We would like to thank Dr. Zhangyong Ming and Mr. Rongji Hou for their advice on LIMS expanded application. This study is supported by PLA Special Research Projects for Family Planning (17JS008, 20JSZ08), Fund of Guangxi Key Laboratory of Metabolic Diseases Research (No.20-065-76), and Guangzhou Citizen Health Science and Technology Research Project (201803010034).

<ol>
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The authors have nothing to disclose.

Chromosomal aneuploidy of embryos is the cause of a large proportion of pregnancy loss, whether conceived naturally or in vitro fertilization (IVF). In the clinical practice of IVF, it is proposed that screening the embryo aneuploidy and transferring the euploidy embryo could improve the outcome of IVF. Fluorescence in situ hybridization is the earliest technique adopted for sex selection and PGT-A; however, this technique requires more technical expertise from laboratory personnel and is relatively lab...

Aneuploidy is the abnormality in the number of chromosomes by the presence of one or more extra chromosomes or the absence of one or more chromosomes. Embryos that carry some type of aneuploidy, such as the loss of one X chromosome (Turner syndrome), extra copies of autosomes, like trisomies of autosome 21 (Down syndrome), 13 (Patau syndrome), and 18 (Edwards syndrome), or extra sex chromosomes such as 47, XXY (Klinefelter syndrome) and 47, XXX (Triple X syndrome), can survive to term with birth defects1. Aneuploidy is the primary cause of first trimester miscarriages and in vitro fertilization (IVF) failure2. It is reported that the aneuploidy rate could range from 25.4%-84.5% through the different age layers of the natural cycle and medicated control group in IVF practice3.
Next-generation sequencing technology is becoming wildly applied in the determination of genetic information clinically; it provides practical access to genome sequence with efficiency and high throughput. Particularly, next-generation sequencing also revolutionized the diagnosis of disorders with genetic factors and tests for abnormity in the genome4. Using semiconductor sequencing technology to directly transfer chemical signals in sequencing bio-reaction into digital data, the semiconductor-based sequence system provides a direct, real-time detection to sequence data in 3-7 h5,6.
In an IVF procedure, pre-implantation genetic testing (PGT) investigates the genetic profile of the embryo before being transferred into the uterus to improve the IVF outcome and reduce the risk of genetic disorders in newborns1,7. In PGT combined with NGS techniques, genetic material extracted from less than 10 cells is amplified with whole genome amplification kits or an independently developed whole genome amplification reagent. This requires only one step in the amplification phase and does not require pre-amplification, to obtain whole-genome amplification products. Primers or panels for copy number variant and special gene loci sequencing are designed and applied in the library constructed.
A typical workflow of pre-implantation genetic testing-aneuploidy (PGT-A) in NGS involves serial procedures, and requires an intense workload of laboratory personnel8. Some misoperation caused procedure roll-back may lead to undesired loss of both time and resources of the lab. A concise and clear standard operating procedure (SOP) for PGS-NGS workflow is helpful; however, word-format protocols cannot present more detailed information on sample processing, device manipulation, and instruments' settings, which can be visualized in a video protocol. In this article, a validated workflow combined with a visualized demonstration of operating detail could offer more direct and intuitive referring protocols in PGT practice on a semiconductor sequencing platform.
The protocol here describes a method that supports batching up to 16 embryo biopsies in parallel. For larger batches, it is recommended to use a commercial kit-based protocol for semiconductor sequencing, such as Reproes-PGS.

