known about the underlying physiological mechanisms that facilitate the beneficial effects of DBS surgery. One approach to this question is to perform gene expression analysis in neurons that receive the electrical stimulation. Previous studies have shown that neurogenesis in the rat dentate gyrus is elicited in DBS targeting of the anterior nucleus of the thalamus1. DBS surgery targeting the ATN is used widely for treatment refractory epilepsy. It is thus of much interest for us to explore the transcriptional changes induced by electrically stimulating the ATN. In this manuscript, we describe our methodologies for stereotactically-guided DBS surgery targeting the ATN in adult male Wistar rats. We also discuss the subsequent steps for tissue dissection, RNA isolation, cDNA preparation and quantitative RT-PCR for measuring gene expression changes. This method could be applied and modified for stimulating the basal ganglia and other regions of the brain commonly clinically targeted. The gene expression study described here assumes a candidate target gene approach for discovering molecular players that could be directing the mechanism for DBS.

The mechanism underlying the therapeutic effects of Deep Brain Stimulation (DBS) surgery needs investigation. The methods presented in this manuscript describe an experimental approach to examine the cellular events triggered by DBS by analyzing the gene expression profile of candidate genes that can facilitate neurogenesis post DBS surgery.

전방 시상 핵의 깊은 뇌 자극 후 쥐 해마의 유전자 발현 변화 분석

Deep brain stimulation (DBS) surgery, targeting various regions of the brain such as the basal ganglia, thalamus, and subthalamic regions, is an effective ...

Cannula Implantation into the Cisterna Magna of Rodents

Cisterna magna cannulation (CMc) is a straightforward procedure that enables direct access to the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) without operative damage to the skull or the brain parenchyma. In anesthetized rodents, the exposure of the dura mater by blunt dissection of the neck muscles allows the insertion of a cannula into the cisterna magna (CM). The cannula, composed either by a fine beveled needle or borosilicate capillary, is attached via a polyethylene (PE) tube to a syringe. Using a syringe pump, molecules can then be injected at controlled rates directly into the CM, which is continuous with the subarachnoid space. From the subarachnoid space, we can trace CSF fluxes by convective flow into the perivascular space around penetrating arterioles, where solute exchange with the interstitial fluid (ISF) occurs. CMc can be performed for acute injections immediately following the surgery, or for chronic implantation, with later injection in anesthetized or awake, freely moving rodents. Quantitation of tracer distribution in the brain parenchyma can be performed by epifluorescence, 2-photon microscopy, and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), depending on the physico-chemical properties of the injected molecules. Thus, CMc in conjunction with various imaging techniques offers a powerful tool for assessment of the glymphatic system and CSF dynamics and function. Furthermore, CMc can be utilized as a conduit for fast, brain-wide delivery of signaling molecules and metabolic substrates that could not otherwise cross the blood brain barrier (BBB).

Here we describe a protocol to perform cisterna magna cannulation (CMc), a minimally invasive way to deliver tracers, substrates and signaling molecules into the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). Combined with different imaging modalities, CMc enables glymphatic system and CSF dynamics assessment, as well as brain-wide delivery of various compounds.

설치류의 시스테 마그나에 정 맥 주입

Cisterna magna cannulation (CMc) is a straightforward procedure that enables direct access to the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) without operative damage to ...

Chronic Implantation of Whole-cortical Electrocorticographic Array in the Common Marmoset

Electrocorticography (ECoG) allows the monitoring of electrical field potentials from the cerebral cortex with high spatiotemporal resolution. Recent development of thin, flexible ECoG electrodes has enabled conduction of stable recordings of large-scale cortical activity. We have developed a whole-cortical ECoG array for the common marmoset. The array continuously covers almost the entire lateral surface of cortical hemisphere, from the occipital pole to the temporal and frontal poles, and it captures whole-cortical neural activity in one shot. This protocol describes a chronic implantation procedure of the array in the epidural space of the marmoset brain. Marmosets have two advantages regarding ECoG recordings, one being the homologous organization of anatomical structures in humans and macaques, including frontal, parietal, and temporal complexes. The other advantage is that the marmoset brain is lissencephalic and contains a large number of complexes, which are more difficult to access in macaques with ECoG, that are exposed to the brain surface.These features allow direct access to most cortical areas beneath the surface of the brain. This system provides an opportunity to investigate global cortical information processing with high resolutions at a sub-millisecond order in time and millimeter order in space.

