마우스 MIA 모델의 가변성을 지속적으로 해결해 주신 Myka Estes 박사와 여기에 설명된 방법 프로토콜의 개발로 이어진 작업에 대해 Estes et al.8 의 모든 기여자에게 감사드립니다. 여기에 보고된 연구는 NIMH 2P50 MH106438-06(일명) 및 NIMH T32MH112507(K.P.)에 의해 뒷받침되었습니다.

저자는 공개할 이해 상충이 없습니다.

모체 감염은 인간과 설치류 및 비인간 영장류 모두에서 뇌 발달 과정을 변화시킨다 4,5,7. 여기에서는 poly(I:C)를 사용하여 임신 중반 시점에서 마우스에서 MIA를 유도하는 절차를 설명합니다. 이 방법은 임신 전 BIR 평가를 통합하여 재현성을 높이고 MIA에 대한 자손의 회복력과 감수성을 유발하는 메커니즘을 기계적으로 조사할 ?...

역학적 증거는 산모 감염을 정신분열증(SZ) 및 자폐 스펙트럼 장애(ASD)를 포함한 정신과 및 NDD의 위험 증가와 연관시킵니다1,2,3,4,5,6,7. MIA 마우스 모델은 이러한 장애의 병인에서 MIA의 인과관계와 기계론적 역할을 테스트하고 분자 바이오마커를 식별하고 진단 및 치료 도구를 모두 개발하기 위해 개발되었습니다 4,6. 이 모델의 유용성과 인기가 높아지고 있음에도 불구하고 현장 내에서 MIA 유도 프로토콜에는 상당한 변동성이 있어 연구 전반에 걸쳐 결과를 비교하고 결과를 복제하기가 어렵습니다 8,9. 또한, 이 모델의 대부분의 반복은 MIA의 두 가지 중요한 번역 측면을 조사하지 않는다: (i) 많은 자손이 MIA에 탄력적이고, (ii) 감수성이 있는 자손은 표현형의 뚜렷한 조합을 나타낼 수 있다8.
재현 가능한 MIA 모델을 생성하기 위해 조사관은 댐에서 유도된 MIA의 크기에 대한 정량적 측정을 하나 이상 보고해야 합니다. 임신 중 MIA를 유도하기 위해 우리 연구실은 이중 가닥 RNA 바이러스 모방 폴리이노시틱: 폴리시티딜산[폴리(I:C)]의 복강내(i.p.) 주사를 수행합니다. Poly(I:C)는 톨 유사 수용체 3(TLR3)10에 의해 인식되기 때문에 인플루엔자 바이러스와 유사한 면역 캐스케이드를 유도합니다. 그 결과, 폴리(I:C)는 전염증성 사이토카인 8,11,12의 급격한 상승을 초래하는 급성기 반응을 활성화시킨다. 이전 연구에서는 인터루킨-6(IL-6)을 포함한 전염증성 사이토카인의 상승이 MIA11,12,13의 결과로 자손의 행동 이상과 신경병리를 생성하는 데 필요하다는 것을 입증했습니다. 따라서 폴리(I:C) 주사 후 2.5시간에 최고조에 달하는 동안 수집된 모체 혈청의 IL-6 수준은 현장 내 실험실 간 결과를 비교하는 데 사용할 수 있는 MIA의 강력한 정량적 측정입니다.
단일 유도 프로토콜(single induction protocol)8,14을 사용하여 회복력(resilience)과 감수성(sceptibility)의 번역상 필수 요소들을 다루는 MIA 모델을 생성하기 위해, 연구자들은 전형적인 유도 접근법과 임신 전 댐의 기준선 면역반응성(BIR)의 특성화를 결합할 수 있다 8. 최근, 처녀 암컷 C57BL/6 마우스는 임신 전 폴리(I:C)에 저선량으로 노출되었을 때 광범위한 IL-6 반응을 보인다는 것이 발견되었다8. 감수성 자손을 낳는 것은 이러한 암컷의 일부일 뿐이며, BIR과 폴리(I:C) 용량의 조합에 의해 결정된 면역 활성화의 특정 크기에서만 가능하다8. MIA는 거꾸로 된 U 패턴으로 표현형을 유도합니다. 자손은 댐이 적당히 면역반응이 있을 때 가장 큰 행동 및 분자 이상을 보이며, 모체 염증의 크기는 임계 범위에 도달하지만 이를 초과하지는 않는다8. 여기에서는 poly(I:C)의 임신 중기 주사의 결과로 다양한 행동 표현형을 가진 탄력 있는 자손과 감수성 자손을 모두 안정적으로 생성하는 방법에 대한 자세한 방법을 제공합니다.