<table><tbody><tr><td>0.45 &amp;mu;m Syringe Filter Unit</td><td>Merkmillipore</td><td>Millex-HV</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>1.5 mL DNA LoBind Tubes</td><td>Eppendorf</td><td>30108051</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>15 mL tubes</td><td>Greiner Bio-One</td><td>188261</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>2.0 mLDNA LoBind Tubes</td><td>Eppendorf</td><td>30108078</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>50 mL tubes</td><td>Greiner Bio-One</td><td>227261</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>5x Anstart Taq Buffer (Mg&lt;sup&gt;2+&lt;/sup&gt; Plus)</td><td>FAPON</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>&amp;nbsp;Anstart Tap DNA Polymerase</td><td>FAPON</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>AMPure XP reagent (magnetic beads for dna binding)</td><td>Beckman</td><td>A63881</td><td>https://www.beckman.com/reagents/genomic/cleanup-and-size-selection/pcr/a63881</td></tr><tr><td>Cell Lysis buffer</td><td>Southern Medical University</td><td></td><td>Cell lysis buffer containing 40 mM Tris (pH 8), 100 mM NaCl, 2 mM EDTA, 1 mM ethylene glycol tetraacetic acid (EGTA), 1% (v/v) Triton X-100, 5 mM sodium pyrophosphate, 2 mM &amp;beta;-glycerophosphate, 0.1% SDS</td></tr><tr><td>ClinVar</td><td>NCBI</td><td></td><td>https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/clinvar/</td></tr><tr><td>DNA elution buffer</td><td>NEB</td><td>T1016L</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>dNTP</td><td>Vazyme</td><td>P031-AA</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>DynaMag-2 Magnet</td><td>Life Technologies</td><td>12321D</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Ethyl alcohol</td><td>Guangzhou Chemical Reagent Factory Thermo Fisher Scientific</td><td></td><td>http://www.chemicalreagent.com/</td></tr><tr><td>Independently developed whole genome amplification reagents</td><td>Southern Medical University</td><td></td><td>The reagents consist of the following components:&lt;br/&gt; 1. Cell Lysis&lt;br/&gt; 2. Amplification Pre-mixed solution&lt;br/&gt; &amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; 1) Primer WGA-P2 (10 &amp;mu;M)&lt;br/&gt; &amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; 2) dNTP (10 mM)&lt;br/&gt; &amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; 3) 5x Anstart Taq Buffer (Mg&lt;sup&gt;2+&lt;/sup&gt; Plus)&lt;br/&gt; 3. Amplification Enzyme&lt;br/&gt; &amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; 1) Anstart Tap DNA Polymerase (5 U/&amp;mu;L)</td></tr><tr><td>Ion PI Hi-Q OT2 200 Kit</td><td>Thermo Fisher Scientific</td><td>A26434</td><td>Kit mentioned in step 4.2.8</td></tr><tr><td>Ion PI Hi-Q Sequencing 200 Kit&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Thermo Fisher Scientific</td><td>A26433</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Ion Proton System</td><td>Life Technologies</td><td>4476610</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Ion Reporter Server System</td><td>Life Technologies</td><td>4487118</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>isopropanol</td><td>Guangzhou Chemical Reagent Factory</td><td></td><td>http://www.chemicalreagent.com/</td></tr><tr><td>Library Preparation Kit</td><td>Daan Gene Co., Ltd</td><td>114</td><td>https://www.daangene.com/pt/certificate.html</td></tr><tr><td>NaOH</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>S5881-1KG</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Nuclease-Free