Gradient Strain Chip for Stimulating Cellular Behaviors in Cell-laden Hydrogel

Podsumowanie

This article introduces a simple approach to providing non-continuous gradient static strains on a concentric cell-laden hydrogel to regulate cell alignment for tissue engineering.

Streszczenie

Artificial guidance for cellular alignment is a hot topic in the field of tissue engineering. Most of the previous research has investigated single strain-induced cellular alignment on a cell-laden hydrogel by using complex experimental processes and mass controlling systems, which are usually associated with contamination issues. Thus, in this article, we propose a simple approach to building a gradient static strain using a fluidic chip with a plastic PDMS cover and a UV transparent glass substrate for the stimulation of cellular behavior in a 3D hydrogel. Overloading photo-patternable cell prepolymer in the fluidic chamber can generate a convex curved PDMS membrane on the cover. After UV crosslinking, through a concentric circular micropattern under the curved PDMS membrane, and buffer washing, a microenvironment for investigating cell behaviors under a variety of gradient strains is self-established in a single fluidic chip, without external instruments. NIH3T3 cells were demonstrated after observing the change in the cellular alignment trend under geometry guidance, in cooperation with strain stimulation, which varied from 15 - 65% on hydrogels. After a 3-day incubation, the hydrogel geometry dominated the cell alignment under low compressive strain, where cells aligned along the hydrogel elongation direction under high compressive strain. Between these, the cells showed random alignment due to the dissipation of the radical guidance of hydrogel elongation and the geometry guidance of the patterned hydrogel.

Wprowadzenie

Serving as a block material that mimics a native microenvironment, a hydrogel containing extracellular matrix (ECM) can re-build biomimetic tissue scaffolds to support cell growth. To possess the functions of a tissue, organized cell alignment is an essential requirement. Various 2D (i.e., cells cultured on a surface) and 3D (i.e., cells encapsulated in a hydrogel) cell alignments have been achieved by culturing or encapsulating cells in or on flexible substrates with micro-or nano-patterns¹. 3D cell alignment in microarchitecture is more attractive, as the microenvironment is closer to the native tissue construct^2,3,4. One common approach for 3D cell alignment is the geometric cue of hydrogel shape^2,3. Because of the restricted space for cell proliferation in the short-axis direction, cells aim to align along the long-axis direction in a micro-patterned hydrogel. Another approach is to apply tensile stretch to the hydrogels to achieve cell alignment parallel to the stretch direction^4,5.

Biophysical stimulation on ECM hydrogels, such as compressive strain or an electrical field, can regulate cell functions for proper tissue integration, proliferation, and differentiation^1,2,3. Much research has been done to investigate cellular behavior by applying one strain condition at a time using multiple mechanical control units^4,6,7,8,9. For example, the use of mechanical step motors squeezed or stretched on a 3D cell-encapsulated collagen hydrogel has been a common approach^7,10. However, such controlling equipment requires extra space and faces the issue of contamination in the incubator^7,9,11,12. In addition, the large instrument cannot give a precise control environment to provide high reproducibility¹³.

Considering that cell-laden hydrogels are usually employed on the micro-scale for biomedical applications, it is advantageous to combine MEMS techniques to generate a range of strain/stretch stimulation to simultaneously investigate cell behaviors in 3D biomimetic constructs in vitro^{2,14,15,16,17,18}. For example, using gas pressure to deform the PDMS membrane in microfluidic chips can give rise to various strains, driving cell differentiation to different lineages^9,16. However, there are many technical challenges, such as complicated chip fabrication processes in a clean room and the software control integration of motors, pumps, valves, and compressed gases.

In this work, we demonstrate a simple approach to obtain a self-sustaining gradient static-strain microfluidic chip by employing a concentric circular hydrogel pattern and a flexible PDMS membrane. Unlike most of the existing approaches, our platform is a portable and disposable miniature device that can be fabricated outside a yellow room and that possesses self-generating gradient strains on concentric cell-encapsulated hydrogels, without external mechanical equipment during the incubation. 3T3 fibroblast cell behaviors influenced by a combination of hydrogel shape and a variety of tensile stretch guidance cues were demonstrated during the observation of cell alignment within 3D ECM-mimetic environments in the gradient strain chip for 3 days.