<table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>0.9% NaCl physiological endotoxin free saline</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>7647-14-5</td>
			<td>Control and vehicle for Poly(I:C)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>35mm petri dish</td>
			<td>Thomas Scientific</td>
			<td>1219Z45</td>
			<td>Used to hold oil during tail bleed</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>7.5% TGX gels</td>
			<td>Bio-rad</td>
			<td>4561084</td>
			<td>Optional</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ancare Nestlets</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>NC9365966</td>
			<td>Optional</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>anti-&#946;-tubulin</td>
			<td>Millipore</td>
			<td>MAB3408</td>
			<td>Optional</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Bio-Plex Pro Mouse Cytokine Standards Group I</td>
			<td>Bio-rad</td>
			<td>171I50001</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Bio-Plex Pro Reagent Kit with Flat Plate</td>
			<td>Bio-rad</td>
			<td>171304070M</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Bovine Serum Albumin</td>
			<td>ThermoFisher</td>
			<td>23209</td>
			<td>Optional</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Centrifuge</td>
			<td>Eppendorf</td>
			<td>5810R</td>
			<td>Optional</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Covidien Monoject 1/2 mL Insulin Syringe with 28G x 1/2 in. Needle</td>
			<td>Spectrum</td>
			<td>552-58457-083</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Dithiothreitol</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>D9779-10G</td>
			<td>Optional</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Environmental enrichment</td>
			<td>Bio-serv</td>
			<td>K3327 and K3322</td>
			<td>Optional</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ethovision</td>
			<td>Noldus</td>
			<td>Ethovision</td>
			<td>Optional</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Fluorsecent-tagged seondary ntibodies</td>
			<td>Li-cor</td>
			<td>925-32213 and 925-68072</td>
			<td>Optional</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Food-grade edible oil (like olive, canola or grapeseed)</td>
			<td>Various vendors</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Use to lubricate tail during tail bleeds</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>HBSS</td>
			<td>ThermoFisher</td>
			<td>14060040</td>
			<td>Optional</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>High molecular weight polyinositic:polycytidilic acid</td>
			<td>Invivogen</td>
			<td>#tlrl-pic-5</td>
			<td>Used to establish females&#39; BIR</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Humane Mouse Restrainer</td>
			<td>AIMS</td>
			<td>1000</td>
			<td>Used to restrain mouse during tail bleeds</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Image Studio Software</td>
			<td>Licor</td>
			<td>5.2</td>
			<td>Optional</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Laemmli buffer</td>
			<td>Bio-rad</td>
			<td>1610737EDU</td>
			<td>Optional</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Luminex200</td>
			<td>ThermoFisher</td>
			<td>APX10031</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Microvette CB300 300&#956;l Serum capillary tube</td>
			<td>Sarstedt</td>
			<td>16.440.100</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Mixed molecular weight polyinositic:polycytidilic acid</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>#P0913</td>
			<td>Gestational induction of MIA</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>monoclonal anti-MEF2A</td>
			<td>AbCam</td>
			<td>ab76063</td>
			<td>Optional</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>monoclonal anti-STAT3</td>
			<td>Cell signaling</td>
			<td>12640S</td>
			<td>Optional</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Observer</td>
			<td>Noldus</td>
			<td>Observer</td>
			<td>Optional</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Odyssey blocking buffer (TBS)</td>
			<td>Li-cor</td>
			<td>927-50003</td>
			<td>Optional</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Odyssey CLx imaging system</td>
			<td>Li-cor</td>
			<td>9140</td>
			<td>Optional</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Omnipure PBS</td>
			<td>Millipore</td>
			<td>65054L</td>
			<td>Optional</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Pierce BCA Protein Assay Kit</td>
			<td>ThermoFisher</td>
			<td>23227</td>
			<td>Optional</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>polyclonal anti_TH</td>
			<td>Pel-Freez</td>
			<td>P4101-150</td>
			<td>Optional</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>PVDF membrane</td>
			<td>Bio-rad</td>
			<td>162-0177</td>
			<td>Optional</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Qsonica Sonicator Q500</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>15-338-282</td>
			<td>Optional</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Quick blood stopper</td>
			<td>Petco</td>
			<td>17140</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Seal-Rite 1.5 ml microcentrifuge tube, natural non-sterile</td>
			<td>USA Scientific</td>
			<td>1615-5500</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Soldering stand</td>
			<td>Amazon</td>
			<td>B08Y12QC73</td>
			<td>Used to hold capillary tube during tail bleeds</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sunflower seeds</td>
			<td>Bio-serv</td>
			<td>S5137-1</td>
			<td>Use to increase breeding efficiency</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>The Bio-Plex Pro Mouse IL-6 set,</td>
			<td>Bio-rad</td>
			<td>171G5007M</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Tris base</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>BP152-1</td>
			<td>Optional</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Tween 20</td>
			<td>Bio-rad</td>
			<td>23209</td>
			<td>Optional</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