Water</td><td>Life Technologies</td><td>AM9932</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Oligo WGA-P2</td><td>Sangon Biotech</td><td></td><td>5&#039;-ATGGTAGTCCGACTCGAGNNNN&lt;br/&gt; NNNNATGTGG-3&#039;</td></tr><tr><td>OneTouch 2 System</td><td>Life Technologies</td><td>4474779</td><td>&amp;nbsp;Template amplification and enrichment system</td></tr><tr><td>PCR tubes</td><td>Axygen</td><td>PCR-02D-C</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>PicoPLEX WGA Kit</td><td>Takara Bio USA</td><td>R300671</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Pipette tips</td><td>Quality Scientific Products</td><td></td><td>https://www.qsptips.com/products/standard_pipette_tips.aspx</td></tr><tr><td>Portable Mini Centrifuge LX-300</td><td>Qilinbeier</td><td>E0122</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Qubit 3.0 Fluorometer</td><td>Life Technologies</td><td>Q33216</td><td>Fluorometer</td></tr><tr><td>Qubit Assay Tubes</td><td>Life Technologies</td><td>Q32856</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Qubit dsDNA HS Assay Kit</td><td>Life Technologies</td><td>Q32851</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Sequencer server system</td><td>Thermo Fisher Scientific</td><td></td><td>Torrent Suite Software</td></tr><tr><td>Sequencing Reactions Universal Kit</td><td>Daan Gene Co., Ltd</td><td>113</td><td>https://www.daangene.com/pt/certificate.html&lt;br/&gt; This kit contains the following components:&lt;br/&gt; 1. Template Preparation Kit Set&lt;br/&gt; &lt;br/&gt; 1.1 Template Preparation Kit:&lt;br/&gt; Emulsion PCR buffer&lt;br/&gt; Emulsion PCR enzyme mix&lt;br/&gt; Template carrier solution&lt;br/&gt; &lt;br/&gt; 1.2 Template Preparation solutions:&lt;br/&gt; Template preparation reaction oil I&lt;br/&gt; emulsifier breaking solution II&lt;br/&gt; Template Preparation Reaction Oil II&lt;br/&gt; Nuclease-free water&lt;br/&gt; Tween solution&lt;br/&gt; Demulsification solution I&lt;br/&gt; Template washing solution&lt;br/&gt; C1 bead washing solution&lt;br/&gt; C1 bead resuspension solution&lt;br/&gt; Template resuspension solution&lt;br/&gt; &lt;br/&gt; 1.3 Template Preparation Materials:&lt;br/&gt; Reagent tube I&lt;br/&gt; connector&lt;br/&gt; Collection tube&lt;br/&gt; Reagent tube pipette I&lt;br/&gt; Amplification plate&lt;br/&gt; 8 wells strip&lt;br/&gt; Dedicated tips&lt;br/&gt; Template preparation washing adapter&lt;br/&gt; Template preparation filter&lt;br/&gt; &lt;br/&gt; 2. Sequencing Kit Set&lt;br/&gt; &lt;br/&gt; 2.1 Sequencing Kit:&lt;br/&gt; dGTP&lt;br/&gt; dCTP&lt;br/&gt; dATP&lt;br/&gt; dTTP&lt;br/&gt; Sequencing enzyme solution&lt;br/&gt; Sequencing primers&lt;br/&gt; Quality control templates&lt;br/&gt; &lt;br/&gt; 2.2&amp;nbsp; Sequencing Solutions:&lt;br/&gt; Sequencing solution II&lt;br/&gt; Sequencing solution IIII&lt;br/&gt; Annealing buffer&lt;br/&gt; Loading buffer&lt;br/&gt; Foaming agent&lt;br/&gt; Chlorine tablets&lt;br/&gt; C1 bead&lt;br/&gt; &lt;br/&gt; 2.3 Sequencing Materials:&lt;br/&gt; Reagent Tube II&lt;br/&gt; Reagent tube cap&lt;br/&gt; Reagent tube sipper&amp;nbsp; II&lt;br/&gt; Reagent bottle sipper&lt;br/&gt; Reagent bottles&lt;br/&gt; &lt;br/&gt; 3. Chip</td></tr><tr><td>Sodium hydroxide solution</td><td>Sigma</td><td>72068-100ML</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Thermal Cycler</td><td>Life Technologies</td><td>4375786</td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

