The authors would like to thank Prof. Paul Hooykaas for kindly providing the pCAMBIA1302 vector and Agrobacterium tumefaciens AGL1 from the Institute of Biology Leiden, Leiden University, the Netherlands. The authors would also like to thank Eva Colic for her help in growing the fluorescent transformants. This work was funded by the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada and the Mitacs Accelerate program.

All media and solutions must be autoclaved prior to use unless otherwise stated. All centrifuge tubes, pipette tips, etc., should be sterile or autoclaved before use. For easy reference, the media recipes used in this protocol are listed in Table 1.
1. Preparation of A. tumefaciens electrocompetent cells
<ol>
	<li>Inoculate Agrobacterium (AGL-1) into a 25 mL sterile shaker flask of LB media (supplemented with rifampicin, 20 mg/L-1</su...

Stable Gene Integration in &lt;em&gt;Chlorella vulgaris&lt;/em&gt; Using &lt;em&gt;Agrobacterium tumefaciens&lt;/em&gt;

<ol>
	<li>Smith, E. F., Townsend, C. O. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+plant+tumor+of+bacterial+origin.">A plant tumor of bacterial origin.</a> Science. 25 (643), 671-673 (1907).</li><li>Chilton, M. D., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Stable+incorporation+of+plasmid+DNA+into+higher+plant+cells:+The+molecular+basis+of+tumorigenesis.">Stable incorporation of plasmid DNA into higher plant cells: The molecular basis of tumorigenesis.</a> Cell. 11 (2), 263-271 (1977).</li><li>De Cleene, M., De Ley, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+host+range+of+crown+gall.">The host range of crown gall.</a> The Botanical Review. 42, 389-466 (1976).</li><li>Hooykaas, P. J., Schilperoort, R. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Agrobacterium+and+plant+genetic+engineering.">Agrobacterium and plant genetic engineering.</a> Plant Molecular Biology. 19, 15-38 (1992).</li><li>Bundock, P., den Dulk-Ras, A., Beijersbergen, A., Hooykaas, P. J. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Transkingdom+T-DNA+transfer+from+Agrobacterium+tumefaciens+to+Saccharomyces+cerevisiae.">Transkingdom T-DNA transfer from Agrobacterium tumefaciens to Saccharomyces cerevisiae.</a> The European Molecular Biology Organization. 14 (13), 3206-3214 (1995).</li><li>Piers, K. L., Heath, J. D., Liang, X., Stephens, K. M., Nester, E. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Agrobacteriumtumefaciens-mediated+transformation+of+yeast.">Agrobacteriumtumefaciens-mediated transformation of yeast.</a> Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 93 (4), 1613-1618 (1996).</li><li>Kumar, S. V., Misquitta, R. W., Reddy, V. S., Rao, B. J., Rajam, M. V. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Genetic+transformation+of+the+green+alga-Chlamydomonas+reinhardtii+by+Agrobacteriumtumefaciens.">Genetic transformation of the green alga-Chlamydomonas reinhardtii by Agrobacteriumtumefaciens.</a> Plant Science. 166 (3), 731-738 (2004).</li><li>de Groot, M. J., Bundock, P., Hooykaas, P. J., Beijersbergen, A. 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G., Kamaladini, H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=An+efficient+Agrobacterium-mediated+transformation+of+strawberry+cv.+Camarosa+by+a+dual+plasmid+system.">An efficient Agrobacterium-mediated transformation of strawberry cv. Camarosa by a dual plasmid system.</a> Molecules. 20 (3), 3647-3666 (2015).</li><li>Wang, X., Ryu, D., Houtkooper, R. H., Auwerx, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Antibiotic+use+and+abuse:+a+threat+to+mitochondria+and+chloroplasts+with+impact+on+research,+health,+and+environment.">Antibiotic use and abuse: a threat to mitochondria and chloroplasts with impact on research, health, and environment.</a> Bioessays. 37 (10), 1045-1053 (2015).</li><li>Gelvin, S. 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No conflicts of interest were declared.

