우리는이 작품의 지원 CIRM 감사하고 싶습니다. 셀 라인은 넉넉한 마운트시나이 병원, 토론토, 온타리오에서 박사 Andras 나지에서 기증되었다.

1. Shrinky - 딩크 몰드 만들기 <ol><li> 좋은 정의 프린터를 사용 shrinky - 딩크 시트에 원하는 패턴을 인쇄합니다. </li><li> 163에서 베이크 shrinky - 딩크 시트 ° C 약 10 분, 또는 때까지 대해 전적으로 축소하고 정기적인 모양을 인수하는 데. </li><li> shrinky - 딩크의 금형이 냉각되면, 이소프로판올 욕조에서 잠수함 그것은 전체 표면은 거의 덮여 때까지. </li><li> 신중하게, 금형을 통해 몇 가지 아세톤을 스프레이하고 컨테이너 몇 번 흔들. 아세톤의 초과를 씻고 shrinky - 곰팡이가 깨끗해 보여요 때까지이 단계 몇 번 반복해야 더 이소프로판올 추가합니다. </li><li> 남아있는 유기 용매 씻어 10 분 정도 증류수에 담가 곰팡이. </li><li> 에어 shrinky - 곰팡이 청소. 163에서 5 분 동안 그것을 다시 열 ° C. 이것은 남아있는 용매를 증발 압축 잉크 및됩니다. </li></ol> 2. PDMS microwells 만들기 <ol><li> 10시 1분 PDMS / 치료 에이전트 혼합물을 준비하고, 몇 분 동안 적극적으로 선동. </li><li> 작은 페트리 접시에 넣어 shrinky - 딩크 금형. 그것은 금형 표면 2분의 1에 대한 cm에 도달할 때까지 PDMS 혼합물을 붓고. </li><li> PDMS 혼합물에서 모든 거품을 제거하기 위해 진공 종 아래 플레이스 요리. </li><li> 70 오븐에 넣어 요리 ° C, 하룻밤. </li><li> 금형에서 고체 PDMS를 차단하고 단지 압력을 적용하여 유리 슬라이드에 바인딩합니다. </li><li> 그것이 PDMS 사이 incrusted 잉크 잔류물을 가지고 있기 때문에, 첫번째 microwell 칩 폐기하십시오. </li><li> 잉크 무료이며 더 정의된 모양을 가지고 두 번째 칩을 생산하기 위해이 절차를 반복합니다. </li><li> 청소는 microwell 칩 70 % 에탄올 솔루션을 사용합니다. 그것을 소독하기 위해 10 분 동안 자외선 광원 아래로 놓으십시오. </li></ol> 3. microwells에서 트래핑 세포 <ol><li> 세포를 카운트하고 원하는 농도 (당신이 싶은 얼마나 많은 우물의 초기 세포에 따라)에 문화 미디어에서 그들을 희석. 예를 들어, 잘 당 약 10-15 세포 (평균 = 11, SD = 5.4, 로딩 속도 = 93%)하기 위해서, 우리는 8 농도 × 10 4 세포 / ML를 사용합니다. 17 × 10 4 세포 / ML의 농도에 대해서는 안정적으로 잘 당 25의 사이 35 세포를 (평균 = 27.17857 SD는 = 7.7, 로딩 속도 = 100 %)받을 수 있습니다. </li><li> 조심스럽게 확정 PDMS 기반을 포함하는 50 ML의 원심 분리기 튜브의 microwell 칩 장소. </li><li> 세포 솔루션의 2JDP ML에 대한 추가합니다. </li><li> 5 760 RPM 분만에 4 ° C.위한 원심 분리기 </li><li> 초과 솔루션 아웃 Pipet 조심스럽게 PBS 1X 솔루션 microwell 씻는다. </li><li> 원심 분리기 튜브의 칩을하면서 조심하고, 작은 페트리 접시에 microwell를 배치합니다. </li><li> 1 X PBS 솔루션을 사용하여 셀 초과 씻으십시오. </li><li> 물론 당 세포의 의도 번호를 확인할 수 거꾸로 현미경 microwell 칩을 놓으십시오. </li><li> 부화 microwell 표준 조건에서 세포를 포함하는. <img src="/files/ftp_upload/old/692_2008_7_21_1/692_Figure-01.png" alt="그림 - 01" width="350" height="183" /></li></ol> 4. 세포 배양 <ol><li> 연구실에 정상 EB 프로토콜을 따르십시오. </li><li> 천천히 챔버의 측면에서 매체를 변경, microwell에있는 세포를 방해하지 마십시오. </li></ol>