pre-implantation genetic testing for aneuploidy on a semiconductor based next-generation sequencing platform

Next-generation sequencing has gained increasing importance in the clinical application in the determination of genetic variants. In the pre-implantation genetic test, this technique has its unique advantages in scalability, throughput, and cost. For the pre-implantation genetic test for aneuploidy analysis, the semiconductor-based next-generation sequencing (NGS) system presented here provides a comprehensive approach to determine structural genetic variants at a minimum resolution of 8 Mb. From sample acquisition to the final report, the working process requires multiple steps with close adherence to protocols. Since various critical steps could determine the outcome of amplification, quality of the library, coverage of reads, and output of data, descriptive information with visual demonstration other than words could offer more detail to the operation and manipulation, which may have a great impact on the results of all critical steps. The methods presented herein will display the procedures involved in whole genome amplification (WGA) of biopsied Trophectoderm (TE) cells, genomic library construction, sequencer management, and finally, generating copy number variants' reports.

As the sequences plan finishes after the running process in the machine, the sequence server system reports the summary with descriptive information of data generated, chip status, ISP loading rate, and library quality, as shown in Figure 2. In this results demonstration, 17.6 G data in the total base was obtained, and the overall loading rate of ISP was 88% in the total wells of the chip; the heat map showed that the sample was evenly loaded on the total area of the chip (<strong class="xfi...

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Pre-Implantation Genetic Testing for Aneuploidy on a Semiconductor Based Next-Generation Sequencing Platform

The protocol presents the overall in-lab procedures required in pre-implantation genetic testing for aneuploidy on a semiconductor-based next-generation sequencing platform. Here we present the detailed steps of whole genome amplification, DNA fragment selection, library construction, template preparation, and sequencing working flow with representative results.

Next-generation sequencing has gained increasing importance in the clinical application in the determination of genetic variants. In the pre-implantation ...

pre-implantation-genetic-testing-for-aneuploidy-on-semiconductor

Research

JoVE Journal

Genetics

3.0K Views.  Guangxi Key Laboratory of Metabolic Diseases Research. Dit protocol presenteert de procedure van single cell amplification tot definitieve rapportagegegevens in de pre-implantatie genetische testen voor aneuploïdie op een halfgeleider gebaseerd next generation sequencing platform. Deze procedure kan kijkers helpen een goed begrip te krijgen van de experimentele workflow van PGT-A-sequencing en deze techniek te repliceren in een diagnostisch laboratorium met een op halfgeleiders gebaseerd NGS-platform. Begin met het pipetteren van 25 microliter v...

Video: Pre-Implantation Genetic Testing for Aneuploidy on a Semiconductor Based Next-Generation Sequencing Platform

Assessment of DNA Contamination in RNA Samples Based on Ribosomal DNA

One method extensively used for the quantification of gene expression changes and transcript abundances is reverse-transcription quantitative real-time PCR (RT-qPCR). It provides accurate, sensitive, reliable, and reproducible results. Several factors can affect the sensitivity and specificity of RT-qPCR. Residual genomic DNA (gDNA) contaminating RNA samples is one of them. In gene expression analysis, non-specific amplification due to gDNA contamination will overestimate the abundance of transcript levels and can affect the RT-qPCR results. Generally, gDNA is detected by qRT-PCR using primer pairs annealing to intergenic regions or an intron of the gene of interest. Unfortunately, intron/exon annotations are not yet known for all genes from vertebrate, bacteria, protist, fungi, plant, and invertebrate metazoan species.
Here we present a protocol for detection of gDNA contamination in RNA samples by using ribosomal DNA (rDNA)-based primers. The method is based on the unique features of rDNA: their multigene nature, highly conserved sequences, and high frequency in the genome. Also as a case study, a unique set of primers were designed based on the conserved region of ribosomal DNA (rDNA) in the Poaceae family. The universality of these primer pairs was tested by melt curve analysis and agarose gel electrophoresis. Although our method explains how rDNA-based primers can be applied for the gDNA contamination assay in the Poaceae family,&#160;it could be easily used to other prokaryote and eukaryote species

Here, we present a protocol for tracing genomic DNA (gDNA) contamination in RNA samples. The presented method utilizes primers specific for the internal transcribed spacer region (ITS) of ribosomal DNA (rDNA) genes. The method is suited for reliable and sensitive detection of DNA contamination in most eukaryotes and prokaryotes.

One method extensively used for the quantification of gene expression changes and transcript abundances is reverse-transcription quantitative real-time ...

