이 연구는 부분적으로 나이트 캠퍼스 학부 장학생 프로그램과 필 앤 페니 나이트 재단의 관대 한 자금 지원으로 가능했습니다.

여기에 설명 된 모든 방법은 IRB 프로토콜 및 승인 (University of Oregon IRB 프로토콜 번호 10182017.017)에 따라 수행되었습니다. 모든 피험자로부터 정보에 입각 한 동의를 얻었다.
1. 도달 장치
<ol><li>대형 그래픽 태블릿을 바탕 화면에 평평하게 놓습니다.</li>
	<li>조정 가능한 80-20 알루미늄 프레임을 사용하여 화면이 위쪽을 향하도록 작업 모니터를 태블릿 위에 6-8을 평행하게 배치합니다(청사진은 여기에서 확인: https://github.com/greenhouselab/Reach_TMS 및 보충 그림 1). 알림: 이 설정을 통해 참가자는 태블릿을 가로질러 손을 뻗어 작업 모니터에 표시된 대상을 획득하면서 도달하는 팔의 시야를 가릴 수 있습니다.</li>
	<li>Kim et al.3 에 설명된 설정을 참조로 사용하십시오.</li>
</ol>2. 기계 인터페이스
<ol><li>USB 포트를 통해 태블릿을 컴퓨터에 연결합니다. HDMI 포트를 통해 작업 모니터를 컴퓨터에 연결합니다. DB-9 케이블을 통해 후면 TMS 포트를 컴퓨터에 연결합니다.</li>
	<li>PCI-6220 카드 DAQ를 통해 EMG 시스템을 컴퓨터에 연결합니다. BNC 케이블을 통해 광 다이오드를 EMG 시스템에 연결합니다.</li>
</ol>3. 포토다이오드 센서
<ol><li>광 다이오드 센서를 BNC 케이블에 연결합니다. 포토다이오드 센서를 테이프로 작업 모니터의 오른쪽 상단 모서리에 고정하고 센서가 화면을 향하도록 ≤ 1cm 거리에 둡니다. 알림: 이렇게 하면 작업 모니터에 표시된 자극의 타이밍이 독립적인 입력 채널에 아날로그 데이터로 기록됩니다.</li>
</ol>4. 소프트웨어
<ol><li>MATLAB2018 용 VETA 툴박스 26 (https://github.com/greenhouselab/Veta)을 다운로드하여 데이터 수집을 위한 하드웨어와 인터페이스하십시오.</li>
	<li>실험 파라미터를 제어하고 태블릿과의 인터페이스를 위해 개발된 도달 작업 코드(https://github.com/greenhouselab/Reach_TMS)를 다운로드하십시오.</li>
</ol>5. 참가자 심사 및 사전 동의
<ol><li>TMS에 대한 금기 사항에 대해 피험자를 선별하십시오. 제외 기준에는 발작, 두통, 뇌 외상, 실신, 만성 스트레스 또는 불안, 수면 문제 및 신경 활성 약물의 개인 또는 가족력이 포함됩니다. 추가 제외 기준에는 뇌 또는 두개골의 금속 임플란트와 테스트 전 24시간 동안의 기분 전환용 약물 또는 알코올 사용이 포함됩니다. 포함 기준에는 오른손잡이와 18세에서 35세 사이의 연령이 포함되었습니다.</li>
	<li>절차 및 관련 위험에 대한 서면 설명을 제공하고 참가자가 가질 수 있는 추가 질문을 명확히 합니다.</li>
	<li>참가자로부터 정보에 입각한 동의를 얻습니다.</li>
</ol>6. 주제 설정
<ol><li>태블릿을 향한 편안한 의자에 피사체를 놓습니다. 다리를 책상 아래에 두고 무릎이 90°로 구부러져 있는지 확인합니다.</li>
	<li>피부를 준비하고 EMG 전극을 배치하십시오.<ol><li>미세한 사포를 사용하여 오른쪽 첫 번째 등쪽 골간(FDI), 신근 카르피 요골 및 전방 삼각근 부위의 피부와 목 기저부의 C4 돌출부를 부드럽게 연마하여 TMS 펄스에 의해 생성된 전기 인공물을 감지합니다. 알림: 근육 기록 사이트는 사용자 요구에 따라 조정할 수 있습니다.</li>
		<li>각 마모 부위를 전극 부위당 한 번씩 알코올 준비 패드로 면봉으로 닦아 청소합니다.</li>
		<li>각 부위에 하나의 EMG 전극을 배치합니다. 전극이 근육 섬유에 수직으로 움직이는지 확인하십시오. 접지 전극을 오른쪽 팔꿈치의 뼈 돌출부에 놓습니다.</li>
		<li>의료용 테이프로 각 전극을 고정합니다.</li>
	</ol></li>
	<li>EMG 녹음 품질을 확인하십시오. VETA 도구 상자를 사용하여 모든 EMG 추적을 시각화하고 아티팩트가 없는지 확인하십시오. EMG 흔적에 노이즈가 있는 경우 접지가 올바르게 배치되고 모든 전극이 피부에 적절하게 접촉하는지 확인하십시오.</li>
</ol>7. 경두개 자기 자극
<ol><li>TMS 기기를 켭니다.</li>
	<li>왼쪽 M1의 자극을 통해 오른쪽 FDI 근육의 TMS 핫스팟 을 찾으십시오.<ol><li>코일을 정중선에서 ~5° 떨어진 방향으로 머리의 정점 가장자리 ~5cm 및 앞쪽 ~45cm에 놓습니다.</li>
		<li>4초마다 한 번씩 TMS 펄스를 투여하면서 전방-후방 및 내측 측면 평면에서 약 5mm 단위로 코일을 재배치합니다.</li>
		<li>최대 자극기 출력의 30%에서 시작하여 MEP가 관찰될 때까지 TMS 강도를 2%씩 점진적으로 증가시킵니다.</li>
		<li>MEP가 가능한 가장 낮은 자극기 강도에서 펄스의 대부분(~75%)에서 안정적으로 유도될 수 있는 최적의 위치가 식별되면 10개의 펄스 중 5개에서 피크 대 피크 진폭이 >50μV인 MEP를 생성하는 강도 수준을 찾아 휴식 모터 임계값(RMT)을 결정합니다.</li>
		<li>코일 둘레를 따라 참가자의 머리에 얇은 반사 테이프 스트립을 부드럽게 배치하여 위치를 표시하십시오. 코일을 수동으로 잡거나 스탠드를 사용하여 코일을 지지하여 코일 위치를 유지하십시오.</li>
	</ol></li>
</ol>8. 작업 설정에 도달
<ol><li>참가자의 오른손에 벨크로 장갑을 끼고 편안한 파워 그립 자세를 취하십시오.</li>
	<li>스타일러스를 장갑에 부착하고 피사체에게 손을 뻗는 움직임 사이에 손을 편안하게 유지하도록 조언하십시오.</li>
	<li>다음과 같은 작업 지침을 전달합니다. 커서를 화면 하단의 홈 위치로 안내합니다. 두 대상 위치 중 하나에 신호가 표시됩니다. 대상이 색상으로 채워지면 가능한 한 빠르고 정확하게 대상을 통과하십시오. 그런 다음 홈 위치로 돌아갑니다. 홈 위치, 큐 및 대상의 위치를 나타냅니다(그림 1A).</li>
	<li>참가자가 스타일러스로 가능한 한 빠르고 정확하게 대상을 절단하도록 코치하십시오. 작업실의 조명을 꺼서 참가자의 팔 움직임에 대한 시야를 가리고 작업 모니터의 가시성을 향상시킵니다.</li>
</ol>9. 작업 설계
<ol><li>Matlab 2018에서 Psychtoolbox 3.0으로 시각 자극 프레젠테이션을 제어합니다(보충 코딩 파일 1).</li>
	<li>다음 매개 변수를 사용하여 현재 데이터를 일치시킵니다. 20번의 연습 시도; 270 번의 시험 시험; 시험 시험의 4/5에 대한 TMS; TMS는 동일한 주파수로 준비 큐 시작(기준 TMS) 또는 명령형 큐 (지연 TMS) 100ms 전에 일치합니다. 전체 시행의 1/10은 명령형 단서가 나타나지 않는 캐치 시행입니다. 홈 위치는 작업 공간의 하단 중앙에 위치한 반경 2cm의 원입니다. 반경이 1cm 인 두 개의 원형 대상은 홈 위치에서 15cm 떨어진 정중선에서 + 45 ° 및 -45 ° 떨어져 있습니다.</li>
	<li>이벤트 순서와 기간을 준비 신호는 900ms, 명령적 신호는 900ms로 설정합니다.</li>
</ol>10. TMS 관리
<ol><li>VETA 도구 상자는 TMS를 동시에 관리하고 EMG https://github.com/greenhouselab/Veta 기록합니다.</li>
	<li>선택한 행동 이벤트(즉, 준비 큐의 시작 또는 목표 시작 100ms 이전)와 일치하도록 VETA 도구 상자로 TMS 펄스의 타이밍을 제어합니다.</li>
	<li>분석을 위한 충분한 수의 MEP를 보장하기 위해 충분한 빈도로 TMS를 제공합니다. 참고: 작성된 대로 작업 코드는 기준 MEP를 유도하기 위한 준비 단서가 시작될 때 또는 지연된 MEP를 유도하기 위한 명령적 단서 100ms 전에 총 시험의 4/5에 대해 TMS 펄스를 전달합니다. 매개 변수는 사용자 요구에 따라 코드에서 조정할 수 있습니다. TMS가 없는 시험은 TMS가 없는 경우 행동 수행을 평가하는 데 사용할 수 있습니다. 이는 TMS가 성능에 미칠 수 있는 영향을 결정하는 데 유용합니다.</li>
</ol>

