마우스 MIA 모델의 가변성을 지속적으로 해결해 주신 Myka Estes 박사와 여기에 설명된 방법 프로토콜의 개발로 이어진 작업에 대해 Estes et al.8 의 모든 기여자에게 감사드립니다. 여기에 보고된 연구는 NIMH 2P50 MH106438-06(일명) 및 NIMH T32MH112507(K.P.)에 의해 뒷받침되었습니다.

저자는 공개할 이해 상충이 없습니다.

모체 감염은 인간과 설치류 및 비인간 영장류 모두에서 뇌 발달 과정을 변화시킨다 4,5,7. 여기에서는 poly(I:C)를 사용하여 임신 중반 시점에서 마우스에서 MIA를 유도하는 절차를 설명합니다. 이 방법은 임신 전 BIR 평가를 통합하여 재현성을 높이고 MIA에 대한 자손의 회복력과 감수성을 유발하는 메커니즘을 기계적으로 조사할 ?...

역학적 증거는 산모 감염을 정신분열증(SZ) 및 자폐 스펙트럼 장애(ASD)를 포함한 정신과 및 NDD의 위험 증가와 연관시킵니다1,2,3,4,5,6,7. MIA 마우스 모델은 이러한 장애의 병인에서 MIA의 인과관계와 기계론적 역할을 테스트하고 분자 바이오마커를 식별하고 진단 및 치료 도구를 모두 개발하기 위해 개발되었습니다 4,6. 이 모델의 유용성과 인기가 높아지고 있음에도 불구하고 현장 내에서 MIA 유도 프로토콜에는 상당한 변동성이 있어 연구 전반에 걸쳐 결과를 비교하고 결과를 복제하기가 어렵습니다 8,9. 또한, 이 모델의 대부분의 반복은 MIA의 두 가지 중요한 번역 측면을 조사하지 않는다: (i) 많은 자손이 MIA에 탄력적이고, (ii) 감수성이 있는 자손은 표현형의 뚜렷한 조합을 나타낼 수 있다8.
재현 가능한 MIA 모델을 생성하기 위해 조사관은 댐에서 유도된 MIA의 크기에 대한 정량적 측정을 하나 이상 보고해야 합니다. 임신 중 MIA를 유도하기 위해 우리 연구실은 이중 가닥 RNA 바이러스 모방 폴리이노시틱: 폴리시티딜산[폴리(I:C)]의 복강내(i.p.) 주사를 수행합니다. Poly(I:C)는 톨 유사 수용체 3(TLR3)10에 의해 인식되기 때문에 인플루엔자 바이러스와 유사한 면역 캐스케이드를 유도합니다. 그 결과, 폴리(I:C)는 전염증성 사이토카인 8,11,12의 급격한 상승을 초래하는 급성기 반응을 활성화시킨다. 이전 연구에서는 인터루킨-6(IL-6)을 포함한 전염증성 사이토카인의 상승이 MIA11,12,13의 결과로 자손의 행동 이상과 신경병리를 생성하는 데 필요하다는 것을 입증했습니다. 따라서 폴리(I:C) 주사 후 2.5시간에 최고조에 달하는 동안 수집된 모체 혈청의 IL-6 수준은 현장 내 실험실 간 결과를 비교하는 데 사용할 수 있는 MIA의 강력한 정량적 측정입니다.
단일 유도 프로토콜(single induction protocol)8,14을 사용하여 회복력(resilience)과 감수성(sceptibility)의 번역상 필수 요소들을 다루는 MIA 모델을 생성하기 위해, 연구자들은 전형적인 유도 접근법과 임신 전 댐의 기준선 면역반응성(BIR)의 특성화를 결합할 수 있다 8. 최근, 처녀 암컷 C57BL/6 마우스는 임신 전 폴리(I:C)에 저선량으로 노출되었을 때 광범위한 IL-6 반응을 보인다는 것이 발견되었다8. 감수성 자손을 낳는 것은 이러한 암컷의 일부일 뿐이며, BIR과 폴리(I:C) 용량의 조합에 의해 결정된 면역 활성화의 특정 크기에서만 가능하다8. MIA는 거꾸로 된 U 패턴으로 표현형을 유도합니다. 자손은 댐이 적당히 면역반응이 있을 때 가장 큰 행동 및 분자 이상을 보이며, 모체 염증의 크기는 임계 범위에 도달하지만 이를 초과하지는 않는다8. 여기에서는 poly(I:C)의 임신 중기 주사의 결과로 다양한 행동 표현형을 가진 탄력 있는 자손과 감수성 자손을 모두 안정적으로 생성하는 방법에 대한 자세한 방법을 제공합니다.

