The study was supported by National Key Research and Development Program of China (grants 2021YFC2700701), the National Natural Science Foundation of China (grants 82088102, 82071731, 82171613, 8227034, 81601238), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Innovation Fund for Medical Sciences (grant 2019-I2M-5-064), the Science and Technology Commission of Shanghai Municipality (grants 21Y11907600), Shanghai Municipal Commission of Health and Family Planning (grant 20215Y0216), Collaborative Innovation Program of Shanghai Municipal Health Commission (grant 2020CXJQ01), Clinical Research Plan of Shanghai Hospital Development Center (grant SHDC2020CR1008A), Shanghai Clinical Research Center for Gynecological Diseases (grant 22MC1940200), Shanghai Urogenital System Diseases Research Center (grant 2022ZZ01012), Shanghai Frontiers Science Research Base of Reproduction and Development, The Science and Technology Commission of Quzhou Municipality (grant 2022K54), Open Fund Project of Key Laboratory of Reproductive Genetics, Ministry of Education, Zhejiang University (grant KY2022035), and Open Fund Project of Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences (grant YKY-KF202202).

All animal experimental protocols in this study were approved by&#160;Animal Ethics Committee&#160;of Fudan University. Female C57BL/6J mice, aged 4 weeks, were used here. The details of the animals, reagents, and equipment used in this study are listed in the Table of Materials.
1. Preparation of the mini-pump
<ol>
	<li>Take the letrozole powder (50 mg) stored in the original packaging bottle, centrifuge the letrozole powder in the bottle at 300 x g for 5 s (at room temperature), then open the cap.</li>
	<li>Slowly add 625 &#181;L of DMSO to the letrozole powder with a pipette and mix well to obtain a stock solution at a concentration of 8 mg/100 &#181;L, totaling 625 &#181;L. 
	NOTE: If using a different package size of letrozole powder, please calculate the required volume of DMSO in advance to configure the stock solution.&#160;The letrozole powder, DMSO, and other related compounds must be of sterile grade. The pipette tips, tubes, and other related items should be sterile or sterilized before use.</li>
	<li>Count the number of required mice according to the experimental design.</li>
	<li>Draw up the total amount of letrozole stock solution required with a pipette, depending on the number of required mice, and inject it into the centrifuge tube slowly. 
	NOTE: 4-week-old mice for an 8-week exposure were selected to induce the PCOS mice model. The total dose of letrozole is 8 mg for each mouse, which requires two consecutive pumps to be implanted (one pump releases for 4 weeks), i.e., 4 mg/4 weeks per pump. As mentioned in step 1.2, the concentration of the letrozole stock solution is 8 mg/100 &#181;L. To prepare the pumps, 50 &#181;L of stock solution is required for each pump as calculated below: a total of 4 mg letrozole divided by 8 mg/100 &#181;L.</li>
	<li>Draw up an equal amount of PEG300, add it to the letrozole solution, and mix well (it can be vortexed appropriately).</li>
	<li>Prepare the control vehicle solution for the control group (50 &#181;L of DMSO + 50 &#181;L of PEG300 for each pump without letrozole).</li>
	<li>Prepare an adequate number of sterile centrifuge tubes according to the number of pumps required; one 15 mL centrifuge tube needs to be prepared for each pump.</li>
	<li>Draw saline with a syringe and add 5 mL of saline to each centrifuge tube. Then, cap the centrifuge tubes and place them on a tube rack for further use.</li>
	<li>Wear a new pair of sterile gloves, take out the mini-pumps in the desired quantity, and place them on a clean, sterile countertop or container.</li>
	<li>Gently pinch the cap that matches the pump body with the thumb and forefinger, and hold the pump body with the other hand.</li>
	<li>Slowly poke the filling port of the pump several times with the thin tube attached to the cap (Figure 1B). 
	NOTE: If not unclogged, fluid may not flow freely in the tube after filling.</li>
	<li>Take the needle that matches the pump and a 1 mL sterile syringe. Attach the needle to the syringe and make it tight (Figure 1C).</li>
	<li>Carefully and slowly draw up the final solution of letrozole configured above with the newly assembled syringe (Figure 1D). 
	NOTE: Aspiration of the letrozole solution needs to be done slowly and evenly. Rapid aspiration may generate air bubbles, which may affect the subsequent drug solution injection.</li>
	<li>Inject the letrozole solution into the mini-pump.
	<ol>
		<li>Carefully pinch a mini-pump with one hand so that it stands upright, and with the other hand, hold the aforementioned 1 mL syringe and slowly insert it into the very bottom of the pump (Figure 1E). 
		NOTE: If the needle is not inserted into the bottom of the pump, the liquid in the pump can easily bubble during injection, which will affect the pump&#39;s subsequent release of the drug.</li>
		<li>Then slowly inject the configured solution; the injection can be noticed when the opening of the pump slightly bubbles.</li>
		<li>Inject more slowly when the injection volume approaches 90 &#181;L. Once the pump is fully filled (about 100 &#181;L), withdraw the syringe.</li>
