O Pedro Barrie de la Maza Fundação apoiaram este trabalho.

1) Administração Intragástrico de rotenona <ol><li> Pesar o animal. </li><li> Calcular o volume total de rotenona / veículo solução necessária. Neste caso 0,01 ml por grama do peso do animal. </li><li> Cobrar uma seringa de 1 mL com o volume calculado anteriormente de solução de rotenona (0,625 rotenona mg / mL, carboximetilcelulose 4% e 1,25% clorofórmio) ou solução veículo (carboximetilcelulose 4% e 1,25% clorofórmio). Neste caso, corresponde a uma dose rotenona 5 mg / kg. </li><li> Pegue o mouse e, segurando o rabo do rato com uma mão, esticar a pele do pescoço, puxando-a com os dois primeiros dedos da outra mão. </li><li> Uma vez que a cabeça é fixa entre os dois dedos, magra contra a palma da mão e transformá-lo de cabeça para baixo. Fixar a cauda usando o quarto e quinto dedos. </li><li> Mantendo a cabeça para trás, pressione o palato a se abrirem a boca do rato. Suavemente introduzir a sonda na boca. É importante usar uma agulha gavagem e não uma agulha regular. Lentamente, mova o gavage na direção do estômago longe o suficiente. Isso irá evitar o material ficar nos pulmões. </li><li> Administrar a solução rotenona ou veículo pressionando suavemente o êmbolo. Quando concluído, lentamente extrair o gavage. </li><li> Coloque o animal em volta outra gaiola até que todos os animais de uma gaiola é feito. </li></ol> 2) Procedimentos imunocoloração <ol><li> Após o tratamento, os ratos são anestesiados com cetamina 100 mg / kg ip und Xylasina 10 mg / kg e intracardially perfundidos com paraformaldeído 4% em PBS. </li><li> A coragem são, então, extraídos por dissecção, e colocados em sacarose 15% durante a noite. No dia seguinte, o tecido é transferido para 30% de sacarose e incubadas novamente durante a noite a 4 ° C. </li><li> O tecido é então colocado em Tissue-tek e armazenados em um freezer -80 ° C até o uso. </li><li> Utilizando um criostato, 20 micron intestino seções transversais são transferidos para slides Superfrost. </li><li> Bloqueio e imunocoloração procedimentos usando anticorpos anti-tubulina βIII e anti-alfa-sinucleína são então realizados como descrito anteriormente 9. </li></ol> 3) Análise de Imagem alfa-sinucleína Inclusão Recomenda-se que uma pessoa externa inconscientes de origem images &#39;executa a análise. Portanto, os dados deve ser codificada. Análise de imagens foi realizada utilizando software FIJI. <ol><li> Abra o arquivo de imagem confocal. Então, dividir os canais de modo que é possível trabalhar em cada canal independentemente. </li><li> Feche os canais que não vai ser usado e selecione Análise&gt; Definir Escala e definir o tamanho do pixel a 1. Definir a distância conhecida a 0,13 (isso vai depender do objetivo e da resolução utilizada) e clique em global. O tamanho da imagem será mostrada em microns. </li><li> Selecione alfa-sinucleína canal e selecione gânglio, certifique-se que a seleção inclui o gânglio em todas as fatias. </li><li> Image Press&gt; Duplicar para duplicar a imagem. Com o gânglio selecionado, apenas uma imagem do tamanho do gânglio será duplicada. </li><li> Prima Editar&gt; Limpar Fora. A parte da imagem fora da região selecionada se tornará preto. </li><li> Duplique a imagem novamente para determinar em etapas posteriores quão bem o procedimento foi. Imagens que tenham um sinal de alta relação ao ruído de fundo não deve ser usado para análise de imagem. </li><li> Selecione Image&gt; Adjust&gt; Limiar e selecione MaxEntropy. Em seguida, passar as fatias na imagem cortada e original para garantir que o processo correu bem. O limite entrópico seleciona um nível de intensidade de sinal baseado no histograma da imagem e somente aqueles pixels com intensidades superiores a este limite será exibido em uma imagem branca sobre preto. </li><li> Selecione Processar, em seguida, clique em Smooth. Esta etapa transforma as bordas pixeled das imagens em bordas lisas. </li><li> Selecione Processar, em seguida, clique em binário, e escolha a opção Make Binary. A imagem será exibida como um negro sobre a imagem branca. </li><li> Duplicate imagem para realizar o próximo passo na imagem duplicada. </li><li> Clique em Analisar&gt; Analisar partículas. Em seguida, selecione Show: Esboços e clique em Resumir. O resto das configurações deve ser em folhas padrão. Esta função reconhece o número total de pixels com