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B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+psychology+of+reaching:+action+selection,+movement+implementation,+and+sensorimotor+learning.">The psychology of reaching: action selection, movement implementation, and sensorimotor learning.</a> Annual Review of Psychology. 72 (1), 61-95 (2021).</li><li>McDougle, S. D., Bond, K. M., Taylor, J. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Explicit+and+implicit+processes+constitute+the+fast+and+slow+processes+of+sensorimotor+learning.">Explicit and implicit processes constitute the fast and slow processes of sensorimotor learning.</a> The Journal of Neuroscience. 35 (26), 9568-9579 (2015).</li><li>McDougle, S. D., Bond, K. M., Taylor, J. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Implications+of+plan-based+generalization+in+sensorimotor+adaptation.">Implications of plan-based generalization in sensorimotor adaptation.</a> Journal of Neurophysiology. 118 (1), 383-393 (2017).</li><li>McDougle, S. D., Ivry, R. B., Taylor, J. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Taking+aim+at+the+cognitive+side+of+learning+in+sensorimotor+adaptation+tasks.">Taking aim at the cognitive side of learning in sensorimotor adaptation tasks.</a> Trends in Cognitive Sciences. 20 (7), 535-544 (2016).</li><li>Morehead, J. R., Qasim, S. E., Crossley, M. J., Ivry, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Savings+upon+re-aiming+in+visuomotor+adaptation.">Savings upon re-aiming in visuomotor adaptation.</a> The Journal of Neuroscience. 35 (42), 14386-14396 (2015).</li><li>Taylor, J. A., Krakauer, J. W., Ivry, R. B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Explicit+and+implicit+contributions+to+learning+in+a+sensorimotor+adaptation+task.">Explicit and implicit contributions to learning in a sensorimotor adaptation task.</a> The Journal of Neuroscience. 34 (8), 3023-3032 (2014).</li><li>Tsay, J. S., Kim, H. E., Parvin, D. E., Stover, A. R., Ivry, R. B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Individual+differences+in+proprioception+predict+the+extent+of+implicit+sensorimotor+adaptation.">Individual differences in proprioception predict the extent of implicit sensorimotor adaptation.</a> Journal of Neurophysiology. 125 (4), 1307-1321 (2021).</li><li>Jackson, N., Greenhouse, I. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=VETA:+An+open-source+matlab-based+toolbox+for+the+collection+and+analysis+of+electromyography+combined+with+transcranial+magnetic+stimulation.">VETA: An open-source matlab-based toolbox for the collection and analysis of electromyography combined with transcranial magnetic stimulation.</a> Frontiers in Neuroscience. 13, 975 (2019).</li><li>Goldsworthy, M. R., Hordacre, B., Ridding, M. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Minimum+number+of+trials+required+for+within-+and+between-session+reliability+of+TMS+measures+of+corticospinal+excitability.">Minimum number of trials required for within- and between-session reliability of TMS measures of corticospinal excitability.</a> Neuroscience. 320, 205-209 (2016).</li><li>Koch, G., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Functional+interplay+between+posterior+parietal+and+ipsilateral+motor+cortex+revealed+by+twin-coil+transcranial+magnetic+stimulation+during+reach+planning+toward+contralateral+space.">Functional interplay between posterior parietal and ipsilateral motor cortex revealed by twin-coil transcranial magnetic stimulation during reach planning toward contralateral space.</a> The Journal of Neuroscience. 28 (23), 5944-5953 (2008).</li><li>Goldenkoff, E. R., Mashni, A., Michon, K. J., Lavis, H., Vesia, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Measuring+and+manipulating+functionally+specific+neural+pathways+in+the+human+motor+system+with+transcranial+magnetic+stimulation.">Measuring and manipulating functionally specific neural pathways in the human motor system with transcranial magnetic stimulation.</a> Journal of Visualized Experiments. (156), e60706 (2020).</li></ol>

