Esta pesquisa foi apoiada pelo Programa de Pequenas Business Innovation Research do National Institutes of Health (NIAID, 1R43AI082698-01) e do USDA Instituto Nacional de Alimentação e Agricultura (Nifa, 2009-33610-20028).

1. Y. pestis inoculação placa <ol><li> Streak Y. pestis A1122 (BeiResources # NR15) em culturas de Luria-Bertani (LB) ágar (Miller). Use técnica estéril e executar todas as Y. manipulações pestis em um tipo II classe A biossegurança gabinete. Y. pestis A1122 é um Nível de Biossegurança (BSL) 2 estirpe agente excluídos selecionar. Falta-lhe tanto os 75 kb par de cálcio de baixa virulência de resposta (LCR) plasmídeo, eo locus pgm que são necessários para a virulência. Crescer Y. pestis a 28 ° C por 48 h em uma temperatura controlada de ar estática incubadora. A taxa de crescimento de Y. pestis é lento com um tempo de geração de 1,25 h 9. </li></ol> 2. Y. pestis líquido media inoculação <ol><li> Transferência de um único Y. pestis colônia em um estéril 17 x 100 milímetros tubo de cultura contendo 2 mL de caldo LB usando um loop de inoculação estéril metal. Selecione uma colônia que é uniforme em tamanho, é indicativo de outras colônias, e é claramente separada do resto das colônias na placa. Tubo de vórtice brevemente e crescer a cultura a 28 ° C por aproximadamente 20 h em uma incubadora de agitação (225 rpm). </li></ol> 3. Y. conseqüência pestis, além fago repórter, e detecção bioluminescentes <ol><li> Diluir o Y. overnight pestis 1:20 cultura em caldo LB fresco em um tubo falcon de 50 mL (por exemplo, 500 mL de células em 9,5 mL de meio) e crescer a 28 ° C com agitação (225 rpm). Crescer até uma densidade óptica a 600 nm (A 600) de 0,2 é atingido (cerca de 5 h). Células em crescimento activo são preferíveis para a detecção desde a capacidade dos fagos para transduzir uma resposta bioluminescentes está correlacionada com a viabilidade e adequação das bactérias host. No entanto, o sistema de detecção foi mostrado para ser compatível com células colhidas em todas as fases do ciclo de crescimento 7. </li><li> Gerar o substrato necessário para a reação bioluminescente, preparando uma solução de 2% n-Decano. Misturar 200 mL de n-Decano com 9,8 mL de caldo LB. Vortex vigorosamente durante 5 s. Primeiro a microplaca luminômetro injector com 2 mL da solução 2% n-Decano. Pré-definir o luminômetro para autoinject 67 mL da solução decanal a cada microplaca e logo em seguida ler a amostra para 10 s. </li><li> Dispense um alíquotas mL de caldo LB em 3 tubos de cultura. Adicionar 20 mL da solução-mãe repórter fago (estoque de 5 x 10 9 unidades formadoras de placa [UFP] / mL) a cada tubo; o fago e amostras de mídia só serve como um controle negativo. Na ausência de Y. células pestis, a adição do fago repórter não deve provocar uma resposta bioluminescente. </li><li> Dispense um alíquotas mL da Y. pestis cultura (a partir do passo 3.1) em 6 tubos de cultura. Adicionar 20 mL do estoque fago repórter a 3 das culturas (culturas de teste). Os restantes três culturas servir de &quot;células sozinho &#39;controle negativo (autobioluminescence fundo). Mix culturas em vortex brevemente, e 200 mL de colheita de cada amostra (para o tempo 0 lido) e dispensar em uma placa de microtitulação de 96 poços branco. Incubar a cultura restantes a 28 ° C com agitação (225 rpm). </li><li> Medir o tempo 0 amostras para bioluminescência (unidade relativa de luz, RLU), utilizando o luminômetro. </li><li> ML colheita 200 de cada amostra após 10, 20, 30, 40, 50 e 60 min Além fago pós-repórter, e medir a amostra de bioluminescência. Se Y. pestis células estão presentes, o fago repórter vai se ligam especificamente para a célula, injetar seu DNA, e usar o hosts maquinaria transcricional e translacional para transcrever e traduzir os genes repórter luxAB (Figura 1). </li><li> A força do sinal eo tempo de resposta do sinal é proporcional ao número de células presentes. Em altas concentrações de células (10 5 a 10 8 UFC / mL), um aumento significativo na RLU comparados com os controles devem ser evidente dentro de 20 min. Em concentrações mais baixas de células, (10 2 -10 4 UFC / mL), um aumento significativo na RLU deve ser evidente dentro de 40-60 min. </li><li> Como alternativa, para agilizar o processo de detecção sem a necessidade de Y. pestis conseqüência, uma colônia de uma placa de recém-cultivada pode ser misturado (em vórtice) diretamente em um tubo eppendorf 1,5 mL com 200 mL de caldo LB abrigar o fago repórter. Dispense a mistura de células / fago em um poço de uma placa de microtitulação. Incubar a placa de microtitulação a 28 ° C e ler a amostra para bioluminescência após 60 min (único momento apenas). </li></ol> 4. Resultados representativos: A experiência é claro representante tempo de fago repórter mediada detecção de Y. pestis é retratado na Figura 2. Os controles negativos de 1) fago sozinho (sem células), ou 2) células sozinho (sem fago) fornecem níveis basais de bioluminescência de aproximadamente 20 em todo o RLU 60 min incubation (níveis basais são específicos luminômetro). Em contraste, um aumento de bioluminescência para as amostras de teste (fago repórter e células) é evidente aos 15 min após a adição do fago. A intensidade do sinal deve aumentar de forma constante durante 60 min. Incubações por períodos de tempo prolongado (mais de 80 min), resultará em um sinal de que vai diminuir a partir do sinal de pico devido à lise mediada fago das células do hospedeiro. Resultados semelhantes foram obtidos em temperaturas de incubação de 37 ° C, embora a temperatura ótima para Y. crescimento pestis é de 28 ° C 9. <img src="/files/ftp_upload/2740/2740fig2.jpg" alt="Figura 2"/> Figura 2. Phage mediada detecção bioluminescente de Y. pestis. No tempo 0, fago repórter e as células foram misturadas, incubados a 28 ° C, e bioluminescência (RLU) foi monitorado ao longo do tempo. Um aumento significativo em RLU (* Estudantes t-test, p &lt;0,05) é evidente dentro de 15 min.

