저자는 모든 절차 동안 자신의 기술 지원에 대한 씨 파스칼 Lejeune 감사하고 싶습니다.

제시된 프로토콜은 말 병원에 제시된 말 병원에 제출된 말 병원에 있는 말에 쓰이는 말에 이용되고 기관 동물 배려 지침에 따릅니다.
참고: anestrus 전에 자궁내막 낭종 광절을 수행: 7 월 말이나 8 월에 관찰 된 열따라서 가장 신뢰할 수있는 것 같습니다. 잠재적인 자궁내막염을 치료하는 데 사용할 수 있는 에스트레우스의 수를 제한할 수 있으므로 번식 기에 너무 늦게 이 절차를 수행하지 마십시오.
1. 앞의 에스루치 중
<ol><li>암말의 완전한 사육 건전성 검사를 수행, 자궁 내막생검을 포함 1 (여기에 설명되지 않음) 암말 잠재적으로 절차 후 임신 할 수 있는지 확인하기 위해.</li>
	<li>케니의 분류1에따른 자궁내막 생검 이 불량한 경우, 자궁내막 낭종 광분화에 대한 배아 전달 또는 세포질 내 정자 주사(ICSI) 프로그램 선호도를 부여한다.</li>
</ol>2. 선행 다이스트루트 중
<ol><li>직장이 비어 나면, 자궁내암의 자궁 내막 낭종을 7.5 또는 5MHz 선형 직장 프로브와 캘리퍼로 동사 심혈을 사용하여 자궁내막 낭종을 검사한다(그림3)경합 스톡에.</li>
	<li>250 μg의 클로프로스테놀을 근육질로 투여하여 6\u20127 후 배란 후 2 일 또는 3 일 이내에 에스트루스를 유도하십시오.</li>
	<li>매일, 일반적인 일상적인 초음파 검사 및 자궁 경부 심포피를 수행하여 중요한 자궁내막 부종, 35mm의 개미 여포 및 연화 및 개동 자궁 경부를 포함하여 estrus 징후를 관찰하십시오.</li>
</ol>3. 말의 열에 있을 때 준비
<ol><li>안구 보호 안경을 착용한 사람들에게 수술실에 대한 접근을 제한합니다.</li>
	<li>직장을 비운 후 꼬리를 감싸고 요오드 포비도네를 사용하여 부음부를 무부로 청소하십시오.</li>
	<li>암말의 조작과 편안함을 보장하기 위해 21 G 바늘로 경정맥에서 디토미딘 (10 μg /kg)과 부안소롤 (0.1 mg /kg)을 정맥으로 투여하십시오.</li>
	<li>질당, 자궁 경부를 통해 배아 수집 카테터를 설치하고 공기의 40mL와 풍선을 부류.</li>
	<li>자궁을 팽창시키기 위해 멸균 식염수 용액(0.9% NaCl)을 1.5L로 주입합니다.</li>
	<li>풍선을 수축하고 카테터를 제거합니다.</li>
	<li>멸균 슬리브 내의 자궁 경부를 통해 내시경을 무균적으로 전달합니다.</li>
</ol>4. 기술
<ol><li>600 μm 쿼츠 섬유를 980 nm에서 작동하는 다이오드 레이저에 연결합니다. 연속 모드에서 20\u201225 W로 전원을 설정합니다.</li>
	<li>3\u20124cm의 자유 섬유가 화면에 식별할 때까지 직경 10mm 직경의 비디오 내시경의 생검 채널을 통해 유연한 석영 섬유를 전달합니다. 섬유 의 끝에서 최소 10mm가 표시되어야한다.</li>
	<li>레이저를 활성화하여 정점에 낭종을 이상적으로 뚫기 위해 전용 페달을 사용하여 손을 자유롭게 사용할 수 있습니다. 경우에 따라 낭종의 완전한 무효화를 달성하기 위해 다양한 위치에서 여러 천개가 필요합니다. 낭포성 액체는 수동적으로 자궁으로 배수됩니다.</li>
	<li>낭종 안감이 섬유 주위에 붕괴 된 후 멤브레인이 수축 될 때까지 레이저를 배포하십시오.</li>
	<li>자궁 내막 낭종이 사라졌음을 확인하기 위해 절차 중에 필요한 만큼 자궁의 경직 초음파 검사를 수행하십시오.</li>
</ol>5. 수술 후 치료
<ol><li>일반적인 항생제 치료 관리: 22,000 UI/kg 페니실린-프로카인 현탁액, 근육질, 하루에 두 번, 3 일 동안.</li>
	<li>개입 직후, 위에서 설명한 바와 같이 자궁 용암을 수행하십시오(3.4-3.6단계 참조).<ol>
<li>멸균 커프카테터를 통해 내시경 시술 전에 자궁에 주입된 액체를 수집합니다.</li>
		<li>맑은 액체가 수집될 때까지 1 L 멸균 동소용액(0.9% NaCl)의 연속적인 주입으로 자궁을 플러시합니다.</li>
		<li>절차가 끝나면 옥시토신 20 IU를 정맥내투여한다.</li>
		<li>다음 날 암말 자궁의 경상 외 초음파 검사를 수행 : 인트라무럴 프리 액이 자주 관찰됩니다 (단계 2.1 참조).</li>
	</ol>
</li>
	<li>경상 외 유동유체가 경상 외 초음파에 의해 관찰되고 열이 끝날 때까지, 상술한 절차(단계 3.4-3.6)로 매일 자궁 용암을 수행한다. 때로는 혈청과 같은 림프 및 노란색 스테인드 액체가 며칠 동안 수집됩니다. 참고: 소말이 에스트루스에 있을 때 4시간 이하의 옥시토신(20 IU)의 근육 내 주사를 반복하면 유체 축적을 방지하고 자궁내 세균 오염의 위험을 줄일 수 있습니다.</li>
	<li>자궁 내막 낭종의 실종과 내루무액의 부재를 확인하기 위해 다음과 같은 diestrus 동안 트랜스 직장 자궁 초음파 검사를 수행합니다. 참고: 무료 장루유체가 관찰되면 프로스타글란딘 주사는 새로운 에스트루스를 유도하고 최종 적인 자궁내막염을 진단하고 치료하는 것이 좋습니다.</li>
</ol>

