Agradecemos Haruya Ohno, Kosaku Shinoda, Louis Sharp, Emi Tomoda, e Lauren Ruiz para discussão, ajuda técnica e assistência editorial no manuscrito. Este trabalho foi suportado por concessões do NIH (DK087853), do Programa de Pesquisa Biomédica e de ruptura de Asubio Pharm Inc. para SKULA foi apoiado por uma AÇÃO bolsas de doutoramento da Universidade de Copenhague e da UE FP7 projeto Diabat (SAÚDE-F2 -2.011-278373) Lise de Madsen e Kristiansen Karsten. Reconhecemos também o DERC centro de subvenção (NIH P30 DK063720).

1. Prepare Médio Digestão Fazer 5 ml por 5 ratinhos por tecido (aproximadamente 1 ml / 1 g de tecido adiposo). <ol><li> Pesar em enzimas da digestão: - D Collaginase: 1,5 u / ml (1108874103, 1 g, Roche, 70334223) - Dispase II: 2,4 u / ml (04942078001, 0980 mg / lyo, Roche, 11466200) </li><li> Adicionar 25 ml de PBS e misturar bem para dissolver </li><li> Adicionar CaCl 2 imediatamente antes da digestão do tecido com uma concentração final de 10 mM </li></ol> 2. Dissecar tecido adiposo de ratos <ol><li> Dissecção deve ser realizado com cuidado, e imediatamente após os ratinhos (6-8 semanas de idade) são sacrificados. Estéril trabalhar com etanol pulverizado sobre a pele do rato antes de abri-lo. Colocar o tecido diretamente no limpo PBS, BAT interescapular separado e inguinal subcutânea WAT. </li><li> Para BAT interescapular: tem o mouse colocado com a parte traseira virada para cima, cortado ao longo das costas e todo o caminho até o pescoço. O marromtecido adiposo pode ser encontrado sob a pele entre os ombros (interescapular). MTD pode ser visto como dois lobos, em forma de borboleta. Uma fina camada de gordura branca que cobre o BAT devem ser cuidadosamente retirados. </li><li> Para subcutânea WAT ​​(inguinal WAT): remover a pele. Inguinal WAT é encontrada diretamente sob a pele de ambos os lados, começando quase na parte de trás e ir ao lado, no interior das coxas e para baixo em direção ao testículo. </li></ol> 3. Corte e digerir tecido adiposo <ol><li> Remover rapidamente toda a contaminação, como um músculo de cabelo, esquelética e do tecido conjuntivo das seções de tecido. </li><li> Seque em papel tecido rapidamente para não diluir meio de dissecção com PBS e colocá-lo em uma placa seca. </li><li> Adicionar meio de digestão (adicionado CaCl2 antes da digestão) e moer o tecido em pequenos pedaços. Misture muito bem por pipetagem cima e para baixo com uma pipeta de 5 ml. Transfira os tecidos picados em tubos de 50 ml, com o resto da digestão medium, misturar ainda mais pipetando para cima e para baixo. </li><li> Digest de 37 ° C com agitação constante a 150 rpm durante 40-50 min. Verificar a cada 10-15 minutos para garantir que a digestão está indo bem e para evitar o excesso de digestão. </li></ol> Nota: meio de digestão correta e tempo são importantes. O tecido deve ser bem digerida, mas em excesso pode prejudicar a digestão das células. 