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	<li>Darling, R. G., Catlett, C. L., Huebner, K. D., Jarrett, D. G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Threats+in+bioterrorism.+I:+CDC+category+A+agents.">Threats in bioterrorism. I: CDC category A agents.</a> Emerg Med Clin North Am. 20, 273-309 (2002).</li><li>Chu, M. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Laboratory manual of plague diagnostic tests.. , (2000).</li><li>. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> , (1999).</li><li>Inglesby, T. V. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Anthrax+as+a+biological+weapon,+2002:+updated+recommendations+for+management.">Anthrax as a biological weapon, 2002: updated recommendations for management.</a> JAMA. 287, 2236-2252 (2002).</li><li>Schuch, R., Fischetti, V. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Detailed+genomic+analysis+of+the+Wbeta+and+gamma+phages+infecting+Bacillus+anthracis:+implications+for+evolution+of+environmental+fitness+and+antibiotic+resistance.">Detailed genomic analysis of the Wbeta and gamma phages infecting Bacillus anthracis: implications for evolution of environmental fitness and antibiotic resistance.</a> J Bacteriol. 188, 3037-3051 (2006).</li><li>Garcia, E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+genome+sequence+of+Yersinia+pestis+bacteriophage+phiA1122+reveals+an+intimate+history+with+the+coliphage+T3+and+T7+genomes.">The genome sequence of Yersinia pestis bacteriophage phiA1122 reveals an intimate history with the coliphage T3 and T7 genomes.</a> J Bacteriol. 185, 5248-5262 (2003).</li><li>Schofield, D. A., Molineux, I. J., Westwater, C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Diagnostic+bioluminescent+phage+for+detection+of+Yersinia+pestis.">Diagnostic bioluminescent phage for detection of Yersinia pestis.</a> Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 47, 3887-3894 (2009).</li><li>Schofield, D. A., Westwater, C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Phage-mediated+bioluminescent+detection+of+Bacillus+anthracis.">Phage-mediated bioluminescent detection of Bacillus anthracis.</a> Journal of Applied Microbiology. 107, 468-478 (2009).</li><li>Chu, M. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> CDC: Basic laboratory protocols for the presumptive identification of Yersinia pestis. , 1-19 (2001).</li><li>Gunnison, J. B., Larson, A., Lazarus, A. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Rapid+differentiation+between+Pasteurella+pestis+and+Pasteurella+pseudotuberculosis+by+action+of+bacteriophage.">Rapid differentiation between Pasteurella pestis and Pasteurella pseudotuberculosis by action of bacteriophage.</a> J Infect Dis. 88, 254-255 (1951).</li><li>Lazarus, A. S., Gunnison, J. B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+Action+of+Pasteurella+pestis+Bacteriophage+on+Strains+of+Pasteurella,+Salmonella,+and+Shigella.">The Action of Pasteurella pestis Bacteriophage on Strains of Pasteurella, Salmonella, and Shigella.</a> J Bacteriol. 53, 705-714 (1947).</li><li>Sergueev, K. V., He, Y., Borschel, R. H., Nikolich, M. P., Filippov, A. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Rapid+and+sensitive+detection+of+Yersinia+pestis+using+amplification+of+plague+diagnostic+bacteriophages+monitored+by+real-time+PCR.">Rapid and sensitive detection of Yersinia pestis using amplification of plague diagnostic bacteriophages monitored by real-time PCR.</a> PLoS One. 5, e11337-e11337 (2010).</li></ol>

