The study was supported by National Key Research and Development Program of China (grants 2021YFC2700701), the National Natural Science Foundation of China (grants 82088102, 82071731, 82171613, 8227034, 81601238), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Innovation Fund for Medical Sciences (grant 2019-I2M-5-064), the Science and Technology Commission of Shanghai Municipality (grants 21Y11907600), Shanghai Municipal Commission of Health and Family Planning (grant 20215Y0216), Collaborative Innovation Program of Shanghai Municipal Health Commission (grant 2020CXJQ01), Clinical Research Plan of Shanghai Hospital Development Center (grant SHDC2020CR1008A), Shanghai Clinical Research Center for Gynecological Diseases (grant 22MC1940200), Shanghai Urogenital System Diseases Research Center (grant 2022ZZ01012), Shanghai Frontiers Science Research Base of Reproduction and Development, The Science and Technology Commission of Quzhou Municipality (grant 2022K54), Open Fund Project of Key Laboratory of Reproductive Genetics, Ministry of Education, Zhejiang University (grant KY2022035), and Open Fund Project of Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences (grant YKY-KF202202).

All animal experimental protocols in this study were approved by&#160;Animal Ethics Committee&#160;of Fudan University. Female C57BL/6J mice, aged 4 weeks, were used here. The details of the animals, reagents, and equipment used in this study are listed in the Table of Materials.
1. Preparation of the mini-pump
<ol>
	<li>Take the letrozole powder (50 mg) stored in the original packaging bottle, centrifuge the letrozole powder in the bottle at 300 x g </e...