<table><tbody><tr><td>0.9% NaCl physiological endotoxin free saline</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>7647-14-5</td><td>Control and vehicle for Poly(I:C)</td></tr><tr><td>35mm petri dish</td><td>Thomas Scientific</td><td>1219Z45</td><td>Used to hold oil during tail bleed</td></tr><tr><td>7.5% TGX gels</td><td>Bio-rad</td><td>4561084</td><td>Optional</td></tr><tr><td>Ancare Nestlets</td><td>Fisher Scientific</td><td>NC9365966</td><td>Optional</td></tr><tr><td>anti-&amp;beta;-tubulin</td><td>Millipore</td><td>MAB3408</td><td>Optional</td></tr><tr><td>Bio-Plex Pro Mouse Cytokine Standards Group I</td><td>Bio-rad</td><td>171I50001</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Bio-Plex Pro Reagent Kit with Flat Plate</td><td>Bio-rad</td><td>171304070M</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Bovine Serum Albumin</td><td>ThermoFisher</td><td>23209</td><td>Optional</td></tr><tr><td>Centrifuge</td><td>Eppendorf</td><td>5810R</td><td>Optional</td></tr><tr><td>Covidien Monoject 1/2 mL Insulin Syringe with 28G x 1/2 in. Needle</td><td>Spectrum</td><td>552-58457-083</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Dithiothreitol</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>D9779-10G</td><td>Optional</td></tr><tr><td>Environmental enrichment</td><td>Bio-serv</td><td>K3327 and K3322</td><td>Optional</td></tr><tr><td>Ethovision</td><td>Noldus</td><td>Ethovision</td><td>Optional</td></tr><tr><td>Fluorsecent-tagged seondary ntibodies</td><td>Li-cor</td><td>925-32213 and 925-68072</td><td>Optional</td></tr><tr><td>Food-grade edible oil (like olive, canola or grapeseed)</td><td>Various vendors</td><td></td><td>Use to lubricate tail during tail bleeds</td></tr><tr><td>HBSS</td><td>ThermoFisher</td><td>14060040</td><td>Optional</td></tr><tr><td>High molecular weight polyinositic:polycytidilic acid</td><td>Invivogen</td><td>#tlrl-pic-5</td><td>Used to establish females&#039; BIR</td></tr><tr><td>Humane Mouse Restrainer</td><td>AIMS</td><td>1000</td><td>Used to restrain mouse during tail bleeds</td></tr><tr><td>Image Studio Software</td><td>Licor</td><td>5.2</td><td>Optional</td></tr><tr><td>Laemmli buffer</td><td>Bio-rad</td><td>1610737EDU</td><td>Optional</td></tr><tr><td>Luminex200</td><td>ThermoFisher</td><td>APX10031</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Microvette CB300 300&amp;mu;l Serum capillary tube</td><td>Sarstedt</td><td>16.440.100</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Mixed molecular weight polyinositic:polycytidilic acid</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>#P0913</td><td>Gestational induction of MIA</td></tr><tr><td>monoclonal anti-MEF2A</td><td>AbCam</td><td>ab76063</td><td>Optional</td></tr><tr><td>monoclonal anti-STAT3</td><td>Cell signaling</td><td>12640S</td><td>Optional</td></tr><tr><td>Observer</td><td>Noldus</td><td>Observer</td><td>Optional</td></tr><tr><td>Odyssey blocking buffer (TBS)</td><td>Li-cor</td><td>927-50003</td><td>Optional</td></tr><tr><td>Odyssey CLx imaging system</td><td>Li-cor</td><td>9140</td><td>Optional</td></tr><tr><td>Omnipure PBS</td><td>Millipore</td><td>65054L</td><td>Optional</td></tr><tr><td>Pierce BCA Protein Assay Kit</td><td>ThermoFisher</td><td>23227</td><td>Optional</td></tr><tr><td>polyclonal anti_TH</td><td>Pel-Freez</td><td>P4101-150</td><td>Optional</td></tr><tr><td>PVDF membrane</td><td>Bio-rad</td><td>162-0177</td><td>Optional</td></tr><tr><td>Qsonica Sonicator Q500</td><td>Fisher Scientific</td><td>15-338-282</td><td>Optional</td></tr><tr><td>Quick blood stopper</td><td>Petco</td><td>17140</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Seal-Rite 1.5 ml microcentrifuge tube, natural non-sterile</td><td>USA Scientific</td><td>1615-5500</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Soldering stand</td><td>Amazon</td><td>B08Y12QC73</td><td>Used to hold capillary tube during tail bleeds</td></tr><tr><td>Sunflower seeds</td><td>Bio-serv</td><td>S5137-1</td><td>Use to increase breeding efficiency</td></tr><tr><td>The Bio-Plex Pro Mouse IL-6 set,</td><td>Bio-rad</td><td>171G5007M</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Tris base</td><td>Fisher Scientific</td><td>BP152-1</td><td>Optional</td></tr><tr><td>Tween 20</td><td>Bio-rad</td><td>23209</td><td>Optional</td></tr></tbody></table>