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Este método demonstra a capacidade do fago repórter para detectar rapidamente Y. pestis desde o fago repórter pode converter uma resposta de sinal bioluminescente para Y. cultivadas pestis células dentro de 20 min após a adição do fago. O fago repórter também é capaz de detectar diretamente Y. pestis em matrizes clínico, sem o pré-requisito de isolamento e cultivo de 7 subseqüente. Em comparação com os ensaios fago padrão de lise, que normalmente exige 48 h ...

<table border="1"><tbody><tr><th> Nome do reagente </th><th> Companhia </th><th> Número de catálogo </th></tr><tr><td> Difco agar LB, Miller </td><td> VWR </td><td> 90003-346 </td></tr><tr><td> Difco LB caldo, Miller </td><td> VWR </td><td> 90003-350 </td></tr><tr><td> 17 x 100 mm tubos cultura </td><td> EUA Scientific </td><td> 1485-0810 </td></tr><tr><td> n-Decano </td><td> Sigma </td><td> D7384 </td></tr><tr><td> Veritas luminômetro </td><td> Turner Biosystems </td><td> 9100-001 </td></tr><tr><td> Microlite de microtitulação de 96 poços da placa </td><td> VWR </td><td> 62402-984 </td></tr></tbody></table>

'bioluminescent' reporter phage for the detection of category a bacterial pathogens

Yersinia pestis e Bacillus anthracis Categoria A são bactérias que são os agentes causadores da praga e antraz, respectivamente 1. Embora a ocorrência natural de ambas as doenças &quot;agora é relativamente rara, a possibilidade de grupos terroristas com estes patógenos como uma arma biológica é real. Por causa da comunicabilidade inerente da doença, evolução clínica rápida e alta taxa de mortalidade, é fundamental que um surto ser detectados rapidamente. Portanto metodologias que proporcionam a rápida detecção e diagnóstico são essenciais para garantir a implementação imediata de medidas de saúde pública e ativação de gestão de crises. Fago recombinante repórter pode proporcionar uma abordagem rápida e específica para a detecção de Y. pestis e B. anthracis. Os Centros de Controle e Prevenção de Doenças atualmente usam os ensaios de lise clássica fago para a identificação confirmada destes patógenos bacterianos 2-4. Estes ensaios aproveitar naturalmente fago que são específicas e lítico para seus hospedeiros bacterianos. Após o crescimento durante a noite da bactéria cultivada na presença do fago específico, a formação de placas (lise bacteriana) fornece uma identificação positiva do alvo bacteriana. Embora estes ensaios são robustos, eles sofrem de três problemas: 1) eles são em laboratório; 2) requerem isolamento bacteriano e cultivo da amostra suspeita, e 3) eles levam 24-36 h para completar. Para tratar dessas questões, fago recombinante repórter &quot;light-com a tag&quot; foram geneticamente modificados através da integração do Vibrio harveyi luxAB genes no genoma de Y. pestis e B. anthracis fago específico 5-8. O fago repórter resultando luxAB foram capazes de detectar o seu alvo específico, rapidamente (em minutos) e com sensibilidade conferir um fenótipo bioluminescentes para células receptoras. Importante, a detecção foi obtido tanto com células cultivadas ou destinatário com mock-infectados amostras clínicas 7. Para fins de demonstração, aqui descrever o método para a detecção fago-mediada de um Y. conhecida pestis isolar usar um fago repórter luxAB construído a partir da praga CDC diagnóstico fago ΦA1122 6,7 (Figura 1). Um método semelhante, com pequenas modificações (por exemplo, mudança na temperatura de crescimento e media), pode ser usado para a detecção de B. anthracis isola usando o B. anthracis Wβ fago repórter:: luxAB 8. O método descreve a transdução mediada por fagos de um fenótipo biolumescent para Y. cultivada pestis células que são posteriormente medido com um luminômetro. As principais vantagens deste método sobre os ensaios de lise tradicional fago é a facilidade de uso, os resultados rápidos, e a capacidade de testar múltiplas amostras ao mesmo tempo em um formato de placa de 96 poços de microtitulação. <img src="/files/ftp_upload/2740/2740fig1.jpg" alt="Figura 1"/> Figura 1. Esquema de detecção. O fago são misturados com a amostra, o fago infecta a célula, luxAB são expressos, e os bioluminesces celular. Processamento da amostra não é necessário; o fago e são misturadas e, posteriormente, medido para a luz.