4. Suspensão celular filtro <ol><li> Parar a digestão através da adição de 5 ml de meio completo (DMEM/F12 contendo 10% de FPS e P / S). As células devem ser quase completamente homogêneo. Misturar bem por pipetagem. </li><li> Centrifugar a 700 xg durante 10 min. </li><li> SVF agora pode ser vista como um pellet acastanhado no fundo do tubo. Aspirar a camada oleosa adipócitos maduros na parte superior e a maior parte da camada de líquido - manter o sedimento e dissolver em 10 ml de meio completo. Misturar bem. </li><li> Coloque um coador de células (50-70 um de diâmetro), durante um 50 novo<html> ml tubo e filtrar a suspensão de células. </li></ol> 5. Células placa <ol><li> Transferir a suspensão de células para um tubo de 15 ml e centrifugar a 700 xg durante 10 min. </li><li> Aspirar médio e re-suspender o granulado em 10 ml de meio completo. Pipeta e misture bem. </li><li> Estimar quantas placas forem necessárias. Isto pode variar e depende do tamanho da pastilha. A regra geral é de 2 placas de 10 cm de 5 camundongos para WAT ​​inguinal e uma placa de 10 cm para a BAT. </li><li> Células da placa de pratos revestidas de colágeno (P &amp; D) em meio completo </li><li> 1-2 horas depois do plaqueamento das células, o meio aspirado, lavar duas vezes com PBS e adicionar meio fresco. Esta etapa é importante, pois este pode remover as células vermelhas do sangue, células do sistema imunológico e de outros contaminantes. </li></ol> 6. Diferenciar Células <ol><li> Faça manutenção e meios de indução. </li></ol> Meio de manutenção Completar meio com acrescentou: ent &quot;&gt; Insulina, conc final. 5 ng / ml (5 estoque mg / ml, *** 100 ul de ácido acético em 10 ml de H 2 O para preparar o pH da água acidificada 2.5. estoque da loja dissolver insulina na água acidificada. menos -20 ° C) 3,3 &#39;,5-triiodo-L-tironina (T3), concentração final. 1 nM (10 mM estoque, *** dissolver T3 em NaOH 1N e adicionar meio para fazer 10 ações pM. Sigma cat # T-2877) Armazenar a 4 ° C, durante uma semana, bem Meio de indução Meio de manutenção contendo compostos que se seguem: Indometacina, conc final. 125 ^ M (0,125 M em etanol estoque, Sigma cat # I-7378). A indometacina tem de ser aquecida a 60 ° C para se dissolver. Conc dexametasona, final. 2 | ig / ml (2 mg / ml em etanol a peúga, Sigma cat # D-1756) 3-isobutil-1-metilxantina (IBMX), concentração final. 0,5 mM (0,25 M estoque em DMSO, Sigma cat # I-5879) Rosiglitazona, final conc. 0,5 uM(10 mM em DMSO, Sigma cat # P-2408) Nota: Certifique-indução fresca média de cada vez. <ol start="2"><li> Crescer adipócitos primários de 95-97% de confluência em meio completo (confluentes mas não demasiado embalado) </li><li> Alterar médio completo regular com meio de indução (dia 0) </li><li> Após 48 horas (dia 2), mude meio para meio de manutenção com rosiglitazona (0,5 uM) </li><li> Após 48 h adicionais (dia 4), mudar para meio de manutenção fresco com rosiglitazona (1 uM) durante mais 2-3 dias. 6-7 dias após a adição do meio de indução, as células são totalmente diferenciados para amadurecer as células de gordura e são preenchidos com gotículas de óleo. Gotículas aparecerá em torno de 3-4 dias após a indução. </li></ol> Nota: Mudança de meio cada 2-3 dias até que as células são totalmente diferenciadas. As células podem agora ser colhido e a expressão do mRNA de UCP1 e outrr castanhos genes específicos de adipocitos pode ser medido por qRT-PCR. Western blot vai ser utilizado para detectar as proteínas.