generating a reproducible model of mid-gestational maternal immune activation using poly(i:c) to study susceptibility and resilience in offspring

임신 중 산모의 면역 활성화(MIA)는 자손의 신경 발달 및 신경 정신 장애의 위험 증가와 지속적으로 관련이 있습니다. MIA의 동물 모델은 인과관계를 테스트하고, 메커니즘을 조사하고, 이러한 장애에 대한 진단 및 치료법을 개발하는 데 사용됩니다. 이들의 광범위한 사용에도 불구하고, 많은 MIA 모델은 재현성의 결여로 고통받고 거의 모든 것이 이 위험 인자의 두 가지 중요한 측면을 무시한다: (i) 많은 자손이 MIA에 탄력적이고, (ii) 감수성 자손은 표현형의 뚜렷한 조합을 나타낼 수 있다. 재현성을 높이고 MIA에 대한 감수성과 탄력성을 모두 모델링하기 위해 임신 전 암컷 마우스의 기본 면역반응성(BIR)을 사용하여 MIA에 노출된 후 어떤 임신이 회복력 있는 자손 또는 정의된 행동 및 분자 이상을 가진 자손을 낳을지 예측합니다. 여기서, 임신 12.5일에 이중 가닥 RNA(dsRNA) 바이러스 모방 폴리(I:C)의 복강내(i.p.) 주사를 통해 MIA를 유도하는 상세한 방법이 제공됩니다. 이 방법은 댐에서 급성 염증 반응을 유도하여 인간 정신 및 신경 발달 장애(NDD)에서 유사하게 영향을 받는 영역에 매핑되는 마우스의 뇌 발달 교란을 유발합니다.

E12.5에서 30mg/kg의 폴리(I:C)에 노출된 모든 동물이 일관된 행동 이상을 가진 자손을 생산하는 것은 아닙니다 8,31. 30mg/kg과 40mg/kg의 폴리(I:C)는 모두 활동 수준 감소, 저체온 반응 및 체중 감소를 포함하여 댐에서 질병 행동을 안정적으로 생성하고 IL-6의 상당한 상승을 유발하지만, MIA에 노출된 새끼의 하위 집합만이 인간 정신과 및 NDD에서 관찰되는 것과 유...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Generating a Reproducible Model of Mid-Gestational Maternal Immune Activation using PolyI:C to Study Susceptibility and Resilience in Offspring at JoVE.com

Generating a Reproducible Model of Mid-Gestational Maternal Immune Activation using PolyI:C to Study Susceptibility and Resilience in Offspring

산모 감염은 신경 발달 장애의 위험 요소입니다. 모체 면역 활성화(MIA)의 마우스 모델은 감염이 뇌 발달 및 기능에 미치는 영향을 설명할 수 있습니다. 여기에서는 MIA에 노출된 안정적으로 회복력 있고 감수성이 있는 자손을 생산하기 위한 일반적인 지침과 절차가 제공됩니다.

자손의 감수성과 회복력을 연구하기 위해 Poly(I:C)를 사용하여 임신 중기 모체 면역 활성화의 재현 가능한 모델 생성

Maternal immune activation (MIA) during pregnancy is consistently linked to increased risk of neurodevelopmental and neuropsychiatric disorders in ...