FISH for Pre-implantation Genetic Diagnosis 

Pre-implantation genetic diagnosis (PGD) is an established alternative to pre-natal diagnosis, and involves selecting pre-implantation embryos from a cohort generated by assisted reproduction technology (ART). This selection may be required because of familial monogenic disease (e.g. cystic fibrosis), or because one partner carries a chromosome rearrangement (e.g. a two-way reciprocal translocation). PGD is available for couples who have had previous affected children, and/or in the case of chromosome rearrangements, recurrent miscarriages, or infertility. Oocytes aspirated following ovarian stimulation are fertilized by in vitro immersion in semen (IVF) or by intracytoplasmic injection of an individual spermatozoon (ICSI). Pre-implantation cleavage-stage embryos are biopsied, usually by the removal of a single cell on day 3 post-fertilization, and the biopsied cell is tested to establish the genetic status of the embryo. Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) on the fixed nuclei of biopsied cells with target-specific DNA probes is the technique of choice to detect chromosome imbalance associated with chromosome rearrangements, and to select female embryos in families with X-linked disease for which there is no mutation-specific test. FISH has also been used to screen embryos for spontaneous chromosome aneuploidy (also known as PGS or PGD-AS) in order to try and improve the efficiency of assisted reproduction; however, the predictive value of this test using the spreading and FISH technique described here is likely to be unacceptably low in most people's hands and it is not recommended for routine clinical use. We describe the selection of suitable probes for single-cell FISH, spreading techniques for blastomere nuclei, and in situ hybridization and signal scoring, applied to PGD in a clinical setting.

FISH for Pre-implantation Genetic Diagnosis

This article describes the selection of suitable probes for single-cell FISH, spreading techniques for blastomere nuclei, and in situ hybridization and signal scoring, applied to pre-implantation genetic diagnosis (PGD) in a clinical setting.

Pre-implantation genetic diagnosis (PGD) is an established alternative to pre-natal diagnosis, and involves selecting pre-implantation embryos from a ...

Medicine

Optimization and Comparative Analysis of Plant Organellar DNA Enrichment Methods Suitable for Next-generation Sequencing

Plant organellar genomes contain large, repetitive elements that may undergo pairing or recombination to form complex structures and/or sub-genomic fragments. Organellar genomes also exist in admixtures within a given cell or tissue type (heteroplasmy), and an abundance of subtypes may change throughout development or when under stress (sub-stoichiometric shifting). Next-generation sequencing (NGS) technologies are required to obtain deeper understanding of organellar genome structure and function. Traditional sequencing studies use several methods to obtain organellar DNA: (1) If a large amount of starting tissue is used, it is homogenized and subjected to differential centrifugation and/or gradient purification. (2) If a smaller amount of tissue is used (i.e., if seeds, material, or space is limited), the same process is performed as in (1), followed by whole-genome amplification to obtain sufficient DNA. (3) Bioinformatics analysis can be used to sequence the total genomic DNA and to parse out organellar reads. All these methods have inherent challenges and tradeoffs. In (1), it may be difficult to obtain such a large amount of starting tissue; in (2), whole-genome amplification could introduce a sequencing bias; and in (3), homology between nuclear and organellar genomes could interfere with assembly and analysis. In plants with large nuclear genomes, it is advantageous to enrich for organellar DNA to reduce sequencing costs and sequence complexity for bioinformatics analyses. Here, we compare a traditional differential centrifugation method with a fourth method, an adapted CpG-methyl pulldown approach, to separate the total genomic DNA into nuclear and organellar fractions. Both methods yield sufficient DNA for NGS, DNA that is highly enriched for organellar sequences, albeit at different ratios in mitochondria and chloroplasts. We present the optimization of these methods for wheat leaf tissue and discuss major advantages and disadvantages of each approach in the context of sample input, protocol ease, and downstream application.

The comparison and optimization of two plant organellar DNA enrichment methods are presented: traditional differential centrifugation and fractionation of the total gDNA based on methylation status. We assess the resulting DNA quantity and quality, demonstrate performance in short-read next-generation sequencing, and discuss the potential for use in long-read single-molecule sequencing.

Plant organellar genomes contain large, repetitive elements that may undergo pairing or recombination to form complex structures and/or sub-genomic ...