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Os autores declaram que não têm interesses conflitantes financeiros.

Aqui apresentamos um sistema confiável celular para estudar o desenvolvimento de células bege / brite em adipócitos primários cultivados em camundongos. Em comparação com várias linhas de células imortalizadas disponíveis, este sistema é susceptível de oferecer relevância melhorada para o escurecimento do branco gordura in vivo. Mesmo que o estudo desses adipócitos primários oferece algumas vantagens, também existem algumas limitações e preocupações que são impor...

<html> A obesidade é dramaticamente mundial de aumento e agora é considerado uma das preocupações mais graves para a saúde pública 1. Esta condição está relacionada a um desequilíbrio em relação a ingestão de energia a despesa e resulta em excesso de energia armazenada como lípidos em tecido adiposo branco (WAT). WAT alargada está associada com aumento da massa corporal e do peso, enquanto que o tecido adiposo castanho tem a capacidade de dissipar o excesso de energia para produção de calor. Daí BAT pode funcionar como proteção contra o frio e obesidade 2,3. Isto é conseguido através do desacoplamento de transporte de electrões das mitocôndrias pela proteína desacopladora 1 (UCP1). Esta proteína é considerado um marco para a termogênese sem BAT em ​​3. Vários estudos nos últimos anos revelou que os seres humanos adultos têm funcional BAT 4-8 e, consequentemente, a manipulação da BAT em ​​seres humanos pode ser uma intervenção potencial terapêutico na batalha contra a obesidade e suas doenças relacionadas. jove_content &quot;&gt; evidência corrente indica que os dois tipos de adipócitos marrons existir em roedores;&quot; clássica &quot;ou&quot; pré-existente &quot;gordura marrom se desenvolve durante a fase pré-natal e forma depósitos de gordura marrom dedicados na região interescapular e outros tecidos periféricos Por outro lado. , um &quot;induzível&quot; forma de gordura marrom (assim chamadas células brite ou bege) desenvolve durante a fase pós-natal e aparece intercalada nos tecidos adiposos brancos. Os dois tipos de adipócitos marrons também são separadas por diferentes origens desenvolvimentistas. Enquanto a pré-existente adipócitos marrons surgem myoblastsic-like Myf5 precursores, os indutíveis brite / bege células intercaladas em WAT surgir a partir de uma linhagem não Myf5 9,10. Além disso, as vias de regulação deste tipo de células é susceptível de ser diferente do marrom Myf5 derivado 11. adipócitos O desenvolvimento das células (isto é, bege &quot;escurecimento&quot; branco de gordura) pode ser activado em resposta à exposição ao frio e à crónicaβ3-adrenérgicos agonistas ou agonistas PPARy em adultos 12-14. As células bege / brite são susceptíveis de constituir um alvo terapêutico promissor para a manipulação do equilíbrio energético geral e pode potencialmente tornar-se parte do tratamento da obesidade, portanto, é importante compreender os mecanismos moleculares precisos e caminhos de sinalização através dos quais estímulos ambientais controlam o desenvolvimento de cor bege células. Para compreender o controlo molecular do escurecimento de gordura branca, em experiências in vitro são os mais adequados como diferenciação de pré-adipócitos em vez ocorre de forma assíncrona, e é difícil de detectar as células em 15 situ. Embora os estudos sobre o desenvolvimento dos adipócitos têm até agora sido realizada principalmente em linhas de células, tais como células 3T3-L1, 3T3-F442A ou HIB1, estas linhas celulares parecem não ter a assinatura molecular de células de bege. Por outro lado, os adipócitos primários isolados de WAT subcutânea são mais susceptíveis de recapitular o process do escurecimento da gordura branca em uma forma de célula autônoma. Aqui nós fornecemos um protocolo para o isolamento eficaz da fracção do estroma vascular a partir de tecido adiposo e para induzir o escurecimento da gordura branca em resposta a agonistas de PPARy. Rosiglitazona foi demonstrado ser um mediador especialmente eficaz de escurecimento nessas células. Tal como anteriormente sugerido 16, este sistema celular pode ser utilizada para servir um sistema fiável celular para estudar o desenvolvimento de células bege / brite.

<table border="1"><tbody><tr><td></td><td></td><td></td><td> Reagente </td></tr><tr><td> D Collaginase </td><td> Roche </td><td> 11088874103 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> Dispase II </td><td> Roche </td><td> 04942078001 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> CaCl 2 </td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td> Meio DMEM </td><td> Pescador </td><td> 10.017-CV </td><td> Com 2,5 g de glucose / l de L-glutamina e sem piruvato de sódio </td></tr><tr><td> Insulina </td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td> T3 (3,3 &#39;,5-triiodo-L-tironina) </td><td> Sigma </td><td> T-2877 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> Indometacina </td><td> Sigma </td><td> I-7378 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> Dexametasona </td><td> Sigma </td><td> D-1756 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> IBMX </td><td> Sigma </td><td> I-5879 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> Rosiglitazona </td><td> Sigma </td><td> R-2408 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td></td><td></td><td> Equipamento </td></tr><tr><td> Pratos de colágeno revestidas </td><td> BD </td><td> 354450 </td><td> Placas de 10 cm </td></tr><tr><td> 70 um filtro </td><td> BD Falcon </td><td> 352350 </td><td> Célula coador, 70 um nylon 1/ea </td></tr></tbody></table>