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Neuroscience

Generating a Reproducible Model of Mid-Gestational Maternal Immune Activation using Poly(I:C) to Study Susceptibility and Resilience in Offspring

1.5K 조회수.  UC Davis. 산모 감염은 신경 발달 장애의 위험 요소입니다. 모체 면역 활성화(MIA)의 마우스 모델은 감염이 뇌 발달 및 기능에 미치는 영향을 설명할 수 있습니다. 여기에서는 MIA에 노출된 안정적으로 회복력 있고 감수성이 있는 자손을 생산하기 위한 일반적인 지침과 절차가 제공됩니다.

비디오: Generating a Reproducible Model of Mid-Gestational Maternal Immune Activation using PolyI:C to Study Susceptibility and Resilience in Offspring

Using MazeSuite and Functional Near Infrared Spectroscopy to Study Learning in Spatial Navigation

MazeSuite is a complete toolset to prepare, present and analyze navigational and spatial experiments1. MazeSuite can be used to design and edit adapted virtual 3D environments, track a participants' behavioral performance within the virtual environment and synchronize with external devices for physiological and neuroimaging measures, including electroencephalogram and eye tracking.
Functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIR) is an optical brain imaging technique that enables continuous, noninvasive, and portable monitoring of changes in cerebral blood oxygenation related to human brain functions2-7. Over the last decade fNIR is used to effectively monitor cognitive tasks such as attention, working memory and problem solving7-11. fNIR can be implemented in the form of a wearable and minimally intrusive device; it has the capacity to monitor brain activity in ecologically valid environments. 
Cognitive functions assessed through task performance involve patterns of brain activation of the prefrontal cortex (PFC) that vary from the initial novel task performance, after practice and during retention12. Using positron emission tomography (PET), Van Horn and colleagues found that regional cerebral blood flow was activated in the right frontal lobe during the encoding (i.e., initial na&iuml;ve performance) of spatial navigation of virtual mazes while there was little to no activation of the frontal regions after practice and during retention tests. Furthermore, the effects of contextual interference, a learning phenomenon related to organization of practice, are evident when individuals acquire multiple tasks under different practice schedules13,14. High contextual interference (random practice schedule) is created when the tasks to be learned are presented in a non-sequential, unpredictable order. Low contextual interference (blocked practice schedule) is created when the tasks to be learned are presented in a predictable order.
Our goal here is twofold: first to illustrate the experimental protocol design process and the use of MazeSuite, and second, to demonstrate the setup and deployment of the fNIR brain activity monitoring system using Cognitive Optical Brain Imaging (COBI) Studio software15. To illustrate our goals, a subsample from a study is reported to show the use of both MazeSuite and COBI Studio in a single experiment. The study involves the assessment of cognitive activity of the PFC during the acquisition and learning of computer maze tasks for blocked and random orders. Two right-handed adults (one male, one female) performed 315 acquisition, 30 retention and 20 transfer trials across four days. Design, implementation, data acquisition and analysis phases of the study were explained with the intention to provide a guideline for future studies.

MazeSuite is a complete toolset to prepare, present and analyze navigational and spatial experiments. Functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIR) is an optical brain imaging technique that enables noninvasive and portable monitoring of cerebral blood oxygenation changes. This paper summarizes collective use of MazeSuite and fNIR within a cognitive processing learning paradigm.

공간 탐색 구역에서 &#39;학습 연구에 적외선 분광학 가까이 MazeSuite 및 기능 사용

MazeSuite is a complete toolset to prepare, present and analyze navigational and spatial experiments1. MazeSuite can be used to design and edit adapted ...

연구

신경과학

Determining the Role of Maternally-Expressed Genes in Early Development with Maternal Crispants

Early development depends on a pool of maternal factors incorporated into the mature oocyte during oogenesis that perform all cellular functions necessary for development until zygotic genome activation. Typically, genetic targeting of these maternal factors requires an additional generation to identify maternal-effect phenotypes, hindering the ability to determine the role of maternally-expressed genes during development. The discovery of the biallelic editing capabilities of CRISPR-Cas9 has allowed screening of embryonic phenotypes in somatic tissues of injected embryos or "crispants," augmenting the understanding of the role zygotically-expressed genes play in developmental programs. This article describes a protocol that is an extension of the crispant method. In this method, the biallelic editing of germ cells allows for the isolation of a maternal-effect phenotype in a single generation, or "maternal crispants." Multiplexing guide RNAs to a single target promotes the efficient production of maternal crispants, while sequence analysis of maternal crispant haploids provides a simple method to corroborate genetic lesions that produce a maternal-effect phenotype. The use of maternal crispants supports the rapid identification of essential maternally-expressed genes, thus facilitating the understanding of early development.