모든 저자는 이해 상충이 없음을 선언합니다.

위에서 설명한 방법은 행동에 도달하는 맥락에서 운동 준비를 연구하는 새로운 접근 방식을 제공합니다. 도달은 운동 제어 및 학습 연구에서 인기 있는 모델 작업이지만 도달 행동과 관련된 CS 역학을 정확하게 평가할 필요가 있습니다. TMS는 도달하는 동안 개별 시점에서 CS 활동을 캡처하는 비침습적이고 시간적으로 정확한 방법을 제공합니다. 여기에 설명된 접근 방식은 TMS와 도달?...

목표 지향적 도달은 인간이 외부 환경과 상호 작용하고 조작할 수 있도록 하는 기본적인 운동 행동입니다. 운동 생리학, 심리학 및 신경 과학 분야의 도달 연구는 다양한 방법론을 포함하는 풍부하고 광범위한 문헌을 생산했습니다. 도달에 대한 초기 연구는 단일 뉴런 수준에서 신경 활동을 조사하기 위해 인간이 아닌 영장류에서 직접 신경 기록을 사용했습니다 1,2. 보다 최근의 연구에서는 운동 학습 및 제어 3,4,5의 본질을 탐구하기 위해 감각 운동 적응을 사용하는 행동 패러다임을 사용하여 도달하는 것을 조사했습니다. 기능적 자기 공명 영상 및 뇌파 검사와 결합 된 이러한 행동 작업은 인간에 도달하는 동안 전체 뇌 활동을 측정 할 수 있습니다 6,7. 다른 연구에서는 도달 준비 및 실행 8,9,10,11,12,13,14의 다양한 기능을 조사하기 위해 온라인 TMS를 적용했습니다. 그러나 도달에 대한 행동 평가와 TMS를 결합한 오픈 소스의 유연한 접근 방식이 여전히 필요합니다. TMS와 행동 프로토콜을 결합하는 유용성은 매우 잘 확립되어 있지만15, 여기에서는 오픈 소스 접근 방식을 사용하여 도달하는 맥락에서 TMS의 적용을 구체적으로 검토합니다. 이 방법의 조합을 사용하여 출판 한 다른 그룹이 도구를 쉽게 사용할 수 없게하여 직접 복제를 금지한다는 점에서 이것은 참신합니다. 이 오픈 소스 접근 방식은 복제, 데이터 공유 및 다중 사이트 연구의 가능성을 용이하게 합니다. 또한 다른 사람들이 유사한 도구를 사용하여 새로운 연구 질문을 추구하려는 경우 오픈 소스 코드는 쉽게 적용할 수 있으므로 혁신을 위한 발판 역할을 할 수 있습니다.
TMS는 정밀하게 제어된 시점(16)에서 모터 시스템을 프로빙하는 비침습적 수단을 제공한다. 일차 운동 피질 (M1)에 적용될 때, TMS는 표적 근육의 근전도에서 측정 가능한 편향을 유도 할 수 있습니다. 모터 유발 전위 (MEP)로 알려진이 전압 파의 진폭은 피질 척수 (CS) 경로의 순간 흥분성 상태의 지표 - CS 경로(17)에 대한 모든 흥분성 및 억제 영향의 결과적인 유사체)를 제공한다. TMS는 내재적 CS 흥분성에 대한 신뢰할 수 있는 피험자 내 측정을 제공하는 것 외에도 다른 행동 또는 운동학적 메트릭과 결합하여 CS 활동과 행동 간의 관계를 시간적으로 정확한 방식으로 조사할 수 있습니다. 많은 연구에서 TMS와 근전도 검사(EMG)의 조합을 활용하여 운동 시스템에 대한 다양한 질문을 해결했으며, 특히 이러한 방법의 조합으로 인해 광범위한 행동 조건에서 MEP를 조사할 수 있기 때문에15. 이것이 특히 유용한 것으로 입증 된 한 영역은 행동 준비 연구이며, 대부분 단일 관절 운동18에 대한 연구를 통해 이루어집니다. 그러나 도달과 같은 자연주의적 다관절 운동에 대한 TMS 연구는 비교적 적습니다.
현재 목표는 행동 운동학, 온라인 단일 펄스 TMS 관리 및 여러 근육의 동시 EMG 기록을 포함하는 지연 응답 도달 작업을 설계하는 것이 었습니다. 이 작업에는 시각적 피드백이 궤도에 도달하도록 수평 방향 모니터를 사용하는 온라인 시각적 피드백을 사용하는 2차원 지점 간 도달 패러다임이 포함됩니다(즉, 실제 피드백 동안 1:1 관계이며 시각적 피드백과 모션 간의 변환이 없음). 현재 설계에는 시각 운동 섭동이 있는 일련의 시도도 포함됩니다. 제공된 예에서 이는 커서 피드백의 20° 회전 이동입니다. 이전 연구에서는 감각 운동 적응 19,20,21,22,23,24,25와 관련된 메커니즘 및 계산에 대한 질문을 해결하기 위해 유사한 도달 패러다임을 사용했습니다. 또한 이 접근 방식을 통해 온라인 운동 학습 중 정확한 시점에서 운동 시스템 흥분성 역학을 평가할 수 있습니다.
도달은 학습 / 적응을 조사하는 데 유익한 행동으로 입증 되었기 때문에이 행동의 맥락에서 CS 흥분성을 평가하는 것은 이러한 행동과 관련된 신경 기질을 밝힐 수있는 엄청난 잠재력을 가지고 있습니다. 여기에는 비인간 영장류 연구에서 확립 된 바와 같이 국소 억제 영향, 튜닝 특성의 변화, 신경 사건의시기 등이 포함될 수 있습니다. 그러나 이러한 특징은 인간 및 임상 집단에서 정량화하기가 더 어려웠습니다. 신경 역학은 또한 결합 된 TMS 및 EMG 접근법을 사용하여 인간의 명백한 움직임이없는 경우 (즉, 운동 준비 중 또는 휴식시) 조사 할 수 있습니다.
제시된 도구는 오픈 소스이며 코드는 쉽게 적용 할 수 있습니다. 이 새로운 패러다임은 도달 운동의 준비, 실행, 종료 및 적응과 관련된 메커니즘에 대한 중요한 통찰력을 생성합니다. 더욱이, 이러한 방법의 조합은 전기 생리학과 인간의 도달 행동 사이의 관계를 밝힐 가능성이 있습니다.