isolation and differentiation of stromal vascular cells to beige/brite cells

Adipócitos marrons tem a capacidade de dissociar a cadeia respiratória nas mitocôndrias e dissipar a energia química na forma de calor. Desenvolvimento da UCP1-positivos adipócitos marrons em tecidos adiposos brancos (as chamadas células bege ou brite) é altamente induzida por uma variedade de estímulos ambientais, tais como a exposição ao frio ou crónica por agonistas PPARy, portanto, esse tipo de célula tem potencial como um alvo terapêutico para tratamento da obesidade. Embora a maioria das linhas de adipócitos imortalizados não pode recapitular o processo de &quot;escurecimento&quot; da gordura branca na cultura, os adipócitos primários isolados da fração vascular estromal no tecido adiposo subcutâneo branco (WAT) fornecer um sistema confiável celular para estudar o controle molecular de bege / brite desenvolvimento de células . Aqui descrevemos um protocolo para isolamento eficaz de pré-adipócitos primários e para a indução de diferenciação de células bege / brite em cultura. O efeito de escurecimento pode ser avaliada através da expressão de marca selectiva gordura marromers como UCP1.

Browning dos adipócitos primários pode ser acessado através da medição expressão de mRNA de UCP1 e outros genes marrons de gordura específica ou selectiva por qRT-PCR. Apresentado na Figura 1 são dados de expressão genética em inguinais WAT-adipócitos primários derivados. As células foram induzidas a diferenciar-se em presença de duas doses diferentes de rosiglitazona a 50 nM e 500 nM, respectivamente. Um subconjunto de células foi tratado com forscolina a 10 uM, durante 4 horas ...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Isolation and Differentiation of Stromal Vascular Cells to Beige/Brite Cells at JoVE.com

Isolation and Differentiation of Stromal Vascular Cells to Beige/Brite Cells

Principais pré-adipócitos brancos isolados de tecidos adiposos brancos em ratos podem ser diferenciadas em células bege / brite. Apresentado aqui é um sistema modelo celular fiável para estudar a regulação molecular de &quot;escurecimento&quot; da gordura branca.

Isolamento e diferenciação de células estromais vasculares para Células Bege / Brite

Brown adipocytes have the ability to uncouple the  respiratory chain in mitochondria and dissipate chemical energy as heat.  Development of UCP1-positive ...

isolation-differentiation-stromal-vascular-cells-to-beigebrite

Research

JoVE Journal

Biology

38.4K visualizações.  University of California, San Francisco. Principais pré-adipócitos brancos isolados de tecidos adiposos brancos em ratos podem ser diferenciadas em células bege / brite. Apresentado aqui é um sistema modelo celular fiável para estudar a regulação molecular de "escurecimento" da gordura branca.

Vídeo: Isolation and Differentiation of Stromal Vascular Cells to Beige/Brite Cells

Isolation and Animal Serum Free Expansion of Human Umbilical Cord Derived Mesenchymal Stromal Cells (MSCs) and Endothelial Colony Forming Progenitor Cells (ECFCs)

The umbilical cord is a rich source for progenitor cells with high proliferative potential including mesenchymal stromal cells (also termed mesenchymal stem cells, MSCs) and endothelial colony forming progenitor cells (ECFCs). Both cell types are key players in maintaining the integrity of tissue and are probably also involved in regenerative processes and tumor formation.
To study their biology and function in a comparative manner it is important to have both cells types available from the same donor. It may also be beneficial for regenerative purposes to derive MSCs and ECFCs from the same tissue.
Because cellular therapeutics should eventually find their way from bench to bedside we established a new method to isolate and further expand progenitor cells without the use of animal protein. Pooled human platelet lysate (pHPL) replaced fetal bovine serum in all steps of our protocol to completely avoid contact of the cells to xenogeneic proteins.
This video demonstrates a methodology for the isolation and expansion of progenitor cells from one umbilical cord.
All materials and procedures will be described.