generating a reproducible model of mid-gestational maternal immune activation using poly(i:c) to study susceptibility and resilience in offspring

임신 중 산모의 면역 활성화(MIA)는 자손의 신경 발달 및 신경 정신 장애의 위험 증가와 지속적으로 관련이 있습니다. MIA의 동물 모델은 인과관계를 테스트하고, 메커니즘을 조사하고, 이러한 장애에 대한 진단 및 치료법을 개발하는 데 사용됩니다. 이들의 광범위한 사용에도 불구하고, 많은 MIA 모델은 재현성의 결여로 고통받고 거의 모든 것이 이 위험 인자의 두 가지 중요한 측면을 무시한다: (i) 많은 자손이 MIA에 탄력적이고, (ii) 감수성 자손은 표현형의 뚜렷한 조합을 나타낼 수 있다. 재현성을 높이고 MIA에 대한 감수성과 탄력성을 모두 모델링하기 위해 임신 전 암컷 마우스의 기본 면역반응성(BIR)을 사용하여 MIA에 노출된 후 어떤 임신이 회복력 있는 자손 또는 정의된 행동 및 분자 이상을 가진 자손을 낳을지 예측합니다. 여기서, 임신 12.5일에 이중 가닥 RNA(dsRNA) 바이러스 모방 폴리(I:C)의 복강내(i.p.) 주사를 통해 MIA를 유도하는 상세한 방법이 제공됩니다. 이 방법은 댐에서 급성 염증 반응을 유도하여 인간 정신 및 신경 발달 장애(NDD)에서 유사하게 영향을 받는 영역에 매핑되는 마우스의 뇌 발달 교란을 유발합니다.

E12.5에서 30mg/kg의 폴리(I:C)에 노출된 모든 동물이 일관된 행동 이상을 가진 자손을 생산하는 것은 아닙니다 8,31. 30mg/kg과 40mg/kg의 폴리(I:C)는 모두 활동 수준 감소, 저체온 반응 및 체중 감소를 포함하여 댐에서 질병 행동을 안정적으로 생성하고 IL-6의 상당한 상승을 유발하지만, MIA에 노출된 새끼의 하위 집합만이 인간 정신과 및 NDD에서 관찰되는 것과 유...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Generating a Reproducible Model of Mid-Gestational Maternal Immune Activation using PolyI:C to Study Susceptibility and Resilience in Offspring at JoVE.com

Generating a Reproducible Model of Mid-Gestational Maternal Immune Activation using PolyI:C to Study Susceptibility and Resilience in Offspring

산모 감염은 신경 발달 장애의 위험 요소입니다. 모체 면역 활성화(MIA)의 마우스 모델은 감염이 뇌 발달 및 기능에 미치는 영향을 설명할 수 있습니다. 여기에서는 MIA에 노출된 안정적으로 회복력 있고 감수성이 있는 자손을 생산하기 위한 일반적인 지침과 절차가 제공됩니다.

