Os autores gostariam de agradecer o apoio financeiro do Conselho Nacional de Saúde e Pesquisa Médica (NHMRC) da Austrália (Project Grant ID: 632512). Louise Dunn foi apoiada por um NHMRC início de carreira Fellowship e Christina Bursill por um Heart Foundation Career Development Fellowship Nacional.

1. Preparação de talas e curativos oclusivos <ol><li> Esboço 10 círculos mm em 0,5 milímetros de espessura folhas de silicone e usar uma tesoura ou um soco biópsia para criar discos de silicone. </li><li> Centro de uma biópsia de punção 5 mm no centro do círculo de 10 mm e pressiona firmemente para criar um orifício para formar um &quot;doughnut&quot; semelhante a disco que irá ser utilizada como uma tala. </li><li> Esboço 10 círculos milímetros em um curativo oclusivo transparente como Opsite e usar a tesoura para criar curativos circulares. </li></ol> 2. Animais Experimentais <ol><li> Obter a aprovação do Comitê de Ética Animal para todos os experimentos que serão realizados. </li><li> Use 8 semanas de idade (22-26 gramas) camundongos C57BL/6J machos de um criador comercial (por exemplo, os laboratórios Jackson). </li><li> Manter ratinhos em condições-padrão de 21 ° C e uma hora ciclo claro-escuro de 12, com livre acesso a comida e água. </li><li> (Opcional): A diabetes pode ser induzida em 6 a 7 semanas de idade por um bolus intraperitoneal injecção de 165 mg / kg de estreptozotocina (em tampão citrato, pH 4,5), com hiperglicemia confirmada pelo monitoramento de glicose no sangue regular (accuchek glicosímetro). Camundongos diabéticos podem ter poliúria e por isso a sua cama pode necessitar ser alterado com mais freqüência para eliminar a umidade e seus pesos devem ser cuidadosamente monitorizados. </li></ol> 3. Anestesia e Preparação operativo <ol><li> Induzir a anestesia geral, utilizando 5% de isoflurano em 100% de oxigénio (caudal de 1 L / min) e manter a anestesia utilizando 1-3% de isoflurano. </li><li> Garantir os reflexos profundos pedal do mouse são suprimidas e coloque o mouse na posição prona. </li><li> Preparar a região operativa através da remoção da pele com cortadores a partir da base do pescoço, a 3 cm na parte inferior da volta e entre as duas omoplatas. </li><li> A aplicação de luz de creme depilatório pode ser aplicado durante o período de 2 min. Compressas de gaze molhada pode ser utilizado para garantir que todo o creme e pele remanescente é removido. </li><li> Limpe a pele com umalgodão embebido em álcool e duas aplicações de 10% iodopovidona (Betadine) e armar o mouse. </li></ol> 4. Excisão e Splinting de Wound <ol><li> Representação esquemática do modelo de cicatrização de murino é apresentada na Figura 1. </li><li> Usar uma solução estéril 4 milímetros biópsia de apresentar dois padrões circulares para a ferida em ambos os lados da linha média do rato ao nível dos ombros (ver as figuras 2a-2b). </li><li> Utilização fórceps serrilhados para levantar a pele, no meio do contorno da íris e tesouras para criar uma ferida de espessura total, que se prolonga através do tecido subcutâneo (Figuras 2c-2d), incluindo o panículo carnoso (figura 2e) e, em especial sobre o consumo da parte circular de tecido. </li><li> Repita o processo para a ferida do outro lado da linha média (Figura 2f). </li><li> Remover o revestimento protector plástico de cada lado da tala de silicone. </li><li> Aplicar cyanoacrylate adesiva (por exemplo, Super Cola ou Krazy Glue) para um lado de uma tala de silicone. </li><li> Centre a tala sobre a ferida (Figura 2g) e ancorar o splint com interrompidos 6-0 nylon para garantir o posicionamento (Figura 2h). </li><li> Repetir o processo de imobilização sobre a outra ferida. </li><li> Se necessário, neste ponto do tempo, aplicar o composto terapêutico a ser testado (até 100 ul) para uma ferida (Figura 2i), e o controlo do veículo para o outro. </li><li> Cobrir a ferida com uma compressa oclusiva transparente (por exemplo, Opsite) (Figura 2j-2k). </li><li> Uma régua é colocada abaixo das talas e uma fotomicrografia tomada (Figura 2d). </li></ol> 6. Gestão de pós-operatório <ol><li> Carprofeno (5 mg / kg) é administrado uma vez por dia por meio de injecção sub-cutânea para o alívio da dor pós-operatória. </li><li> Após a cirurgia, os animais são colocados em gaiolas individuais e mantidos sob calor mats até que esteja totalmente recuperado. </li><li> Monitorar os animais duas vezes por dia para as manifestações de dor e perda de peso. Não observamos aspectos comportamentais graves de dor ou perda de peso. </li></ol> 7. Medição e Tratamento de Feridas <ol><li> A ferida pode ser medido diariamente. </li><li> Induzir a anestesia geral, utilizando 5% de gás isoflurano (caudal de 1 L / min), e depois assegurar os reflexos profundos sensoriais do rato são suprimidas utilizando 1-3% de isoflurano. </li><li> Delicadamente descascar o curativo oclusivo com uma pinça. </li><li> Use pinças cirúrgicas para medir o diâmetro da ferida. Tomamos a média de três medições ao longo de X, Y e Z (Figuras 2m-2o), bem como uma fotomicrografia para futura referência (Figura 2p). </li><li> Opcional: Neste momento o animal pode ser avaliada para a perfusão de sangue através de um gerador de imagens Doppler a laser (figura 2q). </li><li> Re-aplicação do composto terapêutico e do controlo do veículo pode ser desemmed neste momento. </li><li> Um curativo oclusivo transparente limpo é então re-aplicado e os animais mantidos aquecidos até que esteja totalmente recuperado. </li><li> Nota: se talas não são protegidos adequadamente a ferida será prontamente contratar (Figura 2R). </li></ol> 8. Análise Histológica <ol><li> Eutanásia dos ratos após 10 dias, com uma overdose de anestesia. </li><li> Utilizando uma pinça e uma lâmina de bisturi remover as suturas e cuidadosamente descascar a tala. </li><li> Use uma tesoura íris para criar uma largura, a excisão completa em torno e sob a área da ferida e incubar o tecido em 4% de paraformaldeído em tampão fosfato salino (PBS) a 4 ° C durante a noite. </li><li> Transferência de tecido para 17% de sacarose na solução de PBS durante mais 24 horas a 4 ° C, em seguida, remover o excesso de solução, esfregando cuidadosamente sobre o tecido e em lugar outubro composto e congelar a -80 ° C. </li><li> Hematoxilina-eosina pode ser utilizado para visualizar a estrutura da ferida e gap epitelial. Neovascularisation pode ser avaliada por análises de imuno-histoquímica para determinar o número de capilares (utilizando o factor de von Willebrand). </li></ol>