<table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>2-Port Native PCI Express&#160;</td>
			<td>StarTech.com</td>
			<td>RS232 Card with 16950 UART&#160;</td>
			<td>Must be compatible with desktop computer</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Adjustable 80-20 aluminum frame</td>
			<td>any</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Alcohol prep pads</td>
			<td>any</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>EMG preparation</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Bagnoli Bipolar Electrodes</td>
			<td>Delsys</td>
			<td>DE 2.1</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Bagnoli Reference Electrode</td>
			<td>Delsys</td>
			<td>USX2000</td>
			<td>2&#8221; (5cm) Round</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Bagnoli-8 EMG System</td>
			<td>Delsys</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Chair</td>
			<td>any</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Computer monitor for EMG/TMS</td>
			<td>n/a</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Desk</td>
			<td>any</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Desktop Computer</td>
			<td>Dell</td>
			<td>xps 8930</td>
			<td>RAM: 16 GB, Storage: 1TB, Graphics: 1060 6GB&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>EMG electrodes</td>
			<td>Delsys</td>
			<td>Sensor Adhesive Interface</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Fine grain sandpaper</td>
			<td>any</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>EMG preparation</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Graphics tablet</td>
			<td>Wacom</td>
			<td>Intuos-4 XL</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Handle of paint roller</td>
			<td>any</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>to be used as stylus handle, hollowed out center must be large enough for stylus to sit securely inside&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Medical tape</td>
			<td>any</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>To secure EMG electrodes</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>PCI-6220 card DAQ</td>
			<td>National Instruments</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>To interface EMG system</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Photodiode Sensor</td>
			<td>Vishay</td>
			<td>BPW21R</td>
			<td>To record timing of task events into EMG trace.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Rear TMS port</td>
			<td>Magstim</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Included with TMS machine</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Right-handed polyethylene glove</td>
			<td>any</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Cut out thumb and index finger of glove to expose FDI muscle</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sensory Adhesive Interface, 2-slot</td>
			<td>Delsys</td>
			<td>SC-F01</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Stylus</td>
			<td>Wacom</td>
			<td>Intuos-4 grip pen</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Tablet-to-Computer USB cable&#160;</td>
			<td>any</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Included in Tablet purchase</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Task Monitor</td>
			<td>Asus</td>
			<td>VG248</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>TMS coil</td>
			<td>Magstim</td>
			<td>D70 Remote Coil</td>
			<td>7cm diameter, figure-of-eight coil</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>TMS machine</td>
			<td>Magstim</td>
			<td>200-2</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>TMS-to-Computer DB9 cable</td>
			<td>any</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Connects to PCIe Serial Card</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Velcro</td>
			<td>any</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>To be placed on glove and stylus handle</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