<ol>
	<li>Kenney, R. M., Ganjam, V. K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Selected+pathological+changes+of+the+mare+uterus+and+ovary.">Selected pathological changes of the mare uterus and ovary.</a> Journal of Reproduction and Fertility. (23), 335-339 (1975).</li><li>Bracher, V., Mathias, S., Allen, W. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Videoendoscopic+evaluation+of+the+mare's+uterus:+II.+Findings+in+subfertile+mares.">Videoendoscopic evaluation of the mare's uterus: II. Findings in subfertile mares.</a> Equine Veterinary Journal. 24 (4), 279-284 (1992).</li><li>Kaspar, B., Kahn, W., Laging, C., Leidl, W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Endometrial+cysts+in+the+mare.+1.+Post-mortem+studies:+occurrence+and+morphology.">Endometrial cysts in the mare. 1. Post-mortem studies: occurrence and morphology.</a> Tier&#228;rztliche Praxis. 15 (2), 161-166 (1987).</li><li>Leidl, W., Kaspar, B., Kahn, W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Endometrial+cysts+in+the+mare.+2.+Clinical+studies:+occurrence+and+significance.">Endometrial cysts in the mare. 2. Clinical studies: occurrence and significance.</a> Tier&#228;rztliche Praxis. 15 (3), 281-289 (1987).</li><li>Mather, E. C., Refsal, K. R., Gustafsson, B. K., Seguin, B. E., Whitmore, H. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+use+of+fibre-optic+techniques+in+clinical+diagnosis+and+visual+assessment+of+experimental+intrauterine+therapy+in+mares.">The use of fibre-optic techniques in clinical diagnosis and visual assessment of experimental intrauterine therapy in mares.</a> Journal of Reproduction and Fertility. (27), 293-297 (1979).</li><li>Stanton, M. E., Mc Kinnon, A. O., Squires, E. L., Vaala, W. E., Varner, D. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Equine Reproduction Vol. 2. , 2665-2668 (2011).</li><li>Bracher, V., Mathias, S., Allen, W. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Influence+of+chronic+degenerative+endometritis+(endometrosis)+on+placental+development+in+the+mare.">Influence of chronic degenerative endometritis (endometrosis) on placental development in the mare.</a> Equine Veterinary Journal. 28 (3), 180-188 (1996).</li><li>Tannus, R. J., Thun, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Influence+of+endometrial+cysts+on+conception+rate+of+mares.">Influence of endometrial cysts on conception rate of mares.</a> Zentralbl Veterinarmed A. 42 (4), 275-283 (1995).</li><li>Pipers, F. S., Zent, W., Holder, R., Asbury, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Ultrasonography+as+an+adjunct+to+pregnancy+assessments+in+the+mare.">Ultrasonography as an adjunct to pregnancy assessments in the mare.</a> Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association. 184 (3), 328-334 (1984).</li><li>LeBlanc, M., Mc Kinnon, A. O., Mc Kinnon, A. O., Squires, E. L., Vaala, W. E., Varner, D. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Equine Reproduction Vol. 2. , 2620-2642 (2011).</li><li>van Ittersum, A. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+electrosurgical+treatment+of+endometrial+cysts+in+the+mare.">The electrosurgical treatment of endometrial cysts in the mare.</a> Tijdschr Diergeneeskd. 124 (21), 630-633 (1999).</li><li>Rambags, B. P., Stout, T. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Transcervical+endoscope-guided+emptying+of+a+transmural+uterine+cyst+in+a+mare.">Transcervical endoscope-guided emptying of a transmural uterine cyst in a mare.</a> Vet Record. 156 (21), 679-682 (2005).</li><li>Blikslager, A. T., Tate, L. P., Weinstock, D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Effects+of+neodymium:yttrium+aluminum+garnet+laser+irradiation+on+endometrium+and+on+endometrial+cysts+in+six+mares.">Effects of neodymium:yttrium aluminum garnet laser irradiation on endometrium and on endometrial cysts in six mares.</a> Veterinary Surgery. 22 (5), 351-356 (1993).</li><li>Bartmann, C. P., Stief, B., Schoon, H. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Thermal+injury+and+wound+healing+of+the+endometrium+subsequent+to+minimally+invasive+transendoscopic+use+of+Nd:YAG-laser-and+electrosurgery+in+horses.">Thermal injury and wound healing of the endometrium subsequent to minimally invasive transendoscopic use of Nd:YAG-laser-and electrosurgery in horses.</a> Dtsch Tierarztl Wochenschr. 110 (7), 271-280 (2003).</li><li>Conley, A. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Review+of+the+reproductive+endocrinology+of+the+pregnant+and+parturient+mare.">Review of the reproductive endocrinology of the pregnant and parturient mare.</a> Theriogenology. 86 (1), 355-365 (2016).</li><li>Guzeloglu, A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Expression+of+enzymes+and+receptors+of+leukotriene+pathway+genes+in+equine+endometrium+during+the+estrous+cycle+and+early+pregnancy.">Expression of enzymes and receptors of leukotriene pathway genes in equine endometrium during the estrous cycle and early pregnancy.</a> Theriogenology. 80 (2), 145-152 (2013).</li><li>Senger, P. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Pathways to pregnancy and parturition, 3rd edn. , (2015).</li></ol>

