Real-time Imaging of Heterotypic Platelet-neutrophil Interactions on the Activated Endothelium During Vascular Inflammation and Thrombus Formation in Live Mice

Podsumowanie

Here we report an experimental technique of fluorescence intravital microscopy to visualize heterotypic platelet-neutrophil interactions on the activated endothelium during vascular inflammation and thrombus formation in live mice. This microscopic technology will be valuable to study the molecular mechanism of vascular disease and to test pharmacologic agents under pathophysiological conditions.

Streszczenie

Interaction of activated platelets and leukocytes (mainly neutrophils) on the activated endothelium mediates thrombosis and vascular inflammation.^1,2 During thrombus formation at the site of arteriolar injury, platelets adherent to the activated endothelium and subendothelial matrix proteins support neutrophil rolling and adhesion.³ Conversely, under venular inflammatory conditions, neutrophils adherent to the activated endothelium can support adhesion and accumulation of circulating platelets. Heterotypic platelet-neutrophil aggregation requires sequential processes by the specific receptor-counter receptor interactions between cells.⁴ It is known that activated endothelial cells release adhesion molecules such as von Willebrand factor, thereby initiating platelet adhesion and accumulation under high shear conditions.⁵ Also, activated endothelial cells support neutrophil rolling and adhesion by expressing selectins and intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1), respectively, under low shear conditions.⁴ Platelet P-selectin interacts with neutrophils through P-selectin glycoprotein ligand-1 (PSGL-1), thereby inducing activation of neutrophil β2 integrins and firm adhesion between two cell types. Despite the advances in in vitro experiments in which heterotypic platelet-neutrophil interactions are determined in whole blood or isolated cells,^6,7 those studies cannot manipulate oxidant stress conditions during vascular disease. In this report, using fluorescently-labeled, specific antibodies against a mouse platelet and neutrophil marker, we describe a detailed intravital microscopic protocol to monitor heterotypic interactions of platelets and neutrophils on the activated endothelium during TNF-α-induced inflammation or following laser-induced injury in cremaster muscle microvessels of live mice.

Protokół

1. Preparation of Intravital Microscope (Figure 1A)

1. Prepare superfusion buffer (125 mM NaCl, 4.5 mM KCl, 2.5 mM CaCl₂, 1 mM MgCl₂, and 17 mM NaHCO₃, pH 7.4).
2. Turn on a circulatory water bath to maintain temperature of buffer and a thermo-controlled blanket at 37 °C. Aerate buffer with nitrogen gas (5% CO₂ balanced with nitrogen).
3. Turn on the microscope system (Sutter Lambda DG-4 high speed wavelength changer, workstation computer, Olympus BX61W microscope, MPC-200 multi-manipulator, ROE-200 stage controller, high speed camera, and intensifier).
4. For the vascular inflammation model, use a 100% dichroic mirror. To induce thrombus formation by laser injury, replace a 100% mirror with a 50/50% mirror and turn on a micropoint laser ablation system.