Targeted Next-generation Sequencing and Bioinformatics Pipeline to Evaluate Genetic Determinants of Constitutional Disease

Next-generation sequencing (NGS) is quickly revolutionizing how research into the genetic determinants of constitutional disease is performed. The technique is highly efficient with millions of sequencing reads being produced in a short time span and at relatively low cost. Specifically, targeted NGS is able to focus investigations to genomic regions of particular interest based on the disease of study. Not only does this further reduce costs and increase the speed of the process, but it lessens the computational burden that often accompanies NGS. Although targeted NGS is restricted to certain regions of the genome, preventing identification of potential novel loci of interest, it can be an excellent technique when faced with a phenotypically and genetically heterogeneous disease, for which there are previously known genetic associations. Because of the complex nature of the sequencing technique, it is important to closely adhere to protocols and methodologies in order to achieve sequencing reads of high coverage and quality. Further, once sequencing reads are obtained, a sophisticated bioinformatics workflow is utilized to accurately map reads to a reference genome, to call variants, and to ensure the variants pass quality metrics. Variants must also be annotated and curated based on their clinical significance, which can be standardized by applying the American College of Medical Genetics and Genomics Pathogenicity Guidelines. The methods presented herein will display the steps involved in generating and analyzing NGS data from a targeted sequencing panel, using the ONDRISeq neurodegenerative disease panel as a model, to identify variants that may be of clinical significance.

Targeted next-generation sequencing is a time- and cost-efficient approach that is becoming increasingly popular in both disease research and clinical diagnostics. The protocol described here presents the complex workflow required for sequencing and the bioinformatics process used to identify genetic variants that contribute to disease.

Next-generation sequencing (NGS) is quickly revolutionizing how research into the genetic determinants of constitutional disease is performed. The ...

Semiconductor Sequencing for Preimplantation Genetic Testing for Aneuploidy

Chromosomal aneuploidy, one of the main causes leading to embryonic development arrest, implantation failure, or pregnancy loss, has been well documented in human embryos. Preimplantation genetic testing for aneuploidy (PGT-A) is a genetic test that significantly improves reproductive outcomes by detecting chromosomal abnormalities of embryos. Next-generation sequencing (NGS) provides a high-throughput and cost-effective approach for genetic analysis and has shown clinical applicability in PGT-A. Here, we present a rapid and low-cost semiconductor sequencing-based NGS method for screening of aneuploidy in embryos. The first step of the workflow is whole genome amplification (WGA) of the biopsied embryo specimen, followed by construction of sequencing library, and subsequent sequencing on the semiconductor sequencing system. Generally, for a PGT-A application, 24 samples can be loaded and sequenced on each chip generating 60&#8722;80 million reads at an average read length of 150 base pairs. The method provides a refined protocol for performing template amplification and enrichment of sequencing library, making the PGT-A detection reproducible, high-throughput, cost-efficient, and timesaving. The running time of this semiconductor sequencer is only 2&#8722;4 hours, shortening the turnaround time from receiving samples to issuing reports into 5 days. All these advantages make this assay an ideal method to detect chromosomal aneuploidies from embryos and thus, facilitate its wide application in PGT-A.

Here, we introduce a semiconductor sequencing method for preimplantation genetic testing for aneuploidy (PGT-A) with the advantages of short turnaround time, low cost, and high throughput.

Chromosomal aneuploidy, one of the main causes leading to embryonic development arrest, implantation failure, or pregnancy loss, has been well documented ...

Chromosome Screening of Human Preimplantation Embryos by Using Spent Culture Medium: Sample Collection and Chromosomal Ploidy Analysis

In clinical in vitro fertilization (IVF), the prevailing method for PGT-A requires biopsy of a few cells from the trophectoderm (TE). This is the lineage that forms the placenta. This method, however, requires specialized skills, is invasive, and suffers from false positives and negatives because the chromosome numbers in the TE and the inner cell mass (ICM), which develops into the fetus, are not always the same. NICS, a technology requiring sequencing of DNA that released into the culture medium from both TE and ICM, may offer a way out to these problems but has previously been shown to have limited efficacy. The present study reports the full protocol of NICS, which includes culture medium sampling methods, whole genome amplification (WGA) and library preparation, and NGS data analysis by analysis software. Considering the different cryopreservation times in different embryo laboratories, embryologists have two methods for collecting embryo culture medium that can be selected according to the actual conditions of the IVF laboratory.