모든 저자는 완전히 리에주 대학의 말 클리닉에 의해 고용되고 위에서 언급 한 제품 중 하나를 거래하는 회사와 이해 상충이 없습니다.

자궁내막 낭종의 히스테리시피 및 레이저 광절은 이전에 제안된 바와 같이, 말에서 큰 발광 낭종을 감소시키는 쉬운 절차이다14. 기술적으로, 이 방법은 estrus의 말마에서 수행 될 때 향상됩니다. 멸균 식염수 용액으로 자궁을 팽창시키는 것은 절차를 수행하는 동안 공기 충전 및 지속적인 포부에 비해 가시성을 향상시다.  작은 정수리 낭종 (<10 mm)은 도달하고 치료하기가 더 어렵...

암을 통해 자궁내막 낭종은 케니1에의해 70년대에 조직병리학적으로 설명되었다. 80 년대 후반에, 히스테리 와 초음파의 사용은 그들의 임상 설명으로 이끌어 내고불임에그들의 결과를 이해하는 것을 도왔습니다2,3,4,5.
초기 단계에서 자궁내막 낭종은 현재 자궁 내측소라고 불리는 내막낭의 변성과관련이 있으며, 현재 작은(<1cm) 낭종은 더 큰 낭종이 림프증 팽창과 관련이 있을 때 자궁내막 땀샘 섬유증과 관련이 있는 것으로 받아들여지고 있습니다. . 이러한 큰 낭종은 6.5일과 17일 사이에 말 배아 이동을 방해할 가능성이 가장 높으며, 따라서 모계 인식1,3,4,6,8을손상시켜 불임을 감소시킨다. 자궁내막 낭종은 또한 초기 임신 진단을 방해할 수 있습니다, 특히 그(것)들이 둥글고 배아 소포3의것과 유사한 크기를 가지고 있는경우에,4,6,9 (그림 1참조). 따라서, 그(것)들은 잠재적으로 첫번째 태아 초음파학 및 쌍둥이 임신 평가를 연기하여 2개의 수정 사이 간격을 증가시킬 수 있습니다 (그림 2 참조). 자궁내막 낭종은 자궁내막염을 치료하거나 배아를 수집하기 위해 수행된 자궁 용암 중에 유체 수집을 기계적으로 방해할 수 있다. 따라서 자궁내막 낭종은 사육 농장에서 잠재적인 경제적 결과와 함께 관찰된 암말의 불임에 영향을 미칩니다.
근본적인 내구체를 치료하는 시도 외에10,낭종의 내시경 유도 초점 치료가 제안되었습니다. 전기 외과 소생술이 설명되었지만 열 노출은 낭종11주위의 내메트리움을 손상시킬 수 있습니다. 낭종의 포부는 분비 구조가천자(12)의시간에 더 이상 활성화되지 않는 경우에만 효율적입니다. 접촉 섬유와 980 nm 다이오드 레이저와 레이저 조사는 작은 후속 자궁 내막흉터를표시하는 것 같다6,13. 레이저 장치 및 절차의 개선6 지금 우리가 말 임상 연습에서이 안전 하 고 효율적인 기술을 제안 할 수 있습니다. 그러나, mare 소유자는이 옵션의 한계에 대해 통보해야합니다. 낭종의 광절은 일부 암말에서 배아 인식을 증가시킬 것이며, 어떤 경우에는 임신 진단을 진행하고 자궁 내막 낭종의 부정적인 기계적 효과를 자궁 내막염을 치료하거나 배아를 수집하기 위해 수행 된 자궁 내막 낭종의 부정적인 기계적 효과를 제한 할 수 있습니다. 그러나, 그것은 결코 수반 되는 기본 자궁 내막증 또는 자궁 내막염을 치료 하지 않습니다.
이 보고서는 말에서 히스테리 시세 유도 다이오드 레이저 낭종 절제를 수행하는 효율적인 절차를 설명하는 것을 목표로합니다. 준비 및 절차는 임상 적용을 위해 실질적으로 설명될 것입니다.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="width:664px;" width="663">
	<colgroup>
		<col />
		<col />
		<col />
		<col />
	</colgroup>
	<tbody>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:214px;">Butorphanol</td>
			<td style="width:121px;">Animedica</td>
			<td style="width:161px;">Morphasol 10 mg/mL</td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:214px;">Detomidine</td>
			<td style="width:121px;">Dechra</td>
			<td style="width:161px;">Domidine 10 mg/mL</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:214px;">Endoscope</td>
			<td style="width:121px;">Olympus</td>
			<td style="width:161px;">Vet 170-10 SN2012729</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:214px;">Endoscope Vid&#233;o Tower</td>
			<td style="width:121px;">Olympus</td>
			<td style="width:161px;">CLE-E &#38; CV-E</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:214px;">Laser device</td>
			<td style="width:121px;">Wuhan Giga Optronics</td>
			<td style="width:161px;">Velas II-60B GA19-V3186</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:214px;">NaCl 0.9%</td>
			<td style="width:121px;">Baxter</td>
			<td style="width:161px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:214px;">P&#233;nicilline-proca&#239;ne</td>
			<td style="width:121px;">Kela</td>
			<td style="width:161px;">PENI-Kel 300.00 UI/ml</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:214px;">Ultrasonography</td>
			<td style="width:121px;">Aloka</td>
			<td style="width:161px;">Aloka 500 &#38; 5mHz transrectal probe</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