assessing corticospinal excitability during goal-directed reaching behavior

도달은 운동 생리학 및 신경 과학 연구에서 널리 연구 된 행동입니다. 도달은 다양한 행동 조작을 사용하여 조사되었지만 도달 계획, 실행 및 제어와 관련된 신경 과정에 대한 이해에는 상당한 차이가 남아 있습니다. 여기에 설명된 새로운 접근 방식은 2차원 도달 작업과 경두개 자기 자극(TMS) 및 여러 근육의 동시 근전도(EMG) 기록을 결합합니다. 이 방법은 도달 운동이 펼쳐지는 동안 정확한 시점에서 피질 척수 활동의 비 침습적 감지를 허용합니다. 예제 작업 코드에는 두 개의 가능한 대상이 중간선에서 45° ± 표시된 지연 응답 도달 작업이 포함되어 있습니다. 단일 펄스 TMS는 준비 단서가 시작될 때(기준선) 또는 명령형 단서(지연) 100ms 전에 대부분의 작업 시도에서 전달됩니다. 이 샘플 디자인은 도달 범위 준비 중 피질 척수 흥분성의 변화를 조사하는 데 적합합니다. 샘플 코드에는 도달 준비 중 피질 척수 흥분성에 대한 적응의 영향을 조사하기 위한 시운동 섭동(즉, ± 20°의 커서 회전)도 포함됩니다. 작업 매개 변수 및 TMS 전달은 도달 동작 중 모터 시스템 상태에 대한 특정 가설을 해결하도록 조정할 수 있습니다. 초기 구현에서 TMS 시험의 83%에서 운동 유발 전위(MEP)를 성공적으로 유도했으며 모든 시험에서 도달 궤적이 기록되었습니다.

설명 된 방법의 성공적인 실행에는 태블릿 데이터 기록, EMG 추적 및 MEP의 안정적인 유도가 포함됩니다. 시험의 4/5 (216 시험)에서 TMS가 전달 된 270 건의 시험 시험을 포함하는 실험이 완료되었습니다.
데이터는 25 세±에서 10 세 사이의 16 명의 참가자 (여성 8 명, 남성 8 명)로부터 수집되었으며, 모두 오른 손잡이라고보고했습니다. 우리는 한 명의 대표 참가자에 대한 학습 함수를...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Assessing Corticospinal Excitability During Goal-Directed Reaching Behavior at JoVE.com

Assessing Corticospinal Excitability During Goal-Directed Reaching Behavior

도달은 인간이 환경과 상호 작용할 수 있도록하는 기본 기술입니다. 여러 연구에서 다양한 방법론을 사용하여 도달 행동을 특성화하는 것을 목표로 했습니다. 이 논문은 작업 수행에 도달하는 동안 인간의 피질 척수 흥분성 상태를 평가하기 위해 경두개 자기 자극의 오픈 소스 응용 프로그램을 제공합니다.

목표 지향적 도달 행동 중 피질 척수 흥분성 평가

Reaching is a widely studied behavior in motor physiology and neuroscience research. While reaching has been examined using a variety of behavioral ...

This method combines a flexible behavioral reaching paradigm with transcranial magnetic stimulation electromyography all from a single computer.This is significant because it streamlines existing approaches.The main advantages of this technique are that it is openly available and offers flexibility in terms of behavioral task and TMS parameters.This setup can easily be adapted for use with clinical populations, as it is versatile and mobile.The method offers unique insights into corticospinal excitability and muscle activity during behavioral reaching and motor adaptation.Place a large graphics tablet flat on a desktop.Use an adjustable 80-20 aluminum frame to position the task monitor six to eight inches above the tablet in parallel with the screen facing upward.Next, position the subject in a comfortable chair facing the tablet and ensure that the knees are flexed to 90

assessing-corticospinal-excitability-during-goal-directed-reaching

Research

JoVE Journal

Neuroscience

1.6K 조회수.  University of Oregon. This method combines a flexible behavioral reaching paradigm with transcranial magnetic stimulation electromyography all from a single computer.This is significant because it streamlines existing approaches.The main advantages of this technique are that it is openly available and offers flexibility in terms of behavioral task and TMS parameters.This setup can easily be adapted for use with clinical populations, as it is versatile and mobile.The method offers unique insights into corticospinal...

비디오: Assessing Corticospinal Excitability During Goal-Directed Reaching Behavior

Cryopreservation of Cortical Tissue Blocks for the Generation of Highly Enriched Neuronal Cultures

In this study, we outline a standardized protocol for the successful cryopreservation and thawing of cortical brain tissue blocks to generate highly enriched neuronal cultures. For this protocol the freezing medium used is 10% dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) diluted in Hank's Buffered Salt Solution (HBSS). Blocks of cortical tissue are transferred to cryovials containing the freezing medium and slowly frozen at -1&deg;C/min in a rate-controlled freezing container. Post-thaw processing and dissociation of frozen tissue blocks consistently produced neuronal-enriched cultures which exhibited rapid neuritic growth during the first 5 days in culture and significant expansion of the neuronal network within 10 days. Immunocytochemical staining with the astrocytic marker glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and the neuronal marker beta-tubulin class III, revealed high numbers of neurons and astrocytes in the cultures. Generation of neural precursor cell cultures after tissue block dissociation resulted in rapidly expanding neurospheres, which produced large numbers of neurons and astrocytes under differentiating conditions. This simple cryopreservation protocol allows for the rapid, efficient, and inexpensive preservation of cortical brain tissue blocks, which grants increased flexibility for later generation of neuronal, astrocyte, and neuronal precursor cell cultures.

Here, we describe a method for efficient cryopreservation and thawing of cortical brain tissue blocks to generate highly enriched neuronal cultures. This simple protocol provides flexibility for later generation of neuronal, astrocyte, and neuronal precursor cell cultures.

고도의 연결을 강화 문화의 생성을위한 두피 조직 블록의 Cryopreservation

In this study, we outline a standardized protocol for the successful cryopreservation and thawing of cortical brain tissue blocks to generate highly ...