		<li>Carefully insert the cap into the pump body and make it tight; at this point, a small amount of solution will spill out. Carefully wipe it away.</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
	<li>Take the pump loaded with the drug, with the outlet facing upwards (the end with the cap), take the previously prepared centrifuge tube, and fully immerse the pump in sterile saline (Figure 1F). Then, cap the centrifuge tube and place it on the tube rack. 
	NOTE: Take care to avoid contaminating the pump throughout the process.</li>
	<li>After all the mini-pumps are made, place all the centrifuge tubes in a 37 &#176;C thermostat for 48 h.</li>
</ol>
2. Preparation for operation and anesthesia
<ol>
	<li>Prepare and sterilize all required instruments on the day of surgery, including forceps, hemostats, surgical scissors, needle holders, and 4-0 absorbable surgical sutures.</li>
	<li>Before using the isoflurane anesthesia machine (Figure 2B), carefully check whether the pipeline connection is correct and ensure the pipeline is intact and does not leak.</li>
	<li>Unscrew the filling sealing cap at the anesthesia machine&#39;s evaporator, then slowly add the anesthetic.</li>
	<li>Keep the anesthetic level between the upper and lower limits labeled on the anesthesia machine.</li>
	<li>Convert the three-way valve switch to ensure that the airflow from the anesthesia machine evaporator is connected to the anesthesia induction box.</li>
	<li>Open the air pump and the evaporator, then adjust the concentration of isoflurane for anesthesia induction (generally 3%-4%).</li>
	<li>Wait for about 1 min until the anesthetic fills the induction box, then put the mouse into the induction box and wait until complete anesthesia (this process takes about 2-3 min).</li>
	<li>Check that the mice are adequately anesthetized by gently tipping&#160;the box. If the mice are turned over and show no signs of returning to the recumbent position, anesthesia is induced.</li>
</ol>
3. Implantation of the letrozole mini-pump
<ol>
	<li>Put on a surgical mask and sterile gloves.</li>
	<li>Remove the pre-anesthetized mice from the induction box and apply the depilatory cream to the back of the mice, then wait for 1 min. Gently wipe off the depilatory cream and hair with wet gauze.</li>
	<li>At the same time, change the three-way valve switch to ensure that the airflow from the anesthesia machine evaporator is connected to the anesthesia mask and adjust the maintenance concentration (generally 2%).</li>
	<li>After dehairing, hold the mouse with the dominant hand and place its head/nose into the anesthesia mask.</li>
	<li>Check the depth of anesthesia by testing the pedal withdrawal reflex. 
	NOTE: All procedures involving anesthesia must be performed using gas filters fitted with activated charcoal tablets, and the procedure should be performed in a fume hood.</li>
	<li>Secure the mouse in the prone position on the operating plate and apply eye lubricant to both eyes.</li>
	<li>Apply povidone-iodine swabs three times to the exposed skin (Figure 2C). Then, inject meloxicam subcutaneously at a dose of 2 mg/kg.&#160;</li>
	<li>Confirm the anesthetic depth via a toe pinch again. Then, at the midline of the back of the neck, favoring the skin on the hairless side, pick up the skin with forceps and make an incision of approximately 0.5 cm laterally with a scalpel or surgical scissors (Figure 2D).</li>
	<li>Then open the epidermis underneath the incision and access it with a hemostat or needle holder to free the skin, making room for a mini-pump (roughly 2 cm away from the incision) (Figure 2E).</li>
	<li>Take the pump out of the saline in the centrifuge tube with sterile forceps, with the open end of the pump facing downward, and be ready to insert the pump subcutaneously in the mice (Figure 2F).</li>
	<li>Clamp up one side of the skin incision with forceps and push the pump into the subcutaneous space. There should be no resistance when entering the pump. Once inside, use the fingers to slightly and gently squeeze the pump inward as far as possible (Figure 1G).</li>
	<li>Suture the incision site carefully using 4-0 surgical sutures (Figure 2H). 
	NOTE: Take care not to damage the subcutaneous pump body when suturing.</li>
	<li>After suturing, disinfect the skin at the surgical site twice with iodophor swabs.</li>
</ol>
4. Animal recovery
<ol>
	<li>After surgery, gently transfer the mice from the mattress used during anesthesia to a dry, clean mattress. Ensure that the mice are in a warm and quiet environment.</li>
	<li>Closely monitor the conditions of the mice, such as the depth and frequency of their breaths.</li>
	<li>Observe the behavior of the mice as their mobility begins to return. Finally, ensure that they can stand and walk without any obvious abnormal behaviors such as dizziness or uncoordinated movements.</li>
	<li>After the mice have recovered, gently transfer them to pre-prepared cages. Place sterile jelly and food at the bottom of the cage for the mice to feed on.&#160; 
	NOTE: The stretching of the surgical site may prevent the mice from easily drinking and eating during the early postoperative period, so place jelly and food on the bottom of the cage.</li>
	<li>Inject meloxicam subcutaneously at a dose of 2 mg/kg (every 24 h for the first 3 days after surgery). After 8 weeks of letrozole treatment (i.e., two consecutive mini-pump implantations), test the mice models.</li>
</ol>