Isolation and Animal Serum Free Expansion of Human Umbilical Cord Derived Mesenchymal Stromal Cells MSCs and Endothelial Colony Forming Progenitor Cells ECFCs

This protocol describes the isolation and subsequent expansion of mesenchymal stromal cells and endothelial colony forming cells without the use of animal serum to generate autologous pairs for experimental transplantation purposes.

Isolamento e animais de Expansão de soro livre de cordão umbilical humano Derivado células mesenquimais estromais (MSCs) e endoteliais Células Progenitoras Colony Forming (ECFCs)

The umbilical cord is a rich source for progenitor cells with high proliferative potential including mesenchymal stromal cells (also termed mesenchymal ...

Biologia

Induction and Analysis of Epithelial to Mesenchymal Transition

Epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) is essential for proper morphogenesis during development. Misregulation of this process has been implicated as a key event in fibrosis and the progression of carcinomas to a metastatic state. Understanding the processes that underlie EMT is imperative for the early diagnosis and clinical control of these disease states. Reliable induction of EMT in vitro is a useful tool for drug discovery as well as to identify common gene expression signatures for diagnostic purposes. Here we demonstrate a straightforward method for the induction of EMT in a variety of cell types. Methods for the analysis of cells pre- and post-EMT induction by immunocytochemistry are also included. Additionally, we demonstrate the effectiveness of this method through antibody-based array analysis and migration/invasion assays.

A straightforward method is described for the induction of epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) in a variety of cell types. Methods for the analysis of cells in EMT states by immunocytochemistry are included.

Indução e Análise de epitelial para mesenquimal Transição

Epithelial  to mesenchymal transition (EMT) is essential for proper morphogenesis during  development. Misregulation of this  process has been implicated ...

Isolation and Primary Culture of Mouse Aortic Endothelial Cells

The vascular endothelium is essential to normal vascular homeostasis. Its dysfunction participates in various cardiovascular disorders. The mouse is an important model for cardiovascular disease research. This study demonstrates a simple method to isolate and culture endothelial cells from the mouse aorta without any special equipment. To isolate endothelial cells, the thoracic aorta is quickly removed from the mouse body, and the attached adipose tissue and connective tissue are removed from the aorta. The aorta is cut into 1 mm rings. Each aortic ring is opened and seeded onto a growth factor reduced matrix with the endothelium facing down. The segments are cultured in endothelial cell growth medium for about 4 days. The endothelial sprouting starts as early as day 2. The segments are then removed and the cells are cultured continually until they reach confluence. The endothelial cells are harvested using neutral proteinase and cultured in endothelial cell growth medium for another two passages before being used for experiments. Immunofluorescence staining indicated that after the second passage the majority of cells were double positive for Dil-ac-LDL uptake, Lectin binding, and CD31 staining, the typical characteristics of endothelial cells. It is suggested that cells at the second to third passages are suitable for in vitro and in vivo experiments to study the endothelial biology. Our protocol provides an effective means of identifying specific cellular and molecular mechanisms in endothelial cell physiopathology.

The vascular endothelial cells play a significant role in many important cardiovascular disorders. This article describes a simple method to isolate and expand endothelial cells from the mouse aorta without using any special equipment. Our protocol provides an effective means of identifying mechanisms in endothelial cell physiopathology.

Isolamento e cultura primária de células de camundongo aórtica endoteliais

The vascular endothelium is essential to normal vascular homeostasis. Its dysfunction participates in various cardiovascular disorders. The mouse is an ...