Polycystic Ovary Syndrome Induction in Mice Through Controlled Letrozole Release 

<ol>
	<li>Dapas, M., Dunaif, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Deconstructing+a+syndrome:+Genomic+insights+into+PCOS+causal+mechanisms+and+classification.">Deconstructing a syndrome: Genomic insights into PCOS causal mechanisms and classification.</a> Endocr Rev. 43 (6), 927-965 (2022).</li><li>Teede, H., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Anti-m&#252;llerian+hormone+in+PCOS:+A+review+informing+international+guidelines.">Anti-m&#252;llerian hormone in PCOS: A review informing international guidelines.</a> Trends Endocrinol Metab. 30 (7), 467-478 (2019).</li><li>Joham, A. E., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Polycystic+ovary+syndrome.">Polycystic ovary syndrome.</a> Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 10 (9), 668-680 (2022).</li><li>Pan, J. X., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Aberrant+expression+and+DNA+methylation+of+lipid+metabolism+genes+in+PCOS:+A+new+insight+into+its+pathogenesis.">Aberrant expression and DNA methylation of lipid metabolism genes in PCOS: A new insight into its pathogenesis.</a> Clin Epigenetics. 10, 6 (2018).</li><li>Gao, L., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Calcitriol+attenuates+cardiac+remodeling+and+dysfunction+in+a+murine+model+of+polycystic+ovary+syndrome.">Calcitriol attenuates cardiac remodeling and dysfunction in a murine model of polycystic ovary syndrome.</a> Endocrine. 52 (2), 363-373 (2016).</li><li>Gao, L., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Polycystic+ovary+syndrome+fuels+cardiovascular+inflammation+and+aggravates+ischemic+cardiac+injury.">Polycystic ovary syndrome fuels cardiovascular inflammation and aggravates ischemic cardiac injury.</a> Circulation. 148 (24), 1958-1973 (2023).</li><li>Rosenfield, R. L., Ehrmann, D. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+pathogenesis+of+polycystic+ovary+syndrome+(PCOS):+The+hypothesis+of+PCOS+as+functional+ovarian+hyperandrogenism+revisited.">The pathogenesis of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS): The hypothesis of PCOS as functional ovarian hyperandrogenism revisited.</a> Endocr Rev. 37 (5), 467-520 (2016).</li><li>Wang, F., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Alternative+splicing+of+the+androgen+receptor+in+polycystic+ovary+syndrome.">Alternative splicing of the androgen receptor in polycystic ovary syndrome.</a> Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 112 (15), 4743-4748 (2015).</li><li>Noroozzadeh, M., Behboudi-Gandevani, S., Zadeh-Vakili, A., Ramezani Tehrani, F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Hormone-induced+rat+model+of+polycystic+ovary+syndrome:+A+systematic+review.">Hormone-induced rat model of polycystic ovary syndrome: A systematic review.</a> Life Sci. 191, 259-272 (2017).</li><li>Tyndall, V., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Effect+of+androgen+treatment+during+foetal+and/or+neonatal+life+on+ovarian+function+in+prepubertal+and+adult+rats.">Effect of androgen treatment during foetal and/or neonatal life on ovarian function in prepubertal and adult rats.</a> Reproduction. 143 (1), 21-33 (2012).</li><li>Jang, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Oriental+medicine+Kyung-ok-ko+prevents+and+alleviates+dehydroepiandrosterone-induced+polycystic+ovarian+syndrome+in+rats.">Oriental medicine Kyung-ok-ko prevents and alleviates dehydroepiandrosterone-induced polycystic ovarian syndrome in rats.</a> PLoS One. 9 (2), e87623 (2014).</li><li>Brawer, J. R., Munoz, M., Farookhi, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Development+of+the+polycystic+ovarian+condition+(PCO)+in+the+estradiol+valerate-treated+rat.">Development of the polycystic ovarian condition (PCO) in the estradiol valerate-treated rat.</a> Biol Reprod. 35 (3), 647-655 (1986).</li><li>Mirabolghasemi, G., Kamyab, Z. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Changes+of+the+uterine+tissue+in+rats+with+polycystic+ovary+syndrome+induced+by+estradiol+valerate.">Changes of the uterine tissue in rats with polycystic ovary syndrome induced by estradiol valerate.</a> Int J Fertil Steril. 11 (1), 47-55 (2017).</li><li>Li, X., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Amitriptyline+plays+important+roles+in+modifying+the+ovarian+morphology+and+improving+its+functions+in+rats+with+estradiol+valerate-induced+polycystic+ovary.">Amitriptyline plays important roles in modifying the ovarian morphology and improving its functions in rats with estradiol valerate-induced polycystic ovary.</a> Arch Pharm Res. 42 (4), 344-358 (2019).</li><li>Mamounas, E. P., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Use+of+letrozole+after+aromatase+inhibitor-based+therapy+in+postmenopausal+breast+cancer+(NRG+oncology/NSABP+B-42):+A+randomised,+double-blind,+placebo-controlled,+phase+3+trial.">Use of letrozole after aromatase inhibitor-based therapy in postmenopausal breast cancer (NRG oncology/NSABP B-42): A randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 3 trial.</a> Lancet Oncol. 20 (1), 88-99 (2019).</li><li>Deveci, H. S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Histological+evaluation+of+rat+larynx+in+experimental+polycystic+ovary+syndrome+model.">Histological evaluation of rat larynx in experimental polycystic ovary syndrome model.