endoscopy guided photoablation of endometrial cysts using a 980 nm laser with a contact fiber in mares

암말에서 자궁 내막 낭종은 자궁 내막증과 관련이 있으며 모계 인식 실패 또는 타협및 임신 진단을 지연시킬 수 있습니다. 역사적인 치료는 침략적이고 자궁 내분에 불리한 효력이 있었습니다. 히스테리스코피토리 유도 레이저 요법은 자궁내막 낭종 절제술에 쉽고 효과적이며 자궁 내막에 대한 해로운 효과는 없습니다.
길이 110cm, 폭 1.0cm의 내시경은 외음부 세척 후 에스트라스 마레의 열린 자궁 경부를 통해 자궁에 살균적으로 도입된다. 자궁은 천천히 1 L 미만의 생리용액으로 주입되고 레이저 섬유는 내시경의 생검 운하에 삽입됩니다. 낭종은 연속 모드에서 20\u2012 25W로 설정된 접점 섬유로 980 nm 다이오드 레이저로 소생됩니다. 각 낭종은 낭종의 완전한 무효화와 섬유 주위의 낭종 벽의 축소 될 때까지 천공됩니다. 멸균 식염수용을 가진 자궁용암은 수술 후 직접 수행되며 비염증성 유체로서 1~2일 동안 수행된다.
이 절차는 명백한 해로운 효과없이 쉽고 신속하게 수행됩니다. 낭종 절제술은 초음파 임신 진단을 쉽게 하고, 어떤 경우에는, 6.5와 17 일 사이 자궁 뿔에 있는 적당한 태아 이주를 복구할 수 있었습니다. 그러나, 이 치료는 자궁 내막증과 관련된 근본적인 조직학적 병변을 개선하지 않습니다. 이러한 고려 사항은이 절차 전에 개종에 명확하게 표현되어야한다.

수술은 15mm 이상의 직경을 가진 낭종을 가진 말바닥에 수행되었습니다. 그러나 다른 작은 낭종도 존재한다면 다른 낭종의 광절을 시도했습니다. 일반적으로, 이 큰 낭종은 양면 또는 뿔의 기초에 있었다. 그러나, 그들 중 일부는 자궁의 몸에 존재하고 동등하게 취급되었다.
우리의 경험에서, 내루 낭종은 내시경으로 국소화하기가 매우 쉽습니다. 더욱이, 식염수 용액에서이 절...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Endoscopy Guided Photoablation of Endometrial Cysts using a 980 nm Laser with a Contact Fiber in Mares at JoVE.com

Endoscopy Guided Photoablation of Endometrial Cysts using a 980 nm Laser with a Contact Fiber in Mares

이 보고서의 목적은 내시경 레이저 장치를 사용하여 암을 통해 자궁 내막 낭종의 광절을 설명하고 낮은 불임 문제를 다루는이 새로운 접근 방식의 관심과 한계를 논의하는 것입니다.