연구

신경과학

T-maze Forced Alternation and Left-right Discrimination Tasks for Assessing Working and Reference Memory in Mice

Forced alternation and left-right discrimination tasks using the T-maze have been widely used to assess working and reference memory, respectively, in rodents. In our laboratory, we evaluated the two types of memory in more than 30 strains of genetically engineered mice using the automated version of this apparatus. Here, we present the modified T-maze apparatus operated by a computer with a video-tracking system and our protocols in a movie format. The T-maze apparatus consists of runways partitioned off by sliding doors that can automatically open downward, each with a start box, a T-shaped alley, two boxes with automatic pellet dispensers at one side of the box, and two L-shaped alleys. Each L-shaped alley is connected to the start box so that mice can return to the start box, which excludes the effects of experimenter handling on mouse behavior. This apparatus also has an advantage that in vivo microdialysis, in vivo electrophysiology, and optogenetics techniques can be performed during T-maze performance because the doors are designed to go down into the floor. In this movie article, we describe T-maze tasks using the automated apparatus and the T-maze performance of &alpha;-CaMKII+/- mice, which are reported to show working memory deficits in the eight-arm radial maze task. Our data indicated that &alpha;-CaMKII+/- mice showed a working memory deficit, but no impairment of reference memory, and are consistent with previous findings using the eight-arm radial maze task, which supports the validity of our protocol. In addition, our data indicate that mutants tended to exhibit reversal learning deficits, suggesting that &alpha;-CaMKII deficiency causes reduced behavioral flexibility. Thus, the T-maze test using the modified automatic apparatus is useful for assessing working and reference memory and behavioral flexibility in mice.

This article presents the protocol of T-maze tests using a modified automated apparatus for assessing the learning and memory functions in mice.

T-미로 강제 교대 및 근무와 마우스의 레퍼런스 메모리를 평가하기위한 왼쪽 오른쪽 차별 작업

Forced alternation and left-right discrimination tasks using the T-maze have been widely used to assess working and reference memory, respectively, in ...

Nerve Excitability Assessment in Chemotherapy-induced Neurotoxicity

Chemotherapy-induced neurotoxicity is a serious consequence of cancer treatment, which occurs with some of the most commonly used chemotherapies1,2. Chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy produces symptoms of numbness and paraesthesia in the limbs and may progress to difficulties with fine motor skills and walking, leading to functional impairment. In addition to producing troubling symptoms, chemotherapy-induced neuropathy may limit treatment success leading to dose reduction or early cessation of treatment. Neuropathic symptoms may persist long-term, leaving permanent nerve damage in patients with an otherwise good prognosis3. As chemotherapy is utilised more often as a preventative measure, and survival rates increase, the importance of long-lasting and significant neurotoxicity will increase.
There are no established neuroprotective or treatment options and a lack of sensitive assessment methods. Appropriate assessment of neurotoxicity will be critical as a prognostic factor and as suitable endpoints for future trials of neuroprotective agents. Current methods to assess the severity of chemotherapy-induced neuropathy utilise clinician-based grading scales which have been demonstrated to lack sensitivity to change and inter-observer objectivity4. Conventional nerve conduction studies provide information about compound action potential amplitude and conduction velocity, which are relatively non-specific measures and do not provide insight into ion channel function or resting membrane potential. Accordingly, prior studies have demonstrated that conventional nerve conduction studies are not sensitive to early change in chemotherapy-induced neurotoxicity4-6. In comparison, nerve excitability studies utilize threshold tracking techniques which have been developed to enable assessment of ion channels, pumps and exchangers in vivo in large myelinated human axons7-9.
Nerve excitability techniques have been established as a tool to examine the development and severity of chemotherapy-induced neurotoxicity10-13. Comprising a number of excitability parameters, nerve excitability studies can be used to assess acute neurotoxicity arising immediately following infusion and the development of chronic, cumulative neurotoxicity. Nerve excitability techniques are feasible in the clinical setting, with each test requiring only 5 -10 minutes to complete. Nerve excitability equipment is readily commercially available, and a portable system has been devised so that patients can be tested in situ in the infusion centre setting. In addition, these techniques can be adapted for use in multiple chemotherapies.
In patients treated with the chemotherapy oxaliplatin, primarily utilised for colorectal cancer, nerve excitability techniques provide a method to identify patients at-risk for neurotoxicity prior to the onset of chronic neuropathy. Nerve excitability studies have revealed the development of an acute Na+ channelopathy in motor and sensory axons10-13. Importantly, patients who demonstrated changes in excitability in early treatment were subsequently more likely to develop moderate to severe neurotoxicity11. However, across treatment, striking longitudinal changes were identified only in sensory axons which were able to predict clinical neurological outcome in 80% of patients10. These changes demonstrated a different pattern to those seen acutely following oxaliplatin infusion, and most likely reflect the development of significant axonal damage and membrane potential change in sensory nerves which develops longitudinally during oxaliplatin treatment10. Significant abnormalities developed during early treatment, prior to any reduction in conventional measures of nerve function, suggesting that excitability parameters may provide a sensitive biomarker.

This abstract describes a novel method to assess the development of neurotoxicity in patients receiving chemotherapy treatment. While conventional assessment methods are limited in their ability to detect early changes in nerve function, nerve excitability techniques provide early identification of patients at risk of severe neurotoxicity and insight into pathophysiology.

화학 요법 - 유도 Neurotoxicity의 신경 흥분 평가

Chemotherapy-induced neurotoxicity is a serious consequence of cancer treatment, which occurs with some of the most commonly used chemotherapies1,2. ...