The efficiency of transformation is associated with several different parameters. The choice of A. tumefaciens strains used for AMT is crucial. AGL-1 is one of the most invasive strains discovered and, for this reason, has been routinely used in plant AMT. Supplementing the induction media with glucose (15-20 mM) is also important for AMT efficiency. Considering C. vulgaris can grow in both phototrophic and heterotrophic conditions, glucose or other carbon sources are often omitted from microalgae media...

Agrobacterium tumefaciens, a gram-negative soil-borne bacterium, possesses a unique interkingdom gene transfer ability, earning it the title &#34;natural genetic engineer&#34;1. This bacterium can transfer DNA (T-DNA) from a tumor-inducing plasmid (Ti-Plasmid) into host cells through a Type IV secretion system, resulting in the integration and expression of the T-DNA within the host genome1,2,3,4. In the natural setting, this process leads to tumor formation in plants, commonly known as crown gall disease. However, Agrobacterium can also transfer T-DNA into various other organisms, including yeast, fungi, algae, sea urchin embryos, and even human cells under laboratory conditions5,6,7,8.
Exploiting this natural system, Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation (AMT) enables the random integration of gene(s) of interest into a host cell&#39;s nuclear genome by modifying the T-DNA region of the Ti-plasmid. For this purpose, a widely used AMT plant expression vector is pCAMBIA13029. Researchers can employ simple cloning workflows in E. coli before transferring the desired vector into A. tumefaciens for subsequent transfer to the host of interest.
Green microalgae are eukaryotes that share many similarities with land plants but are highly recalcitrant to genetic modification. However, genetic transformation plays a crucial role in both fundamental and biotechnological research of microalgae. In several microalgae species, particularly Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, genetic transformation via AMT has successfully introduced transgenes such as human interleukin-2 (hIL-2), the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 receptor-binding domain (SARS-CoV-2 RBD), and two antimicrobial peptides (AMPs)10,11,12,13. Among these, Chlorella vulgaris, a less fastidious and fast-growing green algae species, holds significant potential for the sustainable production of carbohydrates, proteins, nutraceuticals, pigments, and other high-value compounds14. However, the lack of reliable tools for creating transgenic strains of C. vulgaris hampers its commercial progress. Since there have been only a limited number of published works utilizing AMT in C. vulgaris15, and given the considerable differences between plant and microalgae cultivation, optimizing the AMT protocol becomes essential.
In this study, researchers inserted green fluorescent protein (mGFP5) downstream of the Cauliflower Mosaic Virus (CamV) 35S promoter and added a histidine tag to use it as a reporter gene for protein expression. Transformants were selected using Hygromycin B, and after subculturing for over twenty generations, the transformation remained stable. The pCAMBIA1302 plasmid employed in this work can be readily adapted to contain any gene of interest. Furthermore, the method and materials presented can be adjusted for other green algae species with an active CamV35S promoter, as this promoter is used for Hygromycin selection.