자손의 감수성과 회복력을 연구하기 위해 Poly(I:C)를 사용하여 임신 중기 모체 면역 활성화의 재현 가능한 모델 생성

Maternal immune activation (MIA) during pregnancy is consistently linked to increased risk of neurodevelopmental and neuropsychiatric disorders in ...

generating-reproducible-model-mid-gestational-maternal-immune

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JoVE Journal

Neuroscience

Generating a Reproducible Model of Mid-Gestational Maternal Immune Activation using Poly(I:C) to Study Susceptibility and Resilience in Offspring

1.5K 조회수.  UC Davis. 산모 감염은 신경 발달 장애의 위험 요소입니다. 모체 면역 활성화(MIA)의 마우스 모델은 감염이 뇌 발달 및 기능에 미치는 영향을 설명할 수 있습니다. 여기에서는 MIA에 노출된 안정적으로 회복력 있고 감수성이 있는 자손을 생산하기 위한 일반적인 지침과 절차가 제공됩니다.

비디오: Generating a Reproducible Model of Mid-Gestational Maternal Immune Activation using PolyI:C to Study Susceptibility and Resilience in Offspring

Using MazeSuite and Functional Near Infrared Spectroscopy to Study Learning in Spatial Navigation

MazeSuite is a complete toolset to prepare, present and analyze navigational and spatial experiments1. MazeSuite can be used to design and edit adapted virtual 3D environments, track a participants' behavioral performance within the virtual environment and synchronize with external devices for physiological and neuroimaging measures, including electroencephalogram and eye tracking.
Functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIR) is an optical brain imaging technique that enables continuous, noninvasive, and portable monitoring of changes in cerebral blood oxygenation related to human brain functions2-7. Over the last decade fNIR is used to effectively monitor cognitive tasks such as attention, working memory and problem solving7-11. fNIR can be implemented in the form of a wearable and minimally intrusive device; it has the capacity to monitor brain activity in ecologically valid environments. 
Cognitive functions assessed through task performance involve patterns of brain activation of the prefrontal cortex (PFC) that vary from the initial novel task performance, after practice and during retention12. Using positron emission tomography (PET), Van Horn and colleagues found that regional cerebral blood flow was activated in the right frontal lobe during the encoding (i.e., initial na&iuml;ve performance) of spatial navigation of virtual mazes while there was little to no activation of the frontal regions after practice and during retention tests. Furthermore, the effects of contextual interference, a learning phenomenon related to organization of practice, are evident when individuals acquire multiple tasks under different practice schedules13,14. High contextual interference (random practice schedule) is created when the tasks to be learned are presented in a non-sequential, unpredictable order. Low contextual interference (blocked practice schedule) is created when the tasks to be learned are presented in a predictable order.
Our goal here is twofold: first to illustrate the experimental protocol design process and the use of MazeSuite, and second, to demonstrate the setup and deployment of the fNIR brain activity monitoring system using Cognitive Optical Brain Imaging (COBI) Studio software15. To illustrate our goals, a subsample from a study is reported to show the use of both MazeSuite and COBI Studio in a single experiment. The study involves the assessment of cognitive activity of the PFC during the acquisition and learning of computer maze tasks for blocked and random orders. Two right-handed adults (one male, one female) performed 315 acquisition, 30 retention and 20 transfer trials across four days. Design, implementation, data acquisition and analysis phases of the study were explained with the intention to provide a guideline for future studies.