2. Preparation of Cremaster Muscle for Intravital Microscopy (Figure 1B)

1. Anesthetize a male mouse (6-8 weeks old, C57BL/6) by i.p. injection of ketamine (125 mg/kg body weight (BW)) and xylazine (12.5 mg/kg BW). The University of Illinois Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee approved all animal care and experimental procedures. For a vascular inflammation model, inject murine TNF-α (0.5 μg in 250 μl saline) intrascrotally into a mouse 3 hr prior to imaging (2-2.5 hr prior to surgery).
2. Place the mouse on a thermo-controlled blanket at 37 °C on an intravital microscope tray.
3. Pull up the skin on the surface of the neck using forceps and incise horizontally the midline of the neck skin up to 1 cm with scissors.
4. Gently open the cervical muscle using blunt scissors and remove the muscle surrounding the trachea.
5. Cannulate a PE90 tube into trachea to eliminate breathing difficulty.
6. Gently remove the left side of cervical muscle and isolate the jugular vein from surrounding tissues.
7. Cannulate a PE10 tube into the left jugular vein for infusion of antibodies and additional anesthetics.
8. Gently pull out and incise the scrotal skin horizontally. To maintain tissue integrity throughout the experiment, prewarmed buffer was superfused over the surgical field.
9. Press on the lower abdomen with one forcep and carefully pull out a testicle with the other forcep.
10. Remove the surrounding connective tissues around the testis.
11. Incise the cremaster muscle vertically and flatten the muscle over a glass coverslip on an intravital microscope tray by pinning the periphery.
12. Allow 10-20 min for the muscle to stabilize prior to data collection. Cremaster muscle arterioles (for thrombus formation) and venules (for vascular inflammation) with a diameter of 30-45 μm were chosen for our study.
13. To maintain anesthetic conditions, infuse 30-50 ml of the same anesthetic approximately every 30 min through the jugular cannulus.

3. Intravital Microscopy for TNF-α-induced Vascular Inflammation

1. After placement of the mouse on the intravital microscope, open SlideBook 5.0 software and click on "Focus Window" on menu bar to set the appropriate optics and objective (60X).
2. Infuse Dylight 488-conjugated rat anti-mouse CD42c (0.1 μg/g BW in 100 μl saline) and Alexa Fluor 647-conjugated rat anti-mouse Gr-1 antibodies (0.05 μg/g BW in 100 μl saline) through a jugular cannulus.
3. Go to menu bar, and click on "Image Capture" in the toolbar.
4. A new menu will pop up; In "Image", select "Bin Factor" as 1x1 and select "640" on width and "460" on height.
5. In "Filter Set", mark the checkbox for the channels that you would like to expose and set the exposure time for each. For example, open channel: 10 msec, FITC channel: 50 msec, and Cy5 channel: 50 msec.
6. Select "Time-Lapse Capture" to adjust number of time points and interval. For the inflammation model, the number of time points is set to 1,000-1,500 with an interval of 200 msec (Total elapsed time: 5 min).
7. Click "Test" to see a single-plane image at the specified exposure time for that channel. Adjust exposure time and/or microscope light until the histogram shows an adequate intensity distribution (For multi-channel capture, repeat this process for each channel).
8. Once all of the parameters are set (channels, exposure times, and so on) in the "Image Capture", select "Start" to begin capture.
9. Monitor rolling and adherent platelets and neutrophils for 5 min in the top half of an inflamed cremaster venule in the vascular inflammation model. Eight to ten different venules are recorded in one mouse.
10. Images were taken using a total magnification of 60X (1.0 NA water immersion objective) giving a window size of 157 μm x 118 μm.
11. Upon completion of the experiment, the mice were euthanized via cervical dislocation.