<table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>1 Kb Plus DNA ladder</td>
			<td>FroggaBio</td>
			<td>DM015</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Acetosyringone</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>D26665G</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Agrobacterium tumefaciens</td>
			<td>Gold Biotechnologies</td>
			<td>Strain: AGL-1; Gift from Prof. Paul Hooykaas</td>
			<td>Genotype: C58 RecA (RifR/CarbR) pTiBo542DT-DNA</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Biotin</td>
			<td>Enzo Life Sciences</td>
			<td>89151-400</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>CaCl2&#183;2H2O</td>
			<td>VWR</td>
			<td>BDH9224-1KG</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Cefotaxime</td>
			<td>AK Scientific</td>
			<td>J90010</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Chlorella vulgaris</td>
			<td>University of Texas at Austin Culture Collection of Algae</td>
			<td>Strain: UTEX 395</td>
			<td>Wildtype strain</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>CoCl2&#183;6H2O</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>C8661-25G</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>CuSO4&#183;5H2O</td>
			<td>EMD Millipore</td>
			<td>CX2185-1</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>FeCl3&#183;6H2O</td>
			<td>VWR</td>
			<td>BDH9234-500G</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Gene Pulser Xcell Electroporator</td>
			<td>Bio-Rad</td>
			<td>1652662</td>
			<td>Main unit equipped with PC module.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>GeneJET Plant Genome Purification Kit</td>
			<td>Thermo Scientific</td>
			<td>K0791</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Glacial acetic acid</td>
			<td>VWR</td>
			<td>CABDH3093-2.2P</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Glycerol</td>
			<td>BioBasic</td>
			<td>GB0232</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>HEPES Buffer</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>H-3375</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Hygromycin B</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>AAJ6068103</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>K2HPO4</td>
			<td>VWR</td>
			<td>BDH9266-500G</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Kanamycin</td>
			<td>Gold Biotechnologies</td>
			<td>K-250-25</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>KH2PO4</td>
			<td>VWR</td>
			<td>BDH9268-500G</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>MgSO4&#183;7H2O</td>
			<td>VWR</td>
			<td>97062-134</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>MnCl2&#183;4H2O</td>
			<td>JT Baker</td>
			<td>BAKR2540-01</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Na2CO3</td>
			<td>VWR</td>
			<td>BDH7971-1</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Na2EDTA&#183;2H2O</td>
			<td>JT Baker</td>
			<td>8993-01</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Na2MoO4&#183;2H2O</td>
			<td>JT Baker</td>
			<td>BAKR3764-01</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>NaCl</td>
			<td>VWR</td>
			<td>BDH7257-7</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>NaH2PO4 H2O</td>
			<td>Millipore Sigma</td>
			<td>CA80058-650</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>NaNO3&#160;</td>
			<td>VWR</td>
			<td>BDH4574-500G</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>NEBExpress Ni Resin</td>
			<td>NewEngland BioLabs</td>
			<td>NEB #S1427</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>NH4Cl</td>
			<td>VWR</td>
			<td>BDH9208-500G</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>pCAMBIA1302</td>
			<td>Leiden University</td>
			<td>Gift from Prof. Paul Hooykaas</td>
			<td>pBR322, KanR, pVS1, T-DNA(CaMV 35S/HygR/CaMV polyA, CaMV 35S promoter/mgpf5-6xhis/NOS terminator)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Polypropylene Columns (5 mL)</td>
			<td>QIAGEN</td>
			<td>34964</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Precision Plus Protein Unstained Protein Standards, Strep-tagged recombinant, 1 mL</td>
			<td>Bio-Rad</td>
			<td>1610363</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Rifampicin</td>
			<td>Millipore Sigma</td>
			<td>R3501-1G</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>SunBlaster LED Strip Light 48 Inch&#160;</td>
			<td>SunBlaster</td>
			<td>210000000906</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Synergy 4 Microplate UV/Vis spectrometer&#160;</td>
			<td>BioTEK</td>
			<td>S4MLFPTA</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Tetracycline</td>
			<td>Thermo Scientific Chemicals</td>
			<td>CAAAJ61714-14</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>TGX Stain-Free FastCast Acrylamide Kit, 12%</td>
			<td>Bio-Rad</td>
			<td>1610185</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Thiamine</td>
			<td>TCI America</td>
			<td>T0181-100G</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Tris Base</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>BP152-500</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Tryptone</td>
			<td>BioBasic</td>
			<td>TG217(G211)</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Vitamin B12 (cyanocobalamin)</td>
			<td>Enzo Life Sciences</td>
			<td>89151-436</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Yeast Extract</td>
			<td>BioBasic</td>
			<td>G0961</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>ZnSO4&#183;7H2O</td>
			<td>JT Baker</td>
			<td>4382-01</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated genetic engineering of green microalgae, chlorella vulgaris

Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation (AMT) serves as a widely employed tool for manipulating plant genomes. However, A. tumefaciens exhibit the capacity for gene transfer to a diverse array of species. Numerous microalgae species lack well-established methods for reliably integrating genes of interest into their nuclear genome. To harness the potential benefits of microalgal biotechnology, simple and efficient genome manipulation tools are crucial. Herein, an optimized AMT protocol is presented for the industrial microalgae species Chlorella vulgaris, utilizing the reporter green fluorescent protein (mGFP5) and the antibiotic resistance marker for Hygromycin B. Mutants are selected through plating on Tris-Acetate-Phosphate (TAP) media containing Hygromycin B and cefotaxime. Expression of mGFP5 is quantified via fluorescence after over ten generations of subculturing, indicating the stable transformation of the T-DNA cassette. This protocol allows for the reliable generation of multiple transgenic C. vulgaris colonies in under two weeks, employing the commercially available pCAMBIA1302 plant expression vector.