um sinal e aqueles que são agrupados. A superfície total de pixels com sinal mais o número de grupos de pixels eo tamanho médio são relatados. </li><li> Comparar e selecionar a maior fatia que se ajusta bem. A fatia será marcada. </li><li> Cópia da tabela de dados com a superfície alfa-sinucleína total, o número de inclusões e do tamanho médio de partícula. Colar os dados em uma planilha excel ou anotado em outro lugar. </li><li> Retornar para FIJI e encontrar a fatia selecionada anteriormente no canal β-tubulina, e selecioná-lo. </li><li> Selecione área de gânglio e clique em Analisar em seguida, selecione Medida. Outra tabela é exibida com osuperfície total do gânglio. </li><li> Extrair os dados da tabela para a folha de excel perto da medição alfa-sinucleína ou copiá-lo para baixo em outro lugar. </li><li> Usando excel, divide os diferentes parâmetros obtidos na medição alfa-sinucleína pela superfície gânglio para obter total de alfa-sinucleína número superfície e inclusão normalizado pelo tamanho do gânglio. </li></ol> 4) Resultados Representante Quando o protocolo de administração gavage é realizado corretamente os inconvenientes para o animal são mínimas. Tratamento com esta concentração de rotenona permite um efeito local da rotenona na ENS, sem níveis de rotenona em sangue e sem inibição dos músculos e cérebro complexo mitocondrial que, mesmo após 1,5 meses de tratamento (ver Figura 1). Se a análise de imagem é realizado corretamente uma análise rigorosa da alfa-sinucleína padrão deve ser possível. Dá dados confiáveis ​​sobre a quantidade total de alfa-sinucleína (superfície total), alfa-sinucleína padrão no celular (número de inclusões) ea presença de alfa-sinucleína inclusões (tamanho inclusão) (Figura 2). <img src="/files/ftp_upload/2123/2123fig1.jpg" alt="Figura 1" /> Figura 1. Disfunção motora em camundongos tratados com rotenona sem detecção de rotenona no sangue ou no CNS. Um padrão, (50 ng / mL) e cromatograma a partir de amostras do cérebro de 20, 10 e 5 mg / kg camundongos tratados. B e C, quantificação dos níveis de rotenona no sangue (B) e sistema nervoso central (C). B, os níveis sanguíneos 1 , 2 e 3 horas após o tratamento. Camundongos foram divididos em três grupos (n = 3) e tratados com 2,5, 5, 10 e 20 mg / kg rotenona (n = 3), 300 mL de sangue foi extraído horas 1, 2 e 3 após a administração de rotenona e agrupados para HPLC análise. C, os ratos foram tratados durante uma semana uma vez por dia com 5 (n = 3), 10 (n = 3) e 20 (n = 1) mg / kg rotenona cérebro e tronco cerebral foram extraídos 1 e 2 horas depois última administração e preparados para análise por HPLC. D, Complexo I mitocondrial atividade muscular e cerebral amostras de 1,5 meses camundongos tratados. <img src="/files/ftp_upload/2123/2123fig2.jpg" alt="Figura 2" /> Figura 2. Rotenona administrado localmente induz fosforilação alfa-sinucleína, acumulação e agregação com gliose nos gânglios ENS. (Barras de escala de 20 mm). A, B, C, anti-tubulina βIII, alfa-sinucleína ea coloração DAPI no duodeno (B) e íleo ( A, C) seções. Seta na B, 1,5 meses de tratamento induziu um padrão de aumento da alfa-sinucleína punctate dentro gânglios do sistema nervoso entérico, quando comparado a 3 meses controles (A). Seta no C, 3 meses de tratamento formação induzida de maior alfa-sinucleína inclusões (ø&gt; 6 mm). D, imunofluorescência usando anti-alfa-sinucleína, Thioflavine S e DAPI. Seta no D, apenas três meses camundongos tratados mostraram maior agregação desses alfa-sinucleína acumulações. E, E &#39;, E&#39;&#39;, imagem passos análise e quantificação. E, exemplo de imagem usada na quantificação mostrando um gânglio ENS imunocoradas contra alfa-sinucleína mostrando inclusões diferentes. E &#39;, exemplo de imagem obtida após o protocolo de análise de imagem. E&#39;&#39;, sobreposição entre algumas das inclusões original (verde) e da representação obtida após a realização do protocolo (linhas amarelas). FG, a quantificação do experimento mostrado na AC foi feito usando a segmentação automática e métodos baseados em entropia thresholding. Um único asterisco, F P &lt;0,05, e dê um duplo asterisco, P &lt;0,01., Cada coluna representa total de alfa-sinucleína superfície superfície / ganglionares. G, cada coluna representa o número total de alfa-sinucleína inclusões / superfície ganglionares. Todos os gráficos mostram média ± EPM