내시경 검사 유도 자궁 내막 낭종의 980 nm 레이저를 사용 하 여 Mares에 접촉 섬유와

In mares, endometrial cysts are associated with endometriosis and can cause maternal recognition failure or compromise and delay pregnancy diagnoses. ...

endoscopy-guided-photoablation-endometrial-cysts-using-980-nm-laser

Research

JoVE Journal

Medicine

4.2K 조회수.  Liège University. 이 보고서의 목적은 내시경 레이저 장치를 사용하여 암을 통해 자궁 내막 낭종의 광절을 설명하고 낮은 불임 문제를 다루는이 새로운 접근 방식의 관심과 한계를 논의하는 것입니다.

비디오: Endoscopy Guided Photoablation of Endometrial Cysts using a 980 nm Laser with a Contact Fiber in Mares

MRI-guided Disruption of the Blood-brain Barrier using Transcranial Focused Ultrasound in a Rat Model

Focused ultrasound (FUS) disruption of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) is an increasingly investigated technique for circumventing the BBB1-5. The BBB is a significant obstacle to pharmaceutical treatments of brain disorders as it limits the passage of molecules from the vasculature into the brain tissue to molecules less than approximately 500 Da in size6. FUS induced BBB disruption (BBBD) is temporary and reversible4 and has an advantage over chemical means of inducing BBBD by being highly localized. FUS induced BBBD provides a means for investigating the effects of a wide range of therapeutic agents on the brain, which would not otherwise be deliverable to the tissue in sufficient concentration. While a wide range of ultrasound parameters have proven successful at disrupting the BBB2,5,7, there are several critical steps in the experimental procedure to ensure successful disruption with accurate targeting. This protocol outlines how to achieve MRI-guided FUS induced BBBD in a rat model, with a focus on the critical animal preparation and microbubble handling steps of the experiment.

Microbubble-mediated focused ultrasound disruption of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) is a promising technique for non-invasive targeted drug delivery in the brain1-3. This protocol outlines the experimental procedure for MRI-guided transcranial BBB disruption in a rat model.

쥐 모델에서 Transcranial 집중 초음파를 사용하여 혈액 - 뇌 장벽의 MRI를 유도 장애

Focused ultrasound (FUS) disruption of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) is an increasingly investigated technique for circumventing the BBB1-5. The BBB is a ...

연구

의학

Epidural Intracranial Pressure Measurement in Rats Using a Fiber-optic Pressure Transducer

Elevated intracranial pressure (ICP) is a significant problem in several forms of ischemic brain injury including stroke, traumatic brain injury and cardiac arrest. This elevation may result in further neurological injury, in the form of transtentorial herniation1,2,3,4, midbrain compression, neurological deficit or increased cerebral infarct2,4. Current therapies are often inadequate to control elevated ICP in the clinical setting5,6,7 . Thus there is a need for accurate methods of ICP measurement in animal models to further our understanding of the basic mechanisms and to develop new treatments for elevated ICP.
In both the clinical and experimental setting ICP cannot be estimated without direct measurement. Several methods of ICP catheter insertion currently exist. Of these the intraventricular catheter has become the clinical 'gold standard' of ICP measurement in humans8. This method involves the partial removal of skull and the instrumentation of the catheter through brain tissue. Consequently, intraventricular catheters have an infection rate of 6-11%9. For this reason, subdural and epidural cannulations have become the preferred methods in animal models of ischemic injury. 
Various ICP measurement techniques have been adapted for animal models, and of these, fluid-filled telemetry catheters10 and solid state catheters are the most frequently used11,12,13,14,15. The fluid-filled systems are prone to developing air bubbles in the line, resulting in false ICP readings. Solid state probes avoid this problem (Figure 1). An additional problem is fitting catheters under the skull or into the ventricles without causing any brain injury that might alter the experimental outcomes. Therefore, we have developed a method that places an ICP catheter contiguous with the epidural space, but avoids the need to insert it between skull and brain. 
An optic fibre pressure catheter (420LP, SAMBA Sensors, Sweden) was used to measure ICP at the epidural location because the location of the pressure sensor (at the very tip of the catheter) was found to produce a high fidelity ICP signal in this model. There are other manufacturers of similar optic fibre technologies13 that may be used with our methodology. Alternative solid state catheters, which have the pressure sensor located at the side of the catheter tip, would not be appropriate for this model as the signal would be dampened by the presence of the monitoring screw. 
Here, we present a relatively simple and accurate method to measure ICP. This method can be used across a wide range of ICP related animal models.

A novel technique to record the pressures within the skull is described. The minimally invasive method uses a fibre-optic pressure sensing system to accurately measure intracranial pressure (ICP) in anaesthetized rats without causing significant brain trauma. The technique may be used in a wide range of experimental models.