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about 'Bioluminescent' Reporter Phage for the Detection of Category A Bacterial Pathogens at JoVE.com

&#039;Bioluminescent&#039; Reporter Phage for the Detection of Category A Bacterial Pathogens

Um método simples para a identificação de patógenos bacterianos prioridade é a utilização de fagos repórter geneticamente modificadas. Estes fagos repórter, que são específicas para sua espécie de hospedeiro particular, são capazes de transdução rapidamente uma resposta de sinal bioluminescentes para células hospedeiras. Relata-se o uso de fagos repórter para a detecção de<em&gt; Yersinia pestis</em&gt;.

&quot;Bioluminescent &#39;Phage Reporter para a detecção de patógenos bacterianos Categoria A

Yersinia pestis and Bacillus anthracis are Category A bacterial pathogens that are the causative agents of the plague and anthrax, respectively 1. ...

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Immunology and Infection

'Bioluminescent' Reporter Phage for the Detection of Category A Bacterial Pathogens

13.3K visualizações.  Guild Associates, Inc.. Um método simples para a identificação de patógenos bacterianos prioridade é a utilização de fagos repórter geneticamente modificadas. Estes fagos repórter, que são específicas para sua espécie de hospedeiro particular, são capazes de transdução rapidamente uma resposta de sinal bioluminescentes para células hospedeiras. Relata-se o uso de fagos repórter para a detecção de Yersinia pestis.

Vídeo: 'Bioluminescent' Reporter Phage for the Detection of Category A Bacterial Pathogens

Using Bioluminescent Imaging to Investigate Synergism Between Streptococcus pneumoniae and Influenza A Virus in Infant Mice

During the 1918 influenza virus pandemic, which killed approximately 50 million people worldwide, the majority of fatalities were not the result of infection with influenza virus alone. Instead, most individuals are thought to have succumbed to a secondary bacterial infection, predominately caused by the bacterium Streptococcus pneumoniae (the pneumococcus). The synergistic relationship between infections caused by influenza virus and the pneumococcus has subsequently been observed during the 1957 Asian influenza virus pandemic, as well as during seasonal outbreaks of the virus (reviewed in 1, 2). Here, we describe a protocol used to investigate the mechanism(s) that may be involved in increased morbidity as a result of concurrent influenza A virus and S. pneumoniae infection. We have developed an infant murine model to reliably and reproducibly demonstrate the effects of influenza virus infection of mice colonised with S. pneumoniae. Using this protocol, we have provided the first insight into the kinetics of pneumococcal transmission between co-housed, neonatal mice using in vivo imaging 3.

Using Bioluminescent Imaging to Investigate Synergism Between Streptococcus pneumoniae and Influenza A Virus in Infant Mice

A concurrent infection with influenza A virus is one of the factors implicated in the induction of invasive pneumococcal disease during asymptomatic Streptococcus pneumoniae carriage. Here we describe a mixed infection method using infant mice to investigate the synergism between these two respiratory pathogens.