<ol>
	<li>Sen, C. K., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Human+skin+wounds:+a+major+and+snowballing+threat+to+public+health+and+the+economy.">Human skin wounds: a major and snowballing threat to public health and the economy.</a> Wound Repair. 17, 763-771 (2009).</li><li>Sen, C. K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Wound+healing+essentials:+let+there+be+oxygen.">Wound healing essentials: let there be oxygen.</a> Wound Repair Regen. 17, 1-18 (2009).</li><li>Gurtner, G. C., Werner, S., Barrandon, Y. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Wound+repair+and+regeneration.">Wound repair and regeneration.</a> Nature. 453, 314-321 (2008).</li><li>Lindblad, W. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Considerations+for+selecting+the+correct+animal+model+for+dermal+wound-healing+studies.">Considerations for selecting the correct animal model for dermal wound-healing studies.</a> J. Biomater. Sci. Polym. Ed. 19, 1087-1096 (2008).</li><li>Grose, R., Werner, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Wound-healing+studies+in+transgenic+and+knockout+mice.">Wound-healing studies in transgenic and knockout mice.</a> Mol. Biotechnol. 28, 147-166 (2004).</li><li>Reid, R. R., Said, H. K., Mogford, J. E., Mustoe, T. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+future+of+wound+healing:+pursuing+surgical+models+in+transgenic+and+knockout+mice.">The future of wound healing: pursuing surgical models in transgenic and knockout mice.</a> J. Am. Coll. Surg. 199, 578-585 (2004).</li><li>Fang, R. C., Mustoe, T. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Animal+models+of+wound+healing:+utility+in+transgenic+mice.">Animal models of wound healing: utility in transgenic mice.</a> J. Biomater. Sci. Polym. Ed. 19, 989-1005 (2008).</li><li>Wong, V. W., Sorkin, M., Glotzbach, J. P., Longaker, M. T., Gurtner, G. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Surgical+approaches+to+create+murine+models+of+human+wound+healing.">Surgical approaches to create murine models of human wound healing.</a> J. Biomed. Biotechnol. 2011, 969618 (2011).</li><li>Galiano, R. D., Michaels, J. t., Dobryansky, M., Levine, J. P., Gurtner, G. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Quantitative+and+reproducible+murine+model+of+excisional+wound+healing.">Quantitative and reproducible murine model of excisional wound healing.</a> Wound Repair. 12, 485-492 (2004).</li><li>Galiano, R. D., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Topical+vascular+endothelial+growth+factor+accelerates+diabetic+wound+healing+through+increased+angiogenesis+and+by+mobilizing+and+recruiting+bone+marrow-derived+cells.">Topical vascular endothelial growth factor accelerates diabetic wound healing through increased angiogenesis and by mobilizing and recruiting bone marrow-derived cells.</a> The American Journal of Pathology. 164, 1935-1947 (2004).</li><li>Thangarajah, H., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+molecular+basis+for+impaired+hypoxia-induced+VEGF+expression+in+diabetic+tissues.">The molecular basis for impaired hypoxia-induced VEGF expression in diabetic tissues.</a> Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 106, 13505-13510 (2009).</li><li>Raza, A., Bayles, C., Biebel, D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Investigation+of+Bacterial+Growth+and+Moisture+Handling+Properties+of+Transparent+Dressings:+3M+Tegaderm+Transparent+Dressing,+3M+Tegaderm+HP+Transparent+Dressing,+and+Opsite+IV3000+Transparent+Dressing.">Investigation of Bacterial Growth and Moisture Handling Properties of Transparent Dressings: 3M Tegaderm Transparent Dressing, 3M Tegaderm HP Transparent Dressing, and Opsite IV3000 Transparent Dressing.</a> Smith and Nephew Report. , (1998).</li><li>Chung, T. Y., Peplow, P. V., Baxter, G. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Testing+photobiomodulatory+effects+of+laser+irradiation+on+wound+healing:+development+of+an+improved+model+for+dressing+wounds+in+mice.">Testing photobiomodulatory effects of laser irradiation on wound healing: development of an improved model for dressing wounds in mice.</a> Photomed. Laser Surg. 28, 589-596 (2010).</li></ol>