<ol>
	<li>Braak, H., de Vos, R. A., Bohl, J., Del Tredici, K., K, . <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Gastric+alpha-synuclein+immunoreactive+inclusions+in+Meissner's+and+Auerbach's+plexuses+in+cases+staged+for+Parkinson's+disease-related+brain+pathology.">Gastric alpha-synuclein immunoreactive inclusions in Meissner's and Auerbach's plexuses in cases staged for Parkinson's disease-related brain pathology.</a> Neurosci Lett. 396, 67-72 (2006).</li><li>Wakabayashi, K., Takahashi, H., Ohama, E., Ikuta, F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Parkinson's+disease:+an+immunohistochemical+study+of+Lewy+body-containing+neurons+in+the+enteric+nervous+system.">Parkinson's disease: an immunohistochemical study of Lewy body-containing neurons in the enteric nervous system.</a> Acta Neuropathol. 79, 581-583 (1990).</li><li>Wakabayashi, K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Restricted+occurrence+of+Lewy+bodies+in+the+dorsal+vagal+nucleus+in+a+patient+with+late-onset+parkinsonism.">Restricted occurrence of Lewy bodies in the dorsal vagal nucleus in a patient with late-onset parkinsonism.</a> J Neurol Sci. 165, 188-191 (1999).</li><li>Braak, H., Sastre, M., Bohl, J. R., de Vos, R. A., Del Tredici, K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Parkinson's+disease:+lesions+in+dorsal+horn+layer+I,+involvement+of+parasympathetic+and+sympathetic+pre-+and+postganglionic+neurons.">Parkinson's disease: lesions in dorsal horn layer I, involvement of parasympathetic and sympathetic pre- and postganglionic neurons.</a> Acta Neuropathol. 113, 421-429 (2007).</li><li>Braak, H., Ghebremedhin, E., Rub, U., Bratzke, H., Del Tredici, K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Stages+in+the+development+of+Parkinson's+disease-related+pathology.">Stages in the development of Parkinson's disease-related pathology.</a> Cell Tissue Res. 318, 121-134 (2004).</li><li>Gorell, J. M., Johnson, C. C., Rybicki, B. A., Peterson, E. L., Richardson, R. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+risk+of+Parkinson's+disease+with+exposure+to+pesticides,+farming,+well+water,+and+rural+living.">The risk of Parkinson's disease with exposure to pesticides, farming, well water, and rural living.</a> Neurology. 50, 1346-1350 (1998).</li><li>Semchuk, K. M., Love, E. J., Lee, R. G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Parkinson's+disease+and+exposure+to+agricultural+work+and+pesticide+chemicals.">Parkinson's disease and exposure to agricultural work and pesticide chemicals.</a> Neurology. 42, 1328-1335 (1992).</li><li>Butterfield, P. G., Valanis, B. G., Spencer, P. S., Lindeman, C. A., Nutt, J. G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Environmental+antecedents+of+young-onset+Parkinson's+disease.">Environmental antecedents of young-onset Parkinson's disease.</a> Neurology. 43, 1150-1158 (1993).</li><li>Pan-Montojo, F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Progression+of+Parkinson's+disease+pathology+is+reproduced+by+intragastric+administration+of+rotenone+in+mice.">Progression of Parkinson's disease pathology is reproduced by intragastric administration of rotenone in mice.</a> PLoS One. 5, e8762-e8762 (2010).</li><li>Sherer, T. B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mechanism+of+toxicity+in+rotenone+models+of+Parkinson's+disease.">Mechanism of toxicity in rotenone models of Parkinson's disease.</a> J Neurosci. 23, 10756-10764 (2003).</li><li>Bove, J., Prou, D., Perier, C., Przedborski, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Toxin-induced+models+of+Parkinson's+disease.">Toxin-induced models of Parkinson's disease.</a> NeuroRx. 2, 484-494 (2005).</li><li>Inden, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Neurodegeneration+of+mouse+nigrostriatal+dopaminergic+system+induced+by+repeated+oral+administration+of+rotenone+is+prevented+by+4-phenylbutyrate,+a+chemical+chaperone.">Neurodegeneration of mouse nigrostriatal dopaminergic system induced by repeated oral administration of rotenone is prevented by 4-phenylbutyrate, a chemical chaperone.</a> J Neurochem. 101, 1491-1504 (2007).</li></ol>