<ol>
	<li>Keller, G. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=In+vitro+differentiation+of+embryonic+stem+cells.">In vitro differentiation of embryonic stem cells.</a> Curr Opin Cell Biol. 7, 862-869 (1995).</li><li>Doetschman, T. C., Eistetter, H., Katz, M., Schmidt, W., Kemler, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+in+vitro+development+of+blastocyst-derived+embryonic+stem+cell+lines:+Formation+of+visceral+yolk+sac,+blood+islands+and+myocardium.">The in vitro development of blastocyst-derived embryonic stem cell lines: Formation of visceral yolk sac, blood islands and myocardium.</a> Journal of Embryology and Experimental Morphology. 87, 27-45 (1985).</li><li>Park, J., Cho, C. H., Parashurama, N., Li, Y., Berthiaume, F., Toner, M., Tilles, A. W., Yarmush, M. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Microfabrication-based+modulation+of+embryonic+stem+cell+differentiation.">Microfabrication-based modulation of embryonic stem cell differentiation.</a> Lab Chip. 7, 1018-1028 (2007).</li><li>Koike, M., Sakaki, S., Amano, Y., Kurosawa, H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Characterization+of+embryoid+bodies+of+mouse+embryonic+stem+cells+formed+under+various+culture+conditions+and+estimation+of+differentiation+status+of+such+bodies.">Characterization of embryoid bodies of mouse embryonic stem cells formed under various culture conditions and estimation of differentiation status of such bodies.</a> J Biosci Bioeng. 104, 294-299 (2007).</li><li>Hwang, N. S., Varghese, S., Elisseeff, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Controlled+differentiation+of+stem+cells.">Controlled differentiation of stem cells.</a> Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews. 60, 199-204 (2008).</li><li>Adelman, C. A., Chattopadhyay, S., Bieker, J. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+BMP/BMPR/Smad+pathway+directs+expression+of+the+erythroid-specific+EKLF+and+GATA1+transcription+factors+during+embryoid+body+differentiation+in+serum-free+media.">The BMP/BMPR/Smad pathway directs expression of the erythroid-specific EKLF and GATA1 transcription factors during embryoid body differentiation in serum-free media.</a> Development. 129, 539-549 (2002).</li><li>Tanaka, N., Takeuchi, T., Neri, O. V., Sills, E. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Laser-assisted+blastocyst+dissection+and+subsequent+cultivation+of+embryonic+stem+cells+in+a+serum/cell+free+culture+system:+applications+and+preliminary+results+in+a+murine+model.">Laser-assisted blastocyst dissection and subsequent cultivation of embryonic stem cells in a serum/cell free culture system: applications and preliminary results in a murine model.</a> J Transl Med. 4, (2006).</li></ol>

우리는 microfabricated 웰스 (Shrinky - Dinks에서 성형)에 세포의 미리 정의된 숫자를로드하고 embryoid 몸 개발을 위해 그들을 유지하기 위해, 간단한 신속하고 확장 가능한 문화 방식을 개발했습니다. 마지막으로, 이러한 전지는 더 이상 분석 및 실험을 위해 쉽게 액세스할 수 있습니다. 이 방법은 실험실 의무이며, 우리가 석판술의 필요성을 사전에 제거하다 때문에 아무 전용 장비를 필요하지 않습니다. 우리는 embryoid ?...