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Este é um modelo experimental murino de cicatrização de feridas cutâneas. Uma característica importante deste modelo é o uso de tampões de silicone para evitar a contracção da ferida de modo que pode ocorrer a re-epitelização e formação de tecido de novo, tornando-se o processo semelhante ao que ocorre em seres humanos. Este modelo é versátil e pode ser utilizado para avaliar a cicatrização de feridas em ambientes fisiológicos e patológicos (por exemplo, diabetes mellitus). O modelo pode tamb...

Cicatrização de feridas prejudicada é responsável pela morbidade e mortalidade em todo o mundo significativo, isto é particularmente verdadeiro para pessoas que sofrem de diabetes mellitus 1,2. Nos seres humanos, a cicatrização de feridas é um processo contínuo de processos, em que há sobreposição significativa 3. Imediatamente seguintes processos ferindo, inflamatórias são iniciadas. As células inflamatórias liberam fatores que incentivam os processos de proliferação celular, migração e angiogênese. Depois de re-epitelização e formação de tecido novo, há uma fase de remodelação, que implica tanto a apoptose ea re-organização das proteínas da matriz, como o colágeno. A complexidade da cicatrização da ferida não pode actualmente ser replicado in vitro, e isto requer o uso de modelos animais. Até à data, os estudos de cicatrização de feridas têm-se limitado a modelos grandes animais, tais como porcos, para assegurar que os processos de cura são equivalentes e comparáveis ​​aos seres humanos. No entanto, usando o grande animals de tais estudos pode ser difícil para a casa e nem sempre são 4 prático. O rato de laboratório representa um modelo animal económico que pode ser facilmente manipulado geneticamente para investigação mecanicista 5-7. No entanto, as feridas cicatrizar murino diferente ao ser humano, principalmente devido ao processo de contracção 8. Isto é, em parte, devido a uma grande camada de músculo estriado subcutânea chamado o panículo carnoso que é praticamente ausente em humanos. Em ratinhos, esta camada muscular permite que a pele se mover independentemente dos músculos profundos e é responsável pela rápida contracção da pele a seguir ferimento. Para superar esta limitação, a cicatrização de feridas de murino pode ser adaptado para replicar a cicatrização de feridas humana por utilização de uma tala (Figura 1) 8,9. Neste vídeo demonstramos o modelo murino ferida splinted que elimina a contração da ferida e mais se aproxima dos processos humanos de re-epithelialização e formação de tecido novo. Neste modelo, duas excisões de espessura total, que incluem o panículo carnoso são criadas no dorso, uma em cada lado da linha média do rato. A tala de silicone é colocado em torno da ferida, com o auxílio de adesivo e, em seguida, a tala protegido com suturas interrompidas. Cada rato actua como o seu próprio controlo, com uma ferida a receber tratamento e do outro veículo de controlo, reduzindo assim o número de animais. Após aplicações tópicas, um curativo oclusivo transparente é aplicada. O penso pode ser removido quando necessário para outras aplicações tópicas e / ou para a medição da área da ferida 10,11. Após a conclusão de experiências, o fechamento da ferida, a arquitectura morfológica e grau da neovascularização pode ser avaliada por imuno-histoquímica. Este económico e fácil de realizar modelo também pode ser utilizado para avaliar a cicatrização de feridas, no contexto da diabetes mellitus ou outros pathophysiologies.