A Procedure for Implanting a Spinal Chamber for Longitudinal In Vivo Imaging of the Mouse Spinal Cord

Studies in the mammalian neocortex have enabled unprecedented resolution of cortical structure, activity, and response to neurodegenerative insults by repeated, time-lapse in vivo imaging in live rodents. These studies were made possible by straightforward surgical procedures, which enabled optical access for a prolonged period of time without repeat surgical procedures. In contrast, analogous studies of the spinal cord have been previously limited to only a few imaging sessions, each of which required an invasive surgery. As previously described, we have developed a spinal chamber that enables continuous optical access for upwards of 8 weeks, preserves mechanical stability of the spinal column, is easily stabilized externally during imaging, and requires only a single surgery. Here, the design of the spinal chamber with its associated surgical implements is reviewed and the surgical procedure is demonstrated in detail. Briefly, this video will demonstrate the preparation of the surgical area and mouse for surgery, exposure of the spinal vertebra and appropriate tissue debridement, the delivery of the implant and vertebral clamping, the completion of the chamber, the removal of the delivery system, sealing of the skin, and finally, post-operative care. The procedure for chronic in vivo imaging using nonlinear microscopy will also be demonstrated. Finally, outcomes, limitations, typical variability, and a guide for troubleshooting are discussed.

A Procedure for Implanting a Spinal Chamber for Longitudinal In Vivo Imaging of the Mouse Spinal Cord

In this video, we describe a procedure for implanting a chronic optical imaging chamber over the dorsal spinal cord of a live mouse. The chamber, surgical procedure, and chronic imaging are reviewed and demonstrated.

종의 척추 상공 회의소를 주입하는 절차<em&gt; 생체</em&gt; 마우스 척수의 영상

Studies in the mammalian neocortex have enabled unprecedented resolution of cortical structure, activity, and response to neurodegenerative insults by ...

Assays to Detect UV-reflecting Structures and Determine their Importance in Mate Preference using the Sailfin Molly Poecilia latipinna

Many organisms use cues and signals beyond human sensitivity during social interactions. It is important to take into account how organisms perceive their worlds when trying to understand their behavior and ecology. Sensitivity to the ultraviolet spectrum (UV; 300 - 400 nm) is found across multiple genera of birds, fish, reptiles, amphibians, and even mammals. This protocol describes a technique for examining organisms for the presence of UV-reflecting structures and a method for testing whether these cues are used as social signals in the context of mate choice. A spectrophotometer is used to detect the presence of UV reflectance and variation in reflective intensity between individuals and sexes. An example of this technique is presented in which a dichotomous mate choice test exposes sexually receptive individuals to opposite sex individuals whose visual appearance can be manipulated by filters that either transmit full spectrum or block UV wavelengths. This system allowed for the determination that female, but not male, sailfin mollies (Poecilia latipinna) were using UV markings as part of their mating decisions. These types of studies serve to expand our knowledge of the range of organisms that utilize UV and provide insight into how UV plays a role in their lives.

Assays to Detect UV-reflecting Structures and Determine their Importance in Mate Preference using the Sailfin Molly Poecilia latipinna

This protocol outlines the use of spectrophotometry to detect ultraviolet-reflecting structures on organisms (in this example, the sailfin molly Poecilia latipinna) and describes dichotomous choice tests for fish that allow inferences to be made on the role of ultraviolet cues during mate selection.

분석은 UV 반사 구조를 검색 및 SailFin을 몰리를 사용하여 메이트 환경 설정에서 자신의 중요성을 확인하는 방법<em&gt; Poecilia latipinna</em

Many organisms use cues and signals beyond human sensitivity during social interactions. It is important to take into account how organisms perceive their ...

In Utero Electroporation Approaches to Study the Excitability of Neuronal Subpopulations and Single-cell Connectivity

The nervous system is composed of an enormous range of distinct neuronal types. These neuronal subpopulations are characterized by, among other features, their distinct dendritic morphologies, their specific patterns of axonal connectivity, and their selective firing responses. The molecular and cellular mechanisms responsible for these aspects of differentiation during development are still poorly understood.
Here, we describe combined protocols for labeling and characterizing the structural connectivity and excitability of cortical neurons. Modification of the in utero electroporation (IUE) protocol allows the labeling of a sparse population of neurons. This, in turn, enables the identification and tracking of the dendrites and axons of individual neurons, the precise characterization of the laminar location of axonal projections, and morphometric analysis. IUE can also be used to investigate changes in the excitability of wild-type (WT) or genetically modified neurons by combining it with whole-cell recording from acute slices of electroporated brains. These two techniques contribute to a better understanding of the coupling of structural and functional connectivity and of the molecular mechanisms controlling neuronal diversity during development. These developmental processes have important implications on axonal wiring, the functional diversity of neurons, and the biology of cognitive disorders.

In Utero Electroporation Approaches to Study the Excitability of Neuronal Subpopulations and Single-cell Connectivity

This manuscript provides protocols that use in utero electroporation (IUE) to describe the structural connectivity of neurons at the single-cell level and the excitability of fluorescently labeled neurons. Histology is used to characterize dendritic and axonal projections. Whole-cell recording in acute slices is used to investigate excitability.

자궁 내 일렉트로는 신경 세포의 부분 집단의 흥분 및 단일 세포의 연결을 연구에 접근

The nervous system is composed of an enormous range of distinct neuronal types. These neuronal subpopulations are characterized by, among other features, ...

Operant Protocols for Assessing the Cost-benefit Analysis During Reinforced Decision Making by Rodents

Reinforcement-guided decision making is the ability to choose between competing courses of action based on the relative value of the benefits and their consequences. This process is integral to the normal human behavior and has been shown to be disrupted by neurological and psychiatric disorders such as addiction, schizophrenia, and depression. Rodents have long been used to uncover the neurobiology of human cognition. To this end, several behavioral tasks have been developed; however, most are non-automated and are labor-intensive. The recent development of the open-source microcontroller has enabled researchers to automate operant-based tasks for assessing a variety of cognitive tasks, standardizing the stimulus presentation, improving the data recording and consequently, improving the research output. Here, we describe an automated delay-based reinforcement-guided decision-making task, using an operant T-maze controlled by custom-written software programs. Using these decision-making tasks, we show the changes in the local field potential activities in the anterior cingulate cortex of a rat whilst it performs a delay-based cost-and-benefit decision-making task.