광섬유 압력 변환기를 사용하여 쥐에서 경막외 Intracranial 압력 측정

Elevated intracranial pressure (ICP) is a significant problem in several forms of ischemic brain injury including stroke, traumatic brain injury and ...

Reproducable Paraplegia by Thoracic Aortic Occlusion in a Murine Model of Spinal Cord Ischemia-reperfusion

Background 
Lower extremity paralysis continues to complicate aortic interventions. The lack of understanding of the underlying pathology has hindered advancements to decrease the occurrence this injury.&#160;The current model demonstrates reproducible lower&#160;extremity paralysis following thoracic aortic occlusion.
Methods 
Adult male C57BL6 mice were anesthetized with isoflurane. Through a cervicosternal incision the aorta was exposed. The descending thoracic aorta and left subclavian arteries were identified without entrance into pleural space. Skeletonization of these arteries was followed by immediate closure (Sham) or occlusion for 4 min (moderate ischemia) or 8 min (prolonged ischemia). The sternotomy and skin were closed and the mouse was transferred to warming bed for recovery.&#160; Following recovery, functional analysis was obtained at 12 hr intervals until 48 hr.
Results 
Mice that underwent sham surgery showed no observable hind&#160;limb deficit. Mice subjected to moderate ischemia for 4 min had minimal functional deficit at 12 hr followed by progression to complete paralysis at 48 hr. Mice subjected to prolonged ischemia had an immediate paralysis with no observable hind-limb movement at any point in the postoperative period. There was no observed intraoperative or post&#160;operative mortality.
Conclusion 
Reproducible lower extremity paralysis whether immediate or delayed can be achieved in a murine model. Additionally, by using a median sternotomy and careful dissection, high survival rates, and reproducibility can be achieved.

The lack of mechanistic understanding of spinal cord ischemia-reperfusion injury has hindered further adjuncts to prevent paraplegia following high risk aortic operations. Thus, the development of animal models is imperative. This manuscript demonstrates reproducible lower extremity paralysis following thoracic aortic occlusion in a murine model.

척수 허혈 - 재관류의 생쥐 모델에서 흉부 대동맥 폐색에 의해 재생산 할 하반신 마비

Background
Lower extremity paralysis continues to complicate aortic interventions. The lack of understanding of the underlying pathology has hindered ...

Image-guided Convection-enhanced Delivery into Agarose Gel Models of the Brain

Convection-enhanced delivery (CED) has been proposed as a treatment option for a wide range of neurological diseases. Neuroinfusion catheter CED allows for positive pressure bulk flow to deliver greater quantities of therapeutics to an intracranial target than traditional drug delivery methods. The clinical utility of real time MRI guided CED (rCED) lies in the ability to accurately target, monitor therapy, and identify complications. With training, rCED is efficient and complications may be minimized. The agarose gel model of the brain provides an accessible tool for CED testing, research, and training. Simulated brain rCED allows practice of the mock surgery while also providing visual feedback of the infusion. Analysis of infusion allows for calculation of the distribution fraction (Vd/Vi) allowing the trainee to verify the similarity of the model as compared to human brain tissue. This article describes our agarose gel brain phantom and outlines important metrics during a CED infusion and analysis protocols while addressing common pitfalls faced during CED infusion for the treatment of neurological disease.

Convection-enhanced delivery (CED) has been proposed as a treatment option for a wide range of neurological diseases. In order to prepare health care professionals for adoption of CED, accessible training models are needed. We describe the use of agarose gel as such a model of the human brain for testing, research, and training.

뇌의 아가 로스 젤의 모델로 영상 유도 대류 강화 된 납품

Convection-enhanced delivery (CED) has been proposed as a treatment option for a wide range of neurological diseases. Neuroinfusion catheter CED allows ...

A Possible Zebrafish Model of Polycystic Kidney Disease: Knockdown of wnt5a Causes Cysts in Zebrafish Kidneys

Polycystic kidney disease (PKD) is one of the most common causes of end-stage kidney disease, a devastating disease for which there is no cure. The molecular mechanisms leading to cyst formation in PKD remain somewhat unclear, but many genes are thought to be involved. Wnt5a is a non-canonical glycoprotein that regulates a wide range of developmental processes. Wnt5a works through the planar cell polarity (PCP) pathway that regulates oriented cell division during renal tubular cell elongation. Defects of the PCP pathway have been found to cause kidney cyst formation. Our paper describes a method for developing a zebrafish cystic kidney disease model by knockdown of the wnt5a gene with wnt5a antisense morpholino (MO) oligonucleotides. Tg(wt1b:GFP) transgenic zebrafish were used to visualize kidney structure and kidney cysts following wnt5a knockdown. Two distinct antisense MOs (AUG - and splice-site) were used and both resulted in curly tail down phenotype and cyst formation after wnt5a knockdown. Injection of mouse Wnt5a mRNA, resistant to the MOs due to a difference in primary base pair structure, rescued the abnormal phenotype, demonstrating that the phenotype was not due to &#8220;off-target&#8221; effects of the morpholino. This work supports the validity of using a zebrafish model to study wnt5a function in the kidney.