KO DMEM : 40.8ml, 81.6ml 15 % KSR : 7.5ml, 15ml 1X 펜 - Strep : 0.5 ML, 1ml 2mM L - 글루타민; (100ml 50ml 대비 총 미디어 :) mESC 미디어 (맥클로스키 실험실 프로토콜)에 대한 0.5 ML, 1ml NEAA : 0.5 ML, 1ml 평범한 : 100ul, 200ul BMP - 4 (10ng/ml) : 50ul, 100ul 희석 BME :. 50ul, 100ul (PBS와 주사기 필터 5ml에 살균 필터 BME의 35ul 추가 소독 삭제 이주 후에. 솔루션에 최종 농도는 0.1 MM입니다)

shrinky-dink hanging drops: a simple way to form and culture embryoid bodies

Embryoid 단체 (EB)는 배아 줄기 세포 집합체입니다. 이러한 집합체를 만드는 가장 일반적인 방법은 매달려 드롭 방식, 잘 접시에 세포의 임의의 숫자를 pipetting의 힘드는 접근이다. 서로의 가까이에 강제 줄기 세포 사이의 상호 작용은 EBS의 생성을 촉진. 우물의 각 미디어가 수동으로 매일 교환해야했기 때문에, 이러한 방식은 수동으로 집약적이다. 동일한 조건에서 양식 때 또한, 셀 셀, 셀 용해 계수 상호 작용, 산도, 그리고 산소의 가용성을 포함한 환경 매개 변수 EB 크기의 기능을 수 있기 때문에, 전통적인 매달려 방울에서 얻은 세포 집단도 크게 다를 수 있습니다. 최근 연구는 실제로 집계를 형성하는 세포의 초기 숫자가 줄기 세포 분화에 중요한 영향을 미칠 수있는 것으로 나타났습니다. 우리는 microfabricated 우물로 세포의 미리 정의된 숫자를로드하고 embryoid 몸 개발을 위해 그들을 유지하기 위해, 간단한 신속하고 확장 가능한 문화 방식을 개발했습니다. 마지막으로, 이러한 전지는 더 이상 분석 및 실험을 위해 쉽게 액세스할 수 있습니다. 이 방법은 실험실 의무이며 전용 장비를 필요하지 않습니다. 우리는 붉은 형광 마우스 세포 라인을 (129S6B6 - F1)를 사용 embryoid 시체를 작성하여이 방법을 보여줍니다.

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Shrinky-Dink Hanging Drops: A Simple Way to Form and Culture Embryoid Bodies at JoVE.com

Shrinky-Dink Hanging Drops: A Simple Way to Form and Culture Embryoid Bodies

우리는 microfabricated 우물로 세포의 미리 정의된 숫자를로드하고 embryoid 몸 개발을 위해 그들을 유지하기 위해 간단하고 빠른 방법을 보여줍니다.

방울을 공중 Shrinky - 딩크 : Embryoid 기관 폼 문화하는 간단한 방법

Embryoid bodies (EB) are aggregates of embryonic stem cells. The most common way of creating these aggregates is the hanging drop method, a laborious ...

shrinky-dink-hanging-drops-simple-way-to-form-culture-embryoid

Research

JoVE Journal

Biology

14.9K 조회수.  University of California Merced - UC Merced. 우리는 microfabricated 우물로 세포의 미리 정의된 숫자를로드하고 embryoid 몸 개발을 위해 그들을 유지하기 위해 간단하고 빠른 방법을 보여줍니다.

비디오: Shrinky-Dink Hanging Drops: A Simple Way to Form and Culture Embryoid Bodies

Pyrosequencing: A Simple Method for Accurate Genotyping

Pharmacogenetic research benefits first-hand from the abundance of information provided by the completion of the Human Genome Project. With such a tremendous amount of data available comes an explosion of genotyping methods. Pyrosequencing(R) is one of the most thorough yet simple methods to date used to analyze polymorphisms. It also has the ability to identify tri-allelic, indels, short-repeat polymorphisms, along with determining allele percentages for methylation or pooled sample assessment. In addition, there is a standardized control sequence that provides internal quality control. This method has led to rapid and efficient single-nucleotide polymorphism evaluation including many clinically relevant polymorphisms. The technique and methodology of Pyrosequencing is explained.