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Protokół

1. GelMA Synthesis

1. Weigh 10 g of gelatin powder and add it to a glass flask with 100 mL ofDulbecco's phosphate-buffered saline (DPBS). Put a magnetic stir bar into the flask and place the flask on a stirring hot plate.
2. Cover the flask with aluminum foil to avoid water evaporation. Set the hot plate temperature to 50-60 °C and the stirrer at 100 rpm for 1 h to dissolve the gelatin powder well.
3. After the gelatin has dissolved, add 8 mL of methacrylic anhydride very slowly (one drop per second) using a pipette. Let it react at 60 °C for 3 h.
4. Add pre-warmed DPBS (40 °C) to the flask to a final volume of 500 mL and allow this mix well for 15 min to stop the reaction.
5. Meanwhile, cut a dialysis membrane (14 kDa cut-off molecular weight) into several 25 cm-long tubes. Immerse them in deionized (DI) water for 15 min and make a knot to close one end of the dialysis tubes.
6. Load the appropriate amount (30 - 60 mL) of the polymer solution into the dialysis tubes and close the other end. Place them in a 5-L plastic beaker with DI water for a week. Renew the DI water twice a day and maintain the solution at 40 - 50 °C during the dialysis process.
7. Collect the solution from the tube in a 500-mL glass bottle. Pour ~450 - 500 mL of solution in a 500-mL filter cup (pore size of 0.22 µm) and apply a vacuum to the filter cup to force the solution to pass through the filter membrane for sterilization.
8. Transfer the sterilized polymer into several 50-mL sterilized tubes and store them in a -80 °C freezer for 3 - 5 days.
9. Freeze-dry the -80 °C polymer for 1 week using a freeze dryer to form GelMA. Store the GelMA in a -80 °C freezer.

2. 3-(Trimethoxysilyl)propyl Methacrylate (TMSPMA) Modification

1.  Cut commercial glass slides into two small pieces (25 mm x 37.5 mm) and immerse them in 0.5 M NaOH solution for 4 h. Wash the slides with a large amount of DI water.
2. Place the slide on a rack inside a glass container with 95% ethanol and clean using an ultrasonicator at 43 kHz for 15 min. Air dry the glass slide.
3. Immerse the glass slides in 5% TMSPMA in 99.5% ethanol for 1 h.
4. Wash the slides in 95% ethanol, air dry the slides, and anneal the TMSPMA coating in an oven at 80 °C for 2 h.

3. Chip Fabrication

1. Take one 2 mm- and one 0.3 mm-thick polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) plate, apply double-sided tape to one side of the PMMA surface, and release the liner on one side. Leave two 2 mm-thick PMMA plates and one 1 mm-thick plate without double-sided tape.
2. Laser-cut a 2 mm-thick PMMA plate without double-sided tape to 42 mm x 30 mm to make the bottom plate. Cut a 2 mm-thick PMMA plate with double-sided tape to make the boundary frame, with outer dimensions of 42 mm x 30 mm and inner dimensions of 37.5 mm x 25 mm.
3. Laser-cut the 0.3 mm-thick PMMA plate with double-sided tape into a 12-mm center circle with two 2 mm-wide and 8 mm-long flow channels on opposite sides of the circle (Figure 1a).
4. To prepare the PMMA mold for casting the PDMS cover, assemble the three pieces of PMMA components from steps 3.2-3.3 (Figure 1b) using double-sided tape.
5. Laser-cut a 2 mm-thick PMMA plate with double-sided tape into a 5 cm x 5 cm piece with a 3 x 3 array of 8.5 mm x 8.5 mm hollow rectangles. Cut another 5 cm x 5 cm piece with a 3 x 3 array of 4-mm hollow circles. Laser-cut a 1 mm-thick PMMA plate without double-sided tape into a 5 cm x 5 cm PMMA bottom plate.
6. Prepare the PMMA mold for casting the PDMS plug by assembling the three pieces of PMMA components from step 3.5 (Figure 1c) using double-sided tape.
7. Prepare the PDMS cover and PDMS plug by properly mixing 30 g of PDMS elastomer and 3 g of PDMS curing agent; degas the mixture under a vacuum chamber for 1 h.
8. Cast 1.8-2.0 g of the mixture into the PMMA mold for the PDMS cover and use the appropriate amount to fill each cavity of the PMMA mold for the PDMS plug. Cast 10 g of uncured PDMS mixture in a blank 10-cm plastic plate. Put these molds in a vacuum chamber to degas for 30 min.
9. Cure the PDMS for 2 h at 80 °C. After cooling down the cured PDMS on the mold, detach the PDMS covers and the PDMS plugs from the PMMA molds.
10. Punch two holes with diameters of about 3 mm at the ends of flow channels of the PDMS covers.
11. Cut the PDMS sheet molded from the 10-cm plastic plate into many 1 cm x 1 cm cubes and punch a 3-mm hole in each PDMS cube. Glue two uncured 1 cm x 1 cm PDMS cubes onto the openings of the PDMS cover (to serve as medium reservoirs and to aid in the curing process of the gradient circular hydrogel patterns) and cure for 1 h at 80 °C.
12. Bond the PDMS covers with the two PDMS reservoirs onto a TMSPMA-coated slide by pre-treating the bonding side of the PDMS cover and the TMSPMA-coated slide under an oxygen plasma machine (30 W RF power (high mode) and 600 mTorr compressed air) or a high-frequency electronic corona generator (115 V, 50/60 Hz, 0.35 A) for 90 s of O₂ plasma treatment.
13. Contact the plasma-treated surface of the PDMS covers and the TMSPMA slide and press them closely for permanent bonding through the formation of an Si-O-Si bond.
    NOTE: Placing the chip in an oven at 80 °C for 1 h can further enhance the bonding strength.
14. After cooling, immerse the chips in 95% ethanol for 15 min and air dry. Then, sterilize the chips under UV irradiation for 1 h and store them in a box wrapped in aluminum foil in the laminar hood.