Early development is dependent on maternally-inherited products, and the role of many of these products is currently unknown. Herein, we described a protocol that uses CRISPR-Cas9 to identify maternal-effect phenotypes in a single generation.

모성 크리스펀트를 사용한 초기 발달에서 모계 발현 유전자의 역할 결정

Early development depends on a pool of maternal factors incorporated into the mature oocyte during oogenesis that perform all cellular functions necessary ...

유전학

Isolation of Leukocytes from the Murine Tissues at the Maternal-Fetal Interface

Immune tolerance in pregnancy requires that the immune system of the mother undergoes distinctive changes in order to accept and nurture the developing fetus. This tolerance is initiated during coitus, established during fecundation and implantation, and maintained throughout pregnancy. Active cellular and molecular mediators of maternal-fetal tolerance are enriched at the site of contact between fetal and maternal tissues, known as the maternal-fetal interface, which includes the placenta and the uterine and decidual tissues. This interface is comprised of stromal cells and infiltrating leukocytes, and their abundance and phenotypic characteristics change over the course of pregnancy. Infiltrating leukocytes at the maternal-fetal interface include neutrophils, macrophages, dendritic cells, mast cells, T cells, B cells, NK cells, and NKT cells that together create the local micro-environment that sustains pregnancy. An imbalance among these cells or any inappropriate alteration in their phenotypes is considered a mechanism of disease in pregnancy. Therefore, the study of leukocytes that infiltrate the maternal-fetal interface is essential in order to elucidate the immune mechanisms that lead to pregnancy-related complications. Described herein is a protocol that uses a combination of gentle mechanical dissociation followed by a robust enzymatic disaggregation with a proteolytic and collagenolytic enzymatic cocktail to isolate the infiltrating leukocytes from the murine tissues at the maternal-fetal interface. This protocol allows for the isolation of high numbers of viable leukocytes (&#62;70%) with sufficiently conserved antigenic and functional properties. Isolated leukocytes can then be analyzed by several techniques, including immunophenotyping, cell sorting, imaging, immunoblotting, mRNA expression, cell culture, and in vitro functional assays such as mixed leukocyte reactions, proliferation, or cytotoxicity assays.

Described herein is a protocol to isolate and analyze the infiltrating leukocytes of tissues at the maternal-fetal interface (uterus, decidua, and placenta) of mice. This protocol maintains the integrity of most cell surface markers and yields enough viable cells for downstream applications including flow cytometry analysis.

산모 - 태아 인터페이스에서 쥐의 조직에서 백혈구의 분리

Immune tolerance in pregnancy requires that the immune system of the mother undergoes distinctive changes in order to accept and nurture the developing ...

면역학 및 감염병학

Using a Murine Model of Psychosocial Stress in Pregnancy as a Translationally Relevant Paradigm for Psychiatric Disorders in Mothers and Infants

The peripartum period is considered a sensitive period where adverse maternal exposures can result in long-term negative consequences for both mother and offspring, including the development of neuropsychiatric disorders. Risk factors linked to the emergence of affective dysregulation in the maternal-infant dyad have been extensively studied. Exposure to psychosocial stress during pregnancy has consistently emerged as one of the strongest predictors. Several rodent models have been created to explore this association; however, these models rely on the use of physical stressors or a limited number of psychosocial stressors presented in a repetitive fashion, which do not accurately capture the type, intensity, and frequency of stressors experienced by women. To overcome these limitations, a chronic psychosocial stress (CGS) paradigm was generated that employs various psychosocial insults of different intensity presented in an unpredictable fashion. The manuscript describes this novel CGS paradigm where pregnant female mice, from gestational day 6.5 to 17.5, are exposed to various stressors during the day and overnight. Day stressors, two per day separated by a 2 h break, range from exposure to foreign objects or predator odor to frequent changes in bedding, removal of bedding, and cage tilting. Overnight stressors include continuous light exposure, changing cage mates, or wetting bedding. We have previously shown that exposure to CGS results in the development of maternal neuroendocrine and behavioral abnormalities, including increased stress reactivity, the emergence of fragmented maternal care patterns, anhedonia, and anxiety-related behaviors, core features of women suffering from perinatal mood and anxiety disorders. This CGS model, therefore, becomes a unique tool that can be used to elucidate molecular defects underlying maternal affective dysregulation, as well as trans-placental mechanisms that impact fetal neurodevelopment and result in negative long-term behavioral consequences in the offspring.