Pyrosequencing(R) is one of the most thorough yet simple methods to date used to analyze polymorphisms. This method has led to rapid and efficient single-nucleotide polymorphism evaluation including many clinically relevant polymorphisms. The technique and methodology of Pyrosequencing is explained.

Pyrosequencing : 정확한 Genotyping을위한 간단한 방법

Pharmacogenetic research benefits first-hand from the abundance of information provided by the completion of the Human Genome Project. With such a ...

연구

생물학

Method for Culture of Early Chick Embryos ex vivo (New Culture)

The chick embryo is a valuable tool in the study of early embryonic development. Its transparency, accessibility and ease of manipulation, make it an ideal tool for studying  the formation and patterning of brain, neural tube, somite and heart primordia. Applications of chick embryo culture include electroporation of DNA or RNA constructs in order to analyze gene function, grafts of growth factor coated beads such as FGFs and BMPs , as well as whole mount in situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry. This video demonstrates the different steps in chick embryo culture; First, the embryo is explanted in saline. Then, the embryo is centered on a glass ring. The membranes surrounding the embryo are lifted along the walls of the ring. The ring is then placed in a culture dish containing a pool of albumine. The culture dish is sealed and placed in a humid chamber, where the embryo is cultured for up to 24 hrs. Finally, the embryo is removed from the ring, fixed and processed for further applications. A troubleshooting guide is also presented.

Method for Culture of Early Chick Embryos ex vivo New Culture

This video demonstrates New culture, a method by which chick embryos are cultured outside the egg for up to 24 hr. This method enables one to study early development (primitive streak to 14 som.), a period corresponding to E7-9 in mouse. Applications of this technique include electroporation, in situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry.

조기 칙 태아 예 생체내 (새로운 문화)의 문화에 대한 방법

The chick embryo is a valuable tool in the study of early embryonic development. Its transparency, accessibility and ease of manipulation, make it an ...

Analysis of Pluripotent Stem Cells by using Cryosections of Embryoid Bodies

Embryonic stem (ES) cells are pluripotent cells derived from the inner cell mass of blastocyst-stage early mammalian embryos 1. A crucial stage in the differentiation of ES cells is the formation of embryoid bodies (EBs) aggregates 2, 3. EB formation is based on spontaneous aggregation when ES cells are cultured in non adherent plates. Three-dimensional EB recapitulates many aspects of early mammalian embryogenesis and differentiate into the three germ layers: ectoderm, mesoderm and endoderm 4.
Immunofluorescence and in situ hybridization are widely used techniques for the detection of target proteins and mRNA present in cells of a tissue section 5, 6, 7. Here we present a simple technique to generate high quality cryosections of embryoid bodies. This approach relies on the spatial orientation of EB embedding in OCT followed by the cryosection technique. The resulting sections can be subjected to a wide variety of analytical procedures in order to characterize populations of cells containing certain proteins, RNA or DNA. In this sense, the preparation of EB cryosections (10&mu;m) are essential tools for histology staining analysis (e.g. Hematoxilin and Eosin, DAPI), immunofluorescence (e.g. Oct4, nestin) or in situ hybridization. This technique can also help to understand aspects of embryogenesis with regards to the maintenance of the tri-dimensional spherical structure of EBs.

Pluripotent stem cells growing in suspension differentiate into embryoid bodies (EBs). Here we demonstrate how to obtain high quality EB cryosections useful for studying cellular and molecular aspects of embryogenesis, while preserving their organization as aggregates.

Embryoid 기관의 Cryosections를 사용하여 Pluripotent 줄기 세포 분석

Embryonic stem (ES) cells are pluripotent cells derived from the inner cell mass of blastocyst-stage early mammalian embryos 1. A crucial stage in the ...