A Possible Zebrafish Model of Polycystic Kidney Disease: Knockdown of wnt5a Causes Cysts in Zebrafish Kidneys

We describe a method of generating a possible zebrafish model of polycystic kidney disease. We used Tg(wt1b:GFP) fish to visualize kidney structure. Knockdown of wnt5a was by morpholino injection. Pronephric cyst formation after wnt5a knockdown was observed in this GFP transgenic zebrafish.

다낭성 신장 질환의 가능한 제브라 피쉬 모델 :의 넉다운<em&gt; wnt5a</em&gt; Zebrafish의 신장의 낭종 원인

Polycystic kidney disease (PKD) is one of the most common causes of end-stage kidney disease, a devastating disease for which there is no cure. The ...

Semi-automated Analysis of Mouse Skeletal Muscle Morphology and Fiber-type Composition

For years, distinctions between skeletal muscle fiber types were best visualized by myosin-ATPase staining. More recently, immunohistochemical staining of myosin heavy chain (MyHC) isoforms has emerged as a finer discriminator of fiber-type. Type I, type IIA, type IIX and type IIB fibers can now be identified with precision based on their MyHC profile; however, manual analysis of these data can be slow and down-right tedious. In this regard, rapid, accurate assessment of fiber-type composition and morphology is a very desirable tool. Here, we present a protocol for state-of-the-art immunohistochemical staining of MyHCs in frozen sections obtained from mouse hindlimb muscle in concert with a novel semi-automated algorithm that accelerates analysis of fiber-type and fiber morphology. As expected, the soleus muscle displayed staining for type I and type IIA fibers, but not for type IIX or type IIB fibers. On the other hand, the tibialis anterior muscle was composed predominantly of type IIX and type IIB fibers, a small fraction of type IIA fibers and little or no type I fibers. Several image transformations were used to generate probability maps for the purpose of measuring different aspects of fiber morphology (i.e., cross-sectional area (CSA), maximal and minimal Feret diameter). The values obtained for these parameters were then compared with manually-obtained values. No significant differences were observed between either mode of analysis with regards to CSA, maximal or minimal Feret diameter (all p &#62; 0.05), indicating the accuracy of our method. Thus, our immunostaining analysis protocol may be applied to the investigation of effects on muscle composition in many models of aging and myopathy.

Immunohistochemical staining of myosin heavy chain isoforms has emerged as the state-of-the-art discriminator of skeletal muscle fiber-type (i.e., type I, type IIA, type IIX, type IIB). Here, we present a staining protocol along with a novel semi-automated algorithm that facilitates rapid assessment of fiber-type and fiber morphology.

마우스 골격 근육 형태와 섬유 형 구성의 반 자동화 된 분석

For years, distinctions between skeletal muscle fiber types were best visualized by myosin-ATPase staining. More recently, immunohistochemical staining of ...

A Mobile Outside-in Technique of Transforaminal Lumbar Endoscopy for Lumbar Disc Herniations

Percutaneous endoscopic transforaminal lumbar discectomy (PETLD) has now become a standard of care for the management of lumbar disc disease. There are two techniques for the introduction of a working cannula with respect to disc&#8212;outside-in and inside-out. The aim of this prospective study is to describe the technical aspects of a novel mobile outside-in method in dealing with different types of disc prolapse. A total of 184 consecutive patients with unilateral lower limb radiculopathy due to lumbar disc prolapse were operated on with the mobile outside-in technique of PETLD. Their clinical outcomes were evaluated based on the type of disc prolapse they had, a visual analog scale (VAS) leg pain score, the Oswestry Disability Index (ODI), and the Macnab criteria. The completeness of the decompression was documented with a postoperative magnetic resonance imaging. The mean age of the patients was 50 &#177; 16 years and the male/female ratio was 2:1. The mean follow-up was 19 &#177; 6 months. A total of 190 lumbar levels were operated on (L1&#8211;L2: n = 4, L2&#8211;L3: n = 17, L3&#8211;L4: n = 27, L4&#8211;5: n = 123, and L5&#8211;S1: n = 19). Divided into types, the patient distribution was central: n = 14, paracentral: n = 74, foraminal: n = 28, far lateral: n = 13, superior-migrated: n = 8, inferior migrated: n = 38, and high canal compromise: n = 9. The mean operative time was 35 &#177; 12 (25 - 56) min and the mean hospital stay was 1.2 &#177; 0.5 (1&#8211;3) days. The VAS score for leg pain improved from 7.5 &#177; 1 to 1.7 &#177; 0.9. The ODI improved from 70 &#177; 8.3 to 23 &#177; 5. According to the Macnab criteria, 75 patients (40.8%) had excellent results, 104 patients (56.5%) had good results, and 5 patients (2.7%) had fair results. Recurrence (including early and late) was seen in 15 out of the 190 levels that were operated on (7.89%). This article presents a novel outside-in approach that relies on a precise landing within the foramen in a mobile manner and does not solely depend upon the enlargement of the foramen. It is more versatile in application and useful in the management of all types of disc prolapse, even in severe canal compromise and high migration.