4. Data Analysis for the Venular Inflammation Model

1. Open SlideBook 5.0 software and click "Folder" on the menu bar to open a file.
2. Click on the drop-down channel menu and select "Open, FITC, Cy5, etc."
3. Click "Renormalize (red and green bars)" and select the channel. Drag the red and green bars to the left or right to roughly optimize the fluorescence signal.
4. Click "Apply" and "OK" to update the image.
5. Click "Thumbnail Button" to select current display as the default.
6. Play captured timelapse image, and count rolling and adherent neutrophils during the 5 min period.
7. To analyze platelet thrombus formation, go to "Mask" and select "Create".
8. Name a mask and mark "In the current image".
9. Click "Large pencil icon" in "Marquee Tool" in the main view.
10. Color a region outside the vessel in the main view to set a background mask.
11. Go to "Mask", click "Copy This Plane", click "Copy mask in current timepoint" and select "All timepoints", and click "OK".
12. To calculate background signal, go to "Statistics" and click "Mask Statistics".
13. Click "Current 2D Time Lapse or 4D Image(s)" in Image Scope, and select "Entire Mask" in Mask Scope. In Features, select "Elapsed Time (hh:mm:ms)" under Date of Capture, select "Area (pixels)" under Morphometry, select "Maximum Intensity" under Intensity, and click "Export" (This statistic method allows us to calculate auto-fluorescence intensity (background signal)).
14. Open the text file in MS Office Excel and calculate the average value of background signal throughout the recording period. This is the background fluorescence intensity.
15. To determine thrombus intensity, click "Large pencil icon" again in the "Marquee Tool" in the main view.
16. Color inside the vessel in the main view to set platelet signal.
17. Go to "Mask", click "Copy This Plane", click "Copy mask in current timepoint", select "All timepoints", and click "OK".
18. Go to "Statistics" and click "Mask Statistics".
19. Click "Current 2D Time Lapse or 4D Image(s)" in Image Scope, and select "Entire Mask" in Mask Scope. In Features, select "Elapsed Time (hh:mm:ms)" under Date of Capture, select "Area (pixels)" under Morphometry, select "Sum Intensity" under Intensity, and click "Export" (This statistic method allow us to calculate the fluorescence intensity inside the vessel).
20. Open the text file in MS Office Excel. Fluorescence signal of platelets is calculated by subtracting the average value of background intensity x Area (pixel) from the sum intensity of the inside of the vessel. This is the fluorescence intensity of the platelet thrombus.
21. Repeat this in 30 different venules in 3-5 different mice. Then, calculate median value of the fluorescence intensity of platelets.
22. To analyze the neutrophil rolling and adhesion, the rolling influx of neutrophils was determined over 5 min in each venule and presented as cell numbers per minute. The number of adherent neutrophils that were stationary for >30 sec and slowly crawled (<10 μm over 30 sec) but did not roll over, were counted and presented as cell numbers per 5 min.

5. Intravital Microscopy for Laser-induced Arteriolar Thrombosis

5-1 Calibration of ablation laser

1. Place a mirrored slide on microscope stage, apply a small drop of distilled water to the top of the slide, and adjust the intensity and focus using the eyepiece.
2. Open "Focus Window" and select the "FRAP" tab in SlideBook 5.0 software.
3. Set the laser power at 40-50, and set both "Double click repetitions" and "Double click size" to 8. Mark on the "Guide" box to bring up a set of crosshairs.
4. Select the "Arrow" icon from the taskbar on the top of the screen.
5. Under the "FRAP Alignment" tab, click "Fire next". A small spot should appear near the lower left corner on the monitor. Once the spot appears, double click on the center of it. Once clicked, another spot should appear above and to the right of the first spot; double click on it. Repeat this for 16 points (the 16^th spot will appear in the lower right corner.) Click "Save" when complete to update the calibration parameters.
6. To test the accuracy of the calibration, click on the "Center" button-a small spot should appear in the center of the screen. If not, repeat the calibration until desired accuracy is achieved.

5-2 Laser-induced arteriolar thrombus formation

1. Place an anesthetized mouse (see the procedure of 2-2 to 2-12) on the microscope stage.
2. Under the "Capture" window, select a protocol or create a new one. The settings are as follows: CY5 (70 msec exposure), Open (10 msec exposure), and FITC (50 msec exposure). Image is captured over 20 min (approximately 2,400 time points with an interval time of 500 msec).
3. Infuse Dylight 488-conjugated anti-mouse CD42c and Alexa Fluor 647-conjugated anti-mouse Gr-1 antibodies as described above.
4. Optimize microscope parameters including fluorescence intensity and bright field image as described in 3-3 to 3-7.
5. Click the "Test" button to ensure proper brightfield intensity or antibody signal, arteriole placement and focus.
6. Click "Start" to initiate the image capture process.
7. Before firing the ablation laser, make sure that the mouse pointer icon has been selected and that the vessel wall is in clear focus.
8. To fire the laser, double click on a spot 2-3 μm internally from the vessel wall. Injury of the arteriolar endothelial cells causes a visual shape change that should be apparent in the brightfield image, followed by platelet accumulation. Monitor thrombus formation for 5 min after laser injury.
9. Five minutes after laser injury (the thrombus size should now be stable) pause and cancel the capture. Subsequently, start a capture with 2400 time points with a 500 msec interval to record adherent platelets and rolling/adherent neutrophils for 20 min. Three to five arterioles are recorded in one mouse.
10. Upon completion of the experiment, the mice were euthanized via cervical dislocation.