MazeSuite is a complete toolset to prepare, present and analyze navigational and spatial experiments. Functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIR) is an optical brain imaging technique that enables noninvasive and portable monitoring of cerebral blood oxygenation changes. This paper summarizes collective use of MazeSuite and fNIR within a cognitive processing learning paradigm.

공간 탐색 구역에서 &#39;학습 연구에 적외선 분광학 가까이 MazeSuite 및 기능 사용

MazeSuite is a complete toolset to prepare, present and analyze navigational and spatial experiments1. MazeSuite can be used to design and edit adapted ...

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신경과학

The Olfactory System as a Model to Study Axonal Growth Patterns and Morphology In Vivo

The olfactory system has the unusual capacity to generate new neurons throughout the lifetime of an organism. Olfactory stem cells in the basal portion of the olfactory epithelium continuously give rise to new sensory neurons that extend their axons into the olfactory bulb, where they face the challenge to integrate into existing circuitry. Because of this particular feature, the olfactory system represents a unique opportunity to monitor axonal wiring and guidance, and to investigate synapse formation. Here we describe a procedure for in vivo labeling of sensory neurons and subsequent visualization of axons in the olfactory system of larvae of the amphibian Xenopus laevis. To stain sensory neurons in the olfactory organ we adopt the electroporation technique. In vivo electroporation is an established technique for delivering fluorophore-coupled dextrans or other macromolecules into living cells. Stained sensory neurons and their axonal processes can then be monitored in the living animal either using confocal laser-scanning or multiphoton microscopy. By reducing the number of labeled cells to few or single cells per animal, single axons can be tracked into the olfactory bulb and their morphological changes can be monitored over weeks by conducting series of in vivo time lapse imaging experiments. While the described protocol exemplifies the labeling and monitoring of olfactory sensory neurons, it can also be adopted to other cell types within the olfactory and other systems.

The Olfactory System as a Model to Study Axonal Growth Patterns and Morphology In Vivo

We describe a protocol for in vivo labeling of olfactory sensory neurons by electroporation and subsequent confocal laser-scanning or multiphoton microscopy to visualize neuronal morphology and its development over time.

모델로 후각 시스템은 축삭 성장 패턴 및 형태를 연구하는<em&gt; 생체</em

The olfactory system has the unusual capacity to generate new neurons throughout the lifetime of an organism. Olfactory stem cells in the basal portion of ...

M&#252;ller Glia Cell Activation in a Laser-induced Retinal Degeneration and Regeneration Model in Zebrafish

A fascinating difference between teleost and mammals is the lifelong potential of the teleost retina for retinal neurogenesis and regeneration after severe damage. Investigating the regeneration pathways in zebrafish might bring new insights to develop innovative strategies for the treatment of retinal degenerative diseases in mammals. Herein, we focused on the induction of a focal lesion to the outer retina in adult zebrafish by means of a 532 nm diode laser. A localized injury allows investigating biological processes that take place during retinal degeneration and regeneration directly at the area of damage. Using non-invasive optical coherence tomography (OCT), we were able to define the location of the damaged area and monitor subsequent regeneration in vivo. Indeed, OCT imaging produces high-resolution, cross-sectional images of the zebrafish retina, providing information which was previously only available with histological analyses. In order to confirm the data from real-time OCT, histological sections were performed and regenerative response after the induction of the retinal injury was investigated by immunohistochemistry.

The zebrafish is a popular animal model to study mechanisms of retinal degeneration/regeneration in vertebrates. This protocol describes a method to induce localized injury disrupting the outer retina with minimal damage to the inner retina. Subsequently, we monitor in vivo the retinal morphology and the M&#252;ller glia response throughout retinal regeneration.

레이저 유도 된 망막 변성 및 재생 Zebrafish 모델 뮐러 명과 셀 활성화

A fascinating difference between teleost and mammals is the lifelong potential of the teleost retina for retinal neurogenesis and regeneration after ...