4. Static Gradient Strain on the Cell-laden Hydrogel

1. Print and cut a piece of photomask, 25 mm x 37.5 mm in size, by printing the layout in Figure 2b on a transparent film. Adjust the printed size of Figure 2b to match the dimension in Figure 2a.
2. Prepare 100 mL of DMEM medium with 10% FBS, 1% Pen-Strep, and 250 mL of DPBS in a 37 °C water bath to use as the cell culture medium.
3. Weigh 25 mg of freeze-dried GelMA into 0.3 mL of prewarmed (37 °C) cell culture medium in a 1.5-mL black microcentrifuge tube. Put the microcentrifuge tube on a laboratory stirrer/hot plate until the GelMA dissolves in the medium.
4. Weigh 50 mg of photoinitiator into 1 ml of DPBS in a microcentrifuge tube and place it in an 80 °C oven for 15 min or until the photoinitiator has dissolved.
5. Take 25 µL of the 10% photoinitiator from step 4.4 and add it to the microcentrifuge tube from step 4.3. Pipette several times to mix well.
6. Count 3 x 10⁶ NIH 3T3 cells using an automated cell counter. Centrifuge the suspension at 200 x g for 5 min, discard the supernatant, and re-suspend the cells in 175 µL of cell culture medium.
7. Add the cell solution from step 4.6 to the microcentrifuge tube from step 4.5 to get a prepolymer cell solution of 5% GelMA, 0.5% photoinitiator, and ~6 x 10⁶ 3T3 cells/mL. After mixing, load 100 µL of cell prepolymer in a 100-µL micro syringe.
8. Manually align (see Figure 3a) a piece of the photomask onto the bottom slide of the sterilized gradient strain chip and simply fix the position using a small drop of DI water in between. Connect the 100-µL micro-syringe loaded with prepolymer cell solution to the inlet of the chip.
9. Place (see Figure 3b) 50 µL of prepolymer cell solution in the flow channel using the micro-syringe and then plug the outlet using a PDMS plug. Inject an extra 40 µL of solution to create a convex bulge in the circular PDMS membrane.
10. Move the chip with the photomask (bottom), micro-syringe (inlet), and PDMS plug (outlet) from step 4.9 under a UV lamp (365 nm, 9 mW/cm²) and expose it for 30 - 45 s to crosslink the concentric circular hydrogel in the fluidic chamber.
11. Remove the PDMS plug and the micro-syringe to release the liquid pressure (see Figure 3c). Use a 1-mL syringe loaded with prewarmed DPBS to wash out uncrosslinked resins 3 times by flushing from the inlet to the outlet.
12. Fill the flow channel with about 100 µL of cell culture medium.
13. Place the chip in a sterilized culture dish and culture in a 5% CO₂ atmosphere at 37 °C for a week. Refresh the medium every day.
14. Take images of three chips on day 0 after 4 h of incubation, as a control group, and three chips on day 3, as the experimental set, using a microscope with a 20X objective. Measure the line width of each hydrogel from line 1 to line 12 using software (e.g., ImageJ) to calculate the compress strains ( Figure 4).
    NOTE: The elongation percentage is calculated by dividing the value of the line width difference between 40 µL and 0 µL by the line width at 40 µL.