</a> Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol. 269 (8), 1945-1950 (2012).</li><li>Du, D. F., Li, X. L., Fang, F., Du, M. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Expression+of+anti-m&#252;llerian+hormone+in+letrozole+rat+model+of+polycystic+ovary+syndrome.">Expression of anti-m&#252;llerian hormone in letrozole rat model of polycystic ovary syndrome.</a> Gynecol Endocrinol. 30 (12), 885-889 (2014).</li><li>Kelley, S. T., Skarra, D. V., Rivera, A. J., Thackray, V. G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+gut+microbiome+is+altered+in+a+letrozole-induced+mouse+model+of+polycystic+ovary+syndrome.">The gut microbiome is altered in a letrozole-induced mouse model of polycystic ovary syndrome.</a> PLoS One. 11 (1), e0146509 (2016).</li><li>Arroyo, P., Ho, B. S., Sau, L., Kelley, S. T., Thackray, V. G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Letrozole+treatment+of+pubertal+female+mice+results+in+activational+effects+on+reproduction,+metabolism+and+the+gut+microbiome.">Letrozole treatment of pubertal female mice results in activational effects on reproduction, metabolism and the gut microbiome.</a> PLoS One. 14 (9), e0223274 (2019).</li><li>Pyun, B. J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Tetragonia+tetragonioides+(pall.)+Kuntze+regulates+androgen+production+in+a+letrozole-induced+polycystic+ovary+syndrome+model.">Tetragonia tetragonioides (pall.) Kuntze regulates androgen production in a letrozole-induced polycystic ovary syndrome model.</a> Molecules. 23 (5), 1173 (2018).</li><li>Patel, R., Shah, G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Insulin+sensitizers+modulate+GNRH+receptor+expression+in+PCOS+rats.">Insulin sensitizers modulate GNRH receptor expression in PCOS rats.</a> Arch Med Res. 49 (3), 154-163 (2018).</li><li>Chaudhari, N., Dawalbhakta, M., Nampoothiri, L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=GNRH+dysregulation+in+polycystic+ovarian+syndrome+(PCOS)+is+a+manifestation+of+an+altered+neurotransmitter+profile.">GNRH dysregulation in polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) is a manifestation of an altered neurotransmitter profile.</a> Reprod Biol Endocrinol. 16 (1), 37 (2018).</li><li>Turner, P. V., Brabb, T., Pekow, C., Vasbinder, M. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Administration+of+substances+to+laboratory+animals:+Routes+of+administration+and+factors+to+consider.">Administration of substances to laboratory animals: Routes of administration and factors to consider.</a> J Am Assoc Lab Anim Sci. 50 (5), 600-613 (2011).</li><li>Lee, Y. H., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Welsh+onion+root+(Allium+fistulosum)+restores+ovarian+functions+from+letrozole+induced-polycystic+ovary+syndrome.">Welsh onion root (Allium fistulosum) restores ovarian functions from letrozole induced-polycystic ovary syndrome.</a> Nutrients. 10 (10), 1430 (2018).</li><li>Yang, H., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Traditional+medicine+(mahuang-tang)+improves+ovarian+dysfunction+and+the+regulation+of+steroidogenic+genes+in+letrozole-induced+PCOS+rats.">Traditional medicine (mahuang-tang) improves ovarian dysfunction and the regulation of steroidogenic genes in letrozole-induced PCOS rats.</a> J Ethnopharmacol. 248, 112300 (2020).</li><li>Corrie, L., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Recent+updates+on+animal+models+for+understanding+the+etiopathogenesis+of+polycystic+ovarian+syndrome.">Recent updates on animal models for understanding the etiopathogenesis of polycystic ovarian syndrome.</a> Life Sci. 280, 119753 (2021).</li><li>Corbin, C. J., Trant, J. M., Walters, K. W., Conley, A. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Changes+in+testosterone+metabolism+associated+with+the+evolution+of+placental+and+gonadal+isozymes+of+porcine+aromatase+cytochrome+p450.">Changes in testosterone metabolism associated with the evolution of placental and gonadal isozymes of porcine aromatase cytochrome p450.</a> Endocrinology. 140 (11), 5202-5210 (1999).</li><li>Ryan, G. E., Malik, S., Mellon, P. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Antiandrogen+treatment+ameliorates+reproductive+and+metabolic+phenotypes+in+the+letrozole-induced+mouse+model+of+PCOS.">Antiandrogen treatment ameliorates reproductive and metabolic phenotypes in the letrozole-induced mouse model of PCOS.</a> Endocrinology. 159 (4), 1734-1747 (2018).</li><li>Bhattarai, P., Rijal, S., Bhattarai, J. P., Cho, D. H., Han, S. K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Suppression+of+neurotransmission+on+gonadotropin-releasing+hormone+neurons+in+letrozole-induced+polycystic+ovary+syndrome:+A+mouse+model.">Suppression of neurotransmission on gonadotropin-releasing hormone neurons in letrozole-induced polycystic ovary syndrome: A mouse model.</a> Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 13, 1059255 (2022).</li><li>Annie, L., Gurusubramanian, G., Roy, V. K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Inhibition+of+visfatin+by+fk866+mitigates+pathogenesis+of+cystic+ovary+in+letrozole-induced+hyperandrogenised+mice.">Inhibition of visfatin by fk866 mitigates pathogenesis of cystic ovary in letrozole-induced hyperandrogenised mice.</a> Life Sci. 276, 119409 (2021).</li><li>Mcdonald, L. 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The authors have nothing to disclose.