Simple and Efficient Technique for the Preparation of Testicular Cell Suspensions

Mammalian testes are very complex organs that contain over 30 different cell types, including somatic testicular cells and different stages of germline cells. This heterogeneity is an important drawback concerning the study of the bases of mammalian spermatogenesis, as pure or enriched cell populations in certain stages of sperm development are needed for most molecular analyses1.
 Various strategies such as Staput2,3, centrifugal elutriation1, and flow cytometry (FC)4,5 have been employed to obtain enriched or purified testicular cell populations in order to enable differential gene expression studies. 
It is required that cells are in suspension for most enrichment/ purification approaches. Ideally, the cell suspension will be representative of the original tissue, have a high proportion of viable cells and few multinucleates - which tend to form because of the syncytial nature of the seminiferous epithelium6,7 - and lack cell clumps1 . Previous reports had evidenced that testicular cell suspensions prepared by an exclusively mechanical method clumped more easily than trypsinized ones1 . On the other hand, enzymatic treatments with RNAses and/or disaggregating enzymes like trypsin and collagenase lead to specific macromolecules degradation, which is undesirable for certain downstream applications. The ideal process should be as short as possible and involve minimal manipulation, so as to achieve a good preservation of macromolecules of interest such as mRNAs. Current protocols for the preparation of cell suspensions from solid tissues are usually time-consuming, highly operator-dependent, and may selectively damage certain cell types1,8 . 
	The protocol presented here combines the advantages of a highly reproducible and extremely brief mechanical disaggregation with the absence of enzymatic treatment, leading to good quality cell suspensions that can be used for flow cytometric analysis and sorting4, and ulterior gene expression studies9 .

A novel protocol for the mechanical preparation of testicular cell suspensions from rodent material, avoiding enzymes and detergents, is described. The method is very simple, fast, reproducible, and renders good quality cell suspensions, which are suitable for flow sorting and RNA extraction.

고환 세포 현탁액의 준비를 위해 간단하고 효율적인 기술

Mammalian testes are very complex organs that contain over 30 different cell types, including somatic testicular cells and different stages of germline ...

Simple Method for Fluorescence DNA In Situ Hybridization to Squashed Chromosomes

DNA in situ hybridization (DNA ISH) is a commonly used method for mapping sequences to specific chromosome regions. This approach is particularly effective at mapping highly repetitive sequences to heterochromatic regions, where computational approaches face prohibitive challenges. Here we describe a streamlined protocol for DNA ISH that circumvents formamide washes that are standard steps in other DNA ISH protocols. Our protocol is optimized for hybridization with short single strand DNA probes that carry fluorescent dyes, which effectively mark repetitive DNA sequences within heterochromatic chromosomal regions across a number of different insect tissue types. However, applications may be extended to use with larger probes and visualization of single copy (non-repetitive) DNA sequences. We demonstrate this method by mapping several different repetitive sequences to squashed chromosomes from Drosophila melanogaster neural cells and Nasonia vitripennis spermatocytes. We show hybridization patterns for both small, commercially synthesized probes and for a larger probe for comparison. This procedure uses simple laboratory supplies and reagents, and is ideal for investigators who have little experience with performing DNA ISH.

Simple Method for Fluorescence DNA In Situ Hybridization to Squashed Chromosomes

Here, we present a simple method for performing fluorescence DNA in situ hybridization (DNA ISH) to visualize repetitive heterochromatic sequences on slide-mounted chromosomes. The method requires minimal reagents and it is versatile for use with short or long probes, different tissues, and detection with fluorescence or non-fluorescence-based signals.

형광 DNA를위한 간단한 방법<em&gt; 현장에서</em&gt; 숙청 염색체에 하이브리드

DNA in situ hybridization (DNA ISH) is a commonly used method for mapping sequences to specific chromosome regions. This approach is particularly ...