Author Spotlight: Optimized Transformation Protocol for Chlorella vulgaris Using Agrobacterium tumefaciens 

Agrobacterium tumefaciens-Mediated Genetic Engineering of Green Microalgae, Chlorella vulgaris

The scope of the research focused on the development and optimization of a protocol for the transformation of chlorella vulgaris. We aimed to create a stable transgenic strains of chlorella vulgaris using agrobacterium tumefaciens and a specific plasmid, pCAMBIA1302, that allowed them to insert gene of interest and the potential for bio technological applications. Metabolic engineering and synthetic biology, microscopy and imaging, CRISPR-Cas9 gene editing, bioinformatics, computational modeling, remote sensing and satellite imaging, nanotechnology, bioprocessing, and downstream processing.This study introduces an optimized agrobacterium tumefaciens media transformation protocol for the microalgae chlorella vulgaris using a specific plasmid and marker. It lays groundwork for enhancing microalgae by technology, overcoming previous limitations in reliable transformation tools for C.vulgaris.

To show successful transformation using the method above, C. vulgaris was cocultured with either AGL-1 containing the pCAMBIA1302 plasmid or without the plasmid (wild-type and plated on TAP agar supplemented with Hygromycin B and cefotaxime (Figure 1A). The leftmost plate shows the transformed colonies capable of growth on Hygromycin B/cefotaxime plates, and the middle plate shows that wild-type AGL-1 cannot grow on the Hygromycin B/cefotaxime plates. The rightmost plate shows that ...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Optimized Transformation Protocol for Chlorella vulgaris Using Agrobacterium tumefaciens at JoVE.com

This protocol outlines the utilization of Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation (AMT) for integrating gene(s) of interest into the nuclear genome of the green microalgae Chlorella vulgaris, leading to the production of stable transformants.

Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation (AMT) serves as a widely employed tool for manipulating plant genomes. However, A. tumefaciens exhibit ...

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Bioengineering

Preparation of Electrocompetent Agrobacterium tumefaciens Culture for Microalgal Genetic Engineering

Preparation of Electrocompetent  Agrobacterium tumefaciens  Culture for Microalgal Genetic Engineering  

Start by diluting 0.5 microliters of the overnight cultures of Agrobacterium tumefaciens culture with 50 milliliters of autoclaved ultrapure water. Spread 10 microliters of this diluted culture on a lysogeny broth or LB plate. Incubate the plate at 28 to 30 degrees Celsius for one to three days.Now, inoculate a single colony in 20 milliliters of LB media supplemented with rifampicin. Incubate the culture overnight at 28 to 30 degrees Celsius. The next day, inoculate 500 milliliters of plain LB media in a shaker flask with nine milliliters of overnight culture.Place the cultures on a shaker at 28 to 30 degrees Celsius. Following incubation and dividing the cultures into tubes, centrifuge the chilled tubes at four degrees Celsius and 4, 000 G for 15 minutes. Using a pipette, remove the supernatant and resuspend each pellet in 50 milliliters of ice cold water.After centrifuging and discarding the supernatant, resuspend the pellet in 25 milliliters of ice cold water in each tube. Centrifuge as before, then resuspend the pellet in one milliliter of ice cold 10%glycerol. Now, combine the contents of all the tubes into a single 50-milliliter tube before centrifuging.Finally, after discarding the supernatant, resuspend the pellet in 400 microliters of ice cold glycerol.

