Chapter 4
Pharmacodynamics
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Zasady działania narkotyków
Drugs are chemical substances that modify biological responses by interacting with macromolecular targets such as receptors, ion channels, transporters, ...
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Cele działań w zakresie narkotyków: Przegląd
Drugs target macromolecules to modify ongoing cellular processes. Primary drug targets include receptors, ion channels, transporters, and enzymes.
...
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Transdukcja sygnału: Przegląd
Cells respond to many types of information, often through receptor proteins positioned on the membrane. They respond to chemical signals, such as ...
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Mechanizm przetwornika: receptory sprzężone z białkiem G
G Protein–Coupled Receptors (GPCRs) are membrane-bound receptors that transiently associate with heterotrimeric G proteins and induce an appropriate ...
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Receptor kanału jonowego bramkowanego ligandem: mechanizm bramkowania
Ligand-gated ion channels are transmembrane proteins that play a vital role in intercellular communication and functions of the nervous system. They allow ...
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Mechanizm przetwornika: receptory połączone z enzymami
Enzyme-linked receptors are cell-surface receptors acting as an enzyme or associating with an enzyme intracellularly. They make excellent drug targets. ...
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Mechanizm przetwornika: receptory jądrowe
Nuclear receptors, or NRs, are unique transcription factors that regulate gene transcription and affect the cellular pathways involved in reproduction, ...
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Zależność dawka-odpowiedź: Przegląd
Agonists can bind with and activate receptors, resulting in the formation of drug-receptor complexes. Once formed, these complexes catalyze many ...
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Zależność dawka-odpowiedź: siła działania i skuteczność
The potency of a drug is the measure of its ability to produce a biological response and can be compared by looking at the half-maximum effective ...
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Zależność dawka-odpowiedź: selektywność i swoistość
Drugs exert their therapeutic effects by interacting with receptors, enzymes, or ion channels that are present throughout the human body. The strength and ...
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Indeks terapeutyczny
The therapeutic index of a drug is a key parameter in pharmacology that quantifies the relative safety of a drug by calculating the ratio between the dose ...
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Interakcja lek-receptor: agonista
Agonists are drugs that interact with specific receptors in the body to produce a biological response. When an agonist binds to a receptor, it activates ...
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Interakcja lek-receptor: Antagonista
An antagonist is a drug that binds strongly to a receptor without activating it. An antagonist prevents other molecules, such as neurotransmitters or ...
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Połączone działanie leków: antagonizm
The combined effects of drugs can result in various interactions, of which an important type is antagonism. Antagonism is a mechanism where one drug ...
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Połączone działanie leków: synergizm
Synergism is a useful mechanism where combining two or more drugs is more effective than each constituent used alone. Such combinations are also called ...
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Zapasowe receptory
Some receptors remain unoccupied even when an agonist produces a maximal response. Such empty ones are called spare receptors. In presence of spare ...
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Ilościowe aspekty interakcji lek-receptor
The receptor occupancy theory connects a drug's response to the number of occupied receptors. With higher drug concentrations, more receptors are ...
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Model receptora dwustanowego
The two-state receptor model explains a drug's interaction with receptors, such as G protein-coupled receptors and ligand-gated ion channels, to ...
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Odczulanie i tachyfilaksja
Tachyphylaxis is described as a rapid decrease in response to a drug after repeated or continuous administration of the same drug dose. It is a phenomenon ...
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