Polycystic Ovary Syndrome Induction in Mice Through Controlled Letrozole Release 

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The authors have nothing to disclose.

This report demonstrates a simple protocol for inducing PCOS in mice using easily accessible materials. The mouse PCOS model is essential for exploring PCOS mechanisms and screening drugs26. Of the available methods for inducing PCOS models in mice, letrozole induction is one of the most commonly used. The use of letrozole can develop and maintain a hyperandrogenic condition by inhibiting the conversion of testosterone to estradiol or by increasing testosterone synthesis27....

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is one of the most common conditions among women of reproductive age1. It affects up to 18% of women globally and is the leading cause of female infertility worldwide2,3. PCOS is characterized by a series of interrelated reproductive abnormalities, including disturbed gonadotropin secretion, chronic anovulation, increased androgen production, and polycystic ovarian morphology4. In addition to gynecological disorders, PCOS also increases the risk of cardiovascular diseases5,6. Despite decades of research, the etiology of PCOS remains unclear7,8.
To gain better insights into the pathogenesis of PCOS and develop novel therapies, the creation of animal models that closely mimic human physiology is of tremendous importance9. Currently reported rodent models of PCOS include those induced by treatments with testosterone, letrozole, and estradiol valerate, among others. Testosterone induces hyperandrogenemia and is more commonly used as a PCOS inducer in rats10. DHEA has been used to induce PCOS in rodents, increasing testosterone levels, LH/FSH (luteinizing hormone/follicle-stimulating hormone) ratios, and causing irregular estrous cycles11. Estradiol valerate (EV) is a long-acting estrogen, and studies using this method show that levels of sex steroid hormones and gonadotropins vary depending on the dose of EV administered12,13,14. Letrozole is a nonsteroidal aromatase inhibitor15. Letrozole treatment induces non-cyclic estrus, increases ovarian weight, body weight, enlarges adipocytes, maximizes follicle development, and elevates testosterone levels in rats16,17. Letrozole-treated mice exhibit increased numbers of sinus follicles and hemorrhagic cysts, as well as elevated concentrations of LH, FSH, estradiol, and progesterone18,19.
Currently, the main methods for letrozole-induced PCOS modeling involve oral administration and subcutaneous injection, both of which require repeated daily dosing20,21,22. These methods are time-consuming and labor-intensive, and the repetitive administration likely causes significant stress to the animals23. Although some studies use letrozole pellets24,25, these products need to be customized and are expensive. This report describes a technique for inducing PCOS in mice using mini-pumps. This method is simple, time-saving, and uses surgical tools and equipment that are readily available in most laboratories.