Using Mouse Mammary Tumor Cells to Teach Core Biology Concepts: A Simple Lab Module

Undergraduate biology students are required to learn, understand and apply a variety of cellular and molecular biology concepts and techniques in preparation for biomedical, graduate and professional programs or careers in science. To address this, a simple laboratory module was devised to teach the concepts of cell division, cellular communication and cancer through the application of animal cell culture techniques. Here the mouse mammary tumor (MMT) cell line is used to model for breast cancer. Students learn to grow and characterize these animal cells in culture and test the effects of traditional and non-traditional chemotherapy agents on cell proliferation. Specifically, students determine the optimal cell concentration for plating and growing cells, learn how to prepare and dilute drug solutions, identify the best dosage and treatment time course of the antiproliferative agents, and ascertain the rate of cell death in response to various treatments. The module employs both a standard cell counting technique using a hemocytometer and a novel cell counting method using microscopy software. The experimental procedure lends to open-ended inquiry as students can modify critical steps of the protocol, including testing homeopathic agents and over-the-counter drugs. In short, this lab module requires students to use the scientific process to apply their knowledge of the cell cycle, cellular signaling pathways, cancer and modes of treatment, all while developing an array of laboratory skills including cell culture and analysis of experimental data not routinely taught in the undergraduate classroom.

A feasible laboratory module for biology undergraduates that explores advanced cellular and molecular concepts using animal cell culture is described. Students grow, characterize and manipulate a breast cancer cell model by exposure to chemotherapy agents. Cell viability is assayed through cell counting using both a standard and novel method.

핵심 생물학 개념을 가르치는 마우스 유방 종양 세포를 사용 : 간단한 랩 모듈

Undergraduate biology students are required to learn, understand and apply a variety of cellular and molecular biology concepts and techniques in ...

Filtration Isolation of Nucleic Acids:  A Simple and Rapid DNA Extraction Method

FINA, filtration isolation of nucleic acids, is a novel extraction method which utilizes vertical filtration via a separation membrane and absorbent pad to extract cellular DNA from whole blood in less than 2 min. The blood specimen is treated with detergent, mixed briefly and applied by pipet to the separation membrane. The lysate wicks into the blotting pad due to capillary action, capturing the genomic DNA on the surface of the separation membrane. The extracted DNA is retained on the membrane during a simple wash step wherein PCR inhibitors are wicked into the absorbent blotting pad. The membrane containing the entrapped DNA is then added to the PCR reaction without further purification. This simple method does not require laboratory equipment and can be easily implemented with inexpensive laboratory supplies. Here we describe a protocol for highly sensitive detection and quantitation of HIV-1 proviral DNA from 100 &#181;l whole blood as a model for early infant diagnosis of HIV that could readily be adapted to other genetic targets.

We describe here a simple and rapid paper-based DNA extraction method of HIV proviral DNA from whole blood detected by quantitative PCR. This protocol can be extended for use in detecting other genetic markers or using alternative amplification methods.

핵산의 여과 분리 : 간단하고 신속한 DNA 추출 방법

FINA, filtration isolation of nucleic acids, is a novel extraction method which utilizes vertical filtration via a separation membrane and absorbent pad ...

A Simple Fluorescence-based Reporter Assay to Identify Cellular Components Required for Ricin Toxin A Chain (RTA) Trafficking in Yeast

Bacterial and plant A/B toxins exploit the natural trafficking pathways in eukaryotic cells to reach their intracellular target(s) in the cytosol and to ultimately kill. Such A/B toxins generally consist of an enzymatically active Asubunit (e.g., ricin toxin A (RTA)) and one or more cell binding Bsubunit(s), which are responsible for toxin binding to specific cell surface receptors. Our current knowledge of how A/B toxins are capable of efficiently intoxicating cells helped scientists to understand fundamental cellular mechanisms, like endocytosis and intracellular protein sorting in higher eukaryotic cells. From a medical point of view, it is likewise important to identify the major toxin trafficking routes to find adequate treatment solutions for patients or to eventually develop therapeutic toxin-based applications for cancer therapy.
Since genome-wide analyses of A/B toxin trafficking in mammalian cells is complex, time-consuming, and expensive, several studies on A/B toxin transport have been performed in the yeast model organism Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Despite being less complex, fundamental cellular processes in yeast and higher eukaryotic cells are similar and very often results obtained in yeast can be transferred to the mammalian situation.
Here, we describe a fast and easy to use reporter assay to analyze the intracellular trafficking of RTA in yeast. An essential advantage of the new assay is the opportunity to investigate not only RTA retro-translocation from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) into the cytosol, but rather endocytosis and retrograde toxin transport from the plasma membrane into the ER. The assay makes use of a reporter plasmid that allows indirect measurement of RTA toxicity through fluorescence emission of the green fluorescent protein (GFP) after in vivo translation. Since RTA efficiently prevents the initiation of protein biosynthesis by 28S rRNA depurination, this assay allows the identification of host cell proteins involved in intracellular RTA transport through the detection of changes in fluorescence emission.