The present study reports a protocol for chromosome screening of human embryos that uses spent culture medium, which avoids embryo biopsy and enables chromosome ploidy identification using NGS. The present article presents the detailed procedure, including the preparation of culture medium, whole genome amplification (WGA), next-generation sequencing (NGS) library preparation, and data analysis.

In clinical in vitro fertilization (IVF), the prevailing method for PGT-A requires biopsy of a few cells from the trophectoderm (TE). This is the lineage ...

A Novel Strategy Combining Array-CGH, Whole-exome Sequencing and In Utero Electroporation in Rodents to Identify Causative Genes for Brain Malformations

Birth defects that involve the cerebral cortex &#8212; also known as malformations of cortical development (MCD) &#8212; are important causes of intellectual disability and account for 20-40% of drug-resistant epilepsy in childhood. High-resolution brain imaging has facilitated in vivo identification of a large group of MCD phenotypes. Despite the advances in brain imaging, genomic analysis and generation of animal models, a straightforward workflow to systematically prioritize candidate genes and to test functional effects of putative mutations is missing. To overcome this problem, an experimental strategy enabling the identification of novel causative genes for MCD was developed and validated. This strategy is based on identifying candidate genomic regions or genes via array-CGH or whole-exome sequencing and characterizing the effects of their inactivation or of overexpression of specific mutations in developing rodent brains via in utero electroporation. This approach led to the identification of the C6orf70 gene, encoding for a putative vesicular protein, to the pathogenesis of periventricular nodular heterotopia, a MCD caused by defective neuronal migration.

A Novel Strategy Combining Array-CGH, Whole-exome Sequencing and In Utero Electroporation in Rodents to Identify Causative Genes for Brain Malformations

Periventricular nodular heterotopia (PNH) is the most common form of malformation of cortical development (MCD) in adulthood but its genetic basis remains unknown in most sporadic cases. We have recently developed a strategy to identify novel candidate genes for MCDs and to directly confirm their causative role in vivo.

Birth defects that involve the cerebral cortex &#8212; also known as malformations of cortical development (MCD) &#8212; are important causes of ...

Neuroscience

Integration of Wet and Dry Bench Processes Optimizes Targeted Next-generation Sequencing of Low-quality and Low-quantity Tumor Biopsies

All next-generation sequencing (NGS) procedures include assays performed at the laboratory bench (&#34;wet bench&#34;) and data analyses conducted using bioinformatics pipelines (&#34;dry bench&#34;). Both elements are essential to produce accurate and reliable results, which are particularly critical for clinical laboratories. Targeted NGS technologies have increasingly found favor in oncology applications to help advance precision medicine objectives, yet the methods often involve disconnected and variable wet and dry bench workflows and uncoordinated reagent sets. In this report, we describe a method for sequencing challenging cancer specimens with a 21-gene panel as an example of a comprehensive targeted NGS system. The system integrates functional DNA quantification and qualification, single-tube multiplexed PCR enrichment, and library purification and normalization using analytically-verified, single-source reagents with a standalone bioinformatics suite. As a result, accurate variant calls from low-quality and low-quantity formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded (FFPE) and fine-needle aspiration (FNA) tumor biopsies can be achieved. The method can routinely assess cancer-associated variants from an input of 400 amplifiable DNA copies, and is modular in design to accommodate new gene content. Two different types of analytically-defined controls provide quality assurance and help safeguard call accuracy with clinically-relevant samples. A flexible &#34;tag&#34; PCR step embeds platform-specific adaptors and index codes to allow sample barcoding and compatibility with common benchtop NGS instruments. Importantly, the protocol is streamlined and can produce 24 sequence-ready libraries in a single day. Finally, the approach links wet and dry bench processes by incorporating pre-analytical sample quality control results directly into the variant calling algorithms to improve mutation detection accuracy and differentiate false-negative and indeterminate calls. This targeted NGS method uses advances in both wetware and software to achieve high-depth, multiplexed sequencing and sensitive analysis of heterogeneous cancer samples for diagnostic applications.

An integrated system for targeted next-generation sequencing of oncology specimens is described. This cross-platform system is optimized for low-quality and low-quantity tumor biopsies, accommodates low DNA inputs, includes well-characterized multi-variant controls, and features a novel variant caller that is informed by quantitative pre-analytical quality control measures.