<table><tbody><tr><td>Syringe</td><td>Bofeng Biotech</td><td>BD300841</td><td>1ML (sterile)</td></tr><tr><td>Centrifugation tube</td><td>Biological Hope</td><td>1850-K</td><td>15ML (sterile)</td></tr><tr><td>Pipette</td><td>Eppendorf</td><td>3123000268-A</td><td>100&amp;mu;L-1000&amp;mu;L (sterile)</td></tr><tr><td>Pipette</td><td>TopPette</td><td>7010101008</td><td>10&amp;mu;L-100&amp;mu;L (sterile)</td></tr><tr><td>Letrozole powder</td><td>Sigma</td><td>L6545-50MG</td><td>Primary acting drugs (sterile)</td></tr><tr><td>PEG(Poly(ethylene glycol))</td><td>Solarbio</td><td>P8250</td><td>Used for dissolution (sterile)</td></tr><tr><td>Sterile Physiological Saline Solution</td><td>Biosharp</td><td>BL158A</td><td>Mini-pump storage</td></tr><tr><td>Osmotic Pumps</td><td>ALZET</td><td>1004</td><td>Letrozole storage and sustained release (sterile)</td></tr><tr><td>Dimethyl sulfoxide</td><td>Biosharp</td><td>BS087</td><td>Used for dissolution (sterile)</td></tr><tr><td>Small Animal Anesthesia Machine</td><td>RWD&amp;nbsp;</td><td>R500IP</td><td>Used for anesthesia</td></tr><tr><td>Isoflurane&amp;nbsp;</td><td>RWD</td><td>20071302</td><td>Used for anesthesia</td></tr><tr><td>Hemostats</td><td>Biosharp</td><td>BS-HF-S-125</td><td>Surgical instrument</td></tr><tr><td>Scissors</td><td>Biosharp</td><td>BS-SOR-S-100P</td><td>Surgical instrument</td></tr><tr><td>Needle holder</td><td>ShangHaiJZ</td><td>J32010</td><td>Surgical instrument</td></tr><tr><td>Forceps</td><td>RWD&amp;nbsp;</td><td>F12028</td><td>Surgical instrument</td></tr><tr><td>Needle and the 4-0 absorbable suture</td><td>JINGHUAN</td><td>CR413</td><td>Surgical instrument</td></tr><tr><td>Povidone-iodine swabs</td><td>SingleLady</td><td>GB26368-2010</td><td>Skin disinfection</td></tr><tr><td>Depilatory cream</td><td>ZIKER BIOTECHNOLOGY</td><td>ZK-L2701&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Depilation agent for laboratory animals</td></tr><tr><td>Nitrile Gloves</td><td>Biosharp</td><td>BC040-L</td><td>Used for aseptic operation</td></tr><tr><td>Sterile gauze</td><td>ZHENDE</td><td>BA69087</td><td>Used for wiping liquids</td></tr><tr><td>C57BL/6J Mice</td><td>Shanghai Model Organisms Center</td><td>N/A</td><td>Age: 4 weeks</td></tr><tr><td>Pet Eye Lubricant</td><td>BAITE</td><td>SHF021153</td><td>Used for mouse eye lubricant</td></tr><tr><td>Meloxicam Injection</td><td>MEIDAJIA</td><td>R21064-21</td><td>Used for mouse analgesia (sterile)</td></tr></tbody></table>

a modified technique for inducing polycystic ovary syndrome in mice

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is one of the leading causes of infertility in women. Animal models are widely used to study the etiologic mechanisms of PCOS and for related drug development. Letrozole-induced mouse models replicate the metabolic and reproductive phenotypes of patients with PCOS. The traditional method of letrozole treatment in PCOS mice requires daily dosing over a certain period, which can be labor-intensive and cause significant stress to the mice. This study describes a simple and effective method for inducing PCOS in mice by implanting a controlled letrozole-releasing mini-pump. A mini-pump capable of stable, continuous release of a quantitative amount of letrozole was fabricated and implanted subcutaneously in mice under anesthesia. This study demonstrated that the mouse model successfully mimicked PCOS features after letrozole mini-pump implantation. The materials and equipment used in this study are readily available to most laboratories, requiring no special customization. Collectively, this article provides a unique, easy-to-perform method for inducing PCOS in mice.

The experimental protocol and some critical steps are shown in Figure 1 and Figure 2. Serum testosterone levels are displayed in Figure 3A. Letrozole mini-pump-treated mice (hereafter referred to as LTZ mice) exhibited significantly elevated serum testosterone levels compared to female control mice. Meanwhile, histological analysis of ovaries showed that LTZ mice showed polycystic ovaries with a significant reduction in corpora lute...

Author Spotlight: Investigating the Mechanisms and Inducing Models of Polycystic Ovary Syndrome

This protocol introduces a technique for inducing polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) models in mice through controlled letrozole release using mini-pumps. Under adequate anesthesia, the mini-pump was implanted subcutaneously, and PCOS was successfully induced in the mice after a certain period of the mini-pump release.