Here we present a protocol of a novel outside-in technique of transforaminal endoscopic discectomy for lumbar disc herniations. The technical aspects of the technique, the wide indications of use, and the results of the treatment in 184 patients are described in detail.

요 추 간 요 추 디스크 Herniations 위한 내 시경의 모바일 외부에서 기술

Percutaneous endoscopic transforaminal lumbar discectomy (PETLD) has now become a standard of care for the management of lumbar disc disease. There are ...

Enucleation of the Prostate for the Treatment of Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia Using a 980 nm Diode Laser

In the aging male population, the occurrence of lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) caused by benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) is a common problem. Here, we introduce a new technique called 980 nm diode laser enucleation (DiLEP) to treat BPH1. Diode lasers can absorb both water and hemoglobin at the same time, so they are good for cutting and hemostasis2. The diode laser was approved by the FDA in 2007, and has been used in the treatment of BPH because of its effective cutting and hemostasis effect3. DiLEP presents several advantages over other techniques, such as TURP, HoLEP, and PVP. During the procedure, we define the boundary of a high-volume prostate and separate it into three lobes with a diode laser by burning two rings and one groove (like a Cupid&#39;s arrow). Compared to other procedures, mDiLEP has fewer intraoperative complications, a shorter learning curve, and achieves more tissue resection.

Here, we present a protocol for modified 980 nm diode laser enucleation to treat large volume benign prostatic hyperplasia.

980nm 다이오드 레이저를 사용한 양성 전립선 비대증 치료를 위한 전립선 적출

In the aging male population, the occurrence of lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) caused by benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) is a common problem. ...

Evaluation of Cerebral Blood Flow Autoregulation in the Rat Using Laser Doppler Flowmetry

When investigating the body&#39;s mechanisms for regulating cerebral blood flow, a relative measurement of microcirculatory blood flow can be obtained using laser Doppler flowmetry (LDF). This paper demonstrates a closed skull preparation that allows cerebral blood flow to be assessed without penetrating the skull or installing a chamber or cerebral window. To evaluate autoregulatory mechanisms, a model of controlled blood pressure reduction via graded hemorrhage can be utilized while simultaneously employing LDF. This enables the real time tracking of the relative changes in the blood flow in response to reductions in arterial blood pressure produced by the withdrawal of circulating blood volume. This paradigm is a valuable approach to study cerebral blood flow autoregulation during reductions in arterial blood pressure and, with minor modifications in the protocol, is also valuable as an experimental model of hemorrhagic shock. In addition to evaluating autoregulatory responses, LDF can be used to monitor the cortical blood flow when investigating metabolic, myogenic, endothelial, humoral, or neural mechanisms that regulate cerebral blood flow and the impact of various experimental interventions and pathological conditions on cerebral blood flow.

This article demonstrates the use of laser Doppler flowmetry to evaluate the ability of the cerebral circulation to autoregulate its blood flow during reductions in arterial blood pressure.

레이저 도플러 흐름 측정을 사용하여 쥐에 대뇌 혈액 흐름 자동 조절의 평가

When investigating the body&#39;s mechanisms for regulating cerebral blood flow, a relative measurement of microcirculatory blood flow can be obtained ...

Using a Chemical Biopsy for Graft Quality Assessment

Kidney transplantation is a life-saving treatment for a large number of people with end-stage renal dysfunction worldwide. The procedure is associated with an increased survival rate and greater quality of patient&#8217;s life when compared to conventional dialysis. Regrettably, transplantology suffers from a lack of reliable methods for organ quality assessment. Standard diagnostic techniques are limited to macroscopic appearance inspection or invasive tissue biopsy, which do not provide comprehensive information about the graft. The proposed protocol aims to introduce solid phase microextraction (SPME) as an ideal analytical method for comprehensive metabolomics and lipidomic analysis of all low molecular compounds present in kidneys allocated for transplantation. The small size of the SPME probe enables performance of a chemical biopsy, which enables extraction of metabolites directly from the organ without any tissue collection. The minimum invasiveness of the method permits execution of multiple analyses over time: directly after organ harvesting, during its preservation, and immediately after revascularization at the recipient&#8217;s body. It is hypothesized that the combination of this novel sampling method with a high-resolution mass spectrometer will allow for discrimination of a set of characteristic compounds that could serve as biological markers of graft quality and indicators of possible development of organ dysfunction.

The protocol presents utilization of the chemical biopsy approach followed by comprehensive metabolomic and lipidomic analysis for quality assessment of kidney grafts allocated for transplantation.

이식 품질 평가를 위해 화학 생검 사용

Kidney transplantation is a life-saving treatment for a large number of people with end-stage renal dysfunction worldwide. The procedure is associated ...