We have developed a whole-cortical electrocorticographic array for the common marmoset that continuously covers almost the entire lateral surface of cortex, from the occipital pole to the temporal and frontal poles. This protocol describes a chronic implantation procedure of the array in the epidural space of the marmoset brain.

일반적인 마모 셋에 전체 피 질 Electrocorticographic 배열의 만성 이식

Electrocorticography (ECoG) allows the monitoring of electrical field potentials from the cerebral cortex with high spatiotemporal resolution. Recent ...

Assessment of Long-term Depression Induction in Adult Cerebellar Slices

Synaptic plasticity provides a mechanism for learning and memory. For cerebellar motor learning, long-term depression (LTD) of synaptic transmissions from parallel fibers (PF) to Purkinje cells (PC) is considered the basis for motor learning, and deficiencies of both LTD and motor learning are observed in various gene-manipulated animals. Common motor learning sets, such as adaptation of the optokinetic reflex (OKR), the vestibular-ocular reflex (VOR), and rotarod test were used for evaluation of motor learning ability. However, results obtained from the GluA2-carboxy terminus modified knock-in mice demonstrated normal adaptation of the VOR and the OKR, despite lacking PF-LTD. In that report, induction of LTD was only attempted using one type of stimulation protocol at room temperature. Thus, conditions to induce cerebellar LTD were explored in the same knock-in mutants using various protocols at near physiological temperature. Finally, we found stimulation protocols, by which LTD could be induced in these gene-manipulated mice. In this study, a set of protocols are proposed to evaluate LTD-induction, which will more accurately allow examination of the causal relationship between LTD and motor learning. In conclusion, experimental conditions are crucial when evaluating LTD in gene-manipulated mice.

In some gene-manipulated animals, using a single protocol may fail to induce LTD in cerebellar Purkinje cells, and there may be a discrepancy between LTD and motor learning. Multiple protocols are necessary to assess LTD-induction in gene-manipulated animals. Standard protocols are shown.

성인 소뇌 슬라이스에 장기 우울증 유도의 평가

Synaptic plasticity provides a mechanism for learning and memory. For cerebellar motor learning, long-term depression (LTD) of synaptic transmissions from ...

Preparation of Peripheral Nerve Stimulation Electrodes for Chronic Implantation in Rats

Peripheral nerve cuff electrodes have long been used in the neurosciences and related fields for stimulation of, for example, vagus or sciatic nerves. Several recent studies have demonstrated the effectiveness of chronic VNS in enhancing central nervous system plasticity to improve motor rehabilitation, extinction learning, and sensory discrimination. Construction of chronically implantable devices for use in such studies is challenging due to rats&#8217; small size, and typical protocols require extensive training of personnel and time-consuming microfabrication methods. Alternatively, commercially available implantable cuff electrodes can be purchased at a significantly higher cost. In this protocol, we present a simple, low-cost method for construction of small, chronically implantable peripheral nerve cuff electrodes for use in rats. We validate the short and long-term reliability of our cuff electrodes by demonstrating that VNS in ketamine/xylazine anesthetized rats produces decreases in breathing rate consistent with activation of the Hering-Breuer reflex, both at the time of implantation and up to 10 weeks after device implantation. We further demonstrate the suitability of the cuff electrodes for use in chronic stimulation studies by pairing VNS with skilled lever press performance to induce motor cortical map plasticity.

Existing approaches for constructing chronically implantable peripheral nerve cuff electrodes for use in small rodents often require specialized equipment and/or highly trained personnel. In this protocol we demonstrate a simple, low-cost approach for fabricating chronically implantable cuff electrodes, and demonstrate their effectiveness for vagus nerve stimulation (VNS) in rats.

쥐에서 만성 이식을 위한 말초 신경 자극 전극의 준비

Peripheral nerve cuff electrodes have long been used in the neurosciences and related fields for stimulation of, for example, vagus or sciatic nerves. ...