All next-generation sequencing (NGS) procedures include assays performed at the laboratory bench (&#34;wet bench&#34;) and data analyses conducted using ...

Infinium Assay for Large-scale SNP Genotyping Applications

Genotyping variants in the human genome has proven to be an efficient method to identify genetic associations with phenotypes. The distribution of variants within families or populations can facilitate identification of the genetic factors of disease. Illumina&#39;s panel of genotyping BeadChips allows investigators to genotype thousands or millions of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) or to analyze other genomic variants, such as copy number, across a large number of DNA samples. These SNPs can be spread throughout the genome or targeted in specific regions in order to maximize potential discovery. The Infinium assay has been optimized to yield high-quality, accurate results quickly. With proper setup, a single technician can process from a few hundred to over a thousand DNA samples per week, depending on the type of array. This assay guides users through every step, starting with genomic DNA and ending with the scanning of the array. Using propriety reagents, samples are amplified, fragmented, precipitated, resuspended, hybridized to the chip, extended by a single base, stained, and scanned on either an iScan or Hi Scan high-resolution optical imaging system. One overnight step is required to amplify the DNA. The DNA is denatured and isothermally amplified by whole-genome amplification; therefore, no PCR is required. Samples are hybridized to the arrays during a second overnight step. By the third day, the samples are ready to be scanned and analyzed. Amplified DNA may be stockpiled in large quantities, allowing bead arrays to be processed every day of the week, thereby maximizing throughput.

A protocol is described that uses Illumina&#39;s Infinium assays to perform large-scale genotyping. These assays can reliably genotype millions of SNPs across hundreds of individual DNA samples in three days. Once generated, these genotypes can be used to check for associations with a variety of different diseases or phenotypes.

Genotyping variants in the human genome has proven to be an efficient method to identify genetic associations with phenotypes. The distribution of ...

Biology

SNP-Guided 5-FU Therapy in Gastric Cancer Using Ion Torrent Sequencing

Multi-Gene Single Nucleotide Polymorphism Detection in Gastric Cancer Based on Ion Semiconductor Sequencing Platform

Gastric cancer is a common heterogeneous tumor. Most patients have advanced gastric cancer at the time of diagnosis and often need chemotherapy. Although 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) is widely used for treatment, its therapeutic sensitivity and drug tolerance still need to be determined, which emphasizes the importance of individualized administration. Pharmacogenetics can guide the clinical implementation of individualized treatment. Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), as a genetic marker, contribute to the selection of appropriate chemotherapy regimens and dosages. Some SNPs are associated with folate metabolism, the therapeutic target of 5-FU. Methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) rs1801131 and rs1801133, dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) rs1650697 and rs442767, methionine synthase (MTR) rs1805087, gamma-glutamyl hydrolase (GGH) rs11545078 and solute carrier family 19 member 1 (SLC19A1) rs1051298 have been investigated in different kinds of cancers and antifolate antitumor drugs, which have potential forecasting and guiding significance for application of 5-FU. The ion torrent next-generation semiconductor sequencing technology can rapidly detect gastric cancer-related SNPs. Each time a base is extended in a DNA chain, an H+ will be released, causing local pH changes. The ionic sensor detects pH changes and converts chemical signals into digital signals, achieving sequencing by synthesis. This technique has low sample requirement, simple operation, low cost, and fast sequencing speed, which is beneficial for guiding individualized chemotherapy by SNPs.

Author Spotlight: Genetic Profiling for Fluorouracil Response in Gastric Cancer

This protocol proposes holistic laboratory procedures required to detect single nucleotide polymorphisms in gastric cancer samples based on an ion semiconductor sequencing platform. The target sequences, ligating adapters, library amplification and purification, and quality control criteria are also described in detail.

Gastric cancer is a common heterogeneous tumor. Most patients have advanced gastric cancer at the time of diagnosis and often need chemotherapy. Although ...

Pre-Implantation Genetic Testing for Aneuploidy on a Semiconductor Based Next-Generation Sequencing Platform

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