Isolation of CD146+ Resident Lung Mesenchymal Stromal Cells from Rat Lungs

Mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) are increasingly recognized for their therapeutic potential in a wide range of diseases, including lung diseases. Besides the use of bone marrow and umbilical cord MSCs for exogenous cell therapy, there is also increasing interest in the repair and regenerative potential of resident tissue MSCs. Moreover, they likely have a role in normal organ development, and have been attributed roles in disease, particularly those with a fibrotic nature. The main hurdle for the study of these resident tissue MSCs is the lack of a clear marker for the isolation and identification of these cells. The isolation technique described here applies multiple characteristics of lung resident MSCs (L-MSCs). Upon sacrifice of the rats, lungs are removed and rinsed multiple times to remove blood. Following mechanical dissociation by scalpel, the lungs are digested for 2-3 hr using a mix of collagenase type I, neutral protease and DNase type I. The obtained single cell suspension is subsequently washed and layered over density gradient medium (density 1.073 g/ml). After centrifugation, cells from the interphase are washed and plated in culture-treated flasks. Cells are cultured for 4-7 days in physiological 5% O2, 5% CO2 conditions. To deplete fibroblasts (CD146-) and to ensure a population of only L-MSCs (CD146+), positive selection for CD146+ cells is performed through magnetic bead selection. In summary, this procedure reliably produces a population of primary L-MSCs for further in vitro study and manipulation. Because of the nature of the protocol, it can easily be translated to other experimental animal models.

Isolation of CD146+ Resident Lung Mesenchymal Stromal Cells from Rat Lungs

This protocol describes an isolation technique for obtaining primary lung resident mesenchymal stromal cells from rats, through the use of enzymatic digestion, density gradient separation, plastic adherence and CD146+ magnetic bead selection.

Isolamento de CD146<sup&gt; +</sup&gt; Células Residente Lung estromais mesenquimais de rato Pulmões

Mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) are increasingly recognized for their therapeutic potential in a wide range of diseases, including lung diseases. Besides ...

Isolation of Murine Coronary Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells

While the isolation and culture of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) from large vessels is well established, we sought to isolate and culture VSMCs from the coronary circulation. Hearts with intact aortic arches were removed and perfused via retrograde Langendorff with digestion solution containing 300 Units/ml of collagenase type II, 0.1 mg/ml soybean trypsin inhibitor and 1 M CaCl2. The perfusates were collected at 15 min intervals for 90 min, pelleted by centrifugation, resuspended in plating media, and plated on tissue culture dishes. VSMCs were characterized by presence of SM22&#945;, &#945;-SMA, and vimentin. One of the main advantages of using this technique is the ability to isolate VSMCs from the coronary circulation of mice. Although the small number of cells obtained can limit some of the applications for which the cells can be utilized, isolated coronary VSMCs can be used in a variety of well-established cell culture techniques and assays. Studies investigating VSMCs from genetically modified mice can provide further information about structure-function and signaling processes associated with vascular pathologies.

The purpose of this protocol is to demonstrate the isolation and culture techniques of murine primary vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) from the coronary circulation. Once VSMCs have been isolated, they can be used for many standard culture techniques.

Isolamento de Murino vasculares coronários células musculares lisas

While the isolation and culture of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) from large vessels is well established, we sought to isolate and culture VSMCs ...

Nephrotoxin Microinjection in Zebrafish to Model Acute Kidney Injury

The kidneys are susceptible to harm from exposure to chemicals they filter from the bloodstream. This can lead to organ injury associated with a rapid decline in renal function and development of the clinical syndrome known as acute kidney injury (AKI). Pharmacological agents used to treat medical circumstances ranging from bacterial infection to cancer, when administered individually or in combination with other drugs, can initiate AKI. Zebrafish are a useful animal model to study the chemical effects on renal function in vivo, as they form an embryonic kidney comprised of nephron functional units that are conserved with higher vertebrates, including humans. Further, zebrafish can be utilized to perform genetic and chemical screens, which provide opportunities to elucidate the cellular and molecular facets of AKI and develop therapeutic strategies such as the identification of nephroprotective molecules. Here, we demonstrate how microinjection into the zebrafish embryo can be utilized as a paradigm for nephrotoxin studies.

Renal injuries incurred from nephrotoxins, which include drugs ranging from antibiotics to chemotherapeutics, can result in complex disorders whose pathogenesis remains incompletely understood. This protocol demonstrates how zebrafish can be used for disease modeling of these conditions, which can be applied to the identification of renoprotective measures.

Nefrotoxina microinjeção no peixe-zebra ao modelo de lesão renal aguda

The kidneys are susceptible to harm from exposure to chemicals they filter from the bloodstream. This can lead to organ injury associated with a rapid ...