A Simple Fluorescence-based Reporter Assay to Identify Cellular Components Required for Ricin Toxin A Chain RTA Trafficking in Yeast

In the manuscript, we describe the use of a yeast-based fluorescence reporter assay to identify cellular components involved in the trafficking and killing processes of the cytotoxic A subunit of the plant toxin ricin (RTA).

세포질 구성 요소를 식별 하는 간단한 형광 기반 기자 분석 결과 리 독 소에 필요한 체인 (RTA) 효 모에 인신 매매

Bacterial and plant A/B toxins exploit the natural trafficking pathways in eukaryotic cells to reach their intracellular target(s) in the cytosol and to ...

A Simple Method for Isolation of Soybean Protoplasts and Application to Transient Gene Expression Analyses

Soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) is an important crop species and has become a legume model for the studies of genetic and biochemical pathways. Therefore, it is important to establish an efficient transient gene expression system in soybean. Here, we report a simple protocol for the preparation of soybean protoplasts and its application for transient functional analyses. We found that young unifoliate leaves from soybean seedlings resulted in large quantities of high quality protoplasts. By optimizing a PEG-calcium-mediated transformation method, we achieved high transformation efficiency using soybean unifoliate protoplasts. This system provides an efficient and versatile model for examination of complex regulatory and signaling mechanisms in live soybean cells and may help to better understand diverse cellular, developmental and physiological processes of legumes.

We developed a simple and efficient protocol for the preparation of large quantities of soybean protoplasts to study complex regulatory and signaling mechanisms in live cells.

콩 Protoplasts 및 변이 유전자 표정 분석 응용 프로그램의 격리에 대 한 간단한 방법

Soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) is an important crop species and has become a legume model for the studies of genetic and biochemical pathways. ...

A Proximal Culture Method to Study Paracrine Signaling Between Cells

Intercellular interactions play an important role in many biological processes, including tumor progression, immune responses, angiogenesis, and development. Paracrine or juxtacrine signaling mediates such interactions. The use of a conditioned medium and coculture studies are the most common methods to discriminate between these two types of interactions. However, the effect of localized high concentrations of secreted factors in the microenvironment during the paracrine interactions is not accurately recapitulated by conditioned medium and, thus, may lead to imprecise conclusions. To overcome this problem, we have devised a proximal culture method to study paracrine signaling. The two cell types are grown on either surface of a 10 &#181;m-thick polycarbonate membrane with 0.4 &#181;m pores. The pores allow the exchange of secreted factors and, at the same time, inhibit juxtacrine signaling. The cells can be collected and lysed at the endpoint to determine the effects of the paracrine signaling. In addition to allowing for localized concentration gradients of secreted factors, this method is amenable to experiments involving prolonged periods of culture, as well as the use of inhibitors. While we use this method to study the interactions between ovarian cancer cells and the mesothelial cells they encounter at the site of metastasis, it can be adapted to any two adherent cell types for researchers to study paracrine signaling in various fields, including tumor microenvironment, immunology, and development.

Paracrine and juxtacrine cellular interactions play an important role in many biological processes, including tumor progression, immune responses, angiogenesis, and development. Here, a proximal culture method is used to study paracrine signaling where the localized concentrations of the secreted factors are maintained while preventing direct cellular contact.