A Modified Technique for Inducing Polycystic Ovary Syndrome in Mice

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is one of the leading causes of infertility in women. Animal models are widely used to study the etiologic mechanisms of ...

a-modified-technique-for-inducing-polycystic-ovary-syndrome-in-mice

Research

JoVE Journal

Medicine

902 Views.  Fudan University. Ons onderzoek richt zich voornamelijk op de fysiologische en pathologische mechanismen die verband houden met polycysteus ovariumsyndroom. Concreet is dit onderzoek gericht op het ontwikkelen van een eenvoudige en efficiënte techniek bij het induceren van PCOS bij muizen om het fysiologische beleid van PCOS, P-C-O-S beter te stimuleren en te bestuderen. In 2023 publiceerde het team van academicus Huang een studie in omloop waarin een nieuw mechanisme werd vo...

Video: Auteur in de schijnwerpers: onderzoek naar de mechanismen en inducerende modellen van polycysteus ovariumsyndroom

Modified Technique for Coronary Artery Ligation in Mice

Myocardial infarction (MI) is one of the most important causes of mortality in humans1-3. In order to improve morbidity and mortality in patients with MI we need better knowledge about pathophysiology of myocardial ischemia. This knowledge may be valuable to define new therapeutic targets for innovative cardiovascular therapies4. Experimental MI model in mice is an increasingly popular small-animal model in preclinical research in which MI is induced by means of permanent or temporary ligation of left coronary artery (LCA)5. In this video, we describe the step-by-step method of how to induce experimental MI in mice.
The animal is first anesthetized with 2% isoflurane. The unconscious mouse is then intubated and connected to a ventilator for artificial ventilation. The left chest is shaved and 1.5 cm incision along mid-axillary line is made in the skin. The left pectoralis major muscle is bluntly dissociated until the ribs are exposed. The muscle layers are pulled aside and fixed with an eyelid-retractor. After these preparations, left thoracotomy is performed between the third and fourth ribs in order to visualize the anterior surface of the heart and left lung. The proximal segment of LCA artery is then ligated with a 7-0 ethilon suture which typically induces an infarct size ~40% of left ventricle. At the end, the chest is closed and the animals receive postoperative analgesia (Temgesic, 0.3 mg/50 ml, ip). The animals are kept in a warm cage until spontaneous recovery.

The surgical procedure used to induce experimental myocardial infarction in mice begins with left thoracotomy between the third and the fourth ribs in order to visualize the anterior surface of the heart and left lung. The left coronary artery is ligated, the chest is closed and the mouse is allowed to recover spontaneously.

Myocardial infarction (MI) is one of the most important causes of mortality in humans1-3. In order to improve morbidity and mortality in patients with MI ...

Mouse Model of Surgically-induced Endometriosis by Auto-transplantation of Uterine Tissue

Endometriosis is a chronic, painful disease whose etiology remains unknown. Furthermore, treatment of endometriosis can require laparoscopic removal of lesions, and/or chronic pharmaceutical management of pain and infertility symptoms. The cost associated with endometriosis has been estimated at 22 billion dollars per year in the United States1. To further our understanding of mechanisms underlying this enigmatic disease, animal models have been employed. Primates spontaneously develop endometriosis and therefore primate models most closely resemble the disease in women. Rodent models, however, are more cost effective and readily available2. The model that we describe here involves an autologous transfer of uterine tissue to the intestinal mesentery (Figure 1) and was first developed in the rat3 and later transferred to the mouse4. The goal of the autologous rodent model of surgically-induced endometriosis is to mimic the disease in women. We and others have previously shown that the altered gene expression pattern observed in endometriotic lesions from mice or rats mirrors that observed in women with the disease5,6. One advantage of performing the surgery in the mouse is that the abundance of transgenic mouse strains available can aid researchers in determining the role of specific components important in the establishment and growth of endometriosis. An alternative model in which excised human endometrial fragments are introduced to the peritoneum of immunocompromised mice is also widely used but is limited by the lack of a normal immune system which is thought to be important in endometriosis2,7. Importantly, the mouse model of surgically induced endometriosis is a versatile model that has been used to study how the immune system8, hormones9,10 and environmental factors11,12 affect endometriosis as well as the effects of endometriosis on fertility13 and pain14.

A description of the surgical induction of endometriosis in mice and rats by auto-transplantation of uterine tissue to the arterial cascade of the intestinal mesentery.

Endometriosis is a chronic, painful disease whose etiology remains unknown. Furthermore, treatment of endometriosis can require laparoscopic removal of ...