An Objective and Reproducible Test of Olfactory Learning and Discrimination in Mice

Olfaction is the predominant sensory modality in mice and influences many important behaviors, including foraging, predator detection, mating, and parenting. Importantly, mice can be trained to associate novel odors with specific behavioral responses to provide insight into olfactory circuit function. This protocol details the procedure for training mice on a Go/No-Go operant learning task. In this approach, mice are trained on hundreds of automated trials daily for 2&#8211;4 weeks and can then be tested on novel Go/No-Go odor pairs to assess olfactory discrimination, or be used for studies on how odor learning alters the structure or function of the olfactory circuit. Additionally, the mouse olfactory bulb (OB) features ongoing integration of adult-born neurons. Interestingly, olfactory learning increases both the survival and synaptic connections of these adult-born neurons. Therefore, this protocol can be combined with other biochemical, electrophysiological, and imaging techniques to study learning and activity-dependent factors that mediate neuronal survival and plasticity.

Here, we train mice on an associative learning task to test odor discrimination. This protocol also allows for studies on learning-induced structural changes in the brain.

후 각 학습 및 쥐에 있는 차별의 객관적이 고 재현성 시험

Olfaction is the predominant sensory modality in mice and influences many important behaviors, including foraging, predator detection, mating, and ...

A Simple and Reproducible Method to Prepare Membrane Samples from Freshly Isolated Rat Brain Microvessels

The blood-brain barrier (BBB) is a dynamic barrier tissue that responds to various pathophysiological and pharmacological stimuli. Such changes resulting from these stimuli can greatly modulate drug delivery to the brain and, by extension, cause considerable challenges in the treatment of central nervous system (CNS) diseases. Many BBB changes that affect pharmacotherapy, involve proteins that are localized and expressed at the level of endothelial cells. Indeed, such knowledge on BBB physiology in health and disease has sparked considerable interest in the study of these membrane proteins. From a basic science research standpoint, this implies a requirement for a simple but robust and reproducible method for isolation of microvessels from brain tissue harvested from experimental animals. In order to prepare membrane samples from freshly isolated microvessels, it is essential that sample preparations be enriched in endothelial cells but limited in the presence of other cell types of the neurovascular unit (i.e., astrocytes, microglia, neurons, pericytes). An added benefit is the ability to prepare samples from individual animals in order to capture the true variability of protein expression in an experimental population. In this manuscript, details regarding a method that is utilized for isolation of rat brain microvessels and preparation of membrane samples are provided. Microvessel enrichment, from samples derived, is achieved by using four centrifugation steps where dextran is included in the sample buffer. This protocol can easily be adapted by other laboratories for their own specific applications. Samples generated from this protocol have been shown to yield robust experimental data from protein analysis experiments that can greatly aid the understanding of BBB responses to physiological, pathophysiological, and pharmacological stimuli.

Here, a method for isolation of rat brain microvessels and for the preparation of membrane samples is described. This protocol has the clear advantage of producing enriched microvessel samples with acceptable protein yield from individual animals. Samples can then be used for robust protein analyses at the brain microvascular endothelium.

신선 하 게 고립 된 쥐 두뇌 Microvessels에서 막 샘플을 준비 하는 간단 하 고 재현할 수 방법

The blood-brain barrier (BBB) is a dynamic barrier tissue that responds to various pathophysiological and pharmacological stimuli. Such changes resulting ...

A Neurosphere Assay to Evaluate Endogenous Neural Stem Cell Activation in a Mouse Model of Minimal Spinal Cord Injury