The chronic psychosocial stress (CGS) paradigm employs clinically relevant stressors during pregnancy in mice to model psychiatric disorders of mothers and infants. Here, we provide a step-by-step procedure of applying the CGS paradigm and downstream assessments to validate this model.

어머니와 유아에 있는 정신 장애에 대한 번역 관련 패러다임으로 임신에 있는 심리사회적 긴장의 Murine 모형을 이용하

The peripartum period is considered a sensitive period where adverse maternal exposures can result in long-term negative consequences for both mother and ...

행동분석학

Induction of Maternal Immune Activation in Mice at Mid-gestation Stage with Viral Mimic Poly(I:C)

Maternal immune activation (MIA) model is increasingly well appreciated as a rodent model for the environmental risk factor of various psychiatric disorders. Numerous studies have demonstrated that MIA model is able to show face, construct, and predictive validity that are relevant to autism and schizophrenia. To model MIA, investigators often use viral mimic polyinosinic:polycytidylic acid (poly(I:C)) to activate the immune system in pregnant rodents. Generally, the offspring from immune activated dam exhibit behavioral abnormalities and physiological alterations that are associated with autism and schizophrenia. However, poly(I:C) injection with different dosages and at different time points could lead to different outcomes by perturbing brain development at different stages. Here we provide a detailed method of inducing MIA by intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection of 20 mg/kg poly(I:C) at mid-gestational embryonic 12.5 days (E12.5). This method has been shown to induce acute inflammatory response in the maternal-placental-fetal axis, which ultimately results in the brain perturbations and behavioral phenotypes that are associated with autism and schizophrenia.

Induction of Maternal Immune Activation in Mice at Mid-gestation Stage with Viral Mimic PolyI:C

Maternal immune activation (MIA) is a model for an environmental risk factor of autism and schizophrenia. The goal of this article is to provide a step-by-step procedure of how to induce MIA in the pregnant mice in order to enhance the reproducibility of this model.

(: C I) 바이러스 성 모방 폴리와 중간 임신 단계에서 마우스의 모성 면역 활성화 유도

Maternal immune activation (MIA) model is increasingly well appreciated as a rodent model for the environmental risk factor of various psychiatric ...

Modeling Encephalopathy of Prematurity Using Prenatal Hypoxia-ischemia with Intra-amniotic Lipopolysaccharide in Rats

Encephalopathy of prematurity (EoP) is a term that encompasses the central nervous system (CNS) abnormalities associated with preterm birth. To best advance translational objectives and uncover new therapeutic strategies for brain injury associated with preterm birth, preclinical models of EoP must include similar mechanisms of prenatal global injury observed in humans and involve multiple components of the maternal-placental-fetal system. Ideally, models should produce a similar spectrum of functional deficits in the mature animal and recapitulate multiple aspects of the pathophysiology. To mimic human systemic placental perfusion defects, placental underperfusion and/or chorioamnionitis associated with pathogen-induced inflammation in early preterm birth, we developed a model of prenatal transient systemic hypoxia-ischemia (TSHI) combined with intra-amniotic lipopolysaccharide (LPS). In pregnant Sprague Dawley rats, TSHI via uterine artery occlusion on embryonic day 18 (E18) induces a graded placental underperfusion defect associated with increasing CNS damage in the fetus. When combined with intra-amniotic LPS injections, placental inflammation is increased and CNS damage is compounded with associated white matter, gait and imaging abnormalities. Prenatal TSHI and TSHI+LPS prenatal insults meet several of the criteria of an EoP model including recapitulating the intrauterine insult, causing loss of neurons, oligodendrocytes and axons, loss of subplate, and functional deficits in adult animals that mimic those observed in children born extremely preterm. Moreover, this model allows for the dissection of inflammation induced by divergent injury types.