<table border="0">
<tbody>
 <tr>
 <td>Name of Reagent/Material</td>
 <td>Company</td>
 <td>Catalog Number</td>
 <td>Comments</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Press-to-seal silicone sheeting 0.5 mm thick</td>
 <td>Invitrogen</td>
 <td>P18178</td>
 <td>Cut into "donuts" with external diameter of 1cm external, 0.5 cm internal diameter</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Biopsy punch 5 mm</td>
 <td>Steifel</td>
 <td>BC-B1-0500</td>
 <td>To outline wound area to be excised</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Vannas scissors 8.5 cm curved</td>
 <td>World Precision Instruments </td>
 <td>501232</td>
 <td>For wound incision and excision</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Dumonte #7b forceps, 11 cm</td>
 <td>World Precision Instruments</td>
 <td>501302</td>
 <td>To grip skin when creating incision and excising skin </td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Graefe forceps, serrated 10cm</td>
 <td>World Precision Instruments</td>
 <td>14142</td>
 <td>To help attach silicone splint to skin</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Needle holder, smooth jaws, curved, 12.5 cm</td>
 <td>World Precision Instruments</td>
 <td>14132</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Malis forceps, smooth, straight, 12 cm</td>
 <td>Codman and Shurtleff, Inc (J&amp;J)</td>
 <td>80-1500</td>
 <td>To suture the silicon rings to the skin</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Ruler, 0.5 mm gradation</td>
 <td>n/a</td>
 <td></td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Calipers 0.25 mm gradation</td>
 <td>Duckworth and Kent</td>
 <td>9-653</td>
 <td>To measure wound area</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Opsite FlexiFix transparent adhesive film. 10 cm x 1 m</td>
 <td>Smith &amp; Nephew</td>
 <td>66030570</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Rimadyl (Carprofen)</td>
 <td>Pfizer</td>
 <td>462986</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 </tbody>
</table>

murine model of wound healing

A cicatrização de feridas e reparação são os processos biológicos mais complexas que ocorrem na vida humana. Após lesão, múltiplos caminhos biológicos se tornam ativadas. Cicatrização de feridas prejudicada, o que ocorre em pacientes diabéticos, por exemplo, pode levar a resultados desfavoráveis ​​graves, como amputação. Existe, portanto, um impulso crescente de desenvolver novos agentes que promovem a cicatrização de feridas. O teste destes foi limitado a grandes modelos animais, tais como porcos, os quais são muitas vezes impraticável. Ratos representam o modelo pré-clínico ideal, uma vez que são económicos e passíveis de manipulação genética, a qual permite uma investigação mecanicista. No entanto, a cicatrização de feridas num ratinho é fundamentalmente diferente da dos seres humanos, uma vez que ocorre primeiramente através de contração. O nosso modelo murino supera esta incorporando uma tala em torno da ferida. Por imobilização da ferida, o processo de reparação é, então, dependentes de epitelização, proliferação celular e angiogênese, que de perto espelhar aprocessos biológicos de cicatrização de feridas humanas. Embora requerendo consistência e cuidado, este modelo murino não envolvem técnicas cirúrgicas complicadas e permite o teste de agentes promissores robusta que pode, por exemplo, promover a angiogénese ou inibir a inflamação. Além disso, cada rato actua como o seu próprio controlo de duas feridas são preparados, possibilitando a aplicação de tanto o composto de teste e o veículo de controlo no mesmo animal. Em conclusão, foi demonstrado um modelo prático, fácil de aprender e robusta de cicatrização da ferida, o que é comparável com a dos seres humanos.