Neural stem cells (NSCs) in the adult mammalian spinal cord are a relatively mitotically quiescent population of periventricular cells that can be studied in vitro using the neurosphere assay. This colony-forming assay is a powerful tool to study the response of NSCs to exogenous factors in a dish; however, this can also be used to study the effect of in vivo manipulations with the proper understanding of the strengths and limitations of the assay. One manipulation of the clinical interest is the effect of injury on endogenous NSC activation. Current models of spinal cord injury provide a challenge to study this as the severity of common contusion, compression, and transection models cause the destruction of the NSC niche at the site of the injury where the stem cells reside. Here, we describe a minimal injury model that causes localized damage at the superficial dorsolateral surface of the lower thoracic level (T7/8) of the adult mouse spinal cord. This injury model spares the central canal at the level of injury and permits analysis of the NSCs that reside at the level of the lesion at various time points following injury. Here, we show how the neurosphere assay can be utilized to study the activation of the two distinct, lineally-related, populations of NSCs that reside in the spinal cord periventricular region - primitive and definitive NSCs (pNSCs and dNSCs, respectively). We demonstrate how to isolate and culture these NSCs from the periventricular region at the level of injury and the white matter injury site. Our post-surgical spinal cord dissections show increased numbers of pNSC and dNSC-derived neurospheres from the periventricular region of injured cords compared to controls, speaking to their activation via injury. Furthermore, following injury, dNSC-derived neurospheres can be isolated from the injury site &#8212; demonstrating the ability of NSCs to migrate from their periventricular niche to sites of injury.

Here, we demonstrate the performance of a minimal spinal cord injury model in an adult mouse that spares the central canal niche housing endogenous neural stem cells (NSCs). We show how the neurosphere assay can be used to quantify activation and migration of definitive and primitive NSCs following injury.

최소한의 척수 상해의 마우스 모델에서 내 인 성 신경 줄기 세포 활성화 평가 Neurosphere 분석 결과

Neural stem cells (NSCs) in the adult mammalian spinal cord are a relatively mitotically quiescent population of periventricular cells that can be studied ...

Facial Nerve Surgery in the Rat Model to Study Axonal Inhibition and Regeneration

This protocol describes consistent and reproducible methods to study axonal regeneration and inhibition in a rat facial nerve injury model. The facial nerve can be manipulated along its entire length, from its intracranial segment to its extratemporal course. There are three primary types of nerve injury used for the experimental study of regenerative properties: nerve crush, transection, and nerve gap. The range of possible interventions is vast, including surgical manipulation of the nerve, delivery of neuroactive reagents or cells, and either central or end-organ manipulations. Advantages of this model for studying nerve regeneration include simplicity, reproducibility, interspecies consistency, reliable survival rates of the rat, and an increased anatomic size relative to murine models. Its limitations involve a more limited genetic manipulation versus the mouse model and the superlative regenerative capability of the rat, such that the facial nerve scientist must carefully assess time points for recovery and whether to translate results to higher animals and human studies. The rat model for facial nerve injury allows for functional, electrophysiological, and histomorphometric parameters for the interpretation and comparison of nerve regeneration. It thereby boasts tremendous potential toward furthering the understanding and treatment of the devastating consequences of facial nerve injury in human patients.

This protocol describes a reproducible approach to facial nerve surgery in the rat model, including descriptions of various inducible patterns of injury.

축축한 억제 및 재생을 연구하는 쥐 모델의 안면 신경 수술

This protocol describes consistent and reproducible methods to study axonal regeneration and inhibition in a rat facial nerve injury model. The facial ...

Combining Behavior and EEG to Study the Effects of Mindfulness Meditation on Episodic Memory

Although there has been recent interest in how mindfulness meditation can affect episodic memory as well as brain structure and function, no study has examined the behavioral and neural effects of mindfulness meditation on episodic memory. Here we present a protocol that combines mindfulness meditation training, an episodic memory task, and EEG to examine how mindfulness meditation changes behavioral performance and the neural correlates of episodic memory. Subjects in a mindfulness meditation experimental group were compared to a waitlist control group. Subjects in the mindfulness meditation experimental group spent four weeks training and practicing mindfulness meditation. Mindfulness was measured before and after training using the Five Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire (FFMQ). Episodic memory was measured before and after training using a source recognition task. During the retrieval phase of the source recognition task, EEG was recorded. The results showed that mindfulness, source recognition behavioral performance, and EEG theta power in right frontal and left parietal channels increased following mindfulness meditation training. In addition, increases in mindfulness correlated with increases in theta power in right frontal channels. Therefore, results obtained from combining mindfulness meditation training, an episodic memory task, and EEG reveal the behavioral and neural effects of mindfulness meditation on episodic memory.