Encephalopathy of prematurity encompasses the central nervous system abnormalities associated with injury from preterm birth. This report describes a clinically relevant rat model of in utero transient systemic hypoxia-ischemia and intra-amniotic lipopolysaccharide administration (LPS) that mimics chorioamnionitis, and the related impact of infectious stimuli and placental underperfusion on CNS development.

미숙아의 모델링 뇌증은 흰쥐의 내부 - 양수 리포 폴리 사카 라이드와 태아 저산소증 - 허혈을 사용하여

Encephalopathy of prematurity (EoP) is a term that encompasses the central nervous system (CNS) abnormalities associated with preterm birth. To best ...

의학

C-section of Preclinical Animal Model of Chorioamnionitis Triggered by Group B Streptococcus (GBS)

Group B Streptococcus (GBS) is one of the most common bacteria isolated during human pregnancy. It is a leading cause of placental infection/inflammation, termed chorioamnionitis. Chorioamnionitis exposes the developing fetus to a high risk of organ injuries, perinatal morbidity, and mortality, as well as life-long neurobehavioral impairments and other non-neurological developmental issues. The two most frequent subtypes of GBS isolates from maternal and fetal tissues are serotypes Ia (13%-23%) and III (25%-53%). Our lab has developed and characterized a rat model of GBS-induced chorioamnionitis to study subsequent impacts on the central nervous system of the developing fetus and to understand underlying mechanistic aspects. This article presents the design as well as uses of the preclinical rat model, which closely reproduces the hallmark of GBS-induced chorioamnionitis in humans. This article aims to help scientists reproduce the experimental design as well as to provide support through examples of troubleshooting. The present model may also contribute to potential discoveries through uncovering causes, mechanisms, and novel therapeutic avenues, which remain unsettled in many developmental impairments arising from chorioamnionitis. Furthermore, the use of this model may be extended to the studies of perinatal non-neurological common and severe morbidities affecting, for instance, the retina, bowel, lung, and kidney. The main interest of this research is in the field of GBS-induced fetal neurodevelopmental impairments such as cerebral palsy (CP), attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), and autism spectrum disorder (ASD). The rationale supporting this model is presented in this article, followed by procedures and results.

C-section of Preclinical Animal Model of Chorioamnionitis Triggered by Group B Streptococcus GBS

The goal of this protocol is to describe a preclinical animal model of Group B Streptococcus (GBS)-induced chorioamnionitis. The study is designed to investigate mechanistic processes, potential causal links with developmental impairments, and finally to develop translational anti-inflammatory placento- and neuro-protective treatments.

Group B Streptococcus (GBS) is one of the most common bacteria isolated during human pregnancy. It is a leading cause of placental infection/inflammation, ...

Studying Inherited Immunity in a Caenorhabditis elegans Model of Microsporidia Infection

Inherited immunity describes how some animals can pass on the "memory" of a previous infection to their offspring. This can boost pathogen resistance in their progeny and promote survival. While inherited immunity has been reported in many invertebrates, the mechanisms underlying this epigenetic phenomenon are largely unknown. The infection of Caenorhabditis elegans by the natural microsporidian pathogen Nematocida parisii results in the worms producing offspring that are robustly resistant to microsporidia. The present protocol describes the study of intergenerational immunity in the simple and genetically tractable N. parisii -C. elegans infection model. The current article describes methods for infecting C. elegans and generating immune-primed offspring. Methods are also given for assaying resistance to microsporidia infection by staining for microsporidia and visualizing infection by microscopy. In particular, inherited immunity prevents host cell invasion by microsporidia, and fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) can be used to quantify invasion events. The relative amount of microsporidia spores produced in the immune-primed offspring can be quantified by staining the spores with a chitin-binding dye. To date, these methods have shed light on the kinetics and pathogen specificity of inherited immunity, as well as the molecular mechanisms underlying it. These techniques, alongside the extensive tools available for C. elegans research, will enable important discoveries in the field of inherited immunity.

Studying Inherited Immunity in a Caenorhabditis elegans Model of Microsporidia Infection

The infection of Caenorhabditis elegans by the microsporidian parasite Nematocida parisii enables the worms to produce offspring that are highly resistant to the same pathogen. This is an example of inherited immunity, a poorly understood epigenetic phenomenon. The present protocol describes the study of inherited immunity in a genetically tractable worm&#160;model.