A cost-benefit analysis is a weighing-scale approach that the brain performs during the course of decision making. Here, we propose a protocol to train rats on an operant-based decision-making paradigm where rats choose higher rewards at the expense of waiting for 15 s to receive them.

설치류에 의해 강화 결정 시 비용-이익 분석을 평가 하기 위한 작동 프로토콜

Reinforcement-guided decision making is the ability to choose between competing courses of action based on the relative value of the benefits and their ...

Generation of 3-D Collagen-based Hydrogels to Analyze Axonal Growth and Behavior During Nervous System Development

This protocol uses natural type I collagen to generate three-dimensional (3-D) hydrogel for monitoring and analyzing the axonal growth. The protocol is centered on culturing small pieces of embryonic or early postnatal rodent brains inside a 3-D hydrogel formed by the rat tail tendon-derived type I collagen with specific porosity. Tissue pieces are cultured inside the hydrogel and confronted to specific brain fragments or genetically-modified cell aggregates to produce and secrete molecules suitable for creating a gradient inside the porous matrix. The steps of this protocol are simple and reproducible but include critical steps to be considered carefully during its development. Moreover, the behavior of growing axons can be monitored and analyzed directly using a phase-contrast microscope or mono/multiphoton fluorescence microscope after fixation by immunocytochemical methods.

Here, we provide a method for analyzing the behavior of growing axons in 3D matrices, mimicking their natural development.

신경계 발달 중 축산 성장과 행동을 분석하는 3-D 콜라겐 기반 하이드로겔 생성

This protocol uses natural type I collagen to generate three-dimensional (3-D) hydrogel for monitoring and analyzing the axonal growth. The protocol is ...

Measuring Neural Mechanisms Underlying Sleep-Dependent Memory Consolidation During Naps in Early Childhood

Sleep is critical for daily functioning. One important function of sleep is the consolidation of memories, a process that makes them stronger and less vulnerable to interference. The neural mechanisms underlying the benefit of sleep for memory can be investigated using polysomnography (PSG). PSG is a combination of physiological recordings including signals from the brain (EEG), eyes (EOG), and muscles (EMG) that are used to classify sleep stages. In this protocol, we describe how PSG can be used in conjunction with behavioral memory assessments, actigraphy, and parent-report to examine sleep-dependent memory consolidation. The focus of this protocol is on early childhood, a period of significance as children transition from biphasic sleep (consisting of a nap and overnight sleep) to monophasic sleep (overnight sleep only). The effects of sleep on memory performance are measured using a visuospatial memory assessment across periods of sleep and wakeful-rest. A combination of actigraphy and parent report is used to assess sleep rhythms (i.e., characterizing children as habitual or non-habitual nappers). Finally, PSG is used to characterize sleep stages and qualities of those stages (such as frequencies and the presence of spindles) during naps. The advantage of using PSG is that it is the only tool currently available to assess sleep quality and sleep architecture, pointing to the relevant brain state that supports memory consolidation. The main limitations of PSG are the length of time it takes to prepare the recording montage and that recordings are typically taken over one sleep bought. These limitations can be overcome by engaging young participants in distracting tasks during application and combining PSG with actigraphy and self/parent-report measures to characterize sleep cycles. Together, this unique combination of methods allows for investigations into how naps support learning in preschool children.

This protocol describes methods used to examine neural mechanisms underlying sleep-dependent memory consolidation during naps in early childhood. It includes procedures for examining the effect of sleep on behavioral memory performance, as well as the application and recording of both polysomnography and actigraphy.

초기 유년기에 낮잠 중 수면 의존적 기억 통합의 근본적인 신경 메커니즘 측정

Sleep is critical for daily functioning. One important function of sleep is the consolidation of memories, a process that makes them stronger and less ...

Simultaneous Application of Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation during Virtual Reality Exposure

Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) is a form of non-invasive brain stimulation that changes the likelihood of neuronal firing through modulation of neural resting membranes. Compared to other techniques, tDCS is relatively safe, cost-effective, and can be administered while individuals are engaged in controlled, specific cognitive processes. This latter point is important as tDCS may predominantly affect intrinsically active neural regions. In an effort to test tDCS as a potential treatment for psychiatric illness, the protocol described here outlines a novel procedure that allows the simultaneous application of tDCS during exposure to trauma-related cues using virtual reality (tDCS+VR) for veterans with posttraumatic stress disorder (NCT03372460). In this double-blind protocol, participants are assigned to either receive 2 mA tDCS, or sham stimulation, for 25 minutes while passively watching three 8-minute standardized virtual reality drives through Iraq or Afghanistan, with virtual reality events increasing in intensity during each drive. Participants undergo six sessions of tDCS+VR over the course of 2-3 weeks, and psychophysiology (skin conductance reactivity) is measured throughout each session. This allows testing for within and between session changes in hyperarousal to virtual reality events and adjunctive effects of tDCS. Stimulation is delivered through a built-in rechargeable battery-driven tDCS device using a 1 (anode) x 1 (cathode) unilateral electrode set-up. Each electrode is placed in a 3 x 3 cm (current density 2.22 A/m2) reusable sponge pocket saturated with 0.9% normal saline. Sponges with electrodes are attached to the participant&#8217;s skull using a rubber headband with the electrodes placed such that they target regions within the ventromedial prefrontal cortex. The virtual reality headset is placed over the tDCS montage in such a way as to avoid electrode interference.

This manuscript outlines a novel protocol to allow the simultaneous application of transcranial direct current stimulation during exposure to warzone trauma-related cues using virtual reality for veterans with posttraumatic stress disorder.