Uma curva de encerramento da ferida é determinada através do cálculo da média do diâmetro da ferida e expressando os resultados como uma percentagem, ou seja, 100 - (Dia 0 diâmetro / diâmetro Dia X). Nesta experiência, um composto terapêutico (ou de controlo do veículo) foi aplicada diariamente à ferida. O composto terapêutico fechamento da ferida grandemente acelerada (Figura 3). É importante notar que as talas devem ser mantidos durante o período de ensaio, como a remoção de t...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Murine Model of Wound Healing at JoVE.com

Murine Model of Wound Healing

Um modelo murino de cicatrização de feridas cutâneas que podem ser utilizados para avaliar compostos terapêuticos em contextos fisiológicos e patológicos.

Modelo Murino de Cicatrização

Wound healing and repair are the most complex biological processes that occur in human life. After injury, multiple biological pathways become activated. ...

Research

JoVE Journal

Medicine

63.6K visualizações.  The Heart Research Institute. Um modelo murino de cicatrização de feridas cutâneas que podem ser utilizados para avaliar compostos terapêuticos em contextos fisiológicos e patológicos.

Vídeo: Murine Model of Wound Healing

Murine Endoscopy for In Vivo Multimodal Imaging of Carcinogenesis and Assessment of Intestinal Wound Healing and Inflammation

Mouse models are widely used to study pathogenesis of human diseases and to evaluate diagnostic procedures as well as therapeutic interventions preclinically. However, valid assessment of pathological alterations often requires histological analysis, and when performed ex vivo, necessitates death of the animal. Therefore in conventional experimental settings, intra-individual follow-up examinations are rarely possible. Thus, development of murine endoscopy in live mice enables investigators for the first time to both directly visualize the gastrointestinal mucosa and also repeat the procedure to monitor for alterations. Numerous applications for in vivo murine endoscopy exist, including studying intestinal inflammation or wound healing, obtaining mucosal biopsies repeatedly, and to locally administer diagnostic or therapeutic agents using miniature injection catheters. Most recently, molecular imaging has extended diagnostic imaging modalities allowing specific detection of distinct target molecules using specific photoprobes. In conclusion, murine endoscopy has emerged as a novel cutting-edge technology for diagnostic experimental in vivo imaging and may significantly impact on preclinical research in various fields.

Murine Endoscopy for In Vivo Multimodal Imaging of Carcinogenesis and Assessment of Intestinal Wound Healing and Inflammation

Small animal imaging techniques allow serial diagnostic examinations and therapeutic interventions in vivo. Recently, the scope of applications has significantly widened and currently includes assessment of colonic tumor development, wound healing and monitoring of inflammation. This protocol illustrates these diverse potential applications of murine endoscopy.

Murino Endoscopia para<em&gt; In Vivo</em&gt; Cura Multimodal imagem de Carcinogênese e Avaliação de Intestinal ferida e inflamação

Mouse models are widely used to study pathogenesis of human diseases and to evaluate diagnostic procedures as well as therapeutic interventions ...

Medicina

A Mouse Fetal Skin Model of Scarless Wound Repair

Early in utero, but not in postnatal life, cutaneous wounds undergo regeneration and heal without formation of a scar. Scarless fetal wound healing occurs across species but is age dependent. The transition from a scarless to scarring phenotype occurs in the third trimester of pregnancy in humans and around embryonic day 18 (E18) in mice. However, this varies with the size of the wound with larger defects generating a scar at an earlier gestational age. The emergence of lineage tracing and other genetic tools in the mouse has opened promising new avenues for investigation of fetal scarless wound healing. However, given the inherently high rates of morbidity and premature uterine contraction associated with fetal surgery, investigations of fetal scarless wound healing in vivo require a precise and reproducible surgical model. Here we detail a reliable model of fetal scarless wound healing in the dorsum of E16.5 (scarless) and E18.5 (scarring) mouse embryos.

During mammalian development, early gestational skin wounds heal without a scar. Here we detail a reliable and reproducible model of fetal scarless wound healing in the cutaneous dorsum of E16.5 (scarless) and E18.5 (scarring) mouse embryos.

Um modelo de pele Rato Fetal de reparação de feridas Scarless

Early in utero, but not in postnatal life, cutaneous wounds undergo regeneration and heal without formation of a scar. Scarless fetal wound healing occurs ...