A Graphical User Interface for Software-assisted Tracking of Protein Concentration in Dynamic Cellular Protrusions

Filopodia are dynamic, finger-like cellular protrusions associated with migration and cell-cell communication. In order to better understand the complex signaling mechanisms underlying filopodial initiation, elongation and subsequent stabilization or retraction, it is crucial to determine the spatio-temporal protein activity in these dynamic structures. To analyze protein function in filopodia, we recently developed a semi-automated tracking algorithm that adapts to filopodial shape-changes, thus allowing parallel analysis of protrusion dynamics and relative protein concentration along the whole filopodial length. Here, we present a detailed step-by-step protocol for optimized cell handling, image acquisition and software analysis. We further provide instructions for the use of optional features during image analysis and data representation, as well as troubleshooting guidelines for all critical steps along the way. Finally, we also include a comparison of the described image analysis software with other programs available for filopodia quantification. Together, the presented protocol provides a framework for accurate analysis of protein dynamics in filopodial protrusions using image analysis software.

We present a software solution for semi-automated tracking of relative protein concentration along the length of dynamic cellular protrusions.

Uma interface de usuário gráfica para rastreamento assistido por software da concentração de proteínas em protrusões celulares dinâmicas

Filopodia are dynamic, finger-like cellular protrusions associated with migration and cell-cell communication. In order to better understand the complex ...

Isolation, Characterization, and Differentiation of Cardiac Stem Cells from the Adult Mouse Heart

Myocardial infarction (MI) is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality around the world. A major goal of regenerative medicine is to replenish the dead myocardium after MI. Although several strategies have been used to regenerate myocardium, stem cell therapy remains a major approach to replenish the dead myocardium of an MI heart. Accumulating evidence suggests the presence of resident cardiac stem cells (CSCs) in the adult heart and their endocrine and/or paracrine effects on cardiac regeneration. However, CSC isolation and their characterization and differentiation toward myocardial cells, especially cardiomyocytes, remains a technical challenge. In the present study, we provided a simple method for the isolation, characterization, and differentiation of CSCs from the adult mouse heart. Here, we describe a density gradient method for the isolation of CSCs, where the heart is digested by a 0.2% collagenase II solution. To characterize the isolated CSCs, we evaluated the expression of CSCs/cardiac markers Sca-1, NKX2-5, and GATA4, and pluripotency/stemness markers OCT4, SOX2, and Nanog. We also determined the proliferation potential of isolated CSCs by culturing them in a Petri dish and assessing the expression of the proliferation marker Ki-67. For evaluating the differentiation potential of CSCs, we selected seven- to ten-days cultured CSCs. We transferred them to a new plate with a cardiomyocyte differentiation medium. They are incubated in a cell culture incubator for 12 days, while the differentiation medium is changed every three days. The differentiated CSCs express cardiomyocyte-specific markers: actinin and troponin I. Thus, CSCs isolated with this protocol have stemness and cardiac markers, and they have a potential for proliferation and differentiation toward cardiomyocyte lineage.

The overall goal of this article is to standardize the protocol for the isolation, characterization, and differentiation of cardiac stem cells (CSCs) from the adult mouse heart. Here, we describe a density gradient centrifugation method to isolate murine CSCs and elaborated methods for CSC culture, proliferation, and differentiation into cardiomyocytes.

Isolamento, caracterização e diferenciação de células-tronco cardíacas do coração de rato adulto

Myocardial infarction (MI) is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality around the world. A major goal of regenerative medicine is to replenish the dead ...

Isolation, Proliferation and Differentiation of Rhesus Macaque Adipose-Derived Stem Cells