Usando imagens Bioluminescent para Investigar sinergismo entre Streptococcus pneumoniae E Vírus da Influenza A em Ratos infantil

During the 1918 influenza virus pandemic, which killed approximately 50 million people worldwide, the majority of fatalities were not the result of ...

Imunologia e Infecção

Introducing Shear Stress in the Study of Bacterial Adhesion

During bacterial infections a sequence of interactions occur between the pathogen and its host. Bacterial adhesion to the host cell surface is often the initial and determining step of the pathogenesis. Although experimentally adhesion is mostly studied in static conditions adhesion actually takes place in the presence of flowing liquid. First encounters between bacteria and their host often occur at the mucosal level, mouth, lung, gut, eye, etc. where mucus flows along the surface of epithelial cells. Later in infection, pathogens occasionally access the blood circulation causing life-threatening illnesses such as septicemia, sepsis and meningitis. A defining feature of these infections is the ability of these pathogens to interact with endothelial cells in presence of circulating blood. The presence of flowing liquid, mucus or blood for instance, determines adhesion because it generates a mechanical force on the pathogen. To characterize the effect of flowing liquid one usually refers to the notion of shear stress, which is the tangential force exerted per unit area by a fluid moving near a stationary wall, expressed in dynes/cm2. Intensities of shear stress vary widely according to the different vessels type, size, organ, location etc. (0-100 dynes/cm2). Circulation in capillaries can reach very low shear stress values and even temporarily stop during periods ranging between a few seconds to several minutes 1. On the other end of the spectrum shear stress in arterioles can reach 100 dynes/cm2 2. The impact of shear stress on different biological processes has been clearly demonstrated as for instance during the interaction of leukocytes with the endothelium 3. To take into account this mechanical parameter in the process of bacterial adhesion we took advantage of an experimental procedure based on the use of a disposable flow chamber 4. Host cells are grown in the flow chamber and fluorescent bacteria are introduced in the flow controlled by a syringe pump. We initially focused our investigations on the bacterial pathogen Neisseria meningitidis, a Gram-negative bacterium responsible for septicemia and meningitis. The procedure described here allowed us to study the impact of shear stress on the ability of the bacteria to: adhere to cells 1, to proliferate on the cell surface 5and to detach to colonize new sites 6 (Figure 1). Complementary technical information can be found in reference 7. Shear stress values presented here were chosen based on our previous experience1 and to represent values found in the literature. The protocol should be applicable to a wide range of pathogens with specific adjustments depending on the objectives of the study.

During the infection process, a key step is the adhesion of pathogens with host cells. In most instances this adhesion step occurs in the presence of mechanical stress generated by flowing liquid. We describe a technique that introduces shear stress as an important parameter in the study of bacterial adhesion.

Apresentando tensão de cisalhamento em o Estudo da adesão bacteriana

During bacterial infections a sequence of interactions occur between the pathogen and its host. Bacterial adhesion to the host cell surface is often the ...

Infection of Zebrafish Embryos with Intracellular Bacterial Pathogens

Zebrafish (Danio rerio) embryos are increasingly used as a model for studying the function of the vertebrate innate immune system in host-pathogen interactions 1. The major cell types of the innate immune system, macrophages and neutrophils, develop during the first days of embryogenesis prior to the maturation of lymphocytes that are required for adaptive immune responses. The ease of obtaining large numbers of embryos, their accessibility due to external development, the optical transparency of embryonic and larval stages, a wide range of genetic tools, extensive mutant resources and collections of transgenic reporter lines, all add to the versatility of the zebrafish model. Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium (S. typhimurium) and Mycobacterium marinum can reside intracellularly in macrophages and are frequently used to study host-pathogen interactions in zebrafish embryos. The infection processes of these two bacterial pathogens are interesting to compare because S. typhimurium infection is acute and lethal within one day, whereas M. marinum infection is chronic and can be imaged up to the larval stage 2, 3. The site of micro-injection of bacteria into the embryo (Figure 1) determines whether the infection will rapidly become systemic or will initially remain localized. A rapid systemic infection can be established by micro-injecting bacteria directly into the blood circulation via the caudal vein at the posterior blood island or via the Duct of Cuvier, a wide circulation channel on the yolk sac connecting the heart to the trunk vasculature. At 1 dpf, when embryos at this stage have phagocytically active macrophages but neutrophils have not yet matured, injecting into the blood island is preferred. For injections at 2-3 dpf, when embryos also have developed functional (myeloperoxidase-producing) neutrophils, the Duct of Cuvier is preferred as the injection site. To study directed migration of myeloid cells towards local infections, bacteria can be injected into the tail muscle, otic vesicle, or hindbrain ventricle 4-6. In addition, the notochord, a structure that appears to be normally inaccessible to myeloid cells, is highly susceptible to local infection 7. A useful alternative for high-throughput applications is the injection of bacteria into the yolk of embryos within the first hours after fertilization 8. Combining fluorescent bacteria and transgenic zebrafish lines with fluorescent macrophages or neutrophils creates ideal circumstances for multi-color imaging of host-pathogen interactions. This video article will describe detailed protocols for intravenous and local infection of zebrafish embryos with S. typhimurium or M. marinum bacteria and for subsequent fluorescence imaging of the interaction with cells of the innate immune system.