Demonstration of the Rat Ischemic Skin Wound Model

The propensity for chronic wounds in humans increases with ageing, disease conditions such as diabetes and impaired cardiovascular function, and unrelieved pressure due to immobility. Animal models have been developed that attempt to mimic these conditions for the purpose of furthering our understanding of the complexity of chronic wounds. The model described herein is a rat ischemic skin flap model that permits a prolonged reduction of blood flow resulting in wounds that become ischemic and resemble a chronic wound phenotype (reduced vascularization, increased inflammation and delayed wound closure). It consists of a bipedicled dorsal flap with 2 ischemic wounds placed centrally and 2 non-ischemic wounds lateral to the flap as controls. A novel addition to this ischemic skin flap model is the placement of a silicone sheet beneath the flap that functions as a barrier and a splint to prevent revascularization and reduce contraction as the wounds heal. Despite the debate of using rats for wound healing studies due to their quite distinct anatomic and physiologic differences compared to humans (i.e., the presence of a panniculus carnosus muscle, short life-span, increased number of hair follicles, and their ability to heal infected wounds) the modifications employed in this model make it a valuable alternative to previously developed ischemic skin flap models.

The rat, due to its size, availability, and rather docile behavior, has been utilized as a research model for many years. The goal of this protocol is to utilize the rat as an ischemic skin wound healing model to provide valuable insight into the pathophysiology of chronic wounds.

Demonstração da Wound modelo de pele de rato Isquêmico

The propensity for chronic wounds in humans increases with ageing, disease conditions such as diabetes and impaired cardiovascular function, and ...

Multimodal Quantitative Phase Imaging with Digital Holographic Microscopy Accurately Assesses Intestinal Inflammation and Epithelial Wound Healing

The incidence of inflammatory bowel disease, i.e., Crohn&#39;s disease and Ulcerative colitis, has significantly increased over the last decade. The etiology of IBD remains unknown and current therapeutic strategies are based on the unspecific suppression of the immune system. The development of treatments that specifically target intestinal inflammation and epithelial wound healing could significantly improve management of IBD, however this requires accurate detection of inflammatory changes. Currently, potential drug candidates are usually evaluated using animal models in vivo or with cell culture based techniques in vitro. Histological examination usually requires the cells or tissues of interest to be stained, which may alter the sample characteristics and furthermore, the interpretation of findings can vary by investigator expertise. Digital holographic microscopy (DHM), based on the detection of optical path length delay, allows stain-free quantitative phase contrast imaging. This allows the results to be directly correlated with absolute biophysical parameters. We demonstrate how measurement of changes in tissue density with DHM, based on refractive index measurement, can quantify inflammatory alterations, without staining, in different layers of colonic tissue specimens from mice and humans with colitis. Additionally, we demonstrate continuous multimodal label-free monitoring of epithelial wound healing in vitro, possible using DHM through the simple automated determination of the wounded area and simultaneous determination of morphological parameters such as dry mass and layer thickness of migrating cells. In conclusion, DHM represents a valuable, novel and quantitative tool for the assessment of intestinal inflammation with absolute values for parameters possible, simplified quantification of epithelial wound healing in vitro and therefore has high potential for translational diagnostic use.

Accurate assessment of anti-inflammatory effects is of utmost importance for the evaluation of potential new drugs for the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease. Digital holographic microscopy provides assessment of inflammation in murine and human colonic tissue samples as well as automated multimodal evaluation of epithelial wound healing in vitro.

Multimodal Quantitative Fase de imagem com o Digital Holographic Microscopia com precisão Avalia Cura inflamação intestinal e epitelial de Feridas

The incidence of inflammatory bowel disease, i.e., Crohn&#39;s disease and Ulcerative colitis, has significantly increased over the last decade. The ...

Creation and Transplantation of an Adipose-derived Stem Cell (ASC) Sheet in a Diabetic Wound-healing Model

Artificial skin has achieved considerable therapeutic results in clinical practice. However, artificial skin treatments for wounds in diabetic patients with impeded blood flow or with large wounds might be prolonged. Cell-based therapies have appeared as a new technique for the treatment of diabetic ulcers, and cell-sheet engineering has improved the efficacy of cell transplantation. A number of reports have suggested that adipose-derived stem cells (ASCs), a type of mesenchymal stromal cell (MSC), exhibit therapeutic potential due to their relative abundance in adipose tissue and their accessibility for collection when compared to MSCs from other tissues. Therefore, ASCs appear to be a good source of stem cells for therapeutic use. In this study, ASC sheets from the epididymal adipose fat of normal Lewis rats were successfully created using temperature-responsive culture dishes and normal culture medium containing ascorbic acid. The ASC sheets were transplanted into Zucker diabetic fatty (ZDF) rats, a rat model of type 2 diabetes and obesity, that exhibit diminished wound healing. A wound was created on the posterior cranial surface, ASC sheets were transplanted into the wound, and a bilayer artificial skin was used to cover the sheets. ZDF rats that received ASC sheets had better wound healing than ZDF rats without the transplantation of ASC sheets. This approach was limited because ASC sheets are sensitive to dry conditions, requiring the maintenance of a moist wound environment. Therefore, artificial skin was used to cover the ASC sheet to prevent drying. The allogenic transplantation of ASC sheets in combination with artificial skin might also be applicable to other intractable ulcers or burns, such as those observed with peripheral arterial disease and collagen disease, and might be administered to patients who are undernourished or are using steroids. Thus, this treatment might be the first step towards improving the therapeutic options for diabetic wound healing.