This report demonstrates a simple protocol for inducing PCOS in mice using easily accessible materials. The mouse PCOS model is essential for exploring PCOS mechanisms and screening drugs26. Of the available methods for inducing PCOS models in mice, letrozole induction is one of the most commonly used. The use of letrozole can develop and maintain a hyperandrogenic condition by inhibiting the conversion of testosterone to estradiol or by increasing testosterone synthesis27....

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is one of the most common conditions among women of reproductive age1. It affects up to 18% of women globally and is the leading cause of female infertility worldwide2,3. PCOS is characterized by a series of interrelated reproductive abnormalities, including disturbed gonadotropin secretion, chronic anovulation, increased androgen production, and polycystic ovarian morphology4. In addition to gynecological disorders, PCOS also increases the risk of cardiovascular diseases5,6. Despite decades of research, the etiology of PCOS remains unclear7,8.
To gain better insights into the pathogenesis of PCOS and develop novel therapies, the creation of animal models that closely mimic human physiology is of tremendous importance9. Currently reported rodent models of PCOS include those induced by treatments with testosterone, letrozole, and estradiol valerate, among others. Testosterone induces hyperandrogenemia and is more commonly used as a PCOS inducer in rats10. DHEA has been used to induce PCOS in rodents, increasing testosterone levels, LH/FSH (luteinizing hormone/follicle-stimulating hormone) ratios, and causing irregular estrous cycles11. Estradiol valerate (EV) is a long-acting estrogen, and studies using this method show that levels of sex steroid hormones and gonadotropins vary depending on the dose of EV administered12,13,14. Letrozole is a nonsteroidal aromatase inhibitor15. Letrozole treatment induces non-cyclic estrus, increases ovarian weight, body weight, enlarges adipocytes, maximizes follicle development, and elevates testosterone levels in rats16,17. Letrozole-treated mice exhibit increased numbers of sinus follicles and hemorrhagic cysts, as well as elevated concentrations of LH, FSH, estradiol, and progesterone18,19.
Currently, the main methods for letrozole-induced PCOS modeling involve oral administration and subcutaneous injection, both of which require repeated daily dosing20,21,22. These methods are time-consuming and labor-intensive, and the repetitive administration likely causes significant stress to the animals23. Although some studies use letrozole pellets24,25, these products need to be customized and are expensive. This report describes a technique for inducing PCOS in mice using mini-pumps. This method is simple, time-saving, and uses surgical tools and equipment that are readily available in most laboratories.

<table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always">
	<tbody>
		<tr >
			<td >Syringe</td>
			<td >Bofeng Biotech</td>
			<td >BD300841</td>
			<td >1ML (sterile)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >Centrifugation tube</td>
			<td>Biological Hope</td>
			<td>1850-K</td>
			<td>15ML (sterile)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >Pipette</td>
			<td >Eppendorf</td>
			<td >3123000268-A</td>
			<td>100&#956;L-1000&#956;L (sterile)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >Pipette</td>
			<td >TopPette</td>
			<td >7010101008</td>
			<td>10&#956;L-100&#956;L (sterile)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >Letrozole powder</td>
			<td >Sigma</td>
			<td >L6545-50MG</td>
			<td>Primary acting drugs (sterile)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >PEG(Poly(ethylene glycol))</td>
			<td >Solarbio</td>
			<td >P8250</td>
			<td>Used for dissolution (sterile)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >Sterile Physiological Saline Solution</td>
			<td >Biosharp</td>
			<td >BL158A</td>
			<td>Mini-pump storage</td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >Osmotic Pumps</td>
			<td >ALZET</td>
			<td >1004</td>
			<td>Letrozole storage and sustained release (sterile)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >Dimethyl sulfoxide</td>
			<td >Biosharp</td>
			<td >BS087</td>
			<td>Used for dissolution (sterile)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >Small Animal Anesthesia Machine</td>
			<td >RWD&#160;</td>
			<td >R500IP</td>
			<td>Used for anesthesia</td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >Isoflurane&#160;</td>
			<td>RWD</td>
			<td>20071302</td>
			<td>Used for anesthesia</td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >Hemostats</td>
			<td>Biosharp</td>
			<td>BS-HF-S-125</td>
			<td>Surgical instrument</td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >Scissors</td>
			<td >Biosharp</td>
			<td >BS-SOR-S-100P</td>
			<td>Surgical instrument</td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >Needle holder</td>
			<td>ShangHaiJZ</td>
			<td>J32010</td>
			<td>Surgical instrument</td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >Forceps</td>
			<td >RWD&#160;</td>
			<td>F12028</td>
			<td>Surgical instrument</td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >Needle and the 4-0 absorbable suture</td>
			<td >JINGHUAN</td>
			<td >CR413</td>
			<td>Surgical instrument</td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >Povidone-iodine swabs</td>
			<td >SingleLady</td>
			<td>GB26368-2010</td>
			<td>Skin disinfection</td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >Depilatory cream</td>
			<td >ZIKER BIOTECHNOLOGY</td>
			<td >ZK-L2701&#160;</td>
			<td>Depilation agent for laboratory animals</td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >Nitrile Gloves</td>
			<td >Biosharp</td>
			<td >BC040-L</td>
			<td>Used for aseptic operation</td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >Sterile gauze</td>
			<td >ZHENDE</td>
			<td >BA69087</td>
			<td>Used for wiping liquids</td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >C57BL/6J Mice</td>
			<td >Shanghai Model Organisms Center</td>
			<td >N/A</td>
			<td>Age: 4 weeks</td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >Pet Eye Lubricant</td>
			<td >BAITE</td>
			<td >SHF021153</td>
			<td>Used for mouse eye lubricant</td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >Meloxicam Injection</td>
			<td >MEIDAJIA</td>
			<td>R21064-21</td>
			<td>Used for mouse analgesia (sterile)</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