5. Cell Staining for Alignment Analysis

1. Use a syringe to inject 4% paraformaldehyde (PFA) in DPBS at RT into the flow chip for 15 min for the fixation of the cell-laden hydrogel.
   NOTE: Caution. PFA is toxic and should be handled with care.
2. Replace the solution with 0.5% cell membrane permeating solution in DPBS for 10 min to permeabilize the cell membrane at RT.
3. PBS wash the samples 3 times with 5- to 10-min interval between washes (using a loaded syringe, as in step 5.1).
4. Load 1% BSA solution into the fluidic channel for 45-60 min at RT (using a loaded syringe through the inlet port).
5. Add 1.5 mL of methanol into the vial with Alexa Fluor 488 phalloidin to yield a final concentration of 6.6 µM stock solution.
6. Take 5 µL of Alexa Fluor 488 phalloidin from step 5.5 and dilute it in 200 µL of DPBS with 0.1% BSA to form a final concentration of 0.165 µM Alexa Fluor 488 phalloidin.
7. Add 200 µL of the mixture solution to the fluidic channel using a micropipette and incubate the chip at 37 °C for 45 - 60 min for actin staining. PBS wash (as above) the samples 3 times.
8. Prepare 1 µg/mL DAPI in PBS, flow it through the chip, and stain cell nuclei at 37 °C for 5 min.
9. Pipette DPBS into the fluidic channel to wash out the staining solution and refill the fluidic chamber with PBS solution to take images with a fluorescence microscope.
10. Capture the fluorescent images of the 3T3 cells in the hydrogels using an inverted fluorescence microscope under 40X magnification with a CCD detector and filter sets of ex/em at 488/520 nm and 358/461 nm for Alexa Fluor 488 phalloidin (actin) and DAPI (nucleus), respectively.

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Wyniki

To compare the mechanical variations between each circular hydrogel in the completed gradient strain stimulation chip, we measured the line widths of each circular hydrogel in two of the same chips, with injection volumes of 0 µL (Figure 4a) and 40 µL (Figure 4b), respectively. The percent elongations at each circle were calculated by dividing the elongations in the 40 µL-injected chip by the line widths of the cor...

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Dyskusje

In this paper, we report on a simple approach to compare cell alignment behavior after hydrogel shape guidance and tensile stretch. A flexible PDMS membrane creates a dome-shaped curvature for generating different heights of concentric circular hydrogels. After releasing the pressure, the PDMS membrane automatically applies force to the micro-patterned hydrogels to form gradient strain/elongation, with a maximum at the center and a minimum at the outer boundary. As the formation of the gradient strain is designed by the ...

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Materiały

Name	Company	Catalog Number	Comments
1.5 mL black microcentrifuge tube	Argos Technologies	03-391-161	This one can be replaced with a neutral color of 1.5 mL tube covered with aluminun foil
10x DPBS	Sigma-Aldrich	56064C
Alexa Fluor 488 phalloidin	Invitrogen	A12379
BSA	Sigma	A1595
Calcein	Molecular Probe	C1430	For labeling viable cells
CCD	PCO. Imaging	Pixelfly qe
Cell membrane permeating solution	Sigma-Aldrich	X100	0.5% Triton X-100 for permeating cell membrane
DAPI	Sigma-Aldrich	D8417	Cell nucleus staining
Dialysis membrane	Sigma-Aldrich	D9527	Molecular weight cut-off = 14,000
DMEM	Gibco	11995-065
Double-side tape	3M	8003
FBS	Hyclone	SH30071.03
Gelatin	Sigma-Aldrich	G2500	gel strength 300, type A, from porcine skin
High frequency electronic corona generator	Electro-technic products	MODEL BD-20
Methacrylic Anhydride	Sigma-Aldrich	276685
Micro syringe	Hamilton	80501	50 μL
Microscope	Olympus	IX71	Include two filter sets: LF405/LP-B-000 and LF488/LP-C-000 from Semrock
Oxygen plasma machine	Harrick plasma	PDC-001
Paraformaldehyde	Sigma-Aldrich	P6148	For fixing cell
PDMS	DOW CORNING	Sylgard 184	Mixture for PDMS chip cast-molding fabrication
Pen-Strep	Gibco	10378-016	penicillin/streptomycin
Photoinitiator	CIBA	Irgacure 2959
Propidium iodide	Sigma-Aldrich	P4170	For labeling dead cells
Sterile Filtration cup	Millipore	SCGPT05RE
TMSPMA	Sigma-Aldrich	440159	For hydrogel immobilization
Ultrasonicator	Delta	D150H	150W, 43kHz
UV light	DAIHAN	WUV-L10
Freeze Dryer	FIRSTEK	150311025
NIH3T3(fibroblast)	Food Industry Research and Development Institute(FIRDI)	08C0011
MOXI Z Mini Automated Cell Counter	ORFLO	MXZ001