Spectral Karyotyping to Study Chromosome Abnormalities in Humans and Mice with Polycystic Kidney Disease

Conventional method to identify and classify individual chromosomes depends on the unique banding pattern of each chromosome in a specific species being analyzed 1, 2. This classical banding technique, however, is not reliable in identifying complex chromosomal aberrations such as those associated with cancer. To overcome the limitations of the banding technique, Spectral Karyotyping (SKY) is introduced to provide much reliable information on chromosome abnormalities.
SKY is a multicolor fluorescence in-situ hybridization (FISH) technique to detect metaphase chromosomes with spectral microscope 3, 4. SKY has been proven to be a valuable tool for the cytogenetic analysis of a broad range of chromosome abnormalities associated with a large number of genetic diseases and malignancies 5, 6. SKY involves the use of multicolor fluorescently-labelled DNA probes prepared from the degenerate oligonucleotide primers by PCR. Thus, every chromosome has a unique spectral color after in-situ hybridization with probes, which are differentially labelled with a mixture of fluorescent dyes (Rhodamine, Texas Red, Cy5, FITC and Cy5.5). The probes used for SKY consist of up to 55 chromosome specific probes 7-10.
The procedure for SKY involves several steps (Figure 1). SKY requires the availability of cells with high mitotic index from normal or diseased tissue or blood. The chromosomes of a single cell from either a freshly isolated primary cell or a cell line are spread on a glass slide. This chromosome spread is labeled with a different combination of fluorescent dyes specific for each chromosome. For probe detection and image acquisition,the spectral imaging system consists of sagnac interferometer and a CCD camera. This allows measurement of the visible light spectrum emitted from the sample and to acquire a spectral image from individual chromosomes. HiSKY, the software used to analyze the results of the captured images, provides an easy identification of chromosome anomalies. The end result is a metaphase and a karyotype classification image, in which each pair of chromosomes has a distinct color (Figure 2). This allows easy identification of chromosome identities and translocations. For more details, please visit Applied Spectral Imaging website (<a href="http://www.spectral-imaging.com/" target="_blank">http://www.spectral-imaging.com/</a>).
SKY was recently used for an identification of chromosome segregation defects and chromosome abnormalities in humans and mice with Autosomal Dominant Polycystic Kidney Disease (ADPKD), a genetic disease characterized by dysfunction in primary cilia 11-13. Using this technique, we demonstrated the presence of abnormal chromosome segregation and chromosomal defects in ADPKD patients and mouse models 14. Further analyses using SKY not only allowed us to identify chromosomal number and identity, but also to accurately detect very complex chromosomal aberrations such as chromosome deletions and translocations (Figure 2).

Spectral Karyotyping (SKY) is an advanced cytogenetics technique to identify genomic and chromosomal aberrations. This technique takes advantage of chromosome painting probes, which allow classification of all chromosomes. SKY can also identify complex chromosome aberrations and segregation defects in mice and humans with various diseases, including polycystic kidney disease.

Conventional method to identify and classify individual chromosomes depends on the unique banding pattern of each chromosome in a specific species being ...

A Hyperandrogenic Mouse Model to Study Polycystic Ovary Syndrome

Hyperandrogenemia plays a critical role in reproductive and metabolic function in females and is the hallmark of polycystic ovary syndrome. Developing a lean PCOS-like mouse model that mimics women with PCOS is clinically meaningful. In this protocol, we describe such a model. By inserting a 4 mm length of DHT (dihydrotestosterone) crystal powder pellet (total length of pellet is 8 mm), and replacing it monthly, we are able to produce a PCOS-like mouse model with serum DHT levels 2 fold higher than mice not implanted with DHT (no-DHT). We observed reproductive and metabolic dysfunction without changing body weight and body composition. While exhibiting a high degree of infertility, a small subset of these PCOS-like female mice can get pregnant and their offspring show delayed puberty and increased testosterone as adults. This PCOS-like lean mouse model is a useful tool to study the pathophysiology of PCOS and the offspring from these PCOS-like dams.

We describe the development of a lean PCOS-like mouse model with&#160;dihydrotestosterone pellet to study the pathophysiology of PCOS and the offspring from these PCOS-like dams.

Hyperandrogenemia plays a critical role in reproductive and metabolic function in females and is the hallmark of polycystic ovary syndrome. Developing a ...

