Separation of Plasmodium falciparum Late Stage-infected Erythrocytes by Magnetic Means

Podsumowanie

The paramagnetic properties of hemozoin are used to isolate late stages of Plasmodium falciparum-infected red blood cells growing in culture. The method is simple and fast and does not affect the subsequent invasive capabilities of the parasites.

Streszczenie

Unlike other Plasmodium species, P. falciparum can be cultured in the lab, which facilitates its study ¹. While the parasitemia achieved can reach the ≈40% limit, the investigator usually keeps the percentage at around 10%. In many cases it is necessary to isolate the parasite-containing red blood cells (RBCs) from the uninfected ones, to enrich the culture and proceed with a given experiment.

When P. falciparum infects the erythrocyte, the parasite degrades and feeds from haemoglobin ^{2, 3}. However, the parasite must deal with a very toxic iron-containing haem moiety ^{4, 5}. The parasite eludes its toxicity by transforming the haem into an inert crystal polymer called haemozoin ^{6, 7}. This iron-containing molecule is stored in its food vacuole and the metal in it has an oxidative state which differs from the one in haem ⁸. The ferric state of iron in the haemozoin confers on it a paramagnetic property absent in uninfected erythrocytes. As the invading parasite reaches maturity, the content of haemozoin also increases ⁹, which bestows even more paramagnetism on the latest stages of P. falciparum inside the erythrocyte.

Based on this paramagnetic property, the latest stages of P. falciparum infected-red blood cells can be separated by passing the culture through a column containing magnetic beads. These beads become magnetic when the columns containing them are placed on a magnet holder. Infected RBCs, due to their paramagnetism, will then be trapped inside the column, while the flow-through will contain, for the most part, uninfected erythrocytes and those containing early stages of the parasite.

Here, we describe the methodology to enrich the population of late stage parasites with magnetic columns, which maintains good parasite viability ¹⁰. After performing this procedure, the unattached culture can be returned to an incubator to allow the remaining parasites to continue growing.

Protokół

All steps of the protocol, except for centrifugations, should be carried out inside a hood to keep the sample sterile.

1. Late Stage Isolation of P. falciparum-infected Erythrocytes

All late stages of Plasmodium-infected erythrocytes can be separated with this methodology, since hemozoin, which confers paramagnetism on the parasite, is a common metabolite to the genus. A high parasitemia (3-10%) in culture is recommended to get better yields with this protocol, although a typical culture will contain 2-4% hematocrit (volume percentage of red blood cells) and 1-8% parasitemia (percentage of infected red blood cells). Parasites can be cultured as described by Trager and Jansen ¹.

1. A simple, multi-part setup must be assembled for every schizont isolation procedure. For this, LS columns, a Magnetic MidiMACS Separator and a MACS MultiStand from Miltenyi BioTec (Figure 1) are used. First, attach the magnetic separator to the metal stand and then place the magnetic column on the separator.
2. In a separate tube (use 50 ml conicals throughout), mix 23.2 ml of RPMI 1640 and 750 μl of 7.5% sodium bicarbonate to create the work solution. Have additional tubes on hand for discarding and collecting the flow-through of the parasite culture.
3. Add 3 ml of the work solution to the column to equilibrate it, and discard the flow-through into a tube.
4. Add 8 ml of the P. falciparum culture to the column, making sure that as soon as the last part of the work solution has been pushed out of the column by the culture, the receiving tube is replaced by the collecting one to begin recovery of the unbound culture. This is necessary to avoid diluting the culture any further.
5. Once the flow of the culture through the column has ceased, add 1 ml of the work solution to push the remaining RBCs out of the column.
6. Washing step: Add another 3 ml of the work solution to the column and collect the flowing liquid into the "discard" tube in order to avoid diluting the culture being saved as flow-through in the other tube.
7. Elution: Once the 3 ml have passed through the column, detach the latter from the stand and place it on top of a 15 ml tube.
8. Again, add 3 ml of work solution to the column. This step elutes the erythrocytes infected with late stage parasites that were trapped in the beads of the column.

Note: At this point, and depending on the amount of parasites required, start another round/s of collection, obviously subject to the limits of the parasitemia in the original culture. The column can be reused as long as the flow maintains a steady state.

9. Concentration of the collected parasites: Centrifuge the 15 ml tube containing the eluate for 5 min at 150 x g at room temperature to form a dark pellet from the parasitized erythrocytes.
10. Remove the supernatant leaving enough liquid to take a very small sample and determine the concentration and total yield through microscopy (See step 2 below).
11. At this moment, if the isolation and capture of late stage parasites is accomplished satisfactorily, incubate the collected culture again with fresh media.
12. Dilute the collected parasites in the volume and solution needed for subsequent experiments.

2. Purity and Yield Analysis

1. Verify the concentration of parasites obtained by using a hemocytometer and counting under a light microscope. To count, add 10 μl of the mix of the collected parasites and the media under the cover slip of the hemocytometer. Count the number of parasites in the four quadrants of the hemocytometer and divide the total number by 4. Multiply that number by 10⁴ to obtain the concentration of infected erythrocytes per ml.

Notes: a) The concentration of the mix will be decided by the user at the moment of resuspending the pellet, by adding more or less medium. A suggested working concentration is 5.5 X 10⁴ schizontes per μl (this is typically achieved by adding 100-300 μl to the collected parasites). If 20 μl of this concentration is added to a final volume of 100 μl mix of media and erythrocytes, a parasitemia of about 1% in a typical 4% hematocrit culture will be obtained. b) Counting under the hemocytometer has to be quick, since the erythrocytes start lysing as the sample dries inside the chamber. Infected erythrocytes, which should be the majority, will show a dark spot inside, which differentiates them from non-infected ones.

2. Perform a thin-layer Giemsa stain to assess the purity of the collection by fixing the slides very rapidly in 10% methanol, drying them, and immersing them in a 20% solution of Giemsa stain diluted with distilled water. Stain the slides for 10 min, after which they can be dried by air and examined under the microscope. A parasitemia well above 70% should be achievable.

Wyniki

In Figure 2, the culture passing through the magnetic column is shown, before (A) and after the procedure (B). One to two infected erythrocytes are usually seen on a 100X magnification field as shown in Figure 2, with the arrows pointing to infected erythrocytes in Figure 2A. In a typical procedure, starting with a culture at 5% parasitemia (Figure 2A), the performance of this procedure usually produces erythrocytes with...

Dyskusje

In vitro cultures of the malaria parasite P. falciparum exhibit a limited parasitemia, with more than half of the red blood cells uninfected at the highest proliferation point of culture. For most research experiments, it is desirable to work only with the infected erythrocytes. To this end, a separation technique is necessary to divide the culture according to infection. Useful methods include the use of streptolysin O to permeabilize and lyze the uninfected RBCs ¹¹ and a series of variation...

Materiały

Name	Company	Catalog Number	Comments
RPMI 1640 Hepes Modified	Sigma-Aldrich	R4130	Supplemented with 10% human serum, 2% glucose, and 0.2% sodium bicarbonate
MidiMACS Separator	MACS Miltenyi BioTec	130-042-302
MACS MultiStand	MACS Miltenyi BioTec	130-042-303
LS Columns	MACS Miltenyi BioTec	130-042-401
Hemacytometer	Grafco	Grafco Neubauer Chamber	Can be found through many other suppliers