Creation and Transplantation of an Adipose-derived Stem Cell ASC Sheet in a Diabetic Wound-healing Model

Adipose-derived stem cells (ASCs) are easily isolated and harvested from the fat of normal rats. ASC sheets can be created using cell-sheet engineering and can be transplanted into Zucker diabetic fatty rats exhibiting full-thickness skin defects with exposed bone and then covered with a bilayer of artificial skin.

Criação e transplante de uma folha de células-tronco adiposo-derivado (ASC) em um modelo de cicatrização de feridas diabética

Artificial skin has achieved considerable therapeutic results in clinical practice. However, artificial skin treatments for wounds in diabetic patients ...

Development of a Direct Pulp-capping Model for the Evaluation of Pulpal Wound Healing and Reparative Dentin Formation in Mice

Dental pulp is a vital organ of a tooth fully protected by enamel and dentin. When the pulp is exposed due to cariogenic or iatrogenic injuries, it is often capped with biocompatible materials in order to expedite pulpal wound healing. The ultimate goal is to regenerate reparative dentin, a physical barrier that functions as a "biological seal" and protects the underlying pulp tissue. Although this direct pulp-capping procedure has long been used in dentistry, the underlying molecular mechanism of pulpal wound healing and reparative dentin formation is still poorly understood. To induce reparative dentin, pulp capping has been performed experimentally in large animals, but less so in mice, presumably due to their small sizes and the ensuing technical difficulties. Here, we present a detailed, step-by-step method of performing a pulp-capping procedure in mice, including the preparation of a Class-I-like cavity, the placement of pulp-capping materials, and the restoration procedure using dental composite. Our pulp-capping mouse model will be instrumental in investigating the fundamental molecular mechanisms of pulpal wound healing in the context of reparative dentin in vivo by enabling the use of transgenic or knockout mice that are widely available in the research community.

We describe a step-by-step method of performing direct pulp capping on mice teeth for the evaluation of pulpal wound healing and reparative dentin formation in vivo.

Desenvolvimento de um Modelo-capeamento pulpar direto para a Avaliação dos pulpar cicatrização de feridas e Formação reparadora dentina em Ratos

Dental pulp is a vital organ of a tooth fully protected by enamel and dentin. When the pulp is exposed due to cariogenic or iatrogenic injuries, it is ...

Microscopy Based Methods for the Assessment of Epithelial Cell Migration During In Vitro Wound Healing

Cell migration is a mandatory aspect for wound healing. Creating artificial wounds on research animal models often results in costly and complicated experimental procedures, while potentially lacking in precision. In vitro culture of epithelial cell lines provides a suitable platform for researching the cell migratory behavior in wound healing and the impact of treatments on these cells. The physiology of epithelial cells is often studied in non-confluent conditions; however, this approach may not resemble natural wound healing conditions. Disrupting the epithelium integrity by mechanical means generates a realistic model, but may impede the application of molecular techniques. Consequently, microscopy based techniques are optimal for studying epithelial cell migration in vitro. Here we detail two specific methods, the artificial wound scratch assay and the artificial migration front assay, that can obtain quantitative and qualitative data, respectively, on the migratory performance of epithelial cells.

Microscopy Based Methods for the Assessment of Epithelial Cell Migration During  In Vitro Wound Healing

This manuscript describes how incision-like lesions made on cultured epithelial cell monolayers conveniently model wound healing in vitro, allowing for imaging by confocal or laser scanning microscopy, and which can provide high-quality quantitative and qualitative data for studying both cell behavior and the mechanisms involved in migration.

Microscopia com base em métodos de avaliação da migração de células epiteliais durante a cicatrização em Vitro

Cell migration is a mandatory aspect for wound healing. Creating artificial wounds on research animal models often results in costly and complicated ...