Here we present a protocol for combining mindfulness meditation training, an episodic memory task, and EEG to understand the behavioral and neural effects of mindfulness meditation on episodic memory.

행동과 EEG를 결합하여 마음 챙김 명상이 에피소드 기억에 미치는 영향 연구

Although there has been recent interest in how mindfulness meditation can affect episodic memory as well as brain structure and function, no study has ...

A Scalable Model to Study the Effects of Blunt-Force Injury in Adult Zebrafish

Blunt-force traumatic brain injuries (TBI) are the most common form of head trauma, which spans a range of severities and results in complex and heterogenous secondary effects. While there is no mechanism to replace or regenerate the lost neurons following a TBI in humans, zebrafish possess the ability to regenerate neurons throughout their body, including the brain. To examine the breadth of pathologies exhibited in zebrafish following a blunt-force TBI and to study the mechanisms underlying the subsequent neuronal regenerative response, we modified the commonly used rodent Marmarou weight drop for the use in adult zebrafish. Our simple blunt-force TBI model is scalable, inducing a mild, moderate, or severe TBI, and recapitulates many of the phenotypes observed following human TBI, such as contact- and post-traumatic seizures, edema, subdural and intracerebral hematomas, and cognitive impairments, each displayed in an injury severity-dependent manner. TBI sequelae, which begin to appear within minutes of the injury, subside and return to near undamaged control levels within 7 days post-injury. The regenerative process begins as early as 48 hours post-injury (hpi), with the peak cell proliferation observed by 60 hpi. Thus, our zebrafish blunt-force TBI model produces characteristic primary and secondary injury TBI pathologies similar to human TBI, which allows for investigating disease onset and progression, along with the mechanisms of neuronal regeneration that is unique to zebrafish.

We modified the Marmarou weight drop model for adult zebrafish to examine a breadth of pathologies following blunt-force traumatic brain injury (TBI) and the mechanisms underlying subsequent neuronal regeneration. This blunt-force TBI model is scalable, induces a mild, moderate, or severe TBI, and recapitulates injury heterogeneity observed in human TBI.

성인 얼룩말 피시의 무딘 힘 부상의 효과를 연구하는 확장 가능한 모델

Blunt-force traumatic brain injuries (TBI) are the most common form of head trauma, which spans a range of severities and results in complex and ...

A Model for Epilepsy of Infectious Etiology using Theiler's Murine Encephalomyelitis Virus

One of the main causes of epilepsy is an infection of the central nervous system (CNS); approximately 8% of patients who survive such an infection develop epilepsy as a consequence, with rates being significantly higher in less economically developed countries. This work provides an overview of modeling epilepsy of infectious etiology and using it as a platform for novel antiseizure compound testing. A protocol of epilepsy induction by non-stereotactic intracerebral injection of Theiler's murine encephalomyelitis virus (TMEV) in C57BL/6 mice is presented, which replicates many of the early and chronic clinical symptoms of viral encephalitis and subsequent epilepsy in human patients. The clinical evaluation of mice during encephalitis to monitor seizure activity and detect the potential antiseizure effects of novel compounds is described. Furthermore, histopathological consequences of viral encephalitis and seizures such as hippocampal damage and neuroinflammation are shown, as well as long-term consequences such as spontaneous epileptic seizures. The TMEV model is one of the first translational, infection-driven, experimental platforms to allow for the investigation of the mechanisms of epilepsy development as a consequence of CNS infection. Thus, it also serves to identify potential therapeutic targets and compounds for patients at risk of developing epilepsy following a CNS infection.

Intracerebral infection with the Theiler's murine encephalomyelitis virus (TMEV) in C57BL/6 mice replicates many of the early and chronic clinical symptoms of viral encephalitis and subsequent epilepsy in human patients. This paper describes the virus infection, symptoms, and histopathology of the TMEV model.

Theiler's 쥐 뇌척수염 바이러스를 이용한 감염성 병인의 간질 모델

One of the main causes of epilepsy is an infection of the central nervous system (CNS); approximately 8% of patients who survive such an infection develop ...