Francisco Pan-Montojo tem um pedido de patente pendente para este modelo animal (número de aplicativos PCT / PE 2009/005688).

Administração intragástrica foi previamente realizado 12. No entanto, segundo manuscrito Inden, a rotenona foi administrada de sal dissolvido em 0,5% de carboximetilcelulose de sódio (CMSS) sozinho. Rotenona é uma substância de alto liphophylic. Portanto, rotenona não pode ser dissolvido em CMSS 0,5% sozinho e se irá precipitar feito. O uso de clorofórmio cria uma suspensão rotenona distribuída uniformemente evitando a precipitação. Além disso, devido às concentrações mais elevadas do pestici...

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		<div>
		<table border="1">
		<thead>
		<tr>
		<th>Material Name</th>
		<th>Type</th>
		<th>Company</th>
		<th>Catalogue Number</th>
		<th>Comment</th>
		</tr>
		</thead>
		<tbody>
		
<tr>
<td>Rotenone</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>SIGMA-Aldrich</td>
<td>R8875</td>
<td>Germany</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Chloroform</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Carl Roth</td>
<td>3313.1</td>
<td>Germany</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Carboxymethylcellulose</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>SIGMA-Aldrich</td>
<td>C5678</td>
<td>Germany</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Gavage 1,2 mm x 60 mm</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Unimed</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Switzerland</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>LSM 510</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Zeiss Microscopes</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>FIJI</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>http://pacific.mpi-cbg.de</td>
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oral administration of rotenone using a gavage and image analysis of alpha-synuclein inclusions in the enteric nervous system

Na doença de Parkinson (DP), a patologia associada segue um padrão característico, envolvendo, nomeadamente, o sistema nervoso entérico 1,2 (ENS), o bulbo olfativo (OB), o núcleo motor dorsal do vago (DMV) 3, o intermediolaterais núcleo da 4 medula espinhal e substância negra, fornecendo a base para a realização neuropatológicas da doença 4,5. A ENS e os OB são as estruturas mais expostas nervoso e os primeiros a ser afetados. Curiosamente, PD tem sido relacionada à exposição a pesticidas 6-8. Aqui nós mostramos em detalhe dois métodos usados ​​em nosso estudo anterior 9. Para analisar os efeitos da rotenona agindo localmente no ENS, nós administrados rotenona usando uma sonda de um ano de idade C57/BL6 camundongos. Rotenona é um pesticida amplamente utilizado que inibe fortemente Complexo mitocondrial I 10. É altamente lipofílica e mal absorvido no trato gastrointestinal 11. Nossos resultados mostraram que a administração de 5 mg / kg de rotenona não inibiu o complexo I mitocondrial atividade no músculo ou no cérebro. Assim, o que sugere que isso usar nosso rotenona método de administração não atravessar o sistema hepatoportal e estava atuando apenas na ENS. Aqui nós mostramos um método para administrar pesticidas usando uma sonda e do protocolo de análise de imagem utilizada para analisar os efeitos do pesticida em alfa-sinucleína acumulação na ENS. A primeira parte mostra um método que permite a administração intragástrica de pesticidas (rotenona) a uma concentração desejada preciso. O segundo método apresenta uma semi-automática de protocolo de análise de imagem para analisar acumulação de alfa-sinucleína na ENS usando um software de análise de imagem.

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Oral Administration of Rotenone using a Gavage and Image Analysis of Alpha-synuclein Inclusions in the Enteric Nervous System at JoVE.com

Oral Administration of Rotenone using a Gavage and Image Analysis of Alpha-synuclein Inclusions in the Enteric Nervous System

A doença de Parkinson tem sido relacionada à exposição a pesticidas. Aqui nós mostramos um método para entregar pesticidas usando uma sonda gástrica, na concentração desejada e um método para analisar seu efeito em alfa-sinucleína acumulação no sistema nervoso entérico.

Administração oral de rotenona usando um Gavage e Análise de Imagem de Alpha-sinucleína Inclusões no sistema nervoso entérico

In Parkinson's disease (PD) patients, the associated pathology follows a characteristic pattern involving inter alia the enteric nervous system (ENS) 1,2, ...

oral-administration-rotenone-using-gavage-image-analysis-alpha

Research

JoVE Journal

Neuroscience

16.9K visualizações.  Technische Universität Dresden. A doença de Parkinson tem sido relacionada à exposição a pesticidas. Aqui nós mostramos um método para entregar pesticidas usando uma sonda gástrica, na concentração desejada e um método para analisar seu efeito em alfa-sinucleína acumulação no sistema nervoso entérico.

Vídeo: Oral Administration of Rotenone using a Gavage and Image Analysis of Alpha-synuclein Inclusions in the Enteric Nervous System

Visualization and Genetic Manipulation of Dendrites and Spines in the Mouse Cerebral Cortex and Hippocampus using In utero Electroporation

In utero electroporation (IUE) has become a powerful technique to study the development of different regions of the embryonic nervous system 1-5. To date this tool has been widely used to study the regulation of cellular proliferation, differentiation and neuronal migration especially in the developing cerebral cortex 6-8. Here we detail our protocol to electroporate in utero the cerebral cortex and the hippocampus and provide evidence that this approach can be used to study dendrites and spines in these two cerebral regions.
Visualization and manipulation of neurons in primary cultures have contributed to a better understanding of the processes involved in dendrite, spine and synapse development. However neurons growing in vitro are not exposed to all the physiological cues that can affect dendrite and/or spine formation and maintenance during normal development. Our knowledge of dendrite and spine structures in vivo in wild-type or mutant mice comes mostly from observations using the Golgi-Cox method 9. However, Golgi staining is considered to be unpredictable. Indeed, groups of nerve cells and fiber tracts are labeled randomly, with particular areas often appearing completely stained while adjacent areas are devoid of staining. Recent studies have shown that IUE of fluorescent constructs represents an attractive alternative method to study dendrites, spines as well as synapses in mutant / wild-type mice 10-11 (Figure 1A). Moreover in comparison to the generation of mouse knockouts, IUE represents a rapid approach to perform gain and loss of function studies in specific population of cells during a specific time window. In addition, IUE has been successfully used with inducible gene expression or inducible RNAi approaches to refine the temporal control over the expression of a gene or shRNA 12. These advantages of IUE have thus opened new dimensions to study the effect of gene expression/suppression on dendrites and spines not only in specific cerebral structures (Figure 1B) but also at a specific time point of development (Figure 1C).
Finally, IUE provides a useful tool to identify functional interactions between genes involved in dendrite, spine and/or synapse development. Indeed, in contrast to other gene transfer methods such as virus, it is straightforward to combine multiple RNAi or transgenes in the same population of cells. 
In summary, IUE is a powerful method that has already contributed to the characterization of molecular mechanisms underlying brain function and disease and it should also be useful in the study of dendrites and spines.

Visualization and Genetic Manipulation of Dendrites and Spines in the Mouse Cerebral Cortex and Hippocampus using In utero Electroporation

This article describes in detail a protocol to electroporate in utero the cerebral cortex and the hippocampus at E14.5 in mice. We also show that this is a valuable method to study dendrites and spines in these two cerebral regions.

Visualização e manipulação genética de dendritos e espinhas no córtex cerebral e hipocampo do rato usando<em&gt; In utero</em&gt; Eletroporação

In utero electroporation (IUE) has become a powerful technique to study the development of different regions of the embryonic nervous system 1-5. To date ...

Neurociência

Direct Intraventricular Delivery of Drugs to the Rodent Central Nervous System

Due to an inability to cross the blood brain barrier, certain drugs need to be directly delivered into the central nervous system (CNS). Our lab focuses specifically on antisense oligonucleotides (ASOs), though the techniques shown in the video here can also be used to deliver a plethora of other drugs to the CNS. Antisense oligonucleotides (ASOs) have the capability to knockdown sequence-specific targets 1 as well as shift isoform ratios of specific genes 2. To achieve widespread gene knockdown or splicing in the CNS of mice, the ASOs can be delivered into the brain using two separate routes of administration, both of which we demonstrate in the video.
The first uses Alzet osmotic pumps, connected to a catheter that is surgically implanted into the lateral ventricle. This allows the ASOs to be continuously infused into the CNS for a designated period of time. The second involves a single bolus injection of a high concentration of ASO into the right lateral ventricle. Both methods use the mouse cerebral ventricular system to deliver the ASO to the entire brain and spinal cord, though depending on the needs of the study, one method may be preferred over the other.

We describe a method to target drugs to the central nervous system by either implanting a catheter or performing a bolus injection into the right lateral ventricle in mice. We focus specifically on the delivery of antisense oligonucleotides. This technique is readily adaptable to other drugs and to rats.

Entrega intraventricular direta de medicamentos para o Sistema Nervoso Central Rodent

Due to an inability to cross the blood brain barrier, certain drugs need to be directly delivered into the central nervous system (CNS). Our lab focuses ...

In vivo Optogenetic Stimulation of the Rodent Central Nervous System

The ability to probe defined neural circuits in awake, freely-moving animals with cell-type specificity, spatial precision, and high temporal resolution has been a long sought tool for neuroscientists in the systems-level search for the neural circuitry governing complex behavioral states. Optogenetics is a cutting-edge tool that is revolutionizing the field of neuroscience and represents one of the first systematic approaches to enable causal testing regarding the relation between neural signaling events and behavior. By combining optical and genetic approaches, neural signaling can be bi-directionally controlled through expression of light-sensitive ion channels (opsins) in mammalian cells. The current protocol describes delivery of specific wavelengths of light to opsin-expressing cells in deep brain structures of awake, freely-moving rodents for neural circuit modulation. Theoretical principles of light transmission as an experimental consideration are discussed in the context of performing in vivo optogenetic stimulation. The protocol details the design and construction of both simple and complex laser configurations and describes tethering strategies to permit simultaneous stimulation of multiple animals for high-throughput behavioral testing.

In vivo Optogenetic Stimulation of the Rodent Central Nervous System

Optogenetics has become a powerful tool for use in behavioral neuroscience experiments. This protocol offers a step-by-step guide to the design and set-up of laser systems, and provides a full protocol for carrying out multiple and simultaneous in vivo optogenetic stimulations compatible with most rodent behavioral testing paradigms.

In vivo Optogenetic estimulação do sistema nervoso central de roedores

The ability to probe defined neural circuits in awake, freely-moving animals with cell-type specificity, spatial precision, and high temporal resolution ...

In Situ Ca2+ Imaging of the Enteric Nervous System

Reflex behaviors of the intestine are controlled by the enteric nervous system (ENS). The ENS is an integrative network of neurons and glia in two ganglionated plexuses housed in the gut wall. Enteric neurons and enteric glia are the only cell types within the enteric ganglia. The activity of enteric neurons and glia is responsible for coordinating intestinal functions. This protocol describes methods for observing the activity of neurons and glia within the intact ENS by imaging intracellular calcium (Ca2+) transients with fluorescent indicator dyes. Our technical discussion focuses on methods for Ca2+ imaging in whole-mount preparations of the myenteric plexus from the rodent bowel. Bulk loading of ENS whole-mounts with a high-affinity Ca2+ indicator such as Fluo-4 permits measurements of Ca2+ responses in individual neurons or glial cells. These responses can be evoked repeatedly and reliably, which permits quantitative studies using pharmacological tools. Ca2+ responses in cells of the ENS are recorded using a fluorescence microscope equipped with a cooled charge-coupled device (CCD) camera. Fluorescence measurements obtained using Ca2+ imaging in whole-mount preparations offer a straightforward means of characterizing the mechanisms and potential functional consequences of Ca2+ responses in enteric neurons and glial cells.

In Situ Ca2+ Imaging of the Enteric Nervous System

The enteric nervous system (ENS) is a network of neurons and glia located in the gut wall that controls intestinal reflexes. This protocol describes methods for recording the activity of enteric neurons and glia in live preparations of ENS using Ca2+ imaging.

In Situ Ca 2+ Imagem do Sistema Nervoso Entérico

Reflex behaviors of the intestine are controlled by the enteric nervous system (ENS). The ENS is an integrative network of neurons and glia in two ...

Sequential Extraction of Soluble and Insoluble Alpha-Synuclein from Parkinsonian Brains

Alpha-synuclein (&#945;-syn) protein is abundantly expressed mainly within neurons, and exists in a number of different forms - monomers, tetramers, oligomers and fibrils. During disease, &#945;-syn undergoes conformational changes to form oligomers and high molecular weight aggregates that tend to make the protein more insoluble. Abnormally aggregated &#945;-syn is a neuropathological feature of Parkinson&#39;s disease (PD), dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB) and multiple system atrophy (MSA). Biochemical characterization and analysis of insoluble &#945;-syn using buffers with increasing detergent strength and high-speed ultracentrifugation provides a powerful tool to determine the development of &#945;-syn pathology associated with disease progression. This protocol describes the isolation of increasingly insoluble/aggregated &#945;-syn from post-mortem human brain tissue. This methodology can be adapted with modifications to studies of normal and abnormal &#945;-syn biology in transgenic animal models harbouring different &#945;-syn mutations as well as in other neurodegenerative diseases that feature aberrant fibrillar deposits of proteins related to their respective pathologies.

Here, we present a protocol for the isolation of increasingly insoluble/aggregated alpha-synuclein (&#945;-syn) from post-mortem human brain tissue. Through the utilization of buffers with increasing detergent strength and high-speed ultracentrifugation techniques, the variable properties of &#945;-syn aggregation in diseased and non-diseased tissue can be examined.

Extração seqüencial de solúveis e insolúveis alfa-sinucleína de Brains parkinsonianos

Alpha-synuclein (&#945;-syn) protein is abundantly expressed mainly within neurons, and exists in a number of different forms - monomers, tetramers, ...

Bioluminescence Imaging of Neuroinflammation in Transgenic Mice After Peripheral Inoculation of Alpha-Synuclein Fibrils

To study the prion-like behavior of misfolded alpha-synuclein, mouse models are needed that allow fast and simple transmission of alpha-synuclein prionoids, which cause neuropathology within the central nervous system (CNS). Here we describe that intraglossal or intraperitoneal injection of alpha-synuclein fibrils into bigenic Tg(M83+/-:Gfap-luc+/-) mice, which overexpress human alpha-synuclein with the A53T mutation from the prion protein promoter and firefly luciferase from the promoter for glial fibrillary acidic protein (Gfap), is sufficient to induce neuropathologic disease. In comparison to homozygous Tg(M83+/+) mice that develop severe neurologic symptoms beginning at an age of 8 months, heterozygous Tg(M83+/-:Gfap-luc+/-) animals remain free of spontaneous disease until they reach an age of 22 months. Interestingly, injection of alpha-synuclein fibrils via the intraperitoneal route induced neurologic disease with paralysis in four of five Tg(M83+/-:Gfap-luc+/-) mice with a median incubation time of 229 &#177;17 days. Diseased animals showed severe deposits of phosphorylated alpha-synuclein in their brains and spinal cords. Accumulations of alpha-synuclein were sarkosyl-insoluble and colocalized with ubiquitin and p62, and were accompanied by an inflammatory response resulting in astrocytic gliosis and microgliosis. Surprisingly, inoculation of alpha-synuclein fibrils into the tongue was less effective in causing disease with only one of five injected animals showing alpha-synuclein pathology after 285 days. Our findings show that inoculation via the intraglossal route and more so via the intraperitoneal route is suitable to induce neurologic illness with relevant hallmarks of synucleinopathies in Tg(M83+/-:Gfap-luc+/-) mice. This provides a new model for studying prion-like pathogenesis induced by alpha-synuclein prionoids in greater detail.

Peripheral injection of alpha-synuclein fibrils into the peritoneum or tongue of Tg(M83+/-:Gfap-luc+/-) mice, which express human alpha-synuclein with the familial A53T mutation and firefly luciferase, can induce neuropathology, including neuroinflammation, in their central nervous system.

Imagem de bioluminescência de Neuroinflammation em Ratinhos Transgénicos Após inoculação periférica de alfa-sinucleína fibrilas

To study the prion-like behavior of misfolded alpha-synuclein, mouse models are needed that allow fast and simple transmission of alpha-synuclein ...

Methods and Tips for Intravenous Administration of Adeno-associated Virus to Rats and Evaluation of Central Nervous System Transduction

Adeno-associated virus (AAV) vectors are a key reagent in the neurosciences for clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR), optogenetics, cre-lox targeting, etc. The purpose of this manuscript is to aid the investigator attempting expansive central nervous system (CNS) gene transfer in the rat via tail vein injection of AAV. Wide-scale expression is relevant for conditions with widespread pathology, and a rat model is significant due to its greater size and physiologic similarities to humans compared to mice. In this example application, a wide-scale neuronal transduction is used to mimic a neurodegenerative disease that affects the entire spinal cord, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). The efficient wide-scale CNS transduction can also be used to deliver therapeutic protein factors in pre-clinical studies. After a post-injection expression interval of several weeks, the effects of the transduction are evaluated. For a green fluorescent protein (GFP) control vector, the amount of GFP in the cerebellum is estimated quickly and reliably by a basic imaging program. For motor disease phenotypes that are induced by the ALS related protein transactive response DNA-binding protein of 43 kDa (TDP-43), the deficits are scored by escape reflex and rotarod. Beyond disease modeling and gene therapy, there are diverse potential applications for the wide-scale gene targeting described here. The expanded use of this method will aid in expediting hypothesis testing in the neurosciences and neurogenetics.

Methods for a wide-scale central nervous system gene delivery in the rat are covered. In this example, the purpose is to mimic a disease that affects the entire spinal cord. The widespread transduction can be used to deliver a therapeutic protein to the CNS from a one-time, peripheral administration.

Métodos e dicas para administração intravenosa de vírus Adeno-associado aos ratos e avaliação do sistema nervoso Central transdução

Adeno-associated virus (AAV) vectors are a key reagent in the neurosciences for clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR), ...

Exogenous Administration of Microsomes-associated Alpha-synuclein Aggregates to Primary Neurons As a Powerful Cell Model of Fibrils Formation

For years, the inability of replicating formation of insoluble alpha-synuclein (&#945;S) inclusions in cell cultures has been a great limitation in the study of &#945;S aggregation in Parkinson&#39;s Disease (PD). Recently, the development of new animal models through the exogenous inoculation of brain extracts from diseased &#945;S transgenic mice or PD patients has given new hopes to the possibility of creating more adequate cell models of &#945;S aggregation. Unfortunately, when it comes to cells in cultures, administration of raw brain extracts has not proven as successful as in mice and the source of choice of exogenous aggregates is still in vitro preformed &#945;S fibrils.
We have developed a method to induce the formation of intracellular &#945;S inclusions in primary neurons through the exogenous administration of native microsomes-associated &#945;S aggregates, a highly toxic &#945;S species isolated from diseased areas of transgenic mice. This fraction of &#945;S aggregates that is associated with the microsomes vesicles, is efficiently internalized and induces the formation of intracellular inclusions positive for aggregated and phosphorylated &#945;S. Compared to in vitro-preformed fibrils which are made from recombinant &#945;S, our method is faster and guarantees that the pathogenic seeding is made with authentic &#945;S aggregates extracted from diseased animal models of PD, mimicking more closely the type of inclusions obtained in vivo. As a result, availability of tissues rich in &#945;S inclusions is mandatory.
We believe that this method will provide a versatile cell-based model to study the microscopic aspects of &#945;S aggregation and the related cellular pathophysiology in vivo and will be a starting point for the creation of more accurate and sophisticated cell paradigm of PD.

The goal of this protocol is to provide a cell-based system that replicates the formation of alpha-synuclein aggregates in vivo. Intracellular alpha-synuclein inclusions are seeded in primary neurons by the internalization and propagation of exogenous administered native microsomes-associated alpha-synuclein aggregates isolated from diseased alpha-synuclein transgenic mice.

Administração exógena de agregados de microssomas associados alfa-synuclein para os neurônios primários como um modelo de célula poderosos de formação de fibrilas

For years, the inability of replicating formation of insoluble alpha-synuclein (&#945;S) inclusions in cell cultures has been a great limitation in the ...

Transplantation of Chemogenetically Engineered Cortical Interneuron Progenitors into Early Postnatal Mouse Brains

Neuronal development is regulated by a complex combination of environmental and genetic factors. Assessing the relative contribution of each component is a complicated task, which is particularly difficult in regards to the development of &#947;-aminobutyric acid (GABA)ergic cortical interneurons (CIs). CIs are the main inhibitory neurons in the cerebral cortex, and they play key roles in neuronal networks, by regulating both the activity of individual pyramidal neurons, as well as the oscillatory behavior of neuronal ensembles. They are generated in transient embryonic structures (medial and caudal ganglionic eminences -&#160;MGE and CGE) that are very difficult to efficiently target using in utero electroporation approaches. Interneuron progenitors migrate long distances during normal embryonic development, before they integrate in the cortical circuit. This remarkable ability to disperse and integrate into a developing network can be hijacked by transplanting embryonic interneuron precursors into early post-natal host cortices. Here, we present a protocol that allows genetic modification of embryonic interneuron progenitors using focal ex vivo electroporation. These engineered interneuron precursors are then transplanted into early post-natal host cortices, where they will mature into easily identifiable CIs. This protocol allows the use of multiple genetically encoded tools, or the ability to regulate the expression of specific genes in interneuron progenitors, in order to investigate the impact of either genetic or environmental variables on the maturation and integration of CIs.

Here we present a protocol, designed to use chemogenetic tools to manipulate the activity of cortical interneuron progenitors transplanted into the cortex of early postnatal mice.

Transplantação dos progenitors corticais Quimiogenetically projetados do interneuron em cérebros Postnatal adiantados do rato

Neuronal development is regulated by a complex combination of environmental and genetic factors. Assessing the relative contribution of each component is ...

Generation of Alpha-Synuclein Preformed Fibrils from Monomers and Use In Vivo

Use of the in vivo alpha-synuclein preformed fibril (&#945;-syn PFF) model of synucleinopathy is gaining popularity among researchers aiming to model Parkinson&#39;s disease synucleinopathy and nigrostriatal degeneration. The standardization of &#945;-syn PFF generation and in vivo application is critical in order to ensure consistent, robust &#945;-syn pathology. Here, we present a detailed protocol for the generation of fibrils from monomeric &#945;-syn, post-fibrilization quality control steps, and suggested parameters for successful neurosurgical injection of &#945;-syn PFFs into rats or mice. Starting with monomeric &#945;-syn, fibrilization occurs over a 7-day incubation period while shaking at optimal buffer conditions, concentration, and temperature. Post-fibrilization quality control is assessed by the presence of pelletable fibrils via sedimentation assay, the formation of amyloid conformation in the fibrils with a thioflavin T assay, and electron microscopic visualization of the fibrils. Whereas successful validation using these assays is necessary for success, they are not sufficient to guarantee PFFs will seed &#945;-syn inclusions in neurons, as such aggregation activity of each PFF batch should be tested in cell culture or in pilot animal cohorts. Prior to use, PFFs must be sonicated under precisely standardized conditions, followed by examination using electron microscopy or dynamic light scattering to confirm fibril lengths are within optimal size range, with an average length of 50 nm. PFFs can then be added to cell culture media or used in animals. Pathology detectable by immunostaining for phosphorylated &#945;-syn (psyn; serine 129) is apparent days or weeks later in cell culture and rodent models, respectively.&#160;

The goal of this article is to outline the steps required for the generation of fibrils from monomeric alpha-synuclein, subsequent quality control, and use of the preformed fibrils in vivo.

Geração de fibrilas pré-formadas Alpha-synuclein de monômeros e uso in vivo

Use of the in vivo alpha-synuclein preformed fibril (&#945;-syn PFF) model of synucleinopathy is gaining popularity among researchers aiming to model ...