Electroporation of Agrobacterium tumefaciens for Genetic Engineering of Microalgal Cells

Electroporation of  Agrobacterium tumefaciens  for Genetic Engineering of Microalgal Cells  

Begin by adding 50 microliters of electrocompetent Agrobacterium tumefaciens cells into a pre-chilled 0.1-millimeter Q-vet. Add two microliters of pCAMBIA1302 to the Q-vet. now use an electroporator at 2, 400 volts to eelectroporate the cells.Immediately add one milliliter of LB media to the Q-vet and pipette the solution up and down to mix gently. Next, transfer the resuspended cells into a 1.5-milliliter microtube. Then incubate it at 24 to 30 degrees Celsius for a minimum of one hour to recover.Now plate the cells on antibiotic supplemented LB auger. Incubate the plates at 28 to 30 degrees Celsius for two to three days. Finally, inoculate a single colony in LB broth.Allow the culture to grow overnight. Then cryopreserve the plasmid-containing strain with a 50%glycerol solution at 80 degrees Celsius for future use.

Agrobacterium-Mediated Transformation of Chlorella vulgaris and Confirmation of Gene Integration via Colony PCR (cPCR)

Agrobacterium-Mediated Transformation of Chlorella vulgaris  and Confirmation of Gene Integration via Colony PCR (CPCR)  

Begin by pipetting out 0.5 milliliters of a log phase culture of chlorella vulgaris. Spread the culture on at Tris-Acetate-Phosphate or TAP Agar plate. Grow the culture for five days at 25 degrees Celsius.Next, inoculate 10 milliliters of supplemented LB broth with a loop full of electroporated agrobacterium tumefaciens culture in a shaker flask. Incubate the flask at 28 to 30 degrees Celsius and 250 RPM overnight. The next day, inoculate one milliliter of the overnight culture into 50 milliliters of supplemented LB.Incubate the flask at 28 to 30 degrees Celsius and 250 RPM.To co-cultivate the algal and bacterial cultures. First, transfer the agrobacterium culture into a 50 milliliter tube. Centrifuge the tube at 4, 000 G for 30 minutes at room temperature.Then, pipette out the supernatant to discard it and wash the cells twice using the induction medium. Next, add 25 milliliters of induction media onto the Chlorella Vulgaris culture plate. Transfer the cells into a 50 milliliter tube, then centrifuge at 4, 000 G for 15 minutes at room temperature.After disposing of the supernatant, combine the algal cell pellet with 200 microliters of the bacterial suspension. Shake the combined culture in a rotary incubator at 21 to 25 degrees Celsius, said at 150 RPM for one hour. Spread 200 microliters of the mixed culture onto induction medium plates, supplemented with 15 millimoles of glucose and incubate the plates in the dark at 21 to 25 degrees Celsius for three days.After three days, collect the microalgae into a flask using 10 milliliters of TAP media. Supplemented with 20 milligrams per liter of tetracycline. Incubate the flask in the dark for two days, maintaining a temperature between 21 to 25 degrees Celsius.Plate 500 microliters of the culture onto selective media supplemented with 20 milligrams per liter of tetracycline. Incubate the plates at 21 to 25 degrees Celsius in darkness for two days, before shifting them into an illuminated chamber. Select single colonies from the transformation plate and streak them onto TAP agar plates.To perform colony PCR, start by adding a small volume of the transformant algal cells to 10 microliters of sterile water. Boil the solution at 98 degrees Celsius for 15 minutes. Similarly process another PCR template for the confirmation of agrobacterium absence in the sample.Run the PCR samples on a DNA agarose gel with a ladder, to verify the size of the resulting fragments. Transformed colonies were able to grow on plates containing hygromycin with cefotaxime. The wild type colonies did not grow on the plates.Colonies resistant up to 70 milligrams per liter of cefotaxime were obtained. Colony PCR Amplicon of pCAMBIA1302 was absent in the algal samples. However MGFP5G in amplicon was detected in all three algal samples.Algal cultures that were repeatedly subcultures of Cefotaxime showed the absence of the virulence protein E2, indicative of plasmid absence. A significant difference in algal growth of the transformants and wild type strains were observed. Despite lower growth, the transformant had higher fluorescence levels when normalized for cell density.

2.1K Views.  University of Waterloo.  This protocol outlines the utilization of Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation (AMT) for integrating gene(s) of interest into the nuclear genome of the green microalgae Chlorella vulgaris, leading to the production of stable transformants.

Stable Gene Integration in Chlorella vulgaris Using Agrobacterium tumefaciens

Summary