Caenorhabditis elegans Model of Microsporidia Infection에서 유전 된 면역 연구

Inherited immunity describes how some animals can pass on the "memory" of a previous infection to their offspring. This can boost pathogen resistance in ...

A Murine Model of Fetal Exposure to Maternal Inflammation to Study the Effects of Acute Chorioamnionitis on Newborn Intestinal Development

Chorioamnionitis is a common precipitant of preterm birth and is associated with many of the morbidities of prematurity, including necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC). However, a mechanistic link between these two conditions remains yet to be discovered. We have adopted a murine model of chorioamnionitis involving lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced fetal exposure to maternal inflammation (FEMI). This model of FEMI induces a sterile maternal, placental, and fetal inflammatory cascade, which is also present in many cases of clinical chorioamnionitis. Although models exist that utilize live bacteria and more accurately mimic the pathophysiology of an ascending infection resulting in chorioamnionitis, these methods may cause indirect effects on development of the immature intestinal tract and the associated developing microbiome. Using this protocol, we have demonstrated that LPS-induced FEMI results in a dose-dependent increase in pregnancy loss and preterm birth, as well as disruption of normal intestinal development in offspring. Further, we have demonstrated that FEMI significantly increases intestinal injury and serum cytokines in offspring, while simultaneously decreasing goblet and Paneth cells, both of which provide a first line of innate immunity against intestinal inflammation. Although a similar model of LPS-induced FEMI has been used to model the association between chorioamnionitis and subsequent abnormalities of the central nervous system, to our knowledge, this protocol is the first to attempt to elucidate a mechanistic link between chorioamnionitis and later perturbations in intestinal development as a potential link between chorioamnionitis and NEC.

We developed a model of chorioamnionitis to simulate fetal exposure to maternal inflammation (FEMI) without complications of live organisms to examine the effects of FEMI on development of the offspring&#8217;s intestinal tract. This allows for study of mechanistic causes for development of intestinal injury following chorioamnionitis.

신생아 장 발달에 급성 chorioamnionitis의 효력을 연구하기 위하여 모성 염증에 태아 노출의 Murine 모형

Chorioamnionitis is a common precipitant of preterm birth and is associated with many of the morbidities of prematurity, including necrotizing ...

Modeling Early-Life Adversity in Mice Using Limited Bedding and Nesting

Limited Bedding and Nesting as a Model for Early-Life Adversity in Mice

Early-life adversity (ELA), such as abuse, neglect, lack of resources, and an unpredictable home environment, is a known risk factor for developing neuropsychiatric disorders such as depression. Animal models for ELA have been used to study the impact of chronic stress on brain development, and typically rely on manipulating the quality and/or quantity of maternal care, as this is the major source of early-life experiences in mammals, including humans. Here, a detailed protocol for employing the Limited Bedding and Nesting (LBN) model in mice is provided. This model mimics a low-resource environment, which provokes fragmented and unpredictable patterns of maternal care during a critical developmental window (postnatal days 2-9) by limiting the amount of nesting materials given to the dam to build a nest for her pups and separating the mice from the bedding via a mesh platform in the cage. Representative data are provided to illustrate the changes in maternal behavior, as well as the diminished pup weights and long-term changes in basal corticosterone levels, that result from the LBN model. As adults, offspring reared&#160;in the LBN environment have been shown to exhibit an aberrant stress response, cognitive deficits, and anhedonia-like behavior. Therefore, this model is an important tool to define how the maturation of stress-sensitive brain circuits is altered by ELA and results in long-term behavioral changes that confer vulnerability to mental disorders.

저자 스포트라이트: Exploring Microglial Interaction and Stress-Response Circuitry Using the Limited Bedding and Nesting Model (제한된 침구 및 중첩 모델을 사용하여 미세아교세포 상호 작용 및 스트레스-응답 회로 탐색)

This protocol describes an animal model for studying how early-life adversity, provoked by an impoverished environment and unpredictable maternal care during the early postnatal period, affects brain development and the future risk of mental disorders.

제한된 침구와 둥지는 생쥐의 초기 삶의 역경에 대한 모델입니다.

Early-life adversity (ELA), such as abuse, neglect, lack of resources, and an unpredictable home environment, is a known risk factor for developing ...