6. Data Analysis for the Arteriolar Thrombosis Model

1. Go over steps 4.1 through 4.5.
2. To obtain the background fluorescence intensity during platelet thrombus formation, go over steps 4.7 through 4.14.
3. Go to "Mask", click "Segment", select FITC in channel, and insert the average value of background signal on Low. Click "Apply" and "OK".
4. To analyze the fluorescence intensity of platelet thrombus (Dylight 488-conjugated anti-CD42c antibody), go over steps 4.18 through 4.19. To calculate the antibody signal, "Sum Intensity" is subtracted by the background signal ("Maximum Intensity" x "Area (pixels)"). This is the fluorescence intensity of the platelet thrombus.
5. To quantify the rolling and adherent neutrophils, play the timelapse and count the number of cells that visibly roll over the platelet thrombus over 20 min. Rolling is defined as a decrease in neutrophil speed while interacting with the platelet thrombus for at least 2 sec. Adherent neutrophils are defined as any neutrophils that remain attached to the platelet thrombus for at least 2 min. The number of rolling and adherent neutrophils was presented as cell numbers per 20 min. Rolling velocity was calculated using a particle tracking system.

Wyniki

Using a detailed intravital microscopy analysis, heterotypic platelet-neutrophil interactions on the activated endothelium were visualized by infusion of fluorescently-labeled antibodies against a platelet (CD42c) or neutrophil marker (Gr-1) into live mice.

In a model of TNF-α-induced venular inflammation, most rolling neutrophils were stably adhered to the endothelium presumably by interaction of activated β2 integrins with ICAM-1 during the recording period (3-4.5 hr after injecti...

Dyskusje

Here we describe a detailed protocol for real-time fluorescence intravital microscopy to visualize heterotypic platelet-neutrophil interactions on the activated endothelium during vascular inflammation and thrombosis. Previously, similar fluorescence microscopic approaches were reported to study the molecular mechanism of thrombus formation and vascular inflammation.^8,12 Since the heterotypic cell-cell interaction could be important for vaso-occlusion at the injury site, this technology will be a valuabl...

Materiały

Name	Company	Catalog Number	Comments
NaCl	Fisher Scientific	7647-14-5
KCl	Sigma-Aldrich	7447-40-7
CaCl2 2H2O	Sigma-Aldrich	10035-04-8
MgCl2 6H2O	Fisher Scientific	7791-18-6
NaHCO3	Fisher Scientific	144-55-8
0.9% NaCl Saline	Hospira	0409-4888-10
Ketamine	Hospira	0409-2051-05
Xylazine	Lloyd
Intramedic Tubing (PE 90)	BD Diagnostics	427421
Intramedic Tubing (PE 10)	BD Diagnostics	427401
Murine TNF-α	R&D Systems	410-MT
Dylight 488- labeled rat anti-mouse CD42b antibody	Emfret Analytics	X488
Alexa Fluor 647-conjugated anti-mouse Ly-6G/Ly-6C (Gr-1) Antibody	BioLegend	108418
NESLAB EX water bath/circulator	Thermo-Scientific
Olympus BX61W microscope	Olympus
TH4-100 Power	Olympus
Lambda DG-4	Sutter
MPC-200 multi-manipulator	Sutter
R–-200 stage controller	Sutter
C9300 high-speed camera	Hamamatsu
Intensifier	Video Scope International
Ablation Laser	Photonic Instruments, Inc.
SlideBook 5.0	Intelligent Imaging Innovations