Developmental Biology

Generation of a Mouse Artificial Decidualization Model with Ovariectomy for Endometrial Decidualization Research

Endometrial decidualization is a unique differentiation process of the endometrium, closely related to menstruation and pregnancy. Impairment of decidualization leads to various endometrial disorders, such as infertility, recurrent miscarriage, and preterm birth. The development and use of the endometrial decidualization model in reproductive studies have been a highlight for reproductive researchers for a long time. The mouse has been extensively used in studying reproduction and decidualization. There are three well-established mouse models regarding decidualization, namely natural pregnancy decidualization (NPD), artificial decidualization (AD), and in vitro decidualization (IVD). Among them, AD is considered a reliable model for mouse decidualization, which is easy to implement and close to NPD. This paper focuses on a modified method of the generation and application process of the mouse artificial decidualization model with ovariectomy to avoid ovarian effects, which can obtain highly reproducible results with small within group variances. This method provides a good and reliable animal model for the study of endometrial decidualization.

Here, we describe the method of generating an artificial decidualization model using the ovariectomized mouse, a classic endometrial decidualization experiment in the research field of endometrial decidualization.

Endometrial decidualization is a unique differentiation process of the endometrium, closely related to menstruation and pregnancy. Impairment of ...

A Syngeneic Murine Model of Endometriosis using Naturally Cycling Mice

Endometriosis is a leading cause of pelvic pain and infertility. It is defined by the presence of endometrial tissue in extrauterine locations. The development of novel therapies and diagnostic tools for endometriosis has been limited due in part to challenges in studying the disease. Outside of primates, few mammals menstruate, and none develop spontaneous endometriosis. Rodent models are popular but require artificial induction of endometriosis, with many utilizing either immunocompromised mice or surgically induced disease. Recently, more attention has been given to models involving intraperitoneal injection. We present a murine model of endometriosis that integrates several features of existing endometriosis models into a novel, simplified system that relies on microscopic quantification in lieu of subjective grading. In this model, we perform hormonal stimulation of donor mice, intraperitoneal injection, systematic abdominal survey and tissue harvest, and histologic quantification that can be performed and verified at any time after necropsy. This model requires minimal resources and training; does not require expertise by lab technicians in murine survival surgery or in the identification of gross endometriotic lesions; can be used in immunocompromised, immunocompetent, and/or mutant mice; and reliably creates endometriotic lesions that are histologically consistent with human endometriotic disease.

Many rodent models of endometriosis are limited by technical complexity, reproducibility, and/or need for immunocompromised animals or special reporter mice. We present a simplified system of lesion induction using any experimental mouse with an independently verifiable, objective scoring system and with no requirement for ovariectomy or survival surgery.

Endometriosis is a leading cause of pelvic pain and infertility. It is defined by the presence of endometrial tissue in extrauterine locations. The ...

Evaluation of Hepatic Glucose Production in a Polycystic Ovary Syndrome Mouse Model

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a common disease that results in disorders of glucose metabolism, such as insulin resistance and glucose intolerance. Dysregulated glucose metabolism is an important manifestation of the disease and is the key to its pathogenesis. Therefore, studies involving evaluation of glucose metabolism in PCOS are of utmost importance. Very few studies have quantified hepatic glucose production directly in PCOS models using non-radioactive glucose tracers. In this study, we discuss step-by-step instructions for the quantification of the rate of hepatic glucose production in a PCOS mouse model by measuring M+2 enrichment of [6,6-2H2]glucose, a stable isotopic glucose tracer, via gas chromatography - mass spectrometry (GCMS). This procedure involves creation of stable isotopic glucose tracer solution, use of tail vein catheter placement and infusion of the glucose tracer in both fasting and glucose-rich states in the same mouse in tandem. The enrichment of [6,6-2H2]glucose is measured using pentaacetate derivative in GCMS. This technique can be applied to a wide variety of studies involving direct measurement of the rate of hepatic glucose production.

This study describes the direct measurement of hepatic glucose production in a polycystic ovary syndrome mouse model by using a stable isotopic glucose tracer via tail vein in both fasting and glucose-rich states in tandem.

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a common disease that results in disorders of glucose metabolism, such as insulin resistance and glucose intolerance. ...