a modified technique for inducing polycystic ovary syndrome in mice

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is one of the leading causes of infertility in women. Animal models are widely used to study the etiologic mechanisms of PCOS and for related drug development. Letrozole-induced mouse models replicate the metabolic and reproductive phenotypes of patients with PCOS. The traditional method of letrozole treatment in PCOS mice requires daily dosing over a certain period, which can be labor-intensive and cause significant stress to the mice. This study describes a simple and effective method for inducing PCOS in mice by implanting a controlled letrozole-releasing mini-pump. A mini-pump capable of stable, continuous release of a quantitative amount of letrozole was fabricated and implanted subcutaneously in mice under anesthesia. This study demonstrated that the mouse model successfully mimicked PCOS features after letrozole mini-pump implantation. The materials and equipment used in this study are readily available to most laboratories, requiring no special customization. Collectively, this article provides a unique, easy-to-perform method for inducing PCOS in mice.

Author Spotlight: Investigating the Mechanisms and Inducing Models of Polycystic Ovary Syndrome

A Modified Technique for Inducing Polycystic Ovary Syndrome in Mice

Our research focuses primarily on the physiological and the pathological mechanisms related to polycystic ovary syndrome. Specifically, this research aims to develop a simple and efficient technique in inducing PCOS in mouse in order to better stimulate and study the physiological policies of PCOS, P-C-O-S. In 2023, academician Huang's team published a study in circulation that proposed a new mechanism involving chronic inflammation in the development of high-risk cardiovascular disease in patients with polycystic ovary syndrome.Our protocol offers a time-saving and flexible method to faithfully induce PCOS in mice, avoids repeated drug administration, and reduces the influence of non-experimental factors. Our laboratory will focus on investigating the mechanism behind the developmental origins of disease. We aim to uncover how adverse early life exposure contribute to the onset of metabolic, cardiovascular, and neurological disorders later in life.

The experimental protocol and some critical steps are shown in Figure 1 and Figure 2. Serum testosterone levels are displayed in Figure 3A. Letrozole mini-pump-treated mice (hereafter referred to as LTZ mice) exhibited significantly elevated serum testosterone levels compared to female control mice. Meanwhile, histological analysis of ovaries showed that LTZ mice showed polycystic ovaries with a significant reduction in corpora lute...

This protocol introduces a technique for inducing polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) models in mice through controlled letrozole release using mini-pumps. Under adequate anesthesia, the mini-pump was implanted subcutaneously, and PCOS was successfully induced in the mice after a certain period of the mini-pump release.

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is one of the leading causes of infertility in women. Animal models are widely used to study the etiologic mechanisms of ...

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Research

JoVE Journal

Medicine

520 vistas.  Fudan University. Nuestra investigación se centra principalmente en los mecanismos fisiológicos y patológicos relacionados con el síndrome de ovario poliquístico. En concreto, esta investigación tiene como objetivo desarrollar una técnica sencilla y eficaz en la inducción del SOP en ratones con el fin de estimular y estudiar mejor las políticas fisiológicas del PCOS, P-C-O-S. En 2023, el equipo del académico Huang publicó un estudio en circulación que proponía un...