Adipose tissue provides a rich and accessible source of multipotent stem cells, which are able to self-renew. These adipose-derived stem cells (ADSCs) provide a consistent ex vivo cellular system that are functionally like that of in vivo adipocytes. Use of ADSCs in biomedical research allows for cellular investigation of adipose tissue metabolic regulation and function. ADSC differentiation is necessary for adequate adipocyte expansion, and suboptimal differentiation is a major mechanism of adipose dysfunction. Understanding changes in ADSC differentiation is crucial to understanding the development of metabolic dysfunction and disease. The protocols described in this manuscript, when followed, will yield mature adipocytes that can be used for several in vitro functional tests to assess ADSC metabolic function, including but not limited to assays measuring glucose uptake, lipolysis, lipogenesis, and secretion. Rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta) are physiologically, anatomically, and evolutionarily similar to humans and as such, their tissues and cells have been used extensively in biomedical research and for development of treatments. Here, we describe ADSC isolation using fresh subcutaneous and omental adipose tissue obtained from 4&#8211;9-year old rhesus macaques. Adipose tissue samples are enzymatically digested in collagenase followed by filtration and centrifugation to isolate ADSCs from the stromal vascular fraction. Isolated ADSCs are proliferated in stromal media followed by approximately 14&#8211;21 days of differentiation using a cocktail of 0.5 &#956;g/mL dexamethasone, 0.5 mM isobutyl methylxanthine, and 50 &#956;M indomethacin in stromal media. Mature adipocytes are observed at approximately 14 days of differentiation. In this manuscript, we describe protocols for ADSC isolation, proliferation, and differentiation in vitro. Although, we have focused on ADSCs from rhesus macaque adipose tissue, these protocols can be utilized for adipose tissue obtained from other animals with minimal adjustments.

In this article, we describe isolation of rhesus macaque derived adipose-derived stem cells (ADSCs) using an enzymatic tissue digestion protocol. Next, we describe ADSC proliferation which includes cell detachment, counting and plating. Lastly, ADSC differentiation is described using specific adipogenic inducing agents. Additionally, we describe staining techniques to confirm differentiation.

Isolamento, Proliferação e Diferenciação de Células-Tronco Derivadas de Adiposos de Macacos Rhesus

Adipose tissue provides a rich and accessible source of multipotent stem cells, which are able to self-renew. These adipose-derived stem cells (ADSCs) ...

Isolation of High Quality Murine Atrial and Ventricular Myocytes for Simultaneous Measurements of Ca2+ Transients and L-Type Calcium Current

Mouse models play a crucial role in arrhythmia research and allow studying key mechanisms of arrhythmogenesis including altered ion channel function and calcium handling. For this purpose, atrial or ventricular cardiomyocytes of high quality are necessary to perform patch-clamp measurements or to explore calcium handling abnormalities. However, the limited yield of high-quality cardiomyocytes obtained by current isolation protocols does not allow both measurements in the same mouse. This article describes a method to isolate high-quality murine atrial and ventricular myocytes via retrograde enzyme-based Langendorff perfusion, for subsequent simultaneous measurements of calcium transients and L-type calcium current from one animal. Mouse hearts are obtained, and the aorta is rapidly cannulated to remove blood. Hearts are then initially perfused with a calcium-free solution (37 &#176;C) to dissociate the tissue at the level of intercalated discs and afterwards with an enzyme solution containing little calcium to disrupt extracellular matrix (37 &#176;C). The digested heart is subsequently dissected into atria and ventricles. Tissue samples are chopped into small pieces and dissolved by carefully pipetting up and down. The enzymatic digestion is stopped, and cells are stepwise reintroduced to physiologic calcium concentrations. After loading with a fluorescent Ca2+-indicator, isolated cardiomyocytes are prepared for simultaneous measurement of calcium currents and transients. Additionally, isolation pitfalls are discussed and patch-clamp protocols and representative traces of L-type calcium currents with simultaneous calcium transient measurements in atrial and ventricular murine myocytes isolated as described above are provided.

Isolation of High Quality Murine Atrial and Ventricular Myocytes for Simultaneous Measurements of Ca2+ Transients and L-Type Calcium Current

Mouse models allow studying key mechanisms of arrhythmogenesis. For this purpose, high quality cardiomyocytes are necessary to perform patch-clamp measurements. Here, a method to isolate murine atrial and ventricular myocytes via retrograde enzyme-based Langendorff perfusion, which allows simultaneous measurements of calcium-transients and L-type calcium current, is described.

Isolamento de miócitos murinos atrial e ventricular de alta qualidade para medidas simultâneas de Ca2+ transitórios e corrente de cálcio tipo L

Mouse models play a crucial role in arrhythmia research and allow studying key mechanisms of arrhythmogenesis including altered ion channel function and ...