Cervical Manipulation Induced Pseudopregnancy in Mice for Assisted Reproduction

Inducing Pseudopregnancy in Female Mice Without the Need for Vasectomized Males Prior to Non-Surgical Embryo Transfer or Artificial Insemination

For successfully maintaining pregnancy with embryo transfer or artificial insemination,&#160;female recipient mice must be induced into a pseudopregnant state. Female mice are traditionally paired overnight with vasectomized males, and the following morning, the presence of a copulation plug is assessed. To increase the efficiency of producing pseudopregnant females, a cervical manipulation technique has been standardized to be used in combination with non-surgical embryo transfer or artificial insemination techniques in mice. The blunt end of a small plastic rod is inserted vaginally to contact the cervix and is vibrated for 30 s by contact with a trimmer. The procedure is quick and does not require anesthesia or analgesia. This technique increases the reliability and predictability of producing pseudopregnant females and entirely eliminates the requirement for vasectomized males. For CD1 mice, the efficiency of pseudopregnancy induction using cervical manipulation was 83% for females in estrus (N = 76) but only 38% of females in estrus were plugged by vasectomized males (N = 24). Artificial insemination in CD1 mice was performed by estrus synchronization with hormones, cervical manipulation, and the uterine transfer of sperm. Artificial insemination recipients receiving cervical manipulation (N = 76) had a pregnancy rate of 72% and an average litter size of 8.3 pups. This method can also be used to produce pseudopregnant females for non-surgical embryo transfer. Therefore, inducing pseudopregnancy by cervical manipulation is a convenient and efficient alternative to mating with a vasectomized male when performing non-surgical assisted reproduction techniques. Using cervical manipulation provides 3Rs (replacement, reduction, and refinement) benefits for assisted reproduction techniques by reducing the number of animals required and eliminating the necessity for surgically altered males.

Author Spotlight: Inducing Pseudopregnancy in Female Mice Without the Need for Vasectomized Males Prior to Non-Surgical Embryo Transfer or Artificial Insemination  

The cervical manipulation method presented can induce pseudopregnancy in mice without the need for breeding females with vasectomized males. The induction of pseudopregnancy is required for the success of non-surgical embryo transfer and non-surgical artificial insemination, both of which are also presented.

For successfully maintaining pregnancy with embryo transfer or artificial insemination,&#160;female recipient mice must be induced into a pseudopregnant ...

Biology

Developing an Ovariectomized Mouse Model with Elevated FSH Level

Exploring Independent Effects of Follicle-Stimulating Hormone In Vivo in a Mouse Model

During the transition from a reproductive to a nonreproductive phase (menopause), many women experience significant physiological and pathological changes, including decreased bone mass, increased blood lipids, and increased visceral adiposity. Levels of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) rise during the menopausal transition. Many studies have shown that FSH in various extragonadal tissues and organs is associated with the pathogenesis of multiple diseases. Thus, building an animal model that can help study the independent effects of FSH in vivo is particularly important. In this study, C57BL/6 female mice were ovariectomized and supplemented with estradiol valerate (OVX + E2) to eliminate the effect of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis. The OVX + E2 mice received solvent (N.S.) or different doses of recombinant FSH via intraperitoneal injection to create a mouse model (OVF) characterized by relatively stable estrogen and rising FSH levels. Thus, we successfully generated an experimental mouse model to mimic the early stage of menopause transition, characterized by elevated serum FSH levels. The OVF model has the advantages of being stable, low cost, and easy to operate, which is suitable for studies to explore the extragonadal actions of FSH. Here, we describe detailed protocols for the mouse OVF model.

Author Spotlight: Investigating the Relationship Between FSH and Pathophysiological Changes in Perimenopausal Women - Insights from a Mouse Model 

Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) in various extragonadal tissues and organs is associated with the pathogenesis of multiple diseases. The ovariectomized and FSH-treated mouse model (OVF) can be used to explore the extragonadal actions of FSH.

During the transition from a reproductive to a nonreproductive phase (menopause), many women experience significant physiological and pathological ...

Subcutaneous Dihydrotestosterone (DHT) Treatment: Mouse Model of Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS)

Source: Xue, P., et al. <a href="https://www.jove.com/video/58379/a-hyperandrogenic-mouse-model-to-study-polycystic-ovary-syndrome">A Hyperandrogenic Mouse Model to Study Polycystic Ovary Syndrome</a>.&#160;J. Vis. Exp. (2018).
This article describes a way to prepare and insert dihydrotestosterone (DHT) pellets to model Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) in mice. The example protocol demonstrates the procedure in mice used for reproductive and metabolic studies. &#160;&#160;

Source: Xue, P., et al. A Hyperandrogenic Mouse Model to Study Polycystic Ovary Syndrome.&#160;J. Vis. Exp. (2018).
This article describes a way to ...

A Modified Technique for Inducing Polycystic Ovary Syndrome in Mice

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