Isometric Contractility Measurement of the Mouse Mesenteric Artery Using Wire Myography

The wire myograph technique is used to assess the contractility of vascular smooth muscles in response to depolarization, GPCR agonists/inhibitors and drugs. It is widely used in many studies on the physiological functions of vascular smooth muscle, the pathogenesis of vascular diseases such as hypertension, and the development of smooth muscle relaxant drugs. The mouse is a widely used model animal with a large pool of disease models and genetically modified strains. We introduced this method to measure the isometric contraction of mouse mesenteric artery in detail. A 1.4-mm segment of mouse mesenteric resistance artery was isolated and mounted on a myograph chamber by passing two steel wires through its lumen. After equilibration and normalization steps, the vessel segment was potentiated by a high-K+ solution twice prior to the contraction assay. As an example of the application of this method in drug development, we measured the relaxant effect of a novel natural substance, neoliensinine, isolated from a Chinese herb, embryos of the lotus seed (Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn.) on mouse mesenteric arteries. The vessel segments mounted on the myograph chamber were stimulated with a high-K+ solution. When the force tension reached a stable sustained phase, cumulative doses of neoliensinine were added to the chamber. We found that neoliensinine had a dose-dependent relaxant effect on smooth muscle contraction, thus suggesting that it bears potential activity against hypertension. In addition, as the vessel segment can survive at least 4 hours after mounting and maintain contractility induced by the high-K+ solution for many times, we suggest that the wire myograph system may be used for the time-consuming process of drug screening.

The wire myograph technique is used to investigate vascular smooth muscle functions and screen new drugs. We report a detailed protocol for measuring the isometric contractility of the mouse mesenteric artery and for screening new relaxants of vascular smooth muscle.

Medição de contratilidade isométrica da artéria mesentérica Mouse usando fio miografia

The wire myograph technique is used to assess the contractility of vascular smooth muscles in response to depolarization, GPCR agonists/inhibitors and ...

Corneal Epithelial Abrasion with Ocular Burr As a Model for Cornea Wound Healing

The murine cornea provides an excellent model to study wound healing. The cornea is the outermost layer of the eye, and thus is the first defense to injury. In fact, the most common type of eye injury found in clinic is a corneal abrasion. Here, we utilize an ocular burr to induce an abrasion resulting in removal of the corneal epithelium in vivo on anesthetized mice. This method allows for targeted and reproducible epithelial disruption, leaving other areas intact. In addition, we describe the visualization of the abraded epithelium with fluorescein staining and provide concrete advice on how to visualize the abraded cornea. Then, we follow the timeline of wound healing 0, 18, and 72 h after abrasion, until the wound is re-epithelialized. The epithelial abrasion model of corneal injury is ideal for studies on epithelial cell proliferation, migration and re-epithelialization of the corneal layers. However, this method is not optimal to study stromal activation during wound healing, because the ocular burr does not penetrate to the stromal cell layers. This method is also suitable for clinical applications, for example, pre-clinical test of drug effectiveness.

This protocol describes a method to inflict an abrasion to the ocular surface of the mouse, and to follow the wound healing process thereafter. The protocol takes advantage of an ocular burr to partially remove the surface epithelium of the eye in anaesthetized mice.

Cicatrização de feridas abrasão epitelial da córnea com Burr Ocular como um modelo para córnea

The murine cornea provides an excellent model to study wound healing. The cornea is the outermost layer of the eye, and thus is the first defense to ...

Ex Vivo Corneal Organ Culture Model for Wound Healing Studies

The cornea has been used extensively as a model system to study wound healing. The ability to generate and utilize primary mammalian cells in two dimensional (2D) and three dimensional (3D) culture has generated a wealth of information not only about corneal biology but also about wound healing, myofibroblast biology, and scarring in general. The goal of the protocol is an assay system for quantifying myofibroblast development, which characterizes scarring. We demonstrate a corneal organ culture ex vivo model using pig eyes. In this anterior keratectomy wound, corneas still in the globe are wounded with a circular blade called a trephine. A plug of approximately 1/3 of the anterior cornea is removed including the epithelium, the basement membrane, and the anterior part of the stroma. After wounding, corneas are cut from the globe, mounted on a collagen/agar base, and cultured for two weeks in supplemented-serum free medium with stabilized vitamin C to augment cell proliferation and extracellular matrix secretion by resident fibroblasts. Activation of myofibroblasts in the anterior stroma is evident in the healed cornea. This model can be used to assay wound closure, the development of myofibroblasts and fibrotic markers, and for toxicology studies. In addition, the effects of small molecule inhibitors as well as lipid-mediated siRNA transfection for gene knockdown can be tested in this system.

A protocol for an ex vivo corneal organ culture model useful for wound healing studies is described. This model system can be used to assess the effects of agents to promote regenerative healing or drug toxicity in an organized 3D multicellular environment.

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