Transparent zebrafish embryos have proved useful model hosts to visualize and functionally study interactions between innate immune cells and intracellular bacterial pathogens, such as Salmonella typhimurium and Mycobacterium marinum. Micro-injection of bacteria and multi-color fluorescence imaging are essential techniques involved in the application of zebrafish embryo infection models.

A infecção de embriões de zebrafish com patógenos bacterianos intracelulares

Zebrafish (Danio rerio) embryos are increasingly used as a model for studying the function of the vertebrate innate immune system in host-pathogen ...

Bioluminescent Bacterial Imaging In Vivo

This video describes the use of whole body bioluminesce imaging (BLI) for the study of bacterial trafficking in live mice, with an emphasis on the use of bacteria in gene and cell therapy for cancer. Bacteria present an attractive class of vector for cancer therapy, possessing a natural ability to grow preferentially within tumors following systemic administration. Bacteria engineered to express the lux gene cassette permit BLI detection of the bacteria and concurrently tumor sites. The location and levels of bacteria within tumors over time can be readily examined, visualized in two or three dimensions. The method is applicable to a wide range of bacterial species and tumor xenograft types. This article describes the protocol for analysis of bioluminescent bacteria within subcutaneous tumor bearing mice. Visualization of commensal bacteria in the Gastrointestinal tract (GIT) by BLI is also described. This powerful, and cheap, real-time imaging strategy represents an ideal method for the study of bacteria in vivo in the context of cancer research, in particular gene therapy, and infectious disease. This video outlines the procedure for studying lux-tagged E. coli in live mice, demonstrating the spatial and temporal readout achievable utilizing BLI with the IVIS system.

Bioluminescent Bacterial Imaging In Vivo

This article describes the administration of lux-tagged bacteria to mice and subsequent in vivo analysis using IVIS bioluminescence imaging.

Imagem bacteriana Bioluminescent<em&gt; Em Vivo</em

This video describes the use of whole body bioluminesce imaging (BLI) for the study of bacterial trafficking in live mice, with an emphasis on the use of ...

Biolistic Transformation of a Fluorescent Tagged Gene into the Opportunistic Fungal Pathogen Cryptococcus neoformans

The basidiomycete Cryptococcus neoformans, an invasive opportunistic pathogen of the central nervous system, is the most frequent cause of fungal meningitis worldwide resulting in more than 625,000 deaths per year worldwide.&#160;Although electroporation has been developed for the transformation of plasmids in Cryptococcus, only&#160;biolistic&#160;delivery provides&#160;an effective means to transform&#160;linear&#160;DNA&#160;that can be integrated into the genome by homologous recombination.&#160;
Acetate has been shown to be a major fermentation product during cryptococcal infection, but the significance of this is not yet known.&#160;A bacterial pathway composed of the enzymes xylulose-5-phosphate/fructose-6-phosphate phosphoketolase (Xfp) and acetate kinase (Ack) is one of three potential pathways for acetate production in C. neoformans. Here, we demonstrate the biolistic transformation of a construct, which has the gene encoding Ack fused to the fluorescent tag mCherry, into&#160;C. neoformans. We then confirm integration of the ACK-mCherry fusion into the&#160;ACK&#160;locus.

Biolistic Transformation of a Fluorescent Tagged Gene into the Opportunistic Fungal Pathogen Cryptococcus neoformans

Biolistic transformation is a method used to generate stable integration of DNA into the genome of the opportunistic pathogen Cryptococcus neoformans through homologous recombination. We will demonstrate biolistic transformation of a construct, which has the gene encoding acetate kinase fused to the fluorescent tag mCherry into&#160;C. neoformans.

Transformação Biolistic de uma fluorescente Tagged Gene para o oportunista fúngica Pathogen<em&gt; Cryptococcus neoformans</em

The basidiomycete Cryptococcus neoformans, an invasive opportunistic pathogen of the central nervous system, is the most frequent cause of fungal ...

High-throughput Detection of Respiratory Pathogens in Animal Specimens by Nanoscale PCR

Nanoliter scale real-time PCR uses spatial multiplexing to allow multiple assays to be run in parallel on a single plate without the typical drawbacks of combining reactions together. We designed and evaluated a panel based on this principle to rapidly identify the presence of common disease agents in dogs and horses with acute respiratory illness. This manuscript describes a nanoscale diagnostic PCR workflow for sample preparation, amplification, and analysis of target pathogen sequences, focusing on procedures that are different from microliter scale reactions. In the respiratory panel presented, 18 assays were each set up in triplicate, accommodating up to 48 samples per plate. A universal extraction and pre-amplification workflow was optimized for high-throughput sample preparation to accommodate multiple matrices and DNA and RNA based pathogens. Representative data are presented for one RNA target (influenza A matrix) and one DNA target (equine herpesvirus 1). The ability to quickly and accurately test for a comprehensive, syndrome-based group of pathogens is a valuable tool for improving efficiency and ergonomics of diagnostic testing and for acute respiratory disease diagnosis and management.

High-throughput testing of DNA and RNA based pathogens by nanoscale PCR is described using a syndromic canine and equine respiratory PCR panel.

Detecção de alto rendimento de patógenos respiratórios em espécimes animais por Nanoscale PCR

Nanoliter scale real-time PCR uses spatial multiplexing to allow multiple assays to be run in parallel on a single plate without the typical drawbacks of ...

Development of a Hepatitis B Virus Reporter System to Monitor the Early Stages of the Replication Cycle

Currently, it is possible to construct recombinant forms of various viruses, such as human immunodeficiency virus 1 (HIV-1) and hepatitis C virus (HCV), that carry foreign genes such as a reporter or marker protein in their genomes. These recombinant viruses usually faithfully mimic the life cycle of the original virus in infected cells and exhibit the same host range dependence. The development of a recombinant virus enables the efficient screening of inhibitors and the identification of specific host factors. However, to date the construction of recombinant hepatitis B virus (HBV) has been difficult because of various experimental limitations. The main limitation is the compact genome size of HBV, and a fairly strict genome size that does not exceed 1.3 genome sizes, that must be packaged into virions. Thus, the size of a foreign gene to be inserted should be smaller than 0.4 kb if no deletion of the genome DNA is to be performed. Therefore, to overcome this size limitation, the deletion of some HBV DNA is required. Here, we report the construction of recombinant HBV encoding a reporter gene to monitor the early stage of the HBV replication cycle by replacing part of the HBV core-coding region with the reporter gene by deleting part of the HBV pol coding region. Detection of recombinant HBV infection, monitored by the reporter activity, was highly sensitive and less expensive than detection using the currently available conventional methods to evaluate HBV infection. This system will be useful for a number of applications including high-throughput screening for the identification of anti-HBV inhibitors, host factors and virus-susceptible cells.

Here we describe a newly developed hepatitis B virus (HBV) reporter system to monitor the early stages of the HBV life cycle. This simplified in vitro system will aid in the screening of anti-HBV agents using a high-throughput strategy.

Desenvolvimento de um Sistema Reporter vírus da hepatite B de acompanhar as fases iniciais do ciclo de replicação

Currently, it is possible to construct recombinant forms of various viruses, such as human immunodeficiency virus 1 (HIV-1) and hepatitis C virus (HCV), ...

A High-throughput Platform for the Screening of Salmonella spp./Shigella spp.

Fecal-oral transmission of acute gastroenteritis occurs from time to time, especially when people who handled food and water are infected by Salmonella spp./Shigella spp. The gold standard method for the detection of Salmonella spp./Shigella spp. is direct culture but this is labor-intensive and time-consuming. Here, we describe a high-throughput platform for Salmonella spp./Shigella spp. screening, using real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) combined with guided culture. There are two major stages: real-time PCR and the guided culture. For the first stage (real-time PCR), we explain each step of the method: sample collection, pre-enrichment, DNA extraction and real-time PCR. If the real-time PCR result is positive, then the second stage (guided culture) is performed: selective culture, biochemical identification and serological characterization. We also illustrate representative results generated from it. The protocol described here would be a valuable platform for the rapid, specific, sensitive and high-throughput screening of Salmonella spp./Shigella spp.

A High-throughput Platform for the Screening of Salmonella spp./Shigella spp.

Salmonella spp./Shigella spp. are common pathogens attributed to diarrhea. Here, we describe a high-throughput platform for the screening of Salmonella spp./Shigella spp. using real-time PCR combined with guided culture.

Uma plataforma de alto rendimento para o rastreio de Salmonella spp. /Shigella spp.

Fecal-oral transmission of acute gastroenteritis occurs from time to time, especially when people who handled food and water are infected by Salmonella ...

Opsonophagocytic Killing Assay to Assess Immunological Responses Against Bacterial Pathogens

A key aspect of the immune response to bacterial colonization of the host is phagocytosis. An opsonophagocytic killing assay (OPKA) is an experimental procedure in which phagocytic cells are co-cultured with bacterial units. The immune cells will phagocytose and kill the bacterial cultures in a complement-dependent manner. The efficiency of the immune-mediated cell killing is dependent on a number of factors and can be used to determine how different bacterial cultures compare with regard to resistance to cell death. In this way, the efficacy of potential immune-based therapeutics can be assessed against specific bacterial strains and/or serotypes. In this protocol, we describe a simplified OPKA that utilizes basic culture conditions and cell counting to determine bacterial cell viability after co-culture with treatment conditions and HL-60 immune cells. This method has been successfully utilized with a number of different pneumococcal serotypes, capsular and acapsular strains, and other bacterial species. The advantages of this OPKA protocol are its simplicity, versatility (as this assay is not limited to antibody treatments as opsonins), and minimization of time and reagents to assess basic experimental groups.

This opsonophagocytic killing assay is used to compare the ability of phagocytic immune cells to respond to and kill bacteria based on different treatments and/or conditions. Classically, this assay serves as the gold&#160;standard for assessing effector functions of antibodies raised against a bacterium as opsonin.

Ensaio de matar Opsonophagocytic para avaliar as respostas imunológicas contra patógenos bacterianos

A key aspect of the immune response to bacterial colonization of the host is phagocytosis. An opsonophagocytic killing assay (OPKA) is an experimental ...

Immunohistochemistry Test for the Lyssavirus Antigen Detection from Formalin-Fixed Tissues

One of the primary diagnostic modalities for rabies is the detection of viral ribonucleoprotein (RNP) complex (antigen) in the infected tissue samples. While the direct fluorescent antibody (DFA) test or the direct rapid immunohistochemical test (DRIT) are most commonly utilized for the antigen detection, both tests require fresh and/or frozen tissues for impressions on slides prior to the antigen detection using antibodies. If samples are collected and fixed in formalin, neither test is optimal for the antigen detection, however, testing can be performed by conventional immunohistochemistry (IHC) after embedding in paraffin blocks and sectioning. With this IHC method, tissues are stained with anti-rabies antibodies, sections are deparaffinized, antigen retrieved by partial proteolysis or other methods, and incubated with primary and secondary antibodies. Antigens are stained using horseradish peroxidase / amino ethyl carbazole and counterstained with hematoxylin for the visualization using a light microscope. In addition to the specific antigen detection, formalin fixation offers other advantages like the determination of histological changes, relaxed conditions for specimen storage and transport (under ambient temperatures), ability to test retrospective cases and improved biological safety through the inactivation of infectious agents.

Here, we present an immunohistochemistry test protocol for the detection of rabies virus antigen as an alternative diagnostic test for formalin-fixed tissues.

Teste de imunohistoquímica para a detecção de antígenos lyssavírus a partir de tecidos fixos formalina

One of the primary diagnostic modalities for rabies is the detection of viral ribonucleoprotein (RNP